Responsibility Is A Necessary But Not A Sufficient...

Responsibility is a Necessary but not a Sufficient...
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Mens Rea (Blameworthiness)
Introduction Duff = "responsibility is a necessary but not a sufficient condition of liability" An actor
is responsible when they are sufficiently blameworthy in causing the harm or committing the wrong
= we blame those who have control over their actions (committing a crime is a mental process) *
MR is the guilty mind. Note that it is not necessarily a moral/culpable judgment, and there can be
involuntary MR e.g. drugged paedophile in Kingston. * There are many MR states of mind: the
sentencing advisory panel stated that there are 4 levels of culpability = intent, recklessness,
knowledge, and negligence [in some crimes only negligence is required * ... Show more content on
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* Lord Bridge disagrees with the leniency of the Woollin definition. He uses the example of a man
who boards a plane to Manchester – the plane's arrival in Manchester is a virtual certainty and so it
should be seen as conclusive proof of intent to go there. Woollin is more generous. * Exceptional
cases : oblique intention – D has a purpose other than causing the prohibited harm but where that
result is an inevitable or likely consequence – in rare cases it is permissible / central problem is that
there are 2 possible interpretations of Woollin * Definitional interpretation = extended definition of
intention – if a consequence is foreseen as virtually certain the jury may be told that this amounts to
intention * Evidential interpretation = still no definition of intention – where a consequence is
foreseen as virtually certain this is evidence entitling a court or jury to find intention – jury has
discretion * Evidential adopted = Matthews and Alleyn = Ds who had tossed a half dead V off a
bridge who they knew couldn't swim appealed. Claimed the judge misdirected because he equated
the knowledge of virtual certainty to proof of intent, not just evidence. Rix LJ couldn't see the
difference. * Adv. of evidential = gives jury flexibility = jury given moral elbow room (get out
clause) * R v Steane = D British radio announcer who was living in Germany during WWII. With
his family under threat he was forced to
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Human 's Personality And Preferences May Change Over Time
Despite the fact that human's personality and preferences may change over time, philosophers have
always sought the answers to how people have the impression that they are the same person. At first,
philosophers presumed that people need to have the same body to be the same person. However,
Locke proposed that consciousness, which is in this case memory is the key to determine identity. In
this paper, I would discuss how memory as the mental states grounds the notion of psychological
continuity. Raising the problem of circularity in the memory theory, I will explain how to amend the
psychological continuity to avoid the problem.
At first, philosophers used the same body theory to explain personal identity. They assume that a
person at one time is the very same person as a person later if and only if they have the same body.
However, one problem of the same body theory is that biologically the body is constantly changing.
A body ten years later would not be the very same body at present. The problem makes the same
body theory a false condition. Therefore, it is imprudent to set the same body theory as the criteria to
determine personal identity. What thing that will remain the same even with different bodies, that
can help determine a person to be the same person earlier? The answer is memory. Even though the
body is changing over time biologically, memories usually do not fade away with it. As a matter of
fact, philosophers proposed a new theory called the Psychological

Theoretical Orientation Analysis : Person Centered Therapy
Theoretical Orientation Analysis: Person–Centered Therapy
My Philosophy My beliefs about human life are intricate. We are complex individuals that are
shaped not only by our genes, but also by our environments, our experiences and interactions with
others. Surely, the way that people behave can be due to psychological disorders that we are not at
fault for, however, I also believe that issues involving anxiety, stress and depression are often
perpetuated by our own thinking processes and how we feel about ourselves in comparison to the
beliefs of others. Often times, I feel that having someone to listen, validate, empathize and care for
us is what it takes for change to take place. As social beings, I believe that through interactions with
a person who we care about and a person that cares about us, improvements can be made. In this
paper, I will discuss how my philosophy of life relates to that of person–centered therapy, as
described by Sharf (2016).
Human Nature, Personality, Pathology Person–centered therapy views people from a positive
perspective. While therapists may not always agree with the choices that a person makes, they
always try to accept a person for who they are. The belief is that people can change and become
self–actualized. Person–centered therapy focuses on the belief that people's personalities are
influenced by internal and external factors. These experiences will be different for everyone,
because we are all exposed to different social and

Why Is Knowledge Important?
Introduction While knowledge acquisition is important in our life, it is more important to discuss the
definition of knowledge. What is knowledge? Is there only one kind of knowledge or many different
types? When can somebody be set to have knowledge? Can you now know that this printed page is
in front of you or are you hallucinating? These questions need to be asked before looking at the
Justified True Belief (JTB) theory.
II. Types of Knowledge There are three different types of knowledge: know–how, object and
propositional. Object knowledge is acquaintance about place, person or a thing. The know–how
knowledge deals with the ability to know something (how to ride a bike). The last type of
knowledge is the propositional knowledge, the type that we will be concentrating on in this paper. In
a propositional knowledge the entity of the verb is a proposition – which could either be true or
false. Propositional knowledge doesn't require having a direct connection with the object that the
proposition is about. For example, someone named A knows that the Himalayas Mountains are in
Asia. By definition, A can have the knowledge that Himalayas Mountains are located in Asia
without actually having to be there.
III. Belief and Truth Belief and truth are directly related to each other. Lets say A knows that x (x
being any knowledge) then in this case A must believe that x. Subsequently, if A knows that x, then
x must be true. Belief and truth are requirements for knowledge.

Examples Of A Sufficient Condition
A Necessary Condition Taking for instance, "x is a necessary condition for y," that implies that if x
lacks, then y cannot be yielded. To confirm that x is a condition that is requisite for y does imply
that x guarantees y. Another good example is; having diesel in a vehicle is a necessary condition
intended for the automobile to start. Deprived of diesel (x), the vehicle (y) won't start. However,
fueling the vehicle is not an assurance that the car will start, because there are various conditions
playing part (Gerson & Lloyd 214). A Sufficient Condition In the essence that "x is regarded as a
sufficient condition meant for y," then that implies that with x, y is in necessitate to follow.
Correspondingly, x guarantees y. Deliberate on the following example. Making a total of 900 points
(90%) in a Critical and Creative Thinking class is a sufficient condition that will guarantee a final
score of A (Gerson & Lloyd 216). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Menoâ€™s Arguments concerning the Knowledge of Virtue The discourse instigates with Meno
requesting Socrates to articulate to him if learning can give morality. At the start, Meno positions the
query of whether or not virtue is knowledge and can be offered by training. Meno also positions that
virtue is diverse for everyone, and that women, men, and kids all stake dissimilar virtues. A key
finding about Meno's arguments is that the knowledge of virtue is equally a sufficient and a
necessary condition, being attributed to God's gifts (Klein &Sherwin 356). Part II: What Can We
Know Stroudâ€™s claims in The Problem of the External

