This presentation is about the Unconventional reservoirs characterization, the methodology of exploration, the techniques of production and the worldwide production and in Egypt.

1. Unconventional Reservoir
Characterization
Supervised by:
Prof. Dr. Abdel Moktader A. El-Sayed
(Professor of petrophysics, Ain Shams University)
Ain Shams University
Faculty of Science
Department of Geophysics
By:
Shehab Hosny Khallaf

2. Contents
2
• Introduction
• Chapter 1 Reservoir types
• Chapter 2 Unconventional reservoir characterization
• Chapter 3 Production technique
• Chapter 4 Production of Non-conventional reservoir
• Summary and conclusion
• References

3. Introduction
3
Why unconventional Reservoir ?
World Energy Consumption in 2013 by Fuel Source
World daily life is built on different
types of energy Despite economy suffers ups
and downs as a general trend energy
demand goes up:
1- Growing population and income per
capital.
2- Modern life depends basically on
electricity and/or natural gas.
3- Globalization has incremented traveling
around the globe, thus increasing

4. Introduction
4
Why unconventional Reservoir ?
Annual oil production and Hubbert's curve 1956
Marion King Hubbert in 1956,
Hubbert used a curve-fitting technique to
correctly predict that U.S. oil production
would peak by 1970
the use of hydraulic fracturing &
new discoveries caused US production to
rebound during the 2000s

5. Introduction
5
Why unconventional Reservoir ?
A more sophisticated system of evaluating
petroleum accumulations was adopted in
2007 by the Society of Petroleum
Engineers (SPE),World Petroleum Council
(WPC),American Association of Petroleum
Geologists (AAPG), and Society of
Petroleum Evaluation Engineers (SPEE).
Note: conventional resources make up
less than a third of the total
Worldwide hydrocarbon reserves

6. Content
6
Contents
• Introduction
• Chapter 1 Reservoir types
• Chapter 2 Unconventional reservoir characterization
• Chapter 3 Production technique
• Chapter 4 Production of Non-conventional reservoirs
• Summary and Conclusion
• References

7. 1.1 Conventional & Unconventional Reservoir
7
Chapter 1: Reservoir types
Conventional Reservoir Unconventional Reservoir
Contain gas can flow naturally and easily Low permeability makes the flow is not
easy.
Oil and Gas is migrated from the source
to reservoirs
Oil and Gas does not migrate
The reservoir rocks e.g. :
1-sandstones
2-fractured limestones
3-fractured dolomite
4-fractured basement
The reservoir rock e.g. :
1-shale Gas/oil
2-Tight sands (TGS)
3-Coalbed Methane (CBM)
4-Tar sands
5-methane hydrates
Easily production by direct methods We stimulate reservoir by creating a
fracture network

8. 1.2 Unconventional Reservoir Types
8
Chapter 1: Reservoir types
1. Tight Gas Sands (TGS):
The gas is sourced outside the
reservoir and migrates into the reservoir over
geological time. Some Tight Gas reservoirs have
also been found to be sourced by underlying
coal and shales source rocks. in the so called
Basin Centered Gas (BCG) accumulations.
Tight Gas Sands (TGS)

9. 1.2 Unconventional Reservoir Types
9
Chapter 1: Reservoir types
2. Shale Gas and Shale Oil:
shale formations that may also be
the source rock for other gas and oil rese natural
hydrocarbon volumes can be stored in fracture
porosity, within the micro- pores of the shale
itself, or adsorbed onto the shale.
Shale Gas and Shale Oil

10. 1.2 Unconventional Reservoir Types
10
Chapter 1: Reservoir types
3. Coal Bed Methane (CBM):
coal seams which act as source and
reservoir to the produced gas. The wells often
produce water in the initial production phase, as
well as natural gas. Economic CBM reservoirs
are normally shallow.
Coal Bed Methane (CBM)
Source , trap &
Reservoir rock

