Association Of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) Guidelines For...

Association Of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) Guidelines For...
Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) Guidelines for the investigation of computer crime.
Abstract
In this essay I will be talking about the key guidelines when it comes to investigating computer
related crimes, such as what kind of the sections and sub–sections the offence falls under when
regarding the 'law'. I will also analyse the principle that will apply when dealing with the collection
data using the digital forensic unit to analyse the data, more so how this is used to make accurate
judgment on why the data was in this location and what its purpose or intended use was.
Furthermore I will address what kind the authority the ACPO are granted, and further dissect the
responsibilities the chief commissioner has. Lastly I will be addressing one the biggest computer
related crimes which Cyber Crime and how ACPO created a method for dealing with such crimes,
such as dividing the crime into two different categories of Cyber Crime, and how they differ from
one another.
Introduction
The ACPO has been established since the year of 1948 ,it was then fully implemented officially in
the England, wales and Northern Ireland. The ACPO stands for the association of chief police
officers, it also consists of 43 police forces as well as the commissioner of the metropolitan police
and the city of London police. The association its self brings together the various expertise of chief
police officers from the united kingdom providing a professional forum of ideas , best
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Computer Crime And Inadequacy Of Computer Laws
Computer Crime and Inadequacy of Computer Laws
Introduction
On 9 February 2015, Moscow–based security firm, Kaspersky Lab, released a report indicating that
a group of international hackers stole an amount summing up to 1 billion from 100 banks. These
attacks were carried out in 30 different nations by installing malware, which enabled them to gain
control of the banks' internal operations. Although such hacks have been attempted before, the scale
and sophistication of the attacks, which spanned several countries over several years, had experts
concerned that this represents a new trend (Kaja 4).
Over the past decades, the world has experienced a vast increase in the availability of electronic
resources. However, with these advancements, computer crime has become the new form of
criminal activity that takes advantage of electronic resource (Michael & Patrick 4). Consequently,
these new forms of crime are burgeoning and pose a new challenge to law enforcement agencies at
all levels. The question is how do they prevent, investigate, and prosecute these crimes. Law
enforcement agencies from the local to the federal level are beginning to institute specific units
devoted to handling computer–related offenses. Currently, there does not exist a uniform method to
define and address computer crime and computer fraud. Undoubtedly, this has significantly
hampered the fight against this vice. In addition, the fact that the public in general, as well as the law
enforcers, are not well

The vulnerability of computerised accounting information...
Abstract.
The objective of this essay is to determine the vulnerability of computerised accounting information
system to computer crime and the solutions to prevent such crime from occurring in organisations.
Ever–Changing information technology has made computerised accounting processes easier.
However, it has also created significant threats in relation to ensuring the security and reliability of
computerised accounting information systems. Using an accounting software package such as
MYOB can be vulnerable to frauds if internal controls are not implemented correctly. Fraudulent
activities such as unauthorised use of data, theft of inventory, theft of funds and incorrect financial
reporting can be conducted by internal employees of an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Controls procedures are management's response to risks and risks identified in risk assessment
stage. Another part of identifies key risks in electronic exchange of information and money, so the
control procedures can prevent unauthorized use of data from being accessible (Albrecht, et al,
2003).
Using accounting software packages such as MYOB can pose significant vulnerability to computer
crime. The location of computer in the user's area can result in unauthorized use of data file and
misuse of computer recourses. Controls suggested to prevent these can be password protection and
physical control over computer hardware such as locks and read only access. As well as providing
unauthorized access to people, a lack of technical knowledge by the uses of MYOB can raise
potential risks such as hardware failure or release or confidential data. A control to offset these risks
could include documentation and checklists and regular maintenance of software and hardware.
Use of utility programs to configure data files of a software package can lead to several risks such as
unauthorized access to data and program, undetected changes to file and processing of unauthorized
transactions (Davia, Coggins, Wideman Kastantin, 2000, p154). The primary means of controlling
these risks are to limit access to system utilities used by employees. In addition if a proper firewall
is not installed data and information can be viewed that passes along a network

Security Of Computer And Internet Crimes
Aloysius L. Keaton
Paper #1
Security to Stop Computer and Internet Crimes
Introduction
The computer and the Internet are important tools used by many people all around the world.
Usually the computer and internet are used for information. In today's society it is being used
for unlawful activities. It is being used to distribute child pornography, money laundering, credit
card fraud; identify theft, and all other types of crimes. Hackers are people who use their computer
skills to harm society. They are responsible for a great deal of these crimes. Information gathered by
hackers are available to anyone with the right type of computer skills. The less security you have on
your information has helped hackers gain access to information and destroyed people's lives,
corporations, and businesses. In this essay I plan to discuss security to stop computer and internet
crime, protecting your computer, and what security methods that have been put into place to prevent
computer crime. I will look into the following areas: What is computer crime? What are the different
types of computer crime? What to do to prevent hacking and protect computers?
Computer Crime
Computer crimes are on the rise 1 in 10 Americans have had to experience some form of attack
on their computer system. If you are connected to the internet in any shape, form, or fashion

then you are susceptible to being a victim of a computer crime. Computer crime is defined as
any