The Paradox Of Inquiry And Theory Of Recollection
Is the paradox of inquiry solvable by adhering to the conditions that define it? I shall argue that
Socrates' theory of recollection is neither necessary nor sufficient for solving the paradox of inquiry.
I will start by defining both the paradox of inquiry and the theory of recollection. I will move on to
talk about the inherent gaps in the paradox of inquiry. From these flaws, I will prove how the theory
of recollection is neither necessary nor sufficient for solving the paradox of inquiry. Finally, I will
conclude with a proposed solution: the existence of a middle state of knowledge.
I will begin by defining the paradox of inquiry followed by the theory of recollection. Through
Meno's probing for an answer to whether virtue can be taught, he becomes exposed to the
phenomena of the paradox of inquiry. Socrates explains this paradox to Meno through a series of
steps: 1. One "cannot search for what he does not know." 2. One "cannot search for what he knows"
(Plato). After combining these conditions, inquiry is deemed impossible.
As a means for solving the paradox of inquiry, Socrates proposes the theory of recollection. The
basic premise of this theory holds that "...[the soul] can recollect the things it knew before...what we
call learning is recollection" (Plato). This theory works around the paradox by showing that a person
can already implicitly know x without being able to explicitly express x. This leaves no room for
inquiry in the process of changing implicit knowledge

Essay about Personal Narrative: Being Asian American
I am a girl with two heads. At home, I wear my Chinese head, in school I wear my English head.
Being an Asian, or Chinese, as it is commonly referred to, my culture plays a key role in the
development of who I am and what I do, my personal identity. An identity is the distinguishing
character or personality of an individual. Parents are often one of the key factors of this culturally
developed personal identity. "Fortunately, children do not need "perfect" parents. They do need
mothers and fathers who will think on their feet and who will be thoughtful about what they have
done. They do need parents who can be flexible, and who can use a variety of approaches to
discipline." – James L. Hymes, Jr. this quote, I can say, is physically ... Show more content on
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"A bamboo stick makes a good child." This was a famous quote that ran in my family for many
years since it worked on every child my father knows. I'm not sure it is superior or awful, but it
works, for it was authoritarian restraint that tainted me from the past to the current me. It was the
day, the report card appeared into my mail box. I headed into the house slowly, my father walking in
front of me. The marble stone floor was colder than usual and was gnawing on my foot. The sense
of danger hung in the air, but I walked on. As my father summon me to come forward my foot,
obediently, dragged themselves in front him. Knowing that I will be stroke with the slender bamboo
stick, instead of fear rising, indifference was replaced by it. The first blow struck my buttock. As it
gained speed, almost the entire of my body surface was struck, and then it ended. Black and blue
covered my legs and arms as like it was paint. However, unlike paint, it can't be washed. I hate
report cards. Since then, my grades were above average, but until today, I still hate them. You can
say that it was that day that changed my languid attitude to a busy worker. I can't say that my
attitude and behavior haven't changed from since, but I can say that it is kind of solid. In philosophy,
the issue of personal identity concerns the conditions under which a person at one time is the same
person at another time. An analysis of personal identity

15 Million Merits: Scene Analysis
In Season 1 Episode 2 titled 15 Million Merits depict the life of our protagonist or hero Bing. As we
enter the beginning of the scene we notice how uniformed and lonely life he lived. Bing longs for
companionship with others. We know the common need for a man is a partner most likely woman.
The society is still very controlling and offers no sense of living decisions. There are different ways
to make money because money is very valuable. Money simply can be made through getting a job
with your skills.Unfortunately, in this world money is made through pedaling non stop on a bike
earning money to survive. The cycling helps brainwash everyone and only doing the one continuous
motion to forget reality. The outfits are all black which makes them ... Show more content on
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He was willing to exhibit his selfishness because he was the person who pursues his or her good,
disregarding the rights and good of others. He never gives it a second thought; he knew himself did
not have a dream. Abi allowed him to question and challenge this different side of him. He was so
contained in his own individual world that she allowed him to see a different view of society. After
he allowed Abi to succeed in her dream she noticed he had something to say to the society. He
decided to again to waste his miles or money to attend the show this time by himself. He voiced out
his feelings on why he did not like being seen as an object and how he should be a subject. As Bing
made his speech about questioning the three judges he was furious and frustrated as his words came
our rapidly out his mouth. He questioned the judges one by one and challenges them, what their true
purpose and identity in society. He questions them a speech of complaining about how the three run
the world and change people into something they aren't and make them into clowns for their future
purposes and

Critique Of Practical Reason By Immanuel Kant
In Critique of Practical Reason, Immanuel Kant gives an argument for the existence of God based
on practical reason and the moral law. He argues that reason strives for the highest good, which is a
connection between virtue and happiness (Kant 89). Practical reason runs into an issue when
striving for the highest good, however, because there is no apparent connection between virtue and
happiness in the natural world, which ultimately causes us to reject the moral law (Kant 92).
According to Kant, however, we cannot reject the moral law because this would be rejecting our
rationality (Kant 93). This is because Kant believes that all rational beings must act morally and
follow the moral law as a result of reason. This leads Kant to posit the ... Show more content on
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When we strive for happiness to try to achieve virtue, our actions are not actually virtuous,
according to Kant, because virtue must come from striving for duty, not happiness (Kant 92).
However, we also cannot strive for virtue to attain happiness because we do not experience the
connection between virtue and happiness (Kant 92). This is a problem because Kant is a
transcendental idealist, meaning that he thinks that we are limited to objects of experience in what
we can have knowledge of. Since we do not experience the connection between virtue and
happiness, and we cannot know if there is actually a connection beyond what we can experience, we
run into the problem of having to assume that there is no connection. This causes us to reject the
moral law because we are natural beings, in that we cannot reject happiness, but naturally strive for
it (Kant 92). Kant argues that rejecting the moral law is not an option, however, because, by doing
this, we would be giving up our humanity, since he believes that morality stems from human reason
(Kant 93). Therefore, there must be a connection between virtue and happiness so that we do not
have to reject the moral law. This connection must be made because it would not be rational to strive
for the highest good if it was not possible to do so, and this is what makes it