11. 1.2 Unconventional Reservoir Types
11
Chapter 1: Reservoir types
4. Tar sands:
Oil sands are either loose sands or
partially consolidated sandstone containing a
naturally occurring mixture of sand, clay, and
water, saturated with a dense and extremely
viscous form of petroleum technically referred to
as bitumen.
Tar sands

12. 1.2 Unconventional Reservoir Types
12
Chapter 1: Reservoir types
5. Methane hydrate:
solid clathrate compound in which a
large amount of methane is trapped within a
crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar
to ice. Originally thought to occur only in the
outer regions of the Solar System, where
temperatures are low and water ice is common,
significant deposits of methane clathrate have
been found under sediments on the ocean floors
of the Earth.
Methane hydrate

13. Content
13
Contents
• Introduction
• Chapter 1 Reservoir types
• Chapter 2 Unconventional reservoir characterization
• Chapter 3 Production technique
• Chapter 4 Production of Non-conventional reservoir
• Summary and conclusion
• References

14. 2.1 Geological Setting of Shale Gas/Oil Reservoirs
14
Chapter 2 Unconventional reservoir characterization

15. 2.2 Petrophysical Aspects of Non-Conventional Reservoirs
15
Chapter 2 Unconventional reservoir characterization
1. Porosity:
Gas storage in shale gas reservoirs
occurs in the adsorbed state within kerogen , in
the released or free state within kerogen porosity
Types of porosity
intergranular porosity
Fracture porosity
organic porosity
A petrophysical rock model for clastic rock formation

16. 2.2 Petrophysical Aspects of Non-Conventional Reservoirs
16
Chapter 2 Unconventional reservoir characterization
2. Permeability :
For shale gas and oil reservoirs, if
there are no fractures, there will be no
economical hydrocarbon productions.
Permeability is achieved through
natural fracture systems or hydraulic stimulation,
For dry gas, no commercial rates below 0.1 mD
unless well is hydraulically fractured If
multiphase flow exists
Comparison of Conventional and Unconventional permeability

17. 2.2 Petrophysical Aspects of Non-Conventional Reservoirs
17
Chapter 2 Unconventional reservoir characterization
3. Formation-water salinity
4. Free and adsorbed gas
5. Total oil/gas in place
Original Oil in place EquationArchie’s Equation

18. 2.2 Geochemical Aspects of Non-Conventional Reservoirs
18
Chapter 2 Unconventional reservoir characterization
. Type of generated hydrocarbons (e.g.
HI versus OI)
. Quality (e.g. visual kerogen analysis)
. The rock's organic richness (i.e., total
organic carbon TOC),
. maturity (e.g., vitrine reflectance, etc.)
. Quantity (e.g. Rock Eval analysis)

19. 2.2 Geomechanical Aspects of Non-Conventional Reservoirs
19
Chapter 2 Unconventional reservoir characterization
Stress-strain diagram showing the behavior of brittle and ductile rocks
The importance is the ability to
predict the relative brittleness or ductility of
rock within a stratified shale sequence.
The two common measures of
rock strength and deformation are Young's
Modulus and Poisson's Ratio.
brittle shale is preferable in
production to facilities the production when
a hydraulic fracturing system is
established.

20. Content
20
Contents
• Introduction
• Chapter 1 Reservoir types
• Chapter 2 Unconventional reservoir characterization
• Chapter 3 Production technique
• Chapter 4 Production of Non-conventional reservoir
• Summary and conclusion
• References

21. Chapter 3 Production technique
21
https://www.marathonoil.com ,(Edited)

22. Content
22
Contents
• Introduction
• Chapter 1 Reservoir types
• Chapter 2 Unconventional reservoir characterization
• Chapter 3 Production technique
• Chapter 4 Production of Non-conventional reservoir
• Summary and conclusion
• References

23. 4.1 Challenges
23
Chapter 4 Production of Non-conventional reservoir
1. Groundwater contamination
2. Water sourcing and disposal
3. Induced seismicity
Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing

