Criminal Justice Assignment

Criminal Justice Assignment
dAssignment Module 1 I grew up in a neighborhood which is riddled with crime. Unfortunately,
people who I grew up with became involved in gangs and criminal activities. Those actions led to
them having a criminal record. When looking through the options of the podcast, People who are
involved in the criminal justice system is the one I thought would be most interesting. The person
Bradley Jacobs discusses what he does in the Center for Alternative Sentencing and Employment
Services (CASES). The organization CASES have employs who work with the courts in behave of
people involved in the criminal justice system. They have a high retention rate of the 90% for those
who stay with the program. They have court liaisons who report to the court and ... Show more
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The podcast made me look too similar programs going on here in Los Angeles County; which there
is but CASES is based somewhat on the Nathaniel Act, it makes New York special. All of these
good thing does not mean I don't think there cannot be improvements to the program. I would like to
see them provide statistics on the program long term outcomes. Short term the program seems to
work, but I want to see if this module is sustainable. The podcast outlines the importance of good
connections with the judicial system. When creating those relationships, it allows case workers to
advocate for a client involved in minor cases by providing outside help. Providing those services of
mental health rather than imprisoning them could help depopulated jails. These measures help save
state and local governments thousands of dollars but also make their community safer. CASES if
successful can reduce crime once their clients finish treatment. They take mental health evaluations
serious when providing case management. As a social worker, I could build on the what CASES
mental health assessments. Mr. Jacobs discussed how assessments can identify those at risk to be
rearrested while in the program. In the identification of those individuals, different resources can be
given to keep them from committing a criminal offense. I know what works with New York may not
work for Los Angeles, but we can take those same principles to fit geographical
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Criminal Profiling And The Criminal Justice System
Many Criminologist and Psychologists believe that there are specific psychological traits that can
disconnect a person from the rest of society. Criminal profiling is the approach that an individual
who commits a crime, may leave some sort of psychological evidence that can be crucial to an
investigation. This theory is a vital part of the criminal justice system today.
Criminology targets why individuals commit crimes and why they behave in certain situations. By
understanding why a person commits a crime, you can develop ways to control crime or change the
criminal to a certain extent. There are many theories in criminology. Some characterize crime to the
individual. They believe that an individual weighs the pros and cons and makes a choice whether or
not to act criminally. Others believe it is the community's responsibility to make sure that citizens do
not commit crime by offering them a safe place to live in, in society. Some argue that some
individuals have specific traits that will determine how they will react when put in certain negative
conditions. Overall, the determination of a criminal can be done through criminal profiling.
There are many different psychological disorders that can determine a person's actions or emotions.
Mental illnesses are medical conditions that disrupt a person's thinking, feeling, mood, ability to
relate to others and daily functioning. Just as heart disease is a disorder of the heart, mental illnesses
are medical conditions of the

Criminal Justice Essay
Individual Victims' Rights
By: Stacy Williams
CJA/324
What is your personal stance on the current state of victims'' rights in America?
Attorney's fight everyday to ensure the rights of their clients the "Victim". Today even with new
laws being put into the law books that help victims when violated, the courts are still not looking out
for those individuals who have in fact be victimized. "Advocates for victims' rights have long
complained that they have been sidelined by a criminal justice system that is focused on the
interplay between the state and the defendant". (Boland & Butler, 2009)This statement alone
dictates how the system actually works when it comes to the victim in court. Most individuals lose
sight that there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no question that these priests should have to face the consequences of their actions, but
there is such a thing as rehabilitation. For the most part many people do not believe that sexual
predators cannot be rehabilitated and will do whatever necessary to continue to make sure they live
their lives under a microscope giving them little or no chance to a normal life. With SNAP the
extreme measures they take to out these priest it would seem too radical, however, victims of these
sex crimes would argue that they are necessary. Support groups such as SNAP whose primary focus
is to ensure justice is being served can be comforting, but on the other side of the coin everybody
deserves a chance to change their lives around. The nature of these crimes makes communities as a
whole feel uncomfortable and the need to protect them from predators is important. SNAP and their
efforts are there to ensure that the victims of these crimes are being made to feel that their interest do
matter, since it is obvious with governments actions as a whole has let these individuals live among
young children again causing fear among community members. (Sargent, 2007)
References:
Boland, M., & Butler, R. (2009). Crime victims' rights: From illusion to reality. Criminal
Justice 24(1),
Sargent, Mark A.1Commonweal; 4/20/2007, Vol. 134 Issue 8, p12–15,

The Criminal Justice System
Throughout this course, I have learned about the many segments of the criminal justice system. The
criminal justice system is made up of three main elements which process a case from initiation,
through trial, to punishment. First a case starts with law enforcement officials, who investigate crime
and gather evidence to identify and use against the assumed suspect. The case then proceeds to the
court system, which evaluates the evidence to decide if the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the
defendant is, in fact, guilty, then it goes to the corrections system to punish and correct the behavior
of the offender. (Hendrix 2013 p. 9) What I also learned from this course is how to combine biblical
principles in critical thinking and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Fischer, 2015, Slide 20) The following scriptures show how important abiding the law is "Let
everyone be subject to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which God has
established. God has created the authorities that exist. Consequently, whoever rebels against the
authority is rebelling against what God has instituted, and those who do so will bring judgment on
themselves. For rulers hold no terror for those who do right, but for those who do wrong. Do you
want to be free from fear of the one in authority? Then do what is right and you will be commended.
For the one in authority is God's servant for your good. However, if you do wrong, be afraid, for
rulers do not bear the sword for no reason. They are God's servants, agents of wrath to bring
punishment on the wrong doer. Therefore, it is necessary to submit to the authorities, not only
because of possible punishment but also as a matter of conscience. This is also why you pay taxes,
for the authorities are God's servants, who give their full time to governing. Give to everyone what
you owe them: If you owe taxes, pay taxes; if revenue, then revenue; if respect, then respect; if
honor, then honor. (Romans 13:1–7, Fischer, 2015, slide 18); "Submit yourselves for the Lord's sake
to every human authority: whether to the emperor, as the supreme authority, or to governors, who
are sent by him to punish those who do wrong and to commend those who do right." (1Peter2:13–
14, Fischer,