Innate Knowledge And Plato's Theory Of Knowledge
Theory of knowledge is a yield of doubt. When we seriously we really know anything at all, we
innate lead into test of knowing, in the hope of being capable to discriminate the trustworthy beliefs
from such as are untrustworthy.
Knowledge is the principal intellectual attainment studies of epistemology. Virtually all theorists
agree that true belief is a necessary condition for knowledge, and it was once thought that
justification, when added to true belief, yield a necessary and sufficient condition for knowledge. All
of us have an innate knowledge, concepts, forms, or universals that are an essential and inborn part
that compose our mind. Without this rational knowledge would be impossible. Innate knowledge is a
field of epistemology, which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since substances must be capable of independent existence, it appears that they cannot be universals
but must be particulars. However, this generated a dilemma since Aristotle also believed that only
knowledge were defined and the object of scientific knowledge ( Introducing Grace Wester Thinker
). Thus if the substance is knowable, they cannot be particulars. But now it looks as if substance
cannot exist at all since they cannot be either knowledge or particulars. According to Plato,
knowledge can be gained by researching within, but Plato also addressed the common man's
potential for achieving knowledge despite his deficient condition in comparison to the Platonic idea.
In the famous allegory of the cave in the Republic, Plato offers a quite realistic view of the common
man as being imprisoned in a world of becoming. This prisoner takes pictures on the wall for reality.
In order to feed from this illustration, he has to turn around toward truth. The prisoners, however,
are not able to turn around themselves without help from the outside. But when the prisoner have a
chance to go outside the cave he realize that the true image he see in the cave has a true image in
reality. Plato believes that one can achieve real knowledge only if one focuses on the moral

Bernard Williams Psychological Continuity
If on Tuesday, I suffer an accident and lose all of my memory, it is probable that my family and
friends will still love and care for me, creating an impression that I am indeed the same person I
once was. These conditions imply the theses of animalism and bodily continuity when it comes to
personal identity. However, is this human habit enough to discard the idea that it is psychological
continuity that sustains identity? Whilst many may argue that it would be against our intuition to say
that I am no longer the same person, I do not believe that this is caused by our intuition, but instead
a societal construct that's sole purpose is to make the trauma of the accident and loss easier to deal
with. By using this premise and upholding the psychological ... Show more content on
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Bernard Williams, initially illustrates psychological continuity in his paper The Self and the Future
with the example that if one was to undergo a brain transplant, "your memories and other mental
features, the resulting person would be convinced that he or she was you". Williams describes how
persons A and B are changing bodies, then "A chooses that the B–body–person should get the
pleasant treatment and the A–body–person the unpleasant treatment". Through Williams' phrasing
this notion seems like the intuitive choice to pick, given that if we are switching bodies, then (if I am
A), I assume that I am now inhabiting the B–body–person. Using this premise, it seems clear that I
am only what stems from my memories, thus I am identified by my psychological continuity; on the
surface, this seems difficult to contest. However, Williams, goes on to illustrate how in the premise
of this argument there is an assumption. Williams defines the thought experiment again, but
depersonalises person B, and instead claims that "changes in his character are produced, and at the
same time certain illusory "memory" beliefs are induced in him;"this is essentially the same process
as what happen in the first instance, however, Williams refrains from referring to what happens to
the second person. Consequently, person A does not wish for the A–body–person to be tortured,
even though given the conclusion form the first example this body now contains a different person.
Given person A's emotive response, it would perhaps appear that, despite the lack of psychological
continuity, the A–body–person may in fact still be person A; therefore, psychological continuity may
not be an appropriate way to claim someone is the same person. Nevertheless, can we genuinely
claim that this emotive response can create a genuine criticism for this psychological continuity,
therefore

How Is It Related Everyday Life?
1. Definition
Knowledge is the information we have gained through learning or experience in this world. To
acquire knowledge, in the process of learning or experiencing, our brain must be able to classify
various objects and events around us into different categories and later store them in our memory.
This mental classification operation, which forms the basis for the construction of our knowledge, is
called categorization. The groups which this process places objects into are called categories. In
cognitive science, the study of human knowledge focuses on categorization.
2. How is it related to everyday life? We use the capacity of categorization in our life every day. We
use it to solve problems (i.e. what kind of question it is), organize perception (i.e. noticing our
surroundings), understand languages (i.e. ambiguity solution), explain things, make predictions,
reason, and communicate. The problem of categorization, therefore, is the most fundamental
problem of cognitive science.
3. Different Models on Categorization
How are objects placed into categories? There are three influential models to explain this.
3.1 Classical Model
In this model, category membership is based on a set of necessary and sufficient properties. For
example, a triangle can be defined as a polygon with three edges and three verticals. Thus, any
shape which conforms to this definition is a triangle; and any triangle must have these properties.
According to this model, we can decide if a particular

Essay On Non Verbal Communication
The Impact of Non Verbal Communication
Meeting a contractor to discuss changes to the website,
Alternative options were to e–mail, or telephone.
By meeting, it enabled us to ensure there was sufficient time set aside to cover all the issues that
were pre–arranged for discussion, and also any further matters arising as a result of our discussion.
Meeting in person also helps build a better professional relationship, particularly at the earlier
stages, as there are more opportunities for discussing other work–related opportunities, and develop
personal understanding of each other i.e. building a rapport.
I dressed smartly for the meeting so that I was taken seriously. My notes were laid out and organised
so the contractor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Try to ensure it is a comfortable environment, and ensure you won't be disturbed or interrupted
(inform colleagues of this, and have incoming phone calls transferred.)
Set aside sufficient time to enable a full discussion of all issues to take place e.g. a minimum of one
hour, but up to two hours if considered necessary.
Prepare an agenda, share with and invite the member of staff to add anything he/she wants to discuss
that you have not included.
Inform the member of staff (if this is their first appraisal), how the meeting will be conducted, and
also what it won't include e.g. disciplinary issues or immediate work issues. Confirm the positive
purpose of the appraisal system, and the benefits that are meant to accrue to employee and the
organisation.
Read the previous year's appraisal (if available), and any other records of meetings e.g. 1 2 1
supervision. Identify any action points from these to facilitate discussion of performance or any
deadlines that have not been met. Also review any commitments made by management (you or the
previous post holder) to ensure these have been met, and to assess outcomes.
The interview itself:

Follow the agenda.
Start with an overview of the previous twelve months, and ask for the person's own views on what
you've said.
Ask open questions that encourage the staff member to explore their performance or work
aspirations. Closed questions will only get a 'yes' or 'no'.

