Lesson plan

[SITI MARI’AH/4301412074/PKIM ROMBEL 3] Lesson Plan
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LESSON PLAN
SPECIFICATION OF THE SUBJECT LEARNT
Learning subject : Chemistry
Topic learnt : Petroleum
Grade semester : XI/I
Target group : Those underlied by SETS vision and approach
Meeting sequence: 2 week x 1 hours of lesson (on this core competency)
Time allocation : 2 x 45 minutes
1. Core Competency :
1. CC1 :Appreciate and practicethe teachingsespoused
2. CC2 : Appreciate and practicehonest behavior, discipline, responsibility, caring
(mutual assistance, cooperation, tolerance, peace), polite, responsiveandpro-active
attitude and demonstrate daspart of the various problem sin interacting effectively
with the social and natural environments well asin placing them selves as a
reflection of the nation in the association world.
3. CC3 : Understand, apply, analyze, conceptual, procedural, based on his curiosity
about science, technology, arts, culture, and humanities with an insight into
humanity, national, state, and civilization-related causes of phenomena and events,
as well as applying procedural knowledge in a specific field of study according to
their talents and interests to solve the problem.
4. CC4 : Processing, reasoning, present, and createin the realm of the concrete and
abstract domains associated with the development of the self-learned at school, and
were able touse the method according to the rules of science.
5. Basic competency
3.2 Understand the formation and separation techniques fractions of petroleum as well
as usefulness.
1. Evaluate the impact of the combustion of hydrocarbons to the environment and
health, and how to overcome them.
4.1 Process and analyze the structure and properties of hydrocarbon based
understanding of the peculiarities of carbon and its compounds classification.

1. Present the results of an understand of the formation and separation techniques
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fractions of petroleum and its usage.
2. Present the results of the evaluation of the impact of burning hydrocarbons to the
environment and health as well as efforts to overcome
6. Indicators
1. Student should be able to explain the process of formation and the technique of
separation of petroleum fractions- fraction and its uses
2. Student should be able interpret chart distillation techniques to explain the story of
separation of petroleum fractions- fraction so that it can determine its usefulness
3. Student should be able determine the usefulness of petroleum in everyday life
4. Student should be able inform results understand petroleum formation process
5. Student should be able understand the usefulness of petroleum.
6. Learning Objectives
With discussions and learning activities in the learning group petroleum is
expected that students actively involved in learning activities and is responsible for
delivering the opinion, answering questions, giving advice and criticism, as well as be
able to:
1. explain the process of formation and the technique of separation of petroleum
fractions- fraction and its uses
2. interpret chart distillation techniques to explain the story of separation of petroleum
fractions- fraction so that it can determine its usefulness
3. determine the usefulness of petroleum in everyday life
4. inform results understand petroleum formation process
5. understand the usefulness of petroleum.
6. Learning Material :
Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons that were formed millions of years of
gradual from decomposition of animals and plants. Usually the oil is below the
surface of the ground. Crude oil is brought to the surface of the Earth by drilling and
pumping of ground for its utilization. Crude oil is brought to the surface of the earth
petroleum. Petroleum component formed of weathering processes, plants and animal
bodies being buried along the jasad renik deposits of mud, sand, and other substances
during millions of years ago. The main components of petroleum hydrocarbon
compounds are either alfatik (alkanes), cyclic (sikloalkana) as well as aromatic.