Criminal Justice Mistakes
How do you begin to rehabilitate or restore a young impressionable mind that has made a mistake?
A mistake similar to many have done in the past, as well as will do in the future. A mistake that is
life altering, a mistake that can be learned from and a teachable moment are instead used as
justification to label, stigmatize, and lock these youth up. With the rationale of someone needs to be
held responsible for their actions, or they should've known better. If they have known better do you
think they would have still done it. In recent decades theres has been countless times our criminal
justice system have done nothing to address the problem facing youth with high adverse childhood
experiences and ramifications that comes with being an underprivileged ... Show more content on
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Before tackling the diversion programs we must change the way school employees operationalize
their current rules. School cannot hold other social structures responsible for their shortcoming but,
they can rebuke the culture that promotes ideologies for the mistreatment of youth. Eliminating
exclusionary practices would shift strategies in which school operates. Focusing more on
empowering education, building trust and a caring learning environment and positive behavioral
strategies. These are some of the tools that can provide a stepping stone in helping youth of color
jump over the school to prison pipeline. If the child does enter the system, priorities should be
placed on rehabilitative and restorative efforts over punishment(Hess and Orthmann

The Criminal Justice System : The Toughness Of The...
Analysis on the Criminal Justice System
Regarding the toughness of the criminal justice system of America, this has been a point of
contention that has attracted different sentiments. However, I will draw this analysis from the
interview I have had with Police Officer Israel Barreto who is a staff sergeant in the United States
Army and works in the Criminal Investigation Department. Officer Barreto is a senior police officer
who has been in the army for over ten year and has been in many different countries He has a great
experience regarding the Criminal Justice System. He supports the quote of Montesquieu which
states that "There is no greater tyranny than that which is perpetrated under the shield of the law and
in the name of justice" (goodreads, p. 1).
Result of Speaking With Police Officer Israel Barreto The point of contention of the Criminal
Justice System draws from the correctional services like justice, drug, human rights, equality, and
inclusion. Some suggest that the criminal system is too weak, but the majority says the system is
tough enough. Reform on drug–related sentencing is probably the most agreeable point for larger
debates on criminal justice reform, and of late this theme appears to have gained considerable
degree of bipartisan traction in the House of Representatives of late (Cohen, 2017). Officer Barreto
says that it is fundamentally a maze of organizations and procedures that look for to control crime,
diminish crime, and execute penalties

Criminal Justice Levels
The criminal justice system is comprised of three different levels consisting of local, state, and
federal. Each of these levels is responsible for operating the criminal justice system at their
respective levels. In a combined total of all three stages of criminal justice, Police Protection,
Judicial Services, and Corrections, the federal level incurs the least amount of costs for their level of
the criminal justice system with the local governments share representing the highest costs. The state
level resides in between the local and federal branches in the amount they incur to operate the
system at their level (Bohm & Haley, 2011, p. 19). The local government funds 70% of the Police
Protection budget with the Federal government paying 19% of it, leaving the state to fund the
remaining 11% of the Police Protection portion of the criminal justice system. In the Judicial portion
of the system, the local government again pays the largest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Do the three different levels of government have a choice in the matter? The amount expended on
the criminal justice system is going to be directly proportional to the amount of crime occurring.
Also, if the local government were to choose to provide less police protection, then there is a high
likelihood that the crime rate would increase resulting in more expenditures occurring in the Judicial
and Corrections stages so overall there would not be a decrease in overall expenditures. If more
money were spent on local police protection, it might have an impact on reducing the crime rate, but
most municipalities are operating at full capacity within a system that is funded by taxes which no
one wants to see increased. The best overall plan would include an increase in spending in all three
branches because it takes a combination of all three to make up our criminal justice

In order for the Criminal Justice System to effectively deter crime, it is imperative to understand
what causes crime, understand why crime exists and why offenders engage in criminal behaviour. In
the 18th century criminologists such as Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Bonesana–Beccaria and Cesare
Lombroso all established criminological theories, in an attempt to achieve this goal. The most
influential theories are known as the Classical and Positivist perspectives.
Both of these theories have had a long–term influence on the current Criminal Justice System.
Which were so significant throughout the 20th and 21st century because they introduced effective
new strategies for the system to implement in order to deter criminal and deviant behaviour.
However, both of these concepts are restricted by their inability to regard important aspects of the
alternative theories. In order to highlight the influences and long–term impact on contemporary
society, the key concepts of each theory will be outlined before delving into the influences and
limitations, concluding with the long–term impact on the current system and understanding of crime
and offending.
The idea that criminals make the conscious decision to participate in deviant behaviour with
knowledge of the benefits and consequences emerged from Classical Theory in the enlightenment
era. Classical Theory emphasises the concept of free will and the presented choice to abide by the
law. Classicism argues that humans within society are

Crime plays an important role in the United States. The Justice system creates boundaries so that its
people can feel safe and equal. It brings fairness to society and defends the people's amendments.
There are many advantages towards the use of the criminal justice system such as safety. Safety is a
main source that depicts on how the country will feel about abiding the laws. Without a criminal
justice system, America would suffer and crime rate would dramatically increase. People would
have more freedom to do whatever they please and that can initiate violence. It is crucial to abide by
the criminal justice system so that these situations can be prevented. Today the system is broken
down into various components that lead to the conclusion

Introduction
Victims usually adopt a subsidiary role in the courts, compared to the accused or offender (Booth,
2016). Victim–focused law reforms are open to many jurisdictions throughout Australia, and
majority of systems which follow the adversarial nature of proceedings (Garkawe, 2007). The
justice system aims to enforce a therapeutic structure, however, in some instances this fails to be
upheld for the victim. In a sentencing hearing, an offender's mitigating factors may reduce their
sentence, therefore providing the offender with more rehabilitative issuances. Whereas victims have
little to no influence over the outcome of the sentencing hearing. Victim impact statements (VIS) act
as a victim–focused law reform in the sentencing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A very prominent and effective procedure, which satisfies the criteria of inclusion, is victim impact
statements.
Victim Impact Statement
VIS's are statements prepared by the victim to the court, which details the harm and impact caused
by the relevant criminal offence (Booth, 2016). It is submitted to the court, voluntarily by the victim,
prior to the sentencing hearing of the offender (Booth, 2016). VIS's are a right granted under s8k of
the Sentencing Act 1991 (Vic). Subsequently, s8l states that a VIS would usually contain the
particular impact which the offence had on the victim, and the damages, harms or losses suffered as
a rather direct result by the victim. The purpose of the VIS is to increase acknowledgment of victims
throughout the criminal justice system (Garkawe, 2007). The need for a VIS is justified in the legal
sense, because a judge is made more aware of the extent of harm inflicted on the victim, and the
gravity of the offence is more likely to be understood via a VIS (Garkawe, 2007).
Benefits of the VIS
VISs were initially introduced for the purpose of accommodating to the needs and expectations of
victims when confronting the criminal justice process. Victim impact statements have received
social support because it upholds the notion of justice, while supposedly maintaining and not
interfering with the interests of the defendant (Cassell, 2009).
Essentially, the introduction of the VIS is crucial in providing information to the