Locke And John Locke : The Concept Of Personal Identity
The concept of personal identity examines what makes a person at one time identical with a person
at another. Many philosophers believe we are always changing and therefore, we cannot have a
persisting identity if we are different from one moment to the next. However, many philosophers
believe there is some important feature that determines a person's identity and keeps it persistent.
For John Locke, this important feature is memory, and I agree. Memory is the most important
feature in determining a person's identity as memory is a necessary and sufficient condition of
personal identity.
John Locke believes that A is identical with B, if and only if, A remembers the thoughts, feelings,
and actions had or done by B. This shows that the important feature, memory, is linking a person
from the beginning of their life to the end of their life. Locke's memory theory would look
something like this: The self changes over time, so it may seem like personal identity changes too.
However, even if you are changing, you are still retaining past memories. Therefore, if you can
retain memories, memories are the link between you and an earlier you, so personal identity persists
over time. So, memory is the necessary and sufficient condition of personal identity. Locke's theory
says that we continuously exist and consciousness, or memory, is the link that informs you of the
past, therefore memory is the necessary condition of personal identity.
Many people, such as Thomas Reid, disagree with Locke's memory theory. Reid's most famous
objection has become known as the brave officer objection. He introduces three scenarios or events.
The first event was a boy being flogged in childhood (A), the second event was a brave officer
stealing the enemy's standard (B), and the third was a general being praised (C). Reid gives us his
objection to Locke in the following scenario: If the general being praised remembers being a brave
officer stealing the enemy's standard, and the brave officer remembers being flogged as a child, then
the general must remember being flogged as a child. However, the general has no recollection of
being flogged as a child, so it seems that all three are not identical with one another. This cannot be

What Is The Truth-Belief-Belief Conceptual Analysis Of...
In this paper, I will discuss the truth–belief–justification conceptual analysis of knowledge, which I
will refer to as TBJ, Gettier cases, and an example that refutes TBJ. Conceptual analysis is an
analysis of a proposition P with given premises to acquire knowledge of that P. The truth–belief–
justification analysis of knowledge fails to provide sufficient conditions for someone to possess
knowledge. For a condition to be necessary, it has to be satisfied to have knowledge of a
proposition. If a condition is sufficient, then the person x will have some information to know
something about proposition P. Jointly sufficient conditions are conditions that all need to be
satisfied together to have knowledge about some P. They are necessary and supposedly jointly
sufficient, but Gettier cases prove that extra conditions on top of TBJ are required to be jointly
sufficient. The TBJ analysis identifies three conditions that are necessary and supposedly jointly
sufficient for some person x to know some proposition P. Truth indicates that the proposition P has
to be true. The truth needs to correspond to some true fact that relates to the world, such as that the
Earth is round. It is necessary because a proposition P can only be deduced by factual evidence
shown to x. However, truth by itself is not sufficient because truth itself is just a random fact. In
addition, the person, x, needs to hold some sort of belief in their proposition P. If you do not believe
in a proposition P, then it cannot be known, since you will not have any grounds on which to base
your knowledge of that P. It is a necessary condition since "you can only know what you believe".
However, it is not a sufficient condition by itself because a belief is just x's opinion of a subject.
Finally, the person, x's belief has to be accompanied by observations from their senses, prior
knowledge, or deductive reasoning, which in effect, explains what the justification is. This may
come from what people may see with their eyes, or forming a conclusion from previously assumed
premises. Justification is a necessary condition because the allegedly known beliefs have to be
adequately justified. Fallibility of justification is assumed since no justification can

Plato 's Theory Of Knowledge
Philosophers have conventionally defined knowledge as a belief that is both true and justified. Plato
first introduces this concept of knowledge in Thaeaetetus where he presents knowledge, to be
justified true belief. This definition sufficed until, Edmund Gettier, an American philosopher,
pointed out that the conditions could be fulfilled inadvertently, in ways that did not amount to what
Plato intuitively regarded to as knowledge. The goal of the Gettier problem is to showcase that one
can have a belief which is true and justified, yet still not amounting to knowledge. By analyzing the
concepts of Plato's theory, I will bring to light its inadequacies, proving the complication Gettier
poses to be a genuine philosophical problem.
The first of the three requirements knowledge must meet is that is has to be accurate or parallel with
a reality outside itself–it has to be true! Knowledge is not attainable if what you think you know is
actually false. Secondly, knowledge must be 'justified'. Justified suggests that there are sufficient
reasons to support the fact, at hand. Finally, for something to be 'known' as true it needs to be
believed. Knowledge necessitates a feeling of conviction about being right. If someone hesitates to
offer an answer to a question because they lack confidence, even though they may have the right
answer, it is reasonable to assume that they don't really know the answer at all.
Putting the three requirements together forms a tripartite theory of

Case Study: Problem Scoping
Problem Scoping
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Problem Scoping
Problem Statement:
The main problem in the case is how Brent can manage the performance of the organization in order
to save his job which is under risk since all the midlevel managers are required to reapply for their
jobs. Brent is required to increase the productivity of two teams; one is team two while the other is
team nine. Both teams are faced with a plethora of problems all of which are hampering the
productivity of the teams and therefore making it hard for them to reap the desired results for the
organization. This is therefore the key problem since there is a great challenge of uniting both teams
and enabling them to work together in harmony in order ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2010). Delivering exceptional project results: A practical guide to project selection, scoping,
estimation and management. New York, NY: J. Ross Publishing.
Moustafaev, J. (2014). Project scope management: A practical guide to requirements for
engineering, product, construction, it and enterprise projects. New York, NY: CRC Press.
Sokowski, D. (2015). Mastering project management integration and scope: A framework for
Strategizing and defining project objectives and Deliverables. New York, NY: Ft Press.
Wysocki, R. K. (2011). Effective project management: Traditional, agile, extreme. New York, NY:
John Wiley &

John Dewey And Natural Social Control In Playing The Game
John Dewey likened natural social control to rules found in the games children play at recess. The
rules are inherent to these games. The existence of the game is dependent upon the presence and
current format of the rules. Without rules, there would not be sufficient control to ensure that the
game could be played in a meaningful way. Hence, the game would not exist. Modifying the rules
would necessarily change the nature of the game. Depending upon the extent to which the rules are
changed, the result could be an entirely different game (52). The natural aspect of the social control
in this example relates to the impact of these rules on the experience of playing the game. With this
type of control, participants are afforded the opportunity to experience the game without feeling,
"that they are submitted to external imposition," (53). The disputes that do arise from to these
controls are not related to the existence of the controls themselves. Rather, participants voice
concerns over whether others are following the rules, or whether the rules are evenly applied to
everyone. Natural social control exists in a state where the members of the group subjected to the
control do not feel oppressed by, or unfairly treated by the presence of said control. More plainly,
natural social controls adhere to the, "principle of social control of individuals without the violation
of freedom," (53). Dewey continued to transition from the example schoolyard games to the
dynamics of a family