Petroleum processing there is some sort of petroleum processing, namely: a.
DestilasiProses is also known as petroleum refining, the process of separation of
petroleum fractions-fraction based on the difference in boiling points. But distillation
distillation-bumidinamakan on oil, because it uses multiple levels of cooling
temperature or condensation.distilled crude oil is heated at a temperature of up to 370
° c.Some fraction of petroleum produced from the distillation of multilevel, among
others:
a. Natural Gas (16 ° C – 30 ° C)
b. Petrol (30 ° C-80 ° C)
c. Nafta (110 ° C 195 ° C)
d. Kerosene (kerosene) (170 ° C to 290 ° C)
e. Solar (260 ° C-350 ° C)
f. lubricating oil (oli) (300 ° C 370 ° C)
g. Residue (wax, asphalt) (> 370 ° C)
Cracking is the process of breaking large molecules of hydrocarbons in
petroleum fractions into smaller molecules. Example: solar conversion into kerosene.
c. Reforming Is changing the shape of the molecule is a junky petrol (hydrocarbon
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chains containing many straight) into a fine quality petrol (hydrocarbon chains
containing many branched) d. Polymerization process of merging small molecules in
petroleum into larger molecules. Example of merging isobutena with isobutanabe a
component of isooctane high quality gasoline. e. Treating petroleum refining
Processes to produce substances that the pollutant pose a pengotornya odor, mud,
sulfur, etc.
Blending mixing oil with additive substances agar quality is better. 3. is the natural
Octane Number stating the number of isooctane percentage contained in the gasoline.
While the remainder is the percentage of n-heptane. Examples: gasoline
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with octane number 90 will contain isooctane 90% and 10% n-heptan
A. The formation and the composition of Petroleum
The term petroleum translated from latin (petroleum), meaning petrol (rocks) and
oleum (oil). The name petroleum is given to fossils of animals and plants that are
found in the skin of the Earth in the form of natural gas, coal, and petroleum.
1. Establishment and Exploration
Petroleum is formed from the fossils of animals and plants that live in the
small sea and buried for millions of years past. When animals and plants of the dead
sea, the remains of those buried by sand and mud at the bottom of the sea. After being
buried for thousands of years, due to the influence of pressure and the Earth's
temperature is high, the layers of mud and sand turned into rocks. As a result of
pressure and geothermal, fossil animals and plants trapped in layers of rock are slowly
turning into crude oil and natural gas. Both of these materials are trapped among the
layers of rock and can't get out. Now, encountered oil in the seabed near the offshore
oil platforms were built so that the Earth off the coast of the Mainland and not far
from the beach. This is due to the movement of the Earth's crust causing a shift in the
layers of rock, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
To know the source of petroleum geological knowledge and experience is
required. This is the job duties and responsibilities of the mining and geological
engineers. The first stage of petroleum exploration is the search for clues at the Earth's
surface such as the folds of rocks. Folds was due to the pressure of the gas and
petroleum are seeping into porous rock so that the oil can rise to the surface, but does
not reach the Earth's surface because it is stuck by the other layers of rock.

Based on the results of observation and guidance structure of the Earth's
surface, the next area investigated using seismic wave emission. A steady stream of
seismic waves is used to determine the structure of the rocks in the crust of the Earth.
Seismic waves are created using small explosions. This will result in a wave of
explosions and sending it to a certain depth. If there is a rock structure which bloated
(anti cline), the wave will be reflected back. This reflection can be detected by the
sensor so that it can know accurately the position of petroleum
To remove the petroleum and natural gas from the rock layers of the Earth
drilling is required to reach the bottom layers of rock containing petroleum. Its depth
can reach hundreds of meters. Once drilled, petroleum will initially own radiating
from the Earth's layer of high pressure, but further upward pressure was growing
weak so that the required pressure from the outside. This is done by pumping air
through using water or oil can be pumped out. Transport of crude oil can be done
using the tanker.
2. The Composition Of Petroleum
Natural Gas is a mixture of alkanes with the composition depends on the source.
Generally, contains 80% methane (CH4), 7% ethane (C2H6), 6% propane (C3H8),
butane and 4% isobutana (C4H10), and 3% pentane (C5H12). The marketed natural
Gas have been processed in
liquid form, known as LNG (liquid natural gas).
Petroleum mining results that have yet to be processed is called crude oil
(crude oil). Crude oil is a very complex mixture, i.e. around 50 – 95% are mainly
hydrocarbons, the alkenes with molecular weights in the top 100 – an; sikloalkana;
aromatic compounds; micro compound, such as organic acids; and inorganic elements
such as sulfur.
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B. Crude Oil Processing
Crude oil is a mixture of very complex and need to be further processed to be utilized.
Picture 1 is processing crude oil into fractions-fraction of petroleum, such as those at
GAS STATIONS is done via distillation (distillation) Decker.