Computer Crime Essay
ABSTRACT
Billions of dollars in losses have already been discovered. Billions more have gone undetected.
Trillions will be stolen, most without detection, by the emerging master criminal of the twenty–first
century––the computer crime offender. Worst of all, anyone who is computer literate can become a
computer criminal. He or she is everyman, everywoman, or even every child. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
To first understand computer crime one must understand first what crime is. According to Diana
Kendall, "crime is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail or other
sanctions" (Kendall 1999; 161). Yet since computer technology is so new it has really no laws to
govern it. A law is formal norms that are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have formed their own subcultures and hold many different beliefs about the information that
is stored in personal computers. Said best by J. Thomas McEwen in the article Computer Ethics
many hackers believe that "computerized data [is] free and should be accessible to anyone (McEwen
1991; 8–11). A subculture is a group a group of people who share a different set of beliefs that differ
significantly from the larger society (Kendall; 604). Besides forming subcultures, many hackers
have learned their behavior from other hackers. Besides the fact that many hackers learn, their ways
from other hackers many after arrested are formally labeled as a hacker and a deviant, those who
violate cultural norms and beliefs (Kendall; 598) The labeling theory suggests that deviants are
those have been labeled as such by others (Kendall; 166). As written by David Pitch ford in the
London magazine, Focus, one hacker after being arrested was not deterred, he instead became a
more active and in "92 became cyberspaces first megastar Pitchford; pages 10–13)." It was only
after his second arrest that he stopped offences.
Besides the interactions, perspective on computer crime is the conflict theory. "The conflict theory
states that people in power maintain their advantage by using the law to protect their own interest."
(Kendall; 168). Under the conflict perspective, hackers and other computer criminals are seen as
deviant because many hackers break into

Significance Of Compute Crime And A Particular Emphasis...
Executive Summary this report will analyse and investigate the significance of compute crime and a
particular emphasis towards computer forensics. The key objective of this report is find out the final
outcome through evidence which we as team have find out during our research while using FTK.
The importance part of this report is the procedure of Incident Response Stages and how you follow
the guide set by Appco to resolve the case. There will be main focus on technical aspect of the report
and looking in to the main crime they have committed in this case. Objectives Primary goal for the
investigation is expressed underneath: Evaluate the picture sources which have been given by the
college and check if the proof which has been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are types which investigator might come across as they look to investigate the case i.e.
Emails. Media Files. Text Documents. Spreadsheet. Text Messages. Internet History. CCTV.
Gathering Data to start our Data Gathering we view the image and looked to view basic evidence
such as emails, sms, images and internet history. This information which taken from image or any
electronic device plays a key role in filling evidence for the case. It is important to keep track of the
information and the data which you are collecting during the process, i.e. while using FTK it's
important to keep your evidence saved in separate folder. It's important to have the data recorded of
every step just in case you lose you work so you won't lose out. In my efforts to gather evidence I
used two different software one of them is FTK and other one is Autopsy below I will show few
examples of me gather evidence. It is important while gather evidence have a rough idea on what
kind of data are you gathering and what could be possible outcome. Here are some example
showing how we are gathering the data in Autopsy. Computer Evidence First Evidence Figure 1
First: Evidence Data processing This image verify the investigation of the forensic case in which
data processing is evident and information being retrieved. This

Causes Of Computer Crime
In the United States, there are currently more than 85 million adults and around 10 million children
with access to the Internet from a North America investigation web site fact. With these numbers
you can understand why cyber stalking is so common these days more than ever. With the
emergence of technology, computer crime has been increasing at rapid rate. The first type of
computer crime that has the potential to cause high levels of distress and damage is cyberstalking.
Cyberstalking can be defined as using the Internet or other electronic means to harass, intimidate,
threaten, monitor or make unwanted advances towards another people. It can involve direct
communications through e–mails, chat rooms sites, bulletin boards or social sites such as twitter,
snapchat and Instagram. The motivations for cyber stalking and harassment can range from many
different things. One motivation is to seek a romantic attachment with a person they probably
wouldn't have a chance to talk to in the real world. Another reason for cyber stalking can be a
rejected person trying to seek revenge on that person, something that is very commonly heard these
days. Cyber stalking can even be used for political motives, when it comes to harassing a group of
people who might have different thoughts as the harasser. One of the post popular forms of cyber
stalking is identity fraud which can involve a wide range of activities. Such as posting
communications as if they are from victim that may include