Why Should Teachers Teach Students? Essay
The last time that I was involved in an argument, was on the drive to Cypress Hills. The argument
was based on whether the Cypress Hills are Mountains or Hills. An argument is a set of claims, that
is supported by the premises. Although an argument may lead to a shouting match or a brawl, they
are speaking of the word argument in a different context. There is more than one definition of the
word argument. In our case we are interested in arguments as a set of claims, not a yelling match
between two people. Arguments relate to critical thinking, since you must evaluate the issue and
form a reasoned judgement.
1. Do you think teachers should teach students how to argue well? If so, why? If not, why not?
Yes, I think knowing how to form and structure a sound, valid arguments is important. Students
should also learn common flaws and fallacies to arguments. Teaching students how to argue well,
allows them to create arguments based on evidence. Knowing these skills allows students to
evaluate issues and form reasoned judgements, which is beneficial in everyday life. These skills can
be taught many ways in school, for example through the implementation of debates or the art of
essay writing and can be used cross circular in many subjects.
2. Summarize the authors' understanding of why arguments are important for critical inquiry (p. 40).
a. (Remember by inquiry, the authors mean critical inquiry; p. x)
To the author, arguments are important to critical

Carl Rogers 6 Conditions Of Humanity Or Necessity?
Carl Rogers also stated that this process must have certain conditions present before they can
become ultimately on that road. Carl Rogers stated there are six necessary and sufficient conditions
for therapeutic relationship to be able to move forward. This has been debated within the profession
on many occasions, and there are equally arguments for and against the six necessary and sufficient
conditions, and if in fact they are either necessary or sufficient. The six conditions are regarded as
universally good, and are used by the vast majority of therapists, even if they do not acknowledge
the necessity or sufficiency of them. They are in brief, "1. The counsellor and client make a
psychological contact. " This means the counsellor and client

Structural And Precipitant Causes Of Terrorism
A necessary condition is a condition needed in order to meet and obtain a certain goal. Whereas
sufficient condition is a condition that if this condition is met, then it guarantees that the goal will be
achieved. They relate to structural and precipitant causes of terrorism by structural and precipitant
causes being the influencing aspect of both the necessary and sufficient condition. Three structural
causes of terrorism are environmental, political and cultural. Three precipitant causes of terrorism
are social, cultural or historical facilitation, organizational development or split, and support be it
financial, training, intel, weapons, and recruits. Environment, political and culture are all three
necessary conditions and that is because growing up in an environment or society that has a strong
influence for terrorist organizations does not necessarily warrant that an individual will join an
organization but instead adds an influence that would otherwise not have been there. There is also
the aspect that a place can be very political but it not have forms of terrorist organizations. The
precipitant causes act more as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They need money because without it they cannot get weapons and their men don't work. They need
intel and the only way they can achieve collecting such information is through having the support of
others that are willing to put themselves out there. Then organization development or split is
important because without being orderly, no one person leads the group and the group quickly falls
apart. Whereas the precipitant causes are sufficient conditions the structural causes seem to fall more
along the lines of necessary conditions. They are necessary because without them, a terrorist
organization cannot work but having them does not necessarily negate having a terrorist

Analysis Of Consent, Sex, And Moral Behavior
Sufficiently Less Than Enough: Consent, Sex, and Moral Behaviour
Consent is uniquely argued position within philosophical analysis of moral and immoral behaviours,
especially in regards to positions refuting consents ability to be sufficient enough to legitimize moral
behaviour. We must remain critical in our analysis of consent, and ways that it may, or may not
legitimize moral behaviours. At first glance, one might assume that; the consent of two people is
enough to constitute moral behaviour. Upon further investigation, we become aware of another's
ability to consciously consent and engage in acts that will degrade and cause some form of harm to
the other, usually for their own mental or physical pleasure, inducing the fact that ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
To assume that consent procures this universal narrative, would be a gross underestimation of the
subjective nature of human desires and ways that desires illicit immoral behaviours at the expense of
others. In this paper I will argue that consent is certainly a necessary component of legitimate moral
behaviour, however, consent alone is not sufficient because it fails to embody the complex and
sometimes dark nature of human desires that may subject individuals to dehumanizing desires
benign to their happiness or well–being. However, the counter argument fails to imply Seiriol
Morgan's Dark Desires produces an excellent account for arguing consent as necessary, but not
sufficient in validating sexual morality. Morgan draws on arguments previously presented by
German philosopher, Immanuel Kant. Morgan describes the concept self conceit as a self–deceptive
attitude responsible for driving human competition and envy of others, often leading to the use of
others as instruments to our ends, supporting notions of superiority over others. He concludes that
self–conceit is an unsociable motive that can be used to empower and individual through the
domination of another through consensual sex (Morgan, 2001). Consensual sex can often be just
that, consensual in which both parties have agreed to participate for some kind of

Necessary Causes Of War
'Permissive' causes of war are those "features of the international system which, while not actively
promoting war, nevertheless allow it to happen" (Baylis et al 2002, p. 71). The lack of ungoverned
international system some believe is the root that causes war. There are reasonable arguments for
both.
It has also been found useful to distinguish between 'necessary' and 'sufficient' causes of war. A
necessary condition is one that must be present for it to occur if that condition is not present then
there will be no breakout of war. The existence of arms is a necessary condition of war because
without weapons no war can be fought. It is also necessary for humans to be in organized groups –
states, tribes, ethnic groups, nations, or mechanisms for preventing it – such as an effective world
government.
A sufficient cause of war "is one that, if present, guarantees the occurrence of war. A is a sufficient
cause of B if B always occurs whenever A exists" (Baylis et al 2002, p. 27). For example, if two
states hate each other and cannot tolerate co–existence then that is a sufficient cause of war between
them. Cause of war can be sufficient without being necessary and vice–versa.
Category of 'necessary' and 'sufficient' do not cover all the possible causes of war. There are
unpredictable causes of war that do not fall into these two categories such as a desire of a statesman
to annex territory belonging to neighboring states. As the theory of the war varies among the leaders,

Characteristics Of An Effective Counselor
Characteristics of an Effective Counselor
Desirée M. Ericksen
Liberty University
Abstract
This paper reviews four published papers and/or studies that have researched the characteristics of
effective counselors. Each of the papers/studies list their own set of characteristics, but share a
common thread of empathy, compassion, warmth, genuineness and emotional stability. After
reviewing each paper and research study, additional analysis was applied to the above five
characteristics with the hope of creating a more thorough understanding of what characteristics will
assist in the journey of becoming an effective counselor.
Characteristics of an Effective Counselor Counseling is an age old profession. A counselor is
"someone who is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
& Brown, 1996).
First, to understand the importance of a counselor's characteristics, it should be understood that a
counselor uses him/herself as a tool in assisting clients in various ways. Carroll stated:
When human beings [counselors] work they use themselves as the main focus of their work, they
infuse themselves into it, they become it; it is them at work, not just work done by them. Their work
changes from being a job, or indeed even a career, to becoming an extension of themselves, of who
they are. (Carroll, 2001, p. 77)
Therefore, empathy, genuineness, warmth, compassion and emotional stability are not only
characteristics of effective counselors, they should be considered the foundation of what a counselor
is.
Literature Review
Carl Roger's (1957) wrote an article for the Journal of Consulting Psychology to help address the
conditions necessary for therapeutic change. Rogers listed six conditions of which three conditions
are specifically applied to the therapist: "unconditional positive regard, empathetic understanding,
and congruence" (Rogers, 1957) Rogers expounded on congruence as being the most significant
quality by saying
The third condition is that the therapist should be, within the confines of this relationship, a
congruent, genuine, integrated person. It means that within the relationship he is freely and deeply
himself, with his actual experience accurately represented by