Criminal Justice System
The American Criminal Justice System is one of the best in the world, as it works relentlessly to find
a balance between Herbert Packer's suggested crime control model and due process model.
Throughout the course, we have analyzed the different levels of the criminal justice system and have
broken down where the criminal justice excels, such as the different courts for juveniles that work to
meet the needs of children, and other areas that need improvement. Though the Criminal Justice
System is a fundamental part of our nation and was created to protect society, while ensuring that
certain rights are given to prisoners, defendants, and other actors, there are flaws within the system
that need to be fixed. If appointed Czar of the Criminal Justice ... Show more content on
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Becoming the Czar would entail an expansive reform policy aimed at improving the Criminal
Justice system, while making it more "just for all." Improving the bail system, the way defense
attorneys work, and the correctional system is a start to fixing some of the errors of the current
system. People are entitled to equal access to defense attorneys, better setting of bails for defendants
of different class, and the ability to become better citizens than what they entered as in the beginning
of their sentence. Other issues that need to be fixed are juvenile systems, perception of cops,
treatment of inmates, etc., but the issues highlighted above are most urgent. The main thing is that
change needs to start now; not everything will be resolved at once, but if we target the different
levels of the Criminal Justice System one by one, we can ensure that we are perfecting the system's
strong

In the criminal justice system, there is a controversy in the system regarding fairness or
disagreement and changes need to be done. Many people believe it needs to change to improve and
others believe it is unfair or dishonest in punishing people. The criminal justice system is in charge
of punishing criminals and the correctional system helps inmates from committing crimes again.
The goal of rehabilitation is to reduce crime in society. The criminal justice system affects all of
society because it determines the punishment people will receive after being convicted of crimes.
Many people do not understand the criminal justice and judge it negatively. People have
assumptions that the criminal justice system is bad and convicts innocent people. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many police officers abuse their power for their advantage and target people unfairly. For example,
Cooper discusses that war on drug policing led to an increase of police brutality targeting Black
communities, even as they make little progress in reducing street–level drug activity. Society has
negative assumptions of the system because many police officers are unfair with different
communities. In order to change the negative assumptions of the system, there must be programs
that will help and teach police officers to treat everyone equally regardless of race or economic
status. They need to educate themselves that everyone is equal and society will know that they did
not use police brutality, but used necessary force to stop a criminal. Police officers should attend
classes or programs to be taught that force should only be used when it is necessary. For example,
The National Police Accountability Project helps educate officers by teaching and informing them to
not use misconduct (Harrel, 1999). In order to change these perspectives of people who believe all
police officers use brutality or abuse their power, police officers need training on proper and
improper use of force. For example, in a potentially threatening situation, an officer will apply force
if necessary because they are trained to judge when a crisis requires the use of force

Redesign of the criminal justice courses with STEM tools
Yu Zhang
Criminal justice study, a subcategory of social science, gathers information traditionally from three
sources: survey research, government statistics, and one–off studies of particular people, places, or
events (King, 2013). However, the astonishing pace of technology advance has changed this pattern.
In next 50 years, the exponentially increasing magnitude of information sources will extremely
affect both our research and practice in criminal justice. On the one hand, criminal justice course
needs to handle problems created by high technology, e.g. the application of new technology in law
enforcement and relevant criminal procedure issues. On the other hand, the high technology also
provides new tools for the expanding of the discipline, e.g. the application of big data methods in the
discipline. Criminal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Studies on the combination of social science and technology has become a dynamic interdisciplinary
field, as a result of the intersectional work by sociologists, historians, philosophers, anthropologists
and so on. From a historical and sociological perspective, scientific facts are products of scientists'
socially conditioned investigations rather than as objective representations of nature (Kuhn, 1962).
As a result, technology is part of social facts and there is no clear segregation between natural
science and social science. Technology can enrich our learning environment and equip learners with
the skills, ideas and information which are necessary for them to become critical thinkers,
collaborative peers and technology literates (Abdelraheem & Al–Rabane, 2005; Angers &
Matchmes, 2006). A systematic effort is needed to probe how scientific discovery and its
technological applications can be used by social scientists to examine social developments, in law,
politics, public policy, ethics, and

The And The Criminal Justice System
While the use of remand custody was implemented to avoid potential casualties to both the
community and offenders, the dramatic increase of its use caught the attention of many scholars.
They argue that while the practice has its advantages, it also has crippling drawbacks such as
overpopulation in prisons and the undermining the presumption of innocence; the main principle
which defines the criminal justice system. Individuals charged with an alleged offense are
"remanded into custody through the issuance of a warrant of committal by a JP or judge" (Griffiths,
2015, pp. 179) and are continued to be held in prison for an indefinite time until they are needed to
appear for court. The reason for custody may be issued out of concern that accused individuals may
not attend court, possibly reoffend before their trial date, or were not granted bail. Remand custody
is enforced to ensure offenders' availability for court appearance to uphold the integrity of the justice
system. Implementing remand custody allows for the safety of witnesses, who can testify without
having their words be manipulated under the fear and harassment from offenders. Consideration of
bail and outcomes to remand are merged; they have the same factors that determine whether as to
whether offenders should be detained and whether they would be granted bail or not. Authorities
may deny bail or decide to place offenders into custodial remand if they are deemed to be
untrustworthy. If released, offenders may try