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1. Petroleum Refining
Gambar.1Penyulingan
minyakbumi.
Oil that is mined is still in the form of crude oil, which has yet to be used. To be
utilized as fuel and crude oil, other applications need to be processed at the
refinery-oil refinery through distillation techniques with fraksionasi floor.
The basic principle of multilevel distillation is the difference between the
boiling point fractions-fraction of crude oil. If the difference in boiling points are no
different then the distillation cannot be applied (see Table 1). Hydrocarbons that have
the lowest boiling point will separate first, followed by hydrocarbons having a boiling
point higher. So, gradually, hydrocarbon compounds can be separated from the crude
oil blends. The first crude oil fraction out of refining hydrocarbon compounds is with
low molecular mass, less than 70 high school.
Destilat The Number
Of Atoms C
Application
Gas ( TD <400C) 1 - 4 Fuel gas, plastics, chemicals
Gasolin (TD 400C – 2000C) 5 - 10 Liquid fuels (gasoline), chemicals
Kerosene (TD 2000C -
3000C)
11 - 15 Aircraft fuel, stoves, chemicals
Diesel (TD 2500C – 3500C) 16 - 20 Diesel fuel, chemicals
Lubricants (TD 3000C –
3700C)
21 - 40 Lubricants, candles, night (wax)
Residue (TD > 3700C)
> 50 Asphalt, substance leak (waterproof)

This faction is packaged in a pressurized tube until melted. Results of the processing
at a fraction known as LPG (liquid petroleum gas). After all the factions are sputtered or
evaporated, the next fraction is the fraction of gasolin. The temperature applied to issue these
factions ranged between 40 – 200 ° C. In the temperature range from hydrocarbons, pentane
to octane issued from distillation (see boiling point pentane to octane). At room temperature,
the existence of this faction is a colorless liquid until somewhat yellow and easily vaporized.
And so on until all factions can be separated based on difference gradually its boiling
point.Results of the fraksionasi leaves a residue which is called the concentrated black
asphalt.
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2. Perengkahan Petroleum
To meet the needs of a specific product, a long-chain hydrocarbons can be broken down into
5000,25atm
shorter through perengkahan process (cracking). Instead, short chain hydrocarbons can be
combined into longer-chain (reforming). To increase the fraction of gasoline can be done by
breaking long-chain hydrocarbons into a fraction (C5-C9) via thermal perengkahan. This
perengkahan process is carried out at a temperature of 500 ° C and pressure of saturated
Hydrocarbons ATM. 25 chain straight like kerosene (C12H26) can be direngkahkan into two
shorter fragments into compounds of hexane (C6H14) and heksena (C6H12).
C12H26 (ℓ) C6H14 (ℓ) + C6H12 (ℓ)
The existence of heksena (alkene) thermal perengkahan of the proceeds may increase the
number of octane by 10 units. However, the product of the process of perengkahan is
generally less stable if stored in a long period of time. Because of the thermal perengkahan
product is generally less stable then the techniques perengkahan thermal catalytic
perengkahan is replaced with the use of a catalyst which is done at a high temperature and
pressure. Catalytic Perengkahan, such as long-chain alkanes is reacted with a mixture of
Silicon (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3), plus gas hydrogen or a specific catalyst. In reforming,
small molecules are combined into molecules are larger. This is done in order to improve the
products of gasoline. For example, butane and propane is reacted to form heptane. Reaction
equation:
C4H10 + C3H8 (g) → C7H16 (ℓ) + H2 (g)
3. Octane Number
The most important fraction of petroleum oil is gasoline. Gas used as fuel in motor vehicles
(see fig. 2). About 10% of the crude oil distillation products are a fraction of gasoline with no
branching chains.

Gambar.2Pemanfaatansa
lahsatufraksiminyakbumi
untukkendaraanbermotor.
In the high-pressure engine, gasoline-burning uneven straight chain and pose a shock
wave that causes engine knock occurs. If this beats left can lead to rapid heat engine and
easily damaged. The size of the equitable gas combustion so as not happening beats used the
term number of octane. The octane number is the number of the comparison between the
value of the knock knock value of petrol from hydrocarbon mixture standards.
A mixture of hydrocarbons that is used as the standard number of octane is n-heptane and 2,
2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane). Octane number for a mixture of 87% isooctane and 13% n-heptane
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specified by 87 units. There are three measurement methods, namely: octane number
a. measurement at high temperature and speed, the result is expressed as the number of
octane engine;
b. measurements on medium speed, the result is called an octane research;
c. measurement of hydrocarbon octane numbers, called a pure road index.
Some are pure hydrocarbons are shown in Table 2.
Hydrocarbons The Octane Number Road Index
n-heptana 0
2-metil heptana 23
n-heksana 25
2-metil heksana 44
1-heptana 60
n-pentana 62
1-pentena 84
1-butena 91
sikloheksana 97
2,2,4-trimetil petana 100