An Owner 's Manual For My Trek Bicycle
Technical documents in most cases are really important, mainly because it helps explain the needs
and procedures of a product/research. Technical documents can include anywhere from an owner's
manual, to a journal article, to blogs in which case, I'm choosing an owner's manual for my TREK
bicycle. One of the nicest features of this manual that distinguishes it from many other owner's
manual is the fact that it provides not only a hardcopy of the manual but also a compact disc (CD).
On the CD, the customer has the ability to get a translated version of the manual. When I bought the
bike, TREK authorized dealer, provided me with a physical copy which was solidly in English
which is not a problem for me but customers in other regions of the United States or other parts of
the world may need a translated manual in order to understand it. With the CD, English as second
language customers have the same ability as I do to understand the manual rather than having to go
to translators or translating websites. So TREK does not really have a specific range of customers
they are targeting but if you speak other languages than those on the website would be problem but
they still have the ability to link the manual on the CD to the company website in order to check for
other languages TREK may have translated into. After reading majority of the manual, I can
conclude that the manual basically meets all the requirement of the excellence in technical
documents. The manual is honest in the

Unit 3 P107 Assignment
PHIL P107 – Introduction to Logic Name: ______________________________ TR – Homework
Set 6 I. Translate the following statements into symbolic form using capital letters to represent
English statements. 1. It is not the case that either Apple or Microsoft makes smart phones. 2. Saturn
has rings, and Neptune is windy or Jupiter is massive. 3. The Ebola virus is deadly, but it will
become a major threat to humanity if and only if it becomes airborne and a vaccine is not developed.
4. ISIS being defeated is a sufficient condition for Pakistan's winning the war on terror only if
Afghanistan's securing its borders is a necessary condition for the UN's stopping the opium trade. 5.
Cameron Diaz promotes environmental causes if Jennifer

A Deduction Essay
A Deduction
Kant's subjective A deduction is not a "deduction" in the traditional philosophical sense. Rather, it is
a "justification" in the sense of the language of legal practice. (1) What Kant wants to justify is that
the categories are the necessary a priori conditions for the possibility of experiential objects. This
justification also has another role in Kant's overall project. If he can prove the categories are the
necessary a priori grounds for the possibility of experiential objects, then he can justify the use of
philosophical synthetic a priori propositions. The preservation of such propositions is central to
Kant's task in the Critique of Pure Reason. In order to determine whether Kant's justification is
adequate, we will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2)
The first synthesis of apprehension in intuition is a synthesis of sensibility, and as such captures the
dual empirical/a priori nature of the syntheses quite well. Apprehension consists in picking out
specific items from the successive stream of intuitional content (empirical) in the representational
manifold of inner sense, organizing these items via the pure forms of intuition (a priori). The
synthesis of empirical intuitional content into apprehended items must be a priori, since space and
time are a priori and are the forms by which intuitional content is apprehended. Furthermore, these
intuitions manifest themselves to us in the representational manifold of inner sense, whose
successive stream is already a priori ordered by time. As Kant says: Wherever our representations
my arise, whether through the influence of external things or as the effect of inner causes, whether
they have originated a priori or empirically as

The Argument And Critical Inquiry Essay
1. When was the last time you got into an argument? What is an argument? Is it the same as a
shouting match, a brawl? What does an argument have to do with critical thinking? What is the
relationship between arguments and critical inquiry?
The last time that I was involved in an argument, was on the drive to Cypress Hills. The argument
was based on whether the Cypress Hills are Mountains or Hills. An argument is a set of claims, that
is supported by premises. Although an argument may lead to a shouting match or a brawl, they are
speaking of the word argument in a different context. There is more than one definition to the word
argument. In our case we are interested in arguments as a set of claims, not a yelling match between
two people. Arguments are related to critical thinking, since you must evaluate the issue and form a
reasoned judgement.
2. Do you think teachers should teach students how to argue well? If so, why? If not, why not?
Yes, I think knowing how to form and structure sound, valid arguments is important. Students
should also learn common flaws and fallacies to arguments. Teaching students how to argue well,
allows them to create arguments based on evidence. Knowing these skills allows students to
evaluate issues and form reasoned judgements, which is beneficial in every day life. These skills can
be taught many ways in school, for example through the implementation of debates or the art of
essay writing and can be used cross circular in many

Strengths And Weaknesses That Are Essential In A...
In his research Rogers identified six elements which are necessary in a counselling relationship for
therapeutic change or growth to occur. Three of these elements are closely associated with the
personal qualities which the counsellor brings to their relationship with clients. These are now
famously referred to as the core conditions. The first of these core conditions is empathy, which has
been described as the ability to feel what it's like to walk in someone else's shoes, and is very
different from sympathy, as this touching animation explains. The second condition is referred to as
Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) and it is perhaps closely related to unconditional love. UPR is
connected to the counsellor's ability to stay firmly alongside their client ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
STRENGTHS OF GESTALT APPROACH
1. It relies on creative efforts
The client in relation to the therapist uses the links and connections aided through psychotherapy
and counseling in finding out new and creative solutions to otherwise seemingly closed ended
problems.
2. It has respect for the issues of client in context
The emotional and psycho–social issues of client are addressed in a way suited to context of the
problem. As this approach believes in problem in relation to context.
3. It helps the client to find own ways to solve a problem by linking the emotional barriers and
issues
The client is able to track the trajectory from past to present and how various down links are
connected and where are the actual issues.
4. It is more caring and supportive
This approach is social in nature and cares for the client in a comprehensive and thorough manner
instead of tracking spots and blaming singular behaviors.
5. It has more social responsibility
Gestalt also is a more socially responsible approach as it helps the therapist to aid the treatment of
client on a bigger level with motives to improve the overall life and its interests.
WEAKNESSES OF GESTALT