Growing Threat of Computer Crimes
Running head: THE GROWING THREAT OF COMPUTER CRIME The Growing Threat of
Computer Crime Diana Ritter Baker College of Cadillac May 9, 2001 Abstract Computers have
been used for most kinds of crime, including fraud, theft, larceny, embezzlement, burglary, sabotage,
espionage, murder, and forgery, since the first cases were reported in 1958. One study of 1,500
computer crimes established that most of them were committed by trusted computer users within
businesses; persons with the requisite skills, knowledge, access, and resources. With the arrival of
personal computers to manipulate information and access computers by telephone, increasing
numbers of crimes––electronic trespassing, copyrighted–information piracy, vandalism––have been
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Convicted computer hacker, John Lee, a founder of the infamous "Master's of Deception" hacker
group stated that he could change credit card records and bank balances, get free limousines,
airplane tickets, and hotel rooms (without anyone being billed), change utility and rent rates,
distribute computer software programs free to all over the internet, and easily obtain insider trading
information. Imagine.........this is just one person. Think of all the hundreds of "hackers" that are out
there. Computer stalking. One type of computer criminal rapidly emerging is the "cyber stalker".
One such stalker, the pedophile, surfs the net looking to build relationships with young boys or girls
and then sets out to meet them in person to pursue his/her sexual intensions. This type of activity
also leads to sellers of child pornography over the internet. Virtual crimes. Stock and bond fraud is
already appearing on the internet. Stocks and bonds that appear on the market are actively traded
(for a short period of time) and then disappear. These stocks and bonds are nonexistent–only the
electronic impulses are read. One must note, however, no matter how clever the hacker, the most
serious security threat in most enterprises is password theft. Password stealing is the "holy grail" of
hacking. Once a username/password combination has been found, the hacker has free rein to exploit
that user account. Firewalls, intrusion detection

Computer Crime Investigations Essay
In simple terms, computer or digital forensic evidence analysis is the scientific collection of data
that is either retrieved or held by a computer storage device that can be used against a criminal in a
court of law. For the information to be used in court it should be collected before it is presentation;
therefore, there are a number of recommendations proposed to make sure that information collected
meets the intended integrity.
Information collected digitally from computers or media storage applications has protocols that need
be followed during the process. The order of collecting digital information mostly determines the
life expectancy of information collected (Eoghan, 2004, p. 74). There is a need to change
information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition some of the programs generating organizations have installed programs that can be used
by the investigative agency.
Discussion Board
Some of the most important procedures used in collection of information to be used in a court of law
include collecting live data from the RAMs images. Such live recovery of information can be
collected from the F–Response which can collect data from the networks of a computer. Information
can be collected when the computer is logged on or connected to the network or when the computer
is executing (Carrier, 2006, p. 56). The other procedure that can be used in the collection of
information for forensic purposes is the encryption of hard disks. Encryption of the hard disk creates
logical images that can be collected using the F–Response (Eoghan & Gerasimos, 2008, p. 95). The
other important procedure for collection of information is making sure that all data storage devices
are kept away from magnets and any other devices that might destroy data stored in them. It is
important that the handling individuals obtain the information collection manuals that help them
collect information effectively (Eoghan & Gerasimos, 2008, p. 94).
It is important that a financial crime investigator obtains all information generated by the computer
by analyzing the caches left in the hard disks. Data recovery from the RAM and any other external
drives makes data collected effective and applicable in a court

The Assembly Bill 32 : Computer Crimes Introduced By...
The Assembly Bill 32: Computer Crimes introduced by Assembly Member Waldron, relates to the
various amount of computer services that can be wrongly used without permission. The disruption
of computer services include government computer services or public safety infrastructure, add,
alter, damage, delete, or destroy any computer data, software, program, etc. (Waldron). Assembly
Bill 32 clearly clarifies the criminal penalties for any violation and those are subjected to fines and
imprisonment. This bill has been created by the advanced number of high tech computer criminals
that have increased their capabilities to attack large retail stores, steal people's identity, hacked the
White House website, and even the California Department of Motor Vehicles computer system. As
technology continues to advance over the years, people, businesses, and even governmental
agencies have been affected by computer criminals some way or another, therefore Assembly Bill 32
attempts to enforce its proposal to ensure protection to its citizens and businesses in general either
small or big corporations.
Computer crime has been a threat to society throughout the years and it has brought into question if
citizens are really safe. Many types of crimes are done through a computer. There have been many
laws to try and improve the safe of many citizens against computer criminals. Therefore, the
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) 18 U.S. Code §1030 from the late 1900's was created and it
holds the