Criminal Justice Challenges
The Criminal Justice System has evolved during the 21st century, especially when it comes to the
challenges that it is faced with and the way Criminal Justice officials execute their actions. There are
many different challenges that the Criminal Justice System has encountered, however, this author
believes the most important challenge they have to encounter in the 21st century is the way the
media and society portray the role of law enforcement officials. It is the most important challenge
because as law enforcement officers they are to be trusted but if the media portrays them as
untrustworthy or corrupt then society will not respect them nor will they feel safe around them. As a
reader, do you believe that one of the most important challenges is the portrayal of law enforcement
officials?
The media has a major impact on people's mindsets, especially the way that people view the
criminal justice system and law enforcement officials. According to an article in the Journal of
Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, it quotes, "it is speculated that the ... Show more content on
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As a law enforcement official, it is their job to serve and protect the community. In order for them to
be able to serve and protect efficiently, their community has to trust them and be aware that they are
safe having law enforcement on their side. However, there are many citizens that do not trust law
enforcement officials because of the negative stories that media outlets publicize. Media outlets
leave the majority of the positive law enforcement stories out of the news and headlines, which
makes citizens not aware of the positive actions that police officers actually do. This author believes
citizens should not be quick to form a judgment on law enforcement until they have experienced
negative actions from law enforcement at hand. Although there may be law enforcement officials
that may be corrupt, not all of them are a part of those corrupt

Criminal Justice Model
It is through the Criminal Justice System's close collaborations with like–minded agencies such as
the Police, Prison and Courts Services, that the public's concerns and worries are resolved, in order
to bring about justice in our communities (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007 as cited in Fox, 2014). With
that in mind and out of the way, this essay will aim to explore some of the strengths and weaknesses,
which are prominent within the Criminal Justice System. To do this successfully, the Police and the
Courts Service will be the key agencies that will be explored in relation to the key Models that shape
the whole Criminal Justice System. These Models were founded by Herbert L. Packer (1968) and
Michael King (1981).
Firstly, an advantage of the Police ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This internal pressure that is placed upon the Courts is highlighted within the Bureaucratic Model,
which gives the impression that the employees of the Criminal justice do not have a straightforward
and easy job to do (King, 1981 as cited in Davies et al., 2005). As briefly mentioned above,
efficiency is the key factor affecting the effective functioning of the courts, the employees of the
Criminal Justice do not have the most impactful contribution to improve upon their own efficiency,
but the defendants do, because their decisions on accepting guilt or maintaining their innocence can
mean the difference between an appropriately shortened trial or more worryingly, a prolonged trial
resulting in a guilty verdict, in which this consumes excessive time and resources that could have
otherwise been used elsewhere(Davies et al., 2005) . From the above perspective, it is safe to say
that the defendants have the ability to ease some of the pressure that is put on the Courts Service, in
order to allow them to perform productively. According to (Sanders et al. 2010: ch.8 as cited in
Sanders and Young, 2012: 860) '60 percent plead guilty in the Crown Court and 92 percent in the
Magistrates Courts...' From these statistics, it is also acceptable to say that a fair amount of

Criminal Justice Motivation
1. We often hear that criminal justice employees are unmotivated. Other than giving employees a
raise, discuss two other ways to motivate employees that you agree with. Provide rational for you
reasoning.
Throughout history, it has always been in the best interest of every company to seek for the best way
to motivate their employees. The company or agency tends to be more successful when the
employees find a motive to perform their job at tasked. Two other ways to motivate employees that I
agree with: to redesign the job tasks and rearrange the job activities will definitely motivate the
employees to optimize their performances. Redesign the criminal justice job tasks is an effectual
tool for enhancing the employees' performance. As such, the design would include techniques that
encourage employees to execute productive results. Stojkovic S., Kalinich D., & Klofas J. (2015)
lamented, "The various criminal justice systems is problematic because no single theory of
motivation can explain the many factors that affect the motivation of criminal justice personnel" (p.
148). These two ways would help to reduce the negative impact of monotonous criminal justice job
tasks. The rearrangement of the job activities would bring together both the extrinsic and intrinsic
aspects of the criminal justice job, which will give fruits to individualistic achievements. Contrary to
popular beliefs, varieties and changes are always needed in a job task regardless of the career field,
to keep the employees motivated towards work. Generally, both of these methods would strictly
align with the employees abilities with the comprehensive understanding of the criminal justice
agencies. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Discuss how private organizations differ from public organizations in terms of motivational tools.
Recall that private organizations have the incentive of financial bonuses that are difficult for
criminal justice agencies to

Criminal Justice Connotation
When individuals think of the criminal justice system, the first images that come to their minds are a
judge, jury full of people, the prosecution, and the defense. These images are what make up the
courtroom environment, however, no one realizes how skin color affects what happens in the
courtroom. Although race should not be a factor in determining said person's sentencing, it is and
sadly results in wrongful convictions as well as riots and protests as of recently. In the
Independent.co.uk article and the Corrections.com article both entitled "Is the Criminal Justice
System Fair," deliberate on the capability of the criminal justice system and question why
individuals might view the system as unfair. In the article "What Happened in Ferguson," produced
by The New York Times, explains the events that took place from the death of Michael Brown to the
trial of Darren Wilson, the police officer who killed him, to the aftermath after the trial. Although
the criminal justice system has a negative connotation associated with its name, the fact–based
website, Snopes.com, determines whether the negative reputation against the criminal justice system
is true or something that has been exploited by the media.
The criminal justice system is a branch of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehending,
prosecuting, defending, sentencing, and punishing those who are suspected or convicted of criminal
offenses. Yes, this system may seem unjust and flawed, but society could not