Action Is Morally Just Or Unjust
In philosophy, it is often difficult to formulate an accurate definition of whether an action is morally
just or unjust. In order to comprehensively explain the morality of a specific action, the definition
must meet the standards of both necessary and sufficient conditions. Necessary conditions are the
components of the definition that must be true of the action in order to classify the action as either
morally just or unjust. Although the necessary condition must be a component of the definition, it
alone does not solidify the morality of an action, which is why the sufficient condition must also be
addressed. The conditions that, if accurately met, guarantees that the definition achieves its purpose
is the sufficient condition. When applying these stipulations to the relativist view presented in class:
If a person S utters a statement of the form "action A is morally wrong," this statement is true if and
only if S believes it is true, it is not difficult to argue that this particular view does not meet the
standards of necessary or sufficient conditions. Besides not meeting necessary and sufficient
conditions, It is not plausible that a moral claim can be true depending solely on whether or not the
speaker believes it. Human emotions are continuously changing; person S may believe action A is
right today, but wrong tomorrow, making the relativist view inconsistent. It is also impossible to say
an action is universally wrong based on the sole thought of one person, seeing as though each person
has a different set of beliefs, cultures, and customs. On the basis of necessary conditions, according
to the relativist view presented above, an action A is only moral wrong if speaker S deems it to be
wrong at that particular moment. However, the action may still be morally wrong, even if the
speaker deems it otherwise, meaning speaker S's definition is not necessarily correct. In terms of the
sufficient condition, action A may have been inflicted as an accident, although the speaker did not
immediately know that. Therefore, the speaker may have believed the action was morally wrong in
the beginning, but when speaker S obtains new knowledge pertaining to the action, they may think
otherwise. It was suggested in

Plato 's Theory Of Knowledge
Philosophers conventionally defined knowledge as a belief that is both true and justified. Plato first
introduces this concept of knowledge in Thaeaetetus where he presents knowledge, to be justified
true belief. This definition sufficed until, Edmund Gettier, an American philosopher, pointed out that
the conditions could be fulfilled inadvertently, in ways that did not amount to what Plato intuitively
regarded to as knowledge. The goal of the Gettier problem is to showcase that one can have a belief
which is true and justified, yet still not amounting to knowledge. By analyzing the concepts of
Plato's theory, I will bring to light its inadequacies, proving the complication Gettier poses to be a
genuine philosophical problem.
The first of the three requirements knowledge must meet is that is has to be accurate or parallel with
a reality outside itself–it has to be true! Knowledge is not attainable if what you think you know is
actually false. Secondly, knowledge must be 'justified'. Justified suggests that there are sufficient
reasons to support the fact, at hand. Finally, for something to be 'known' as true, it needs to be
believed. Knowledge necessitates a feeling of conviction about being right. If someone hesitates to
offer an answer to a question because they lack confidence, even though they may have the right
answer, it is reasonable to assume that they don't really know the answer at all.
Putting the three requirements together forms a tripartite theory of

Inconsistency Essay
in the Groundwork. The first type of inconsistency or the internal inconsistency of the maxim relates
to the fact that, as we noted earlier, maxims are principles of action in that they provide directives
that we intend to realize; this intention is what we mean when we say that we have willed the
maxim. The conceptual or internal contradiction, to which O'Neill refers, emerges when what we
intend incorporates something that is not possible. For example, one cannot will success and stay
detached from the world at the same time. However, one can consistently will success in public life
and yet not interact with others in private life. O'Neill sees this kind of 'schizophrenic' willing as
problematic, but tolerable within the bounds of the Kantian doctrine since such nuances ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, this view seems problematic since specific intention is always compared with underlying
intention. This difficulty in O'Neill's view particularly runs afoul of empirical practical reason, while
for Rawls and Kant it does not mesh with the hypothetical imperatives. According to Kant, if one
wills a particular end, one also wills the necessary and indispensable means to secure that end. A
practical inconsistency occurs if the means (specific intentions in this case) are incompatible with
the maxims (the underlying intention) which they are meant to serve. Consider the coffee example
discussed previously: if a maxim of serving my guest coffee is my underlying intention, then, if I
adopt the ancillary and specific intention of preparing and offering coffee combined with another
specific intention of drinking all the coffee myself in front of my uncomfortable guest, I fall into

Slim's Article: What Is Development By Hugo Slim
The article "What Is Development "was written by Hugo Slim and published by Taylor and Francis.
Ltd. on behalf of Oxfam GB .The paper emphasized on the ideal of genuine development and the
principles of diversity and originality as essentials element of genuine development.
According to Slim a genuine development must have some basic element. Slim pointed out that a
genuine development must connotes a better change and continuity This change should include
economic, cultural, social technological and environmental aspect of life .In other words genuine
development must be a holistic phenomenon. This holistic change should reflect the culture of the
people or should originate from the societies but must not be imported or imitation of other

Epistemology : What Conditions Are Necessary And...
One of the two central questions in epistemology is what conditions are necessary and sufficient for
propositional knowledge? Propositional knowledge is the knowledge that such–and–such is the case
different from knowing someone or knowing how to do something.
A very old and extremely natural account is that belief, truth, and justification are individually and
jointly necessary and jointly sufficient for knowledge; this account is known as justified–truth–
belief (JTB) analysis of knowledge. This means that 'S knows that p' if and only if (a) 'S beliefs that
p', (b) 'p is true', and 'S is justified in believing that p'.
Let's consider that I know that today is Thursday, regarding (a), if it's true that I know today is
Thursday, it follows that I believe today is Thursday. If I didn't believe today is Thursday (for
whatever reason), I wouldn't want to say that I know today is Thursday. Regarding (b), if it's true
that I know today is Thursday, it follows that today is Thursday. If I believe today is Thursday but it
isn't Thursday, then I don't know that today is Thursday (even if I have all kinds of evidence that
today is Thursday). Regarding (c), if it's true that I know today is Thursday, it follows that I have
justification for believing that today is Thursday. If I believe that today is Thursday and it is
Thursday, but I have no good reason to believe that today is Thursday, then I don't know that today
is Thursday. Exactly what it is for a belief to be justified is

Korematsu V. United States
War causes Xenophobia. War is an armed conflict between more than two parties. Xenophobia is a
behavior that promotes fear or hatred against different cultures. Causal Mechanism War divides the
countries involved into two sides: us versus them. This division allows prejudice to permeate both
sides, creating racial slurs and stereotypes that define opposing sides. For example, characterizing
opponents as backwards or barbaric creates the idea that the opponents' population is under
oppressive rule and require liberation. These slurs and stereotypes spill over to the population, who
might be influenced by propaganda to favor war. By constructing this narrative, it allows individuals
from both sides to conjure ideas against their enemies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hostilities against other nations occur for many reasons including colonialism, differences in culture
and politics, bad policies, proximity, and immigration. That being said, it is evident hostilities and
xenophobia have existed before war. Colonialism has helped shape many of the concepts of race in
the modern world. The domination of one race over another race plants an idea of racial superiority
for both the colonizer and the colonized. The skewed power dynamic that emerges from colonialism
effectively creates ideas like xenophobia. Moreover, the colonizers by imposing certain rules like
establishing which faiths are practiced or imposing slavery foster hostilities tow the colonized. The
arrival of African slaves demonstrates how the colonizers viewed slaves as barbaric and less human,
which allowed to them argue slavery provided discipline and humanity. The hatred against the
different cultures of Africa, which colonizers attempted to change with religion, proves how the
xenophobia occurring in colonial America did not emerge from war. These discriminatory statutes
institutionalized discrimination, creating xenophobia against those were different and did not
resemble the