The Pros And Cons Of Computer Crime
Part A: Computer Crime
The integration of computer utilization in every aspect of economic activities has increased the
vulnerability of people to criminal activities; whereas, a computer is employed as instruments of
crime such as murder, child pornography, hacking, virus distribution or fraud. Presently, computers
are the newest criminality instrument utilized today; as such, individuals who comprehend in what
manner to employ them can access doors that only a small number of people are even aware exist
(Rosoff, Pontell &Tillman, 2013).
Nowadays, corrupted software programs are substituting the fabricated account books, the desired
customary mechanism of an embezzler. The characteristic weaponries of the burglar likewise today
be depicted from a far more cutting–edge arsenal encompassing such contemporary instruments as
automatic cashier systems and electronic account transfers. In a nutshell, white–collar crime has
entered the computer era (Rosoff, Pontell &Tillman, 2013).
As well, the internet provides an environment in which computers are the tools employed to commit
computer crimes or the target in the crime. Computer crimes is defined as acts committed against a
person with a criminal motive by using modern technology in telecommunication networking such
as the internet. The crimes may affect the target financially, health wise or even psychologically.
"High–profile computer crimes may include copyright infringement, fraud, child pornography, and
grooming. Currently,

The Four Major Categories Of Computer Crimes Essay
–Within this writing assignment, I will discuss the four major categories of computer crimes. I will
explain the most common forms of digital crime and why cyber terrorism is the greatest threat. I will
also discuss the roles of the U.S. government, court systems, and law enforcement agencies in
combating computer crime. First, we will define the four major categories of computer crimes.
–The technical definition of computer crimes is an act performed by a knowledgeable computer
user, sometimes referred to as a hacker that illegally browse or steals a company 's or individual 's
private information, but in general terms, it is the unauthorized use of a computer for personal gain,
as in the illegal transfer of funds or to alter the data or property of others (Computer Crime, 2016).
There are four major categories of computer crimes, first we will discuss using the computer as a
target. When using the computer as a target, they must do two things: intrusion meaning to gain
access to the computer and deny the owner of the computer access to the service and data. Intrusion
is when the individual alters the data. To use the computer as a target, the hacker must alter the
password and/or login and by doing this he is denying the owner access to the data. If a hacker
makes a copy of data they are denying the owner rights to privacy of his or her data. The hacker will
use that information to intrude upon another computer. One popular method that can be used to deny
service is to

The Growing Threat of Computer Crime Essay
Abstract
Computers have been used for most kinds of crime, including fraud, theft, larceny, embezzlement,
burglary, sabotage, espionage, murder, and forgery, since the first cases were reported in 1958. One
study of 1,500 computer crimes established that most of them were committed by trusted computer
users within businesses; persons with the requisite skills, knowledge, access, and resources. With the
arrival of personal computers to manipulate information and access computers by telephone,
increasing numbers of crimes––electronic trespassing, copyrighted–information piracy, vandalism––
have been committed by computer hobbyists, known as "hackers," who display a high level of
technical expertise. For many years, the term hacker defined ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is evident by the frequency of reports in the local media. Cash is the most vulnerable asset as it
is the easiest for the perpetrator to convert to personal use. Firms most vulnerable to theft of money
are firms that must rely on one individual to perform the duties of office manager and bookkeeper.
Having more than one employee in the office provides an opportunity to effect certain internal
controls, particularly separation of duties. Small business owners should review their insurance
coverage for employee dishonesty. While there are no standards to determine precisely the amount
of coverage necessary, the marginal cost of adding an extra $1,000 of coverage decreases as the
coverage increases. A business owner should consult with an insurance agent and err on the side of
caution, just to be safe.
Although theft of money is a major subject when speaking of computer crime, there are also many
other areas to be concerned about. Some of the computer crimes for the 21st century will include:
Communication crimes (cellular theft and telephone fraud).
Low–tech thieves in airports and bus terminals use binoculars to steal calling card access numbers.
Thieves will park their vans along busy interstate highways and use specialized equipment to steal
cellular telephone access codes from the air. This is just the tip of the "iceberg".
Business. Most banking today is

Computer Crimes And Its Effect On Our Individual Privacy
Cybercrimes is a crime that is used through a computer device and a computer network. Many
computers have been used to commit crimes, and it may target individual or groups to harm a victim
intentionally. Basically, computers are used in several different roles of criminal activity and it
affects our individual privacy. For example, criminals normally target computer networks or devices
such as computer viruses identify theft, scams, terrorism, and copyright infringement. Today, the
three of most common computer crimes are information security systems, social networking and
copyright infringement. Unfortunately, the internet has impacted upon criminal and/or harmful
activity in three main ways–this is after discounting the fact that many of the behaviors that have
been identified as cybercrimes are not actually crimes as such but invoke civil remedies instead
(Wall, 200a).
First, information security is an organization–wide issue. Data and assets are debatably the most
vital assets of any organization. Ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data is in the
best interest of any organization. Information security experts acknowledge the importance of
policies in helping to mitigate liability, reduce costs, cope with regulations and assure proper audit
and control procedures for securing our critical infrastructure and assets. Confidentiality, integrity
and availability are the three predominant principles of information protection. Compromising