24. 4.2 Production Worldwide
24
Chapter 4 Production of Non-conventional reservoir
World Shale Gas and Shale oil resources ,2013,
A successful production example at
USA, more than 4 million oil and gas wells
,nearly 150 years ago. At least 2 million of
these have been hydraulically fracture-treated.
. Shale Development: 1- Canada
2Argentina
. Shale Exploration: 1- China 2- Algeria
3-Mexico 4-Australia

25. 4.3 Production in Egypt
25
Chapter 4 Production of Non-conventional reservoir
Hydrocarbon basins with shale potential in Egypt's Western Desert
region.
The northern portion of the Western
Desert of Egypt contains a series of basins
underlain by organic-rich.
The primary hydrocarbon basins in
the Western Desert include Abu Gharadig,
Alamein, Natrun and Shoushan-Matruh
2014 Egypt’s Ministry of Petroleum
announced that Egypt’s state oil company .
(Houston based Apache Corp. and Shell Egypt
have entered into an agreement for the
production of unconventional gas using
hydraulic fracturing in the Northeast Abuel
Garadeek region

26. Content
26
Contents
• Introduction
• Chapter 1 Reservoir types
• Chapter 2 Unconventional reservoir characterization
• Chapter 3 Production technique
• Chapter 4 Production of Non-conventional reservoir
• Summary and conclusion
• References

27. Summary and conclusion
▹Unconventional resources are hydrocarbon reservoirs that have low permeability and so
are difficult to produce. Often enhanced recovery techniques, such as fracture stimulation
or steam injection, etc., must be performed, making the process more difficult than a
conventional play.
▸Studying of Geological and petrophysical aspects helps out in preparing for an adequate
design to produce the oil/gas from an Unconventional reservoir.
▸Only a third of worldwide oil and gas reserves are conventional, the remainder are in
unconventional resources. Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of
natural gas in the United States since the start of this century.
▸Egypt has four basins in the Western Desert with potential for shale gas and shale oil:
Abu Gharadig, Alamein, Natrun and Shoushan-Matruh. The target horizon is the organic-
rich Khatatba Shale
27

28. Content
28
Contents
• Introduction
• Chapter 1 Reservoir types
• Chapter 2 Unconventional reservoir characterization
• Chapter 3 Production technique
• Chapter 4 Production of Non-conventional reservoir
• Summary and conclusion
• References

29. References
29
-Calbertson, W.J. and Pitman, J.K. “Oil Shale” in United States Mineral Resources, USGS Professional
Paper 820, Probst and Pratt, eds. P. 497 - 503, 1973.
- Final Environmental Statement for the Prototype Leasing Program –U.S. Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Land Management, Volume I, 1973
- Q.R. Passey, K.M. Bohacs, WL. Esch, R. Klimentidis, and S. Sinha, 2010, SPE 131-350 From Oil-Prone
Source Rock to Gas-Producing Shale Reservoir
- Treatise of Petroleum Geology/Handbook of Petroleum Geology: Exploring for Oil and Gas Traps, Pages
6-1 - 6-41, Edited by Edward A. Beaumont and Norman H. Foster
- Walsh, J., J. Wattcrson, and G. Yielding: “Fractal analysis of facture patterns using the standard box-
counting technique: valid and invalid methodologies,” , j. of struct. Geol. 15, No (1993) 1509-1512.

30. References
30
Internet access:
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ fracturing
-http://www.cgg.com/default.aspx?cid=3501
-http://www.slb.com/services/technical_challenges/geomechanics/reservoir_managent/unconventional
reservoirs.aspx
-http://www. glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/c/conventional reservoir.aspx
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate
-http://www.adv-res.com/library.php#TightGasSands
-https://www.oilandgas360.com/egypt-turns-hydraulic-fracturing/

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THANKS ❤
Any questions?
Shehab.hosny1997@gmail.com