The purpose of the criminal justice system is explained by three definitions: Control crime, Prevent
crime, and provide and maintain justice. This sense of criminal justice has been the same since pre–
civilized communities, where the elders of a tribe enforced the laws of the village. The criminal
justice system has changed drastically from the times of kinship systems to today's system of laws.
As time has passed criminal justice has change in many ways, for example: the way they dress,
arrest, and investigate. With all these changes through the centuries, there are a few qualities that has
been consistent through the years and that is the desire to serve justice and provide safety to the
people.
During the colonial period was a time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United States criminal justice system gets its model of justice based on our London roots.
Henry Fielding founded the Bow Street Runners in 1749; this organization was the leading law
enforcement organization of its time. Henry Fielding "Responded to the threat of violence on the
streets and the highways leading into the metropolis by bringing together the first body of officers
dedicated to catching and prosecuting offenders" (Emsley, 2006, p.17). "In 1829, British Prime
Minister Robert Peel forms the first modern police force, the London Metropolitan Police Force"
(Criminal Justice, 2011). The one thousand–member forces, known as Bobbies, organized itself
around Peel's principles of policing. Still to this day, every organization uses the same principles of
Sir Robert Peel. Law Enforcement uses these principles as their core morals and values of policing
and serves as a basic code of ethics: "Principle 1: The basic mission for which the police exist is to
prevent crime and disorder. Principle 2: The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent
upon public approval of police actions. Principle 3: Police must secure the willing cooperation of the
public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public.
Principle 4: The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately
to the necessity of the use of physical force. Principle 5: Police seek and preserve public favor

Criminal Justice Majors
Contrary to popular belief the life of a criminal justice major is not all about being a hardboiled cop
or a living a black and white noir film, there is actually quite a bit of disciplinary literacy in the
background. People looking forward to a career in criminal justice should be able to write up
investigation reports, reports to be used in trials, and documents relating to various types of criminal
offenders.
For a bachelor's degree in Criminal Justice 120 credits including some general elective credits and a
Social Science for the Bachelor of Arts degree are required, so most if not all courses that a student
will take will demand many hours of writing. Most careers that utilize a criminal justice major come
from agencies that focus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It would be a dishonor to the very nature of the profession if a single opinion could influence the
outcome of someone's trial. There will be a lot of reading and researching, Ji–Hun says that while it
is important to focus on your selected profession and read up on all of the documents related to your
field it is also a good idea to read up on a bit of everything so that you can get a good picture of how
the overall system works. However note that it is not conventional to memorize every law as rules
often change or become ineffective from the lack of enforcement. (Kim)
There is no perfect formula to accurately predict crime or to understand the criminal elements of the
human mind, but there have been many theories that have attempted to explain crime for better or
for worse. The 5th edition Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences covers the both the
most famous and infamous of criminal theories. Although some ideas are convincing at first they
tend to fall flat when new evidence surfaces, so when reading, researching, or just watching the
news in general it is important to remain vigilant and impartial as everybody else is entitled to their
opinions. Unfortunately societies tend to spread false information quickly, but it is not like it is
difficult to change someone's opinions, however the amount of people with the wrong idea grows
into quite a substantial number.
It is important as a criminal justice

One of the main objectives for the Criminal Justice System is to reduce the crime and the fire of
crime. In order to achieve this it is using different agencies and the major of them are the Police,
Prosecution, Courts, Prisons and Probation. They all are operating in synchrony for achieving their
legal responsibilities and particularly for reducing the level of crime. The aim of this essay
specifically is to discuss the functions of the police and how they actually fit with the objectives of
the Criminal Justice System as a whole. The Criminal Justice System is focusing on the formal
response to crime and is used with special regulations in different countries. In England and Wales
'it is used to describe the institutions and agencies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Function implies that the role of the police is concentrated on the maintenance of law and order and
the prevention end reduction of offences (Mawby cited by Newburn, 2009, pp16). Their
functionality is necessary part for the Criminal Justice System role not only because are the largest
agency within it, but also because are the primary to deal with the actual crime. The police of
England and Wales have many responsibilities and functions which are attaching to them and they
all fit with the crime control model of the Criminal Justice System. One of the major segments of
the police work is the criminal investigation, which is significantly important for the crime control
and is overwhelmingly reactive (Bayley cited by Newburn, 2009, pp576). Crime investigation is
usable for identifications, collecting evidence, formulating theories and conformations. This police
function helps for gathering information and filter it, which is and one of the characteristics of the
crime control model (Taylor, 1996, pp156). Furthermore, 'the main principle that underpins the
system of criminal justice in England and Wales is adversarial justice' (Davies et al, 1998, pp11).
This actually means that the police need to identify the suspect from the available sufficient
evidence. Crime prevention and control are automatically linked to the results of the crime
investigation. In this relation the investigation purpose perfectly match within the criminal justice
aim to control crime.

Criminal Justice Opportunities
The student's interest in Criminal Justice stems from aspirations of wanting to learn and know more
about researching and analyzing information. Based on current work experiences along with
knowledge using skills that require logical reasoning the student finds that a degree in Criminal
Justice will enhance a career in administration and leadership roles. The goal is to be able to explore
the different aspects of possible career opportunities in management and qualify for a given position.
The intended takeaway from course studies in the criminal justice program is to cover everything
such as the different research methods in addition to a working knowledge of how the courts, and
law enforcement functions.
Furthermore it appears that careers

Criminal Justice Trends
Criminal Justice Trends
CJA/484
3/17/2013
David Sanders Jr |
The criminal justice system is always changing to help secure and protect society. Even though
many times areas of law enforcement are over looked due to changes, the facts still remain that the
number one priority of law enforcement is to see that the streets that we walk during the day and
night are safe and secure even though one main ingredient has been lost with the progression of law
enforcement. So in this paper I will focus on evaluate a few areas that have to deal with the past,
present and future trends of law enforcement. I will also sum things up and discuss the budgetary
and managerial impact that future trends will likely have on law enforcement, courts and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But with every positive there is a negative the same technology the law enforcement use to catch the
criminals, the criminals are using that same technology to avoid being caught, which also goes back
to the point that if law enforcement didn't abandon the relationship that they once had with the
community that the community would be willing to talk and help them out because with every crime
committed there is always somebody watching.
Moving forward when looking at the future trends of law enforcement it can be said that it'll
probably be better than present day law enforcement because they would be able to see what they
did wrong and try to improve on it. The reason why is because with progression there is always
improvements made on things that were done wrong. For instance law enforcement losing touch
with the community in present day will be something that I believe would be primarily focus on to
get back because stopping and preventing crime is a team effort and law enforcement cannot do it on
its own. Even with all the technology in the world nothing can take the place of interaction and
receiving information from someone that has actually saw the crime being committed. Surveillance
tapes can catch the person in action but they do tend to miss the little details that can bring a
criminal to justice much quicker then somebody seeing the crime taking