Laws on Computer Crimes
Laws on computer crimes
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986
This law is the most fundamental laws in computer crimes. It was designed to provide protection
against computer based crimes. The increase in computer crimes led to the establishment and
passing of this law. The law specifically addresses any unauthorized access and the use of computer
networks or computers (W. C. Easttom & Taylor, 2011). Passing this law ensured that anyone
accessing classified information held within a computer without authorization was liable of a
criminal offence. The society has been forced to respect and avoid accessing any information that is
not theirs or they are legally authorized to access. This protects the government from hackers and
spies who have the intention of accessing confidential information for malicious purposes.
Restricting and criminalizing the access of information has allowed companies to confidently use
computer systems for the storage of the data and information.
The penalties and fines associated with breaking this law consist of jail terms ranging from 1 year to
a maximum of 20 years. The jail term is dependent on the severity of the offence committed. A
person convicted of obtaining information that is considered to be of national security will receive a
jail term of 10 – 20 years (C. Easttom, 2010). Trespassing inside a government computer or network
will attract a jail term of 1 year – 10 years. A person can intentionally access a computer and cause
damage

Essay on Computer Crimes
Computer Crimes
Computer crimes are on the rise 1 in 10 Americans experience some form of a malicious attack on
their computer system. If you pay attention to the rest of this speech you will understand how a
Hackers mind works and how to defend yourself from them. In this speech I will tell you why and
how people break into computers, what sorts of trouble they cause, and what kind of punishment lie
ahead for them if caught.
Hackers and Crackers break into computer systems for any of a wide variety of reasons. Many
groups break into computers for capital gain while still others do it as a means to pass time at work
or at school. For most it's a thrill to figure out how to break into a computer. Most people never have
any ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another way that Hackers cause trouble is by altering the telephone switching networks at MCI,
AT&T, and Sprint. By doing this they are able to listen to any conversation they choose. Often–
times they will listen in on the Police and
FBI communicating with each–other. This allows them to move to a new location before they are
found. Some Hackers use their knowledge of the telephone system to turn their enemies home
telephone into a virtual pay–phone that asks for quarters whenever you take the phone off the hook.
A person to commits a computer crime in caught will very likely face a substantial punishment.
Often these types of criminals are never caught unless they really screw up. The most wanted
Hacker Kevin Mitinick was tracked down and arrested after he broke into a computer that belonged
to a Japanese security professional. After this man noticed that someone had gotten into his
computer he dedicated the rest of his life to tracking down this one man. Kevin was able to say one
step ahead of police for some time but the fatal mistake that he made was leaving a voice–mail
message on a computer bragging about the fact that he thought he was unstoppable. When he was
arrested he faced a 250,000 dollar fine, 900 hours community service, and a 10 year jail sentence.
Many schools and small businesses still don't have a clue about how to deal with computer crimes
and the like whenever they happen to strike.
In conclusion hopefully you now

Computer Technology And Its Impact On Computer Crime
"Cyberwarfare is the use of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a state or organization,
especially the deliberate attacking of information systems for strategic or military purposes" (Oxford
Dictionary, 2016). While this definition may seem fitting on a global basis the idea of cybercrime
can encompass any valuable information of an individual, company, government, or military entity.
The term hacker came about in the early 80's defining a coup of people where were proficient at
manipulating computers. However, in 2016 the Oxford Dictionary defines hacker as "a person who
uses computers to gain unauthorized access to data". In the early stages of cybercrime hackers
spread programs called worms, computer viruses and trojan ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Users would click on the links, be rerouted to a web page that looked like their bank, but was
actually a page developed by the hackers. Once the users entered their user ID and password, the
hackers had all the information they needed to access the users accounts.
In the early 2000's new criminal opportunities arose by attacking Web sites. Denial of Service (DoS)
attacks took place by having large numbers of computers accessing a Web site at the same time. This
provided cyber criminals with two things, global visibility, and financial opportunity. As
technologies evolve and advance, so do the abilities of the hackers. Now, the goal is to stay one step
ahead. It is not a matter of if a system can get hacked, but rather a question of when.
Specific functional business areas have common aspects of their software and hardware setup. For
example, the banking industry uses financial software and specific hardware, such as Automated
Teller Machines. The medical industry uses medical records software and specific hardware, such as
ultrasound and X–ray machines. The energy industry, uses substations controlled by master servers.
""Every substation is controlled by the master, which is controlled by the operator," says researcher
Chris Sistrunk who, along with Adam Crain, found vulnerabilities in the products of more than 20
vendors. "If you have control of the master, you have control of the whole system, and you can turn
on and off power at will. An intruder could exploit