Retributivism Vs Utilitarian Theory
The concept of morality and moral "rules and laws" has as its corollary, the concept of "rule–
breaking" or acting immorally. A common response to immoral behavior is punishments, which
leads me to ask the question: how is punishment justified? In his article "The Classic Debate",
American legal philosopher Joel Feinberg lays out the main points of discourse between the two
major theories of justified punishment, which I will deconstruct. Feinberg asserts that there are two
main theories used to justify punishment: Retributivism and Utilitarianism. These two theories
supposedly oppose each other such that they are mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive
(Feinberg). The latter of these theories, Utilitarianism, is the main concern of this ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second thesis of pure moralistic retributivism, that moral guilt is a sufficient condition for
punishment, is far more contentious (Feinber 647). One of the common counterarguments to this
point which Feinberg notes is similar to the old addage "two wrongs don't make a right". If
punishment is justified irrespective of future consequences, and it is assumed that the chosen
punishment (i.e. prison time, fine) isn't itself a good, than how can this negative action be justified if
it doesn't necessarily bring about some goodness? Retributivists often respond by using the example
of sadness as a response to suffering. Neither sadness nor suffering are inherently good, but sadness
in response to someone else's suffering is uniquely appropriate (Feinberg 647). In the same way that
sadness is the appropriate response to suffering or teachers grade is the appropriate response to a
students performance on a test, punishment is the appropriate response to moral guilt on the basis of
justice. The concept of "justice", the assignment of action on the basis of desert alone, will become
imporant later. Another critique raised by Feinberg relates to the third thesis of pure moralistic
retributivism: that punishment must be proportionate to the moral gravity of the offense. This thesis
implies a number consequences which are problematic. Firstly, if

Do Justification, Belief And Trust Really Describe Knowledge?
Do justification, belief and trust really describe knowledge? For the philosopher Plato, justification,
belief and trust defines knowledge. This theory was popularly accepted until the philosopher
Edmund Gettier proposed the contrary. Gettier suggested that knowledge is more than trust,
justification and belief. According to Gettier, Plato's theory does not define knowledge, because
trust, belief and justification can be satisfied, but still these conditions do not led to knowledge.
Knowledge from my point of view is more complex than what Plato proposed. In this essay, I shall
first describe Gettiers arguments, and provide counterexample of why true, belief and justification
fail to define knowledge, which finally, I shall present a possible solution to this philosophical
problem.
The JTB theory infers that in order to define knowledge, we should consider the sufficient and
necessary conditions. According to the JTB:
A) K knows that P IFF I) K accepts L II) K has evidences for L III) L is true
Thus, we should accept or believe, has enough evidences or justifications, and be true. These are the
necessary and sufficient conditions for knowledge. In epistemology, the JTB theory states that in
order for something to be define as to be knowledge, we should engage justification, belief and trust
as sufficient and necessary conditions for knowledge. Thus, without any of these, we cannot have
understanding. Consequently, let's consider

Tim Kreider The Busy Trap Analysis
Present–day American society is fast–paced and constantly moving forward. With so many things to
do in such little time, busyness and stress seem to take over our lives. In "The 'Busy Trap,'" Tim
Kreider's position as to why the audience should strive to avoid busyness is very well thought out,
however, some of the points in the essay have faulty reasoning.
This essay presents the argument that instead of keeping a busy life, we should live a carefree and
relaxed life instead. The busyness that overtakes our lives often comes subconsciously, which we
submit to, without even realizing it ourselves. This supports Kreider's claims that busyness is a
"trap". He also points out that once it has begun to overtake our lives, we begin to accept it and are
led to believe that there is no way to avoid it. Once we start to believe that busyness is an
unavoidable part of life, then we fall into the "busy trap." The author also encourages the audience
to avoid a busy lifestyle giving several reasons why a relaxed lifestyle is more ideal. The author also
challenges the audience to avoid busyness and to strive towards a less stressful lifestyle.
According to the author, people are "...busy because of their own ambition, drive, or anxiety,
because they are addicted to busyness and dread what they might have to face in its absence"
(Kreider 982). Kreider has taken a position that rejects anyone with a busy life. This generalization
gives his readers a negative misconception that people with busy lives are responsible for their own
daily stress. This is an example of Ad Hominem. Ad Hominem is used when "personal attacks on
those who support a position" are used, as opposed to creating counterarguments based on principle
(Lunsford 400). By accusing busy people of being "addicted to busyness" (Kreider 985), he targets
busy people individually through his claim that they are to blame for any stress and anxiety that may
be caused by overwhelming busyness.
The author also insinuates that modern–day society supports busyness and most Americans have
inserted themselves into this pattern, "if only by our own acquiescence" (Kreider 983). The author
argues that busyness "is something we collectively force one another to do" (Kreider

Philosophy Paper #1: Personal Identity
Philosophy Paper #1: Personal Identity
What is personal identity? This question has been asked and debated by philosophers for centuries.
The problem of personal identity is determining what conditions and qualities are necessary and
sufficient for a person to exist as the same being at one time as another. Some think personal identity
is physical, taking a materialistic perspective believing that bodily continuity or physicality is what
makes a person a person with the view that even mental things are caused by some kind of physical
occurrence. Others take a more idealist approach with the belief that mental continuity is the sole
factor in establishing personal identity holding that physical things are just reflections of the mind.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Working in conjunction with memory is consciousness, consciousness is the definition of the self; it
is the mind's capacity to point beyond itself, differentiating between itself and an object creating
awareness of "I" throughout bodily and memory changes. Consciousness is the heart of free will and
intent, it is responsible for the ability of a person to choose. With that said, it is my belief that
defining personal identity relies on both bodily and mental continuity.
No doubt this position leaves plenty of room for criticism, which I will attempt to address now
beginning with bodily continuity. The body is in a constant state of transition, cells replacing cells
by the thousands at any given time; how then can bodily continuity even be if the body is in a
perpetual state of change? How could one be considered the same person if the parts are constantly
being replaced? For that matter, what if a person loses a limb and receives a prosthetic, would they
be the same person then?
Bodily continuity as I understand it is the organization or pattern of parts that make up the whole,
not the parts themselves. The parts may replace themselves over time, but it does not disrupt
continuity or identity since the purpose of the 'new' parts is to maintain the function of the original
structure. Futurist Raymond Kurzweil further explains the replacement of body parts as it affects the
identity of the

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