The Crime Of Criminal Justice
When it Comes to Criminals
Violence and crime have been splattered on the pages of history for centuries. Sadly, however, they
will be part of the future as well. Is being a police officer or investigator as cool as they make it
seem on television? Criminal Minds is just one of the many investigative television shows that keep
its audience pondering over the reality of crimes. "Criminal Minds portrays the psychologist as
having a more active role than they really do," explained Marc T. Zucker, academic chair of the
undergraduate School of Criminal Justice at Kaplan University, in one article. "We all love the thrill
of the chase and arrest, however, psychologists don 't typically accompany officers in the
apprehension of suspects. Still as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This type of list would include content such as age, gender, personality, habits, location, and so forth
(Scottsdale). As vague as this information may seem, it will not only help to locate the criminal, but
it can also help solve crimes as well. Brian Campbell, a probation officer from the United States
Probation Office, says that this job will require a criminal justice degree, an additional psychology
degree, and a bachelor 's degree. Campbell also mentioned that some specific jobs will require an
individual to have a master 's degree or be working to receive said degree. Furthermore, apart from
degrees, this specific career field will require very good communication and people skills as well.
Campbell mentions that the most difficult part of his job is explaining to the family why the offender
is either going to jail or receiving disciplinary actions. This can be especially hard when there are
children involved because the last thing the officer wants to do is spoil the relationship between the
child and guardian.
Leading to the topic of crime, there is an unlimited amount of resources full of statistics and crime
rates. Preliminary figures indicate that law enforcement agencies throughout the nation showed an
overall increase of 1.7 percent in the number of violent crimes brought to their attention for the first
six months of 2015 when compared with figures reported for the same time in 2014 (FBI). In 2014,
there were 3,961

The On The Criminal Justice System
Garland (2001), view on "the criminal justice system in America was created to keep communities
safe, to respect and restore victims, and to return offenders who leave prison to be self–sufficient
and law–abiding. Treatment simply did not work either by therapy or broader social programs and
became is a monumental failure that our states and nation can no longer afford" (p.61)
Garland (2001) stated "that the collapse of faith in our correction system began a wave of
demoralization that undermined the credibility of key institutions of crime control, for a period of
the whole criminal justice system. He further emphasized that during the late 1970s and 80s; the
demoralization influence of what David Rothman called, the failure model spread into most areas of
criminal justice. Garland was influenced by the negative research reports and increasing crime rates
by a pervasive sense of disillusionment and pessimism, because one institution after another was
viewed as ineffective or counter–productive". (p.61)
Pollock (2006) in his book "ethical dilemmas and decisions in criminal justice" stated that "Our
society today believed that many people repress their desires to commit offences. We therefore
enjoy punishing others who are caught committing these crimes, but the questions then are do
punishments help? People are still sentenced to death for the same crime that some have committed
and faced death as the consequence for their crime. The view not only lacks support of

Criminal Justice Professionals
Have you ever sat back and thought of the multiple different people that need the criminal justice
professionals? A lot of people think that the police, child protection and probation officers are a
waste of time but they actually save lives. Adolescents who can no longer live with their parents are
placed in others home until it is safe to go back home, homeless people without homes are placed in
shelters as well as women that are abused in domestic violence situations. People from every walk
of life, race and culture experience these situations. People within the criminal justice profession
protect these individuals and help them find a way out of the environment they are in.
Within the past few years the criminal justice profession has been looked at in a negative view.
Individuals do not like to contact them as they think it will do more harm then good. Police officers
are not looked to as if they serve and protect the community, the court systems are either not giving
enough of a punishment or giving too much and children are being placed in homes that are much
worse then the one they were pulled from. I have heard on multiple occassions how the criminal
justice system has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some mentally ill individuals are put out of their homes at the age of 18 with nowhere to go. They
look for somewhere to go and seek out help. There are children that are abused and neglected by
their parents and they are taken away and placed somewhere else. Women are in abusive
relationships, depending on men and are looking for a way out. Criminal justice professionals help
find shelter for the homeless, place the children in a loving environment and give these women a
way out. If the crime is exactly the same you should receive the same punishment. If this was the
case more people would trust the criminal justice system and children would look up to the
professionals

Criminal Justice And Criminology
During chapter 1 of, Basics of Research Methods for Criminal Justice & Criminology, I learned
many things related to research. To be considered a good consumer of research, an individual should
be knowledgeable about how the research was conducted and how the studies can relate to a
person's department. A good consumer of research in the CJ field would be when a person is able to
take past research and understand how it directly relates to policing. An example of this would be if
a police officer studied the book, Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice, to further
their knowledge on ethics in policing. It is important to do this because then that police officer will
be more knowledgeable in their field in an ethical standpoint

A number of people do not know how the criminal justice system functions. Their assumptions of
how it may, how it may work is shaped by the way that the media along with reality–based
television shows portray the justice system and the crimes involved in the episodes. These programs
show real events that have or had happened during the arrests of crimes or the first step that an
individual takes when entering the criminal justice system. A number of different programs focus on
one type of crime while others show quite a variety of different ones, but they are all tied into an
individual being inducted into the justice system.
After watching a handful of reality–based television shows I can say the gender and race of the
majority of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the program of the First 48, they mostly focused on Homicide cases as compared to Cops that
portrayed crimes such as patrolling streets for car thieves, drugs, stolen cars, hit and runs along with
a number of other crimes. Furthermore, as for the program, FBI Takedown was more focused on
terrorist attacks, heists, kidnappings and so forth. In other words, they focused on the extreme or
life–threatening crimes. There was really no predominant crime that was present in all of these
shows, but shows like the First 48, Dateline NBC and Crime Watch Daily predominant crime was
murder/homicides. According to CBS News, "In America's urban centers, 3,081 people were
murdered in the first half of 2017, according to the Major Cities Chiefs Association Violent Crimes
Survey. That's up from 2,994 people for the same period in 2016." This may be a reason behind the
number of programs that are focusing on this specific crime and showing it to the