The Dangers Of Computer Crime In The Internet
Computer Crime With the Evolving development in the technology of computers and
communications, the world has benefited a lot, but the price might also be very high. Computer
crimes are now becoming severe problems that are costing up to billions of dollars. The US, where
the computer was invented and where the Internet was developed, it is considered to be the
homeland of the worst computer crimes so far. Other countries are also contracting this problem as
their governments, businesses and individuals become more dependent on computers and networks.
Computer crimes are actively threatening the future of communication, confidentiality and even the
integrity of companies and organizations. When people think of computer crimes, many are inclined
to think of computer theft, that is, when a person carries a computer, a notebook or a laptop that
does not belong to him and goes away with it. This is true because the theft of hardware and
networks is still considered to be common in many countries, especially the theft of portable
computers that are very light, small and easy to carry. However, computer crimes are in fact much
more complicated and dangerous than just stealing a laptop. The world today is becoming a smaller
and at the same time, connected village, mainly because of the Internet. Thousands of companies,
organizations, and agencies, in addition to millions of people all over the world, can contact each
other and to communicate through the computer and the Internet.

Computer Crimes And The Most Famous One Is Hacking
There are many types of computer crimes and the most famous one is hacking. Hacking is the ability
of gaining unauthorized access to systems or resources. Hacking is now commonly defined as
someone breaking into a computer system. Trojan Horses is a program designed to breach the
security of a computer system. An example of this is someone writing a seemingly harmless
program, while the program really contains harmful code and data. There have even been programs
that were "Trojan Horses". These programs were supposed to search and find viruses, but the
program turned out to be viruses itself.
Another type of computer crime is a worm. A computer worm replicates itself in order to spread to
other computers. Worms can continually duplicate themselves until they slow or halt other tasks of a
computer. This is usually the time when a worm is noticed. Worms can also be very harmful in
networks. A worm can travel to a network and clog it up to the point of harming the computer. It
then just gets up and moves to another network that becomes another victim of its destruction...
The last computer crime I would like to talk about is theft. This crime occurs when a person violates
copyrights and downloads music, movies, games and software. There are even peer sharing websites
such as bittorrent.com, bear share, and utorrent.com. These torrents and websites allows software
piracy and many of these websites are now being targeted by the FBI. Today, the justice system is
addressing

The Crime Of Computer Forensics
Computer Forensics
In a world where technology is increasingly becoming the way of life, it was only a matter of time
before crime was no longer just in the streets but happening online as well. Criminals now get a new
approach to carry out their crimes with the use of computers. Since technology is more like a murder
mystery than catching the bad guy in the act, a new discipline of forensics needed to be put into
place. This is known as computer forensics. Forensic science is any science used for the purpose of
law. In the case of computer forensics it is "the discipline that combines elements of law and
computer science to collect and analyze data from computer systems, networks, wireless
communications, and storage devices in a way that is admissible as evidence in a court of law" (U.S.
Cert, 2008). Meaning if you do something illegal on the Internet it can be found. Since the
widespread use of computers, computer crime has caused an increase in computer investigations
during the twenty first century. Some reasons for investigation include: identity theft, such as stolen
social security and credit card numbers, to find evidence of a cheating spouse, to investigate hackers
on a computer system, to find evidence of child pornography, and much more.
History of Computer Forensics
The 1970s were when military investigators first started finding instances of computer–related
criminal activity and needed a more comprehensive approach for solving these technical crimes.

Cyber Crime And Computer Related Crimes
When faced with problems as a computer forensics investigator you must be very flexible. There are
many different types of computer related crimes in today's society. They may range from child
pornography to identity theft to even insider trading on Wall Street. The possibilities for the
criminals in our world to use computers and the Internet against us are endless. The computer
forensics or cyber forensics fields are growing but are still learning every day because it is such a
young field of study. New things emerge every day that computer forensic investigators must adapt
to and begin to learn to help combat these criminals. Investigators will use many tools to help them
find incriminating evidence. These investigators must learn these tools inside and out to make sure
every test they run can be valid. The computer forensics field is growing rapidly and there are a lot
of real world threats that we need these investigators to help us solve.
There are many examples of cyber crime and computer related crimes. There is a certain case that
interested me very much when I was reading through a website of real life cyber forensic cases. The
case interests me because I just went through some problems with fraud online. I was hacked on
either Facebook or PayPal and I had $100 dollars stolen from my account. This, of course, was
handled, but I was very curious to know how this could have happened which made this case
interesting to me. I found a fairly recent case based out of

The Pros And Cons Of Computer Crime
Computer crime which can be also referred to as a cybercrime, e – crime or a hi–tech crime.
Computer crime can be termed as an event which is dome by a computer user who is sometimes
referred to as a hacker. The hacker is mainly involved in some sort of activity which can be termed
as an illogical activity by means of which browsing or stealing the information of the private
company or individual are obtained with the intention of personal benefits which can be obtained
from the prospective of the hacker (Ezeano et al., 2017). In some cases, it can be seen that the group
of people or individual may be malicious and destroy or to be precise corrupt the computer and the
files which are stored in the system. There is different type of crimes which are performed on a
variety of platform which impact a varied sectors and a varied audience. The main way to conduct
the crime is the use of a network and a computer system. In some cases, it has been noted that the
use of computers has been used to commit the crime, and on other cases it is seen that the main
target of the attack is the computer of the user (Mazurczyk, Holt & Szczypiorski, 2016).
Computer virus can be termed as one type of computer program when one's open replicate
themselves in the other system's hard disk. This is mainly done without the consent of the user of the
system. Creating a computer virus and mainly disseminating it can be referred to as a computer
crime. The most common way by which the virus can infect