The higher the octane number, the value of durability against increasingly strong
beats (beats does not occur). It is owned by 2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), while n-heptane
has a highest knock. Therefore, 2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane has the highest octane
number (100) and n-heptane low (0) then the second mix of the compound became a standard
for measuring the number of octane.
To obtain the highest octane numbers, but based on the composition of the mixture is
optimized well plus additives, such as tetraetillead (TEL) or Pb (C2H5) 4. The addition of 6
mL TEL into one
gallons of gasoline could increase the octane number 15 – 20 units. Gasoline has octane
number plus TEL with 80 called premium petrol. Another method to increase the octane
number is a thermal
reforming. This technique is used to convert a straight-chain alkanes into branched alkanes
and sikloalkana. This technique is done at a high temperature (500 – 600 ° C) and high
pressure (25 – 50 atm).
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7. Learning Method :
1. Learning attitude : Scientific
2. Approach : SETS
3. Learning Method : observation, discuss, and task

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8. Learning Activity
Number
Activities
Time
allocation
1. Introduction activities
1. Teacher says the greeting when entering class and trecommend
to pray together before learn, and attendance student (religious
character)
1. Check student presence (discipline character)
2. Communicate basic competency and learning goalthat must be
reach by student from lesson today
2minutes
1. Communicate precondition knowledge that student must be have
from the past lesson that is hidrokarbon dan minyak bumi
2. Core activities
2. Teachers motivate students and do apersepsi by asks questions to
guide the students in learning the topic that will be discussed and
explores the knowledge of students, such as "what you guys have
in mind if heard of petroleum? where the origin of the fuel that
we wear to the vehicle we are? "
3. Teacher shows a video about separation of petroleum use power
point
5 minutes
1. The teacher divides the students into groups, each group
consisting of 4-5 people.
2. Representatives of the group have explained again about the
separation of petroleum from existing illustrations in that video.
3minutes
1. Teachers provide questions to students about:
1. "if it runs out of oil has been used by humans, how the
solution?"
2. Why is the price of fuel continues to rise? What factors
cause the oil or fuel price rise? How is the solution.
30
minutes

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3. each groupin the instruct to name but a few examples of
petroleum in everyday life and mentions its uses.
1. the question on the use by each group to discuss
2. The teacher asks the students to inform the results of its analysis
to the class.
1. Each group's request to assess the presentation of the other
groups.
2. Each individual request to rate himself.
3. Close activities
1. Teacher guides the students to the learn activities about
concludes today
2. Teacher announced the highest score from the performance
group that rated by each group.
3. Teacher provides a reward to a group that has the highest
score.
4. Teacher gives homework to make a picture diagram of a
petroleum fraction separation process for meetings next
week
5. Teachergives homework to write ideas on alternative fuels
Teacher provides task whether the impact of combustion of
hydrocarbons on the environment
5 minutes
1.
Meet 2
Introduction activities
6. teacher says greetings and asks the student news.
7. Teacher doespresensi against students.
8. The teacher asks the task given on last week.
Core activities
9. Students are request to be sitt in accordance with his group.
10. Students are request to put together a picture diagram of
the separation of petroleum fractions.
11. Each group request for a presentation about the idea which
had been designed in the House about the alternative fuel is
environmentally friendly.
2 minutes
40
minutes

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12. Other groups give the opportunity to ask against a group
presentation
Evaluation
13. Each group's request to assess the presentation of the other
groups.
14. Each individual request to rate himself.
Close activities
15. Teacher Guides students to take conclusions about learning
today.
16. Teacher provides the motivation of concerned about the
chemistry of petroleum
17. Teacher end learning and say thank God together.
3 minutes
9. Learning Media :
1. Power point entitled
2. Animation videos
10. Resources :
Resources :Chemistry textbook, Internet,wikipedia
11. Learning Produk :
Human Resources:
Students who have implications for material SETS linkage petroleum
Non Human Resources:
1. Knowledge petroleum derived from natural ingredients that can be found and
used in everyday life.
2. Set of journals or articles about the material properties of petroleumSETS
approach.
3. the concept of reducing environmental pollution due to combustion of
hydrocarbons

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