Throughout this semester in Criminal law and Procedures I have learned about the criminal justice
system more and the laws and procedures behind it all. There have been many cases in the past that
have helped us define laws in present day and this cycle continues to happen. But, there are many
laws that have not changed or procedures that do not make sense in the court of law. Procedures in
the criminal justice system can be so precise that if one word is not said or one small action is not
done, it could make or break a case. There are many laws and procedures that I would like to change
as well as many I would like to keep. Throughout this essay, I will elaborate more on which ones I
would like to keep and which ones I take away and my reasoning ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One procedure that I would like to add is a definition for a speedy trial. This also includes pushing
trial dates back until there is sufficient evidence to charge. There have been problems with trials
taking too long to charge one with any type of charge. Large murder cases are understandable, but
what about small sexual assault cases or small charge cases. I would also add that if someone cannot
afford a lawyer and is arrested, that they would at least get a good and fair lawyer appointed to them.
I would want this because often times these lawyers could be new into the work field or do not care
too much about their jobs or just do not know enough to be a defense

Criminal Justice Pillars
These five pillars are closely connected, each playing a vital role upon which the success or failure
of the other pillars rests. The efficacy of the entire criminal justice system depends on the successful
delivery of each pillar's function. If one of these pillars fails, the whole system fails as well.
These five pillars are closely connected, each playing a vital role upon which the success or failure
of the other pillars rests. The efficacy of the entire criminal justice system depends on the successful
delivery of each pillar's function. If one of these pillars fails, the whole system fails as well.
I believe, each pillar of the Criminal Justice System will have a representative in this conference. In
this light, I will only give ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The failure of one could mean the failure of all. If the community fails to report incidents of
criminality, the Criminal Justice System is not initiated. If the community fails to witness against a
criminal in court, the case is dismissed and the wrong–doer acquitted. Likewise, if any of the law
enforcement, the prosecutor and the courts are remiss in their duties, either the guilty is set free or
the innocent is punished, both of which are caused by the breakdown of our criminal justice system
simply because one pillar failed to do its

Constable Police officers are the first responders in the Criminal Justice system. They are sworn to
preserve the peace and maintain public order. They work on the front counters in their office to take
a day to day complaints from the public and they do active patrols as well as directed patrols. They
help to provide information to the public regarding safety and awareness in communities. They are
to prepare and present reports both written and verbal in a timely and complete manner. They also
prevent crime, collect evidence and lay charges. They interview, interrogate and investigate minor
crime in the communities and resolve related issues. Their job also requires them to take care of the
victims and support them. They carry out lawful duties assigned by ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We need Constable Officers to make our communities safe and protect the citizens. Their role in our
Criminal Justice system is to defend the public, discover the truth, investigate crime and arrest
offenders. Our Criminal justice system also allows them the authority to prevent crimes, enforce the
law and work with prosecutors to solve prosecution cases. Their actions affect the entire operation
of our Criminal Justice system because they are the first responders in the system as well as the first
lawful people to come into contact with an accused offender. Their first contact with an accused
offender affects the decision of judges in the courtrooms, which can also affect the procedure of jails
and prisons. In our Criminal Justice system, Constable Police officers are one of the main federal
law enforcement that influence citizen's day to day lives. They are also the most apparent element of
our Criminal Justice system. After all, our Criminal Justice system is based on the concept of law
and order. Constable Police officers enforce these laws and protect the well–being of both the
individual citizens and our

Criminal Issues In The Criminal Justice System
Throughout history, there has been only a handful of crimes and criminal issues that reached the
span of not just a city, state or country but the entire world. These criminal issues include crimes like
drug trafficking, human trafficking, and terrorist attacks. Interestingly, the fundamental reasoning
behind these types of crimes varies greatly. For example, some of these crimes are motivated
immensely by money, greed, and power (power over people, government, and politics etc.)
However, their motives stem from things like the offender's political ideology, religion, and at times,
traditions. These types of crimes affect numerous aspects of the criminal justice systems around the
world such as the way we prosecute, detain and interrogate suspects.

Community Justice And Criminal Justice
Community justice is a broad term that includes many aspects of involving the community. The
main goal is to enhance the lives within the community through the creation of problem solving
strategies and strengthening the standards within the community by restoring victim's quality of life,
and reintegrating offenders of crimes. Although community justice can be traced back hundreds of
years. The model is still considered a nontraditional approach in today's criminal justice sector. Due
to its broad range practitioners that choses to implement using community justice within their
agency has many different options for practicing the model.
There are usually five possibilities to pursue community justice initiatives they include: crime
prevention, policing, prosecution, adjudication, and corrections. In addition, many experts has
concluded that community policing and community courts are the two most widespread practices
used within the criminal justice sector. Since, many professionals within the sector believe that
community justice allows dialogue between citizens, community organizations and criminal justice
agencies, stability can be achieved through the partnership which can help to create solutions too
hard to fix problems within a community.
Today the court system has attempted several models for integrating community justice with in a
community. Most common is the integration of a prosecutor's office into neighborhoods troubled by
crime. According to the attorneys

Criminal Justice Changes
If you look from the beginning of this semester everything we once saw as something change to
something else. What we know, though or learn change through time. What surprise did we learn
from the criminal justice's system? From the surprises, what can change to help improve even in the
tiniest way. Did our perception of crime change overtime or did it stay the same? We will now go on
to answer each question from our perspective.
What did you learn that surprised you most about the criminal justice system? From the whole
semester, what I've have learned that surprise me the most about criminal justice system is that how
the media portrays crime justice especially the victims who are affected the most. For example, in
Law & Order: SVU, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overtime my perception didn't change, but the way I saw crime did change differently. Media is
reporting more violent crime in when in terms it has been decreasing. According to Master et al.
(2013, p. 477) juvenile arrests for violent crimes in racial subgroups studied [Blacks, Whites
(including Latinos), Asians and American Indians] were at their lowest since 1980.They portray the
offender (African American or Latino) and the victim as the white person and them being dangerous
when in truth it's the other around. The media wants to create fear and make them supportive of
policy.
In conclusion, there were some surprises in learning about the criminal justice system. In each
different part of the criminal justices there are changes that are long overdue that will change the
way we view the systems in the end and have more trust in it. At the end not everything we hear is
the truth, we have to look for the truths and make our own conclusion. In the end from what we get
from the class we will take that information and make our own conclusion and maybe help out by
being a police officer, judge, lawyer, prosecutor, probation/parole officer, etc. and help out the
offender who really need