The Crime Of Computer Forensics
In this era of economic recession, the one area that is not affected is the identity theft which is
supposed to be a criminal venture of gigantic proportion, earning millions for the offenders and
causing a lot of grief and suffering for the victims. To tackle this menace, computer forensics
specialists are approached to provide the necessary proof that will incriminate the offenders as well
as identify the fraud that has occurred. The computer hackers leave a trail behind them just like us,
while using the internet. The hackers make use of our IP addresses to track us and similarly they too
can be identified by the information left on the system used by the thieves. This is made possible by
the experts in computer forensics. The specialists in computer forensics are capable of creating data
available in the form of unallocated bunches into a clear and precise order. The data though erased
by the criminals can be retrieved from the system. The system is equipped to store even the deleted
information about the details that were stored initially. The increase in the incidence of these identity
thefts started with the advent of selling computers online in sites like EBay and also various other
auction websites. This does not hold the websites conducting the auction responsible but implicates
the persons who put their system gears for sale online. Installing a new operating system over the
previous older system does not guarantee its complete removal and you need the

Computers and Crime
Computers and Crime
Computers are used to track reservations for the airline industry, process billions of dollars for
banks, manufacture products for industry, and conduct major transactions for businesses because
more and more people now have computers at home and at the office. People commit computer
crimes because of society's declining ethical standards more than any economic need. According to
experts, gender is the only bias. The profile of today's non–professional thieves crosses all races, age
groups and economic strata. Computer criminals tend to be relatively honest and in a position of
trust: few would do anything to harm another human, and most do not consider their crime to be
truly dishonest. Most are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also point out that, while the computer networks and the results are a new kind of crime, they
are protected by the same laws and freedom of any real world domain. "A 14–year old boy connects
his home computer to a television line, and taps into the computer at his neighborhood bank and
regularly transfers money into his personnel account."(2600:Spring 93,p.19) On paper and on
screens a popular new mythology is growing quickly in which computer criminals are the
'Butch Cassidys' of the electronic age. "These true tales of computer capers are far from being
futuristic fantasies."(2600:Spring 93:p.19) They are inspired by scores of real life cases. Computer
crimes are not just crimes against the computer, but it is also against the theft of money, information,
software, benefits and welfare and many more. "With the average damage from a computer crime
amounting to about $.5 million, sophisticated computer crimes can rock the industry."(Phrack
25,p.6)
Computer crimes can take on many forms. Swindling or stealing of money is one of the most
common computer crime. An example of this kind of crime is the Well
Fargo Bank that discovered an employee was using the banks computer to embezzle

Cybercrime: Computer Crime
Cybercrime or sometimes called computer crime is basically not a newly develop form of fault
except for the fact that it has evolved itself over time by including newer and riskier modes of
committing the crime often for money or may be accompanied by the most simple way to commit
the crime, by theft. Cyber crime has its operations spread in a variety of arenas be it white collar
crime, economic crime, telecommunication, intellectual property infringement, etc. information
technology is the key player which assures the completion of such a crime.
The crime, by experts, has been defined as 'any illicit conduct carried out through the use of, or
against, digital expertise.' It encompasses three areas of movement:
– Crimes in the assignment of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, what we need under the present circumstances is a comprehensive approach to deal with the
problem in question. In a recent survey by a private organisation to tap on recent emerging threats of
cyber crime, several issues from the world of digital technologies were enlisted.
A major threat was posed to mobile devices and applications. Each new smart phone, tablet or other
mobile gadget, opens another window for a cyber attack, as each creates another susceptible
admission point to networks. This adverse dynamic is no top secret to thieves who are ready and
waiting with highly embattled malware and attacks utilizing mobile applications.
Social media among businesses is used intensely and equally intense is the risk of cyber crime these
businesses face. In 2012, organizations can anticipate to see an increase in social media profiles used
as a means for social engineering tactics. To fight the risks, corporations will need to look further
than the basics of policy and procedure expansion to more advanced technologies such as data
leakage prevention, enhanced network monitoring and log file