The criminal justice system is a gratifying, yet often unfair ruling process. Having said that, a first–
rate example of a disapproving situation is when a person(s) of African American decent receives
severe punishment for a particular offense, as opposed to what a person of Caucasian decent might
acquire for the same offense. My topic of choice is from the ACLU's web page via an article entitled
"Race and Criminal Justice", certainly peaked my curiosity. Being a young man with a group of
friends consisting predominantly of minorities, this article stuck to my brain by bringing back tons
of déjà vu. An acquaintance of mine left for court, accused stealing headphones at a local Walmart
with a friend. One of the court hearings was for stolen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the bright side, the court case involving Rodney King as well as the new Fair Sentencing Act of
2010, raises awareness to the issue, which helps assist the efforts of African Americans in ending
discrimination in the court of law and receiving unfair punishments. Unfortunately, there are no
groups currently helping progress the movement for discrimination of blacks in the criminal justice
system. Although there are no groups supporting this issue, there is a plethora of groups who should
get involved and impact the issue in a positive manner. A recent organization known commonly as
the Advancement Project, supports the efforts of civilians around the country who stand up for equal
rights for colored and immigrants in the criminal justice system. According to fundersforjustice.org,
The Advancement Project supports equality and the rights for people of a different race. AP
demands justice, (Fundersforjustice.org). Per the same webpage, a few others who support the same
cause are Black Lives Matter, the Black Organizing Project, and the Bill of Rights Defense
Committee (BORDC). Furthermore, The essay written by Gerald K. Fosten strengthens the need to
take further action on the issue by stating, " the use of the criminal justice system and equality has
been examined in related research....African Americans with a felony conviction, engage and
negotiate their inferior status...their

Criminal Justice Essay
Criminal Justice
This paper will describe my understanding of the text and of the lectures provided in the class.
Unlike most classes, where I understood only my view of the text, this class was geared so each
student would understand each other's view. 3 An organization is a collective that has some
boundary and internal structure that engages in activities related to some complex set of goals.
Members of organizations attempt to meet their psychological, ego and emotional needs within the
organization. Criminal justice organizations are particularly unique compared to other public or
private sector organizations because of the governmental granted authority. Management within
these organizations can be defined as the process by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But some models are different, such as centralized and decentralized. In the centralized hierarchy of
organizations, the decisions or personnel actions, planning, formulation of policies and procedures,
adjudication of conflicts and other significant issues are made from the top. In decentralized
organizations, the decision on these major issues is routinely made throughout the organization.
Whether an organization is centralized or decentralized mostly depends on the type of agency and
the beliefs of the top managers. This decision depends on the expertise of all the managers and the
staff personnel. 5 Mission statements, if properly understood and accepted by organized personnel,
is the framework by which an organization will operate. A mission statement can be defined as a
statement or description of an organization's common purpose and continuing purpose for existing
responsibility of it's client or constituents, at least by implicating it's ideology, values and operation's
principals. An example of a mission statement by a business may be: (1) Quality comes first (2)
Customers are the focus of everything we do. (3) Continuous improvement is essential to everything
we do. (4) Employee involvement is our way of life. (5) Dealers and suppliers are our partners. (6)
Integrity is never compromised. An example of a criminal justice organization may be: " The
mission of the department is to safely incarcerate convicted felons; to keep inmates secure, safe
from physical

The Future of Criminal Justice
University Of Phoenix
Foundations of Criminal Justice
April 19, 2010
Terrorism has never been in the States; only in third world countries. Since 9/11–2001 is has been a
reality and ongoing nightmare and hit close to home. The attack on the World Trade Centers in New
York was a wakeup call. United States has been on high alert ever since, waiting for the next
possible Terrorists attack. This paper will explain why terrorism is a law enforcement concern as
well as how terrorism is considered a crime. At last the paper will state some recommendations that
the American Criminal Justice should do, to better prepare for future crimes.
Why is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Law enforcement officers need to be aware of the characteristics and the personalities of the
terrorist(s) in order to combat terrorism in the U.S. (Fagin, 2005). Therefore the Law Enforcement
officer's role in combating terrorists is to be involved within the community and have the ability to
recognize when something is out of place or does not belong in the community (Fagin, 2005).
How is terrorism a crime?
The term terrorism is used widely in present day especially in the United States. Terrorism is a
double standard, the people who commit those terrorist acts, commit the acts out of beliefs and in
their eyes ok. Terrorism can be described as the illegitimate use of force to achieve a political
objective by targeting innocent people (Laqueur, 1987). To me the definition mention above is a
great definition to describe terrorism as a crime. To aim for innocent people to prove a point which
lead major injuries or death in most cases is to most people would be a crime, no questions asked.
According to Martha Crenshaw (1995), "Terrorism cannot be defined unless the act, target and
possibility of success are analyzed". So to think, terrorist are people who commit these acts as a way
to get their political or religious point across. If we look at the some of the most famous terrorist acts
they are automatically labeled crimes. 9/11 was a crime because the persons affiliated with the act,
targeted the

Police departments are constantly trying to reduce crime with the help of technology. In 2010,
researchers believed they had created an algorithm that could calculate future crimes. The Santa
Cruise Police Department applied this algorithm hoping to locate possible delinquencies. This
predicative policing algorithm deploys officers to the most targeted locations. The algorithm is a
mixture of anthropological and criminological behavior research. It uses mathematics to estimate
crime and predict future crimes locations within 500–square–feet. To determine criminal patterns,
the system uses historical and current data to focus on gang violence, batteries, aggravated assaults,
drug crimes, along with many more similar crimes. In order for the data to be secure, the employees
transfer the data on selected crime types from the records management system to the secure Web–
based program. After a period of six months, the police department indicated that the crime rate of
burglaries and motor vehicle thefts had decreased. The Los Angeles Police Department tested the
program and also noticed a decrease in crime. Though change is difficult, the Santa Cruise Police
Department emphasized that the new system does not supersede officer intuition but enhances it.
The program also does not replace officer's education and expertise, but puts them in the right place
to prevent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The textbook focused on police departments and the technology they are using to predict future
crime. One of the six key changes in police departments is improving their use of technology. This is
working smarter, not harder. Another similar aspect is Watch System, discussed in the e–text, and
the explanation in the textbook of officers going to hot spots to watch individuals interact. They are
observing the persons in the area incase crime would

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