Digital Evidence and Computer Crime
Digital Evidence and Computer Crime: Forensic Science, Computers, and the Internet is essentially
a guide on how to collect and process digital evidence in any situation. In this book, digital evidence
is defined as "any data stored or transmitted using a computer that support or refute a theory of how
an offense occurred or that address critical elements of the offense such as intent or alibi" (Casey, 7).
Most crimes today have some kind of digital element to them, from the crime itself to the criminal's
use of computer systems to communicate, store incriminating data, or search for ways to commit a
crime and this creates new challenges for those in law enforcement (Casey, 3). To fully understand
what digital evidence is and how it is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Casey states, a person's computer and network usage can give more information about him/her
than even his/her closest friends and family ever could (Casey, 8).
As most people know, connecting computers and computer networks is inherently risky, however
necessary it might be (Casey, 6). However, computer crime began in 1969, when university students
burned the university's computers in a protest (Casey, 35). In 1970, people were beginning to learn
how to gain access to other computers, an act that was not illegal at the time (Casey, 35). As
technology has changed, cybercriminals have adapted to it and they will continue to adapt as long as
technology continues to change (Casey, 304).
While there is a wide range of compute crime, there are four main categories that every computer
crime falls under. The first category is when the computer is the object of a crime. This type of
crime occurs when the computer itself is affected, like in the 1969 computer burnings (Casey, 40).
The second is when the computer is the subject of the crime. This occurs when the computer is
infected with malware or is made unusable to the owner (Casey, 40). Third on the list is using the
computer as a tool to plan or commit the crime. This category includes searching the Internet,
communicating with partners or intended victims, or using the computer to commit phishing scams
and create malware and infect other computers (Casey, 40). The final

Information Technology In Criminal Justice: Digital...
Digital Computer Crime
John Saint Ange
CIS 170– Information Technology in Criminal Justice
Dr. Lisa Kramer
The four major categories of computer crimes are identity theft, financial crimes,
Information and Corporate espionage and last but not least is the production and distribution of
Child pornography ( Taylor, R.W., Fritsch, E.J., & Liederbach,J.).
One example of identity theft would be when a hacker assumes the identity of another person to
To steal money from the victim's financial account, such as a laboratory aide an employee of a
San Diego pharmaceutical company stole 40 employees' identities. The aide has obtained 75
credit cards, 20 cellular phones, $100,000 in merchandise and rented three apartments ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Every local police department should employed or have on staff depending, on the population and
cyber–crime rate percentage a police officer or white hat hacker employee. According to
Donnelly, M. he stated that stopping cyber–crime depends on two factors. First, by providing a more
secure internet infrastructure, and globally policing of cyberspace to backup other security methods
such as biometrics. Second solution is to provide a second generation internet.
In conclusion cyber threat is real and scary, according to the FBI statistics an identity thief occurred
every three seconds. We as U.S. citizen's need to partition, our governors, legislative representative
and the U.S. government to do more to protect are identity and country. By increase a secure and
placing structuring artificial intelligence network in such places including the Drivers Motor
Vehicle, Tag agencies, Social security department, credit card companies, passport office and our
health care system. Until then if these measures are not immediately taken into effect, all law
enforcement agency will be fighting a losing battle.
.
.

The introduction of computers in to the modern household has brought with it new moral issues. In
the last 10 years computers have become increasingly cheaper to buy, due to huge technological
advances and fierce competition, driving prices down. It the wake of the computer revolution the
internet has followed quickly, becoming faster, cheaper and more accessible. With these
technological advances the world has become increasingly smaller enabling piracy and file sharing
to become common practice. Society now has many new issues to work through, from invasion of
privacy to the copying of movies and hacking.
To define exactly what computer ethics is a difficult task due to it being tied to an evolving
technology, the field changes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He suggested that the computer revelation is happening in two stages. The first is the introduction
and enhancement phase. This stage has been and gone. The second stage is the implementation of
computing into everyday life, in which the world is currently in the process of.
Computers are becoming apart of everyday activities, the threat is, this increases the chance of you
becoming a victim of a form of computer crime [Khanna, 2005]. The notion of computer viruses or
the thought that someone could hack into your computer from halfway around the world is certainly
a major issue in the ideas of Computer Ethics. Where once physical security was the main problem,
it appears that 'logical security' is considered more important [Khanna, 2005].
Spafford, Heaphy and Ferbrache divided the concept of logical security into five characteristics:
Privacy and confidentiality, Integrity, Unimpaired service, Consistency and controlling access
[Spafford, 1989].
Privacy was one of the first major issues to arouse public interest. Major computer privacy laws
were introduced in the 1970s [Hernandez, 1987] however, since then the issue of privacy has still
remains a serious topic. One of the major concerns surrounding the invasion of privacy is the
relatively simplistic method it takes to set up such a task. Once inside a system, (e.g.

Information Technology In Criminal Justice: Digital...
Digital Computer Crime
Thalise Vieux
Dr. Lisa Kramer
Information Technology in Criminal Justice CIS 170
07/20/2015
There are four major categories in computer crime. The first is the computer as a target. Then would
come the computer as an instrument of a crime. Followed by computer as an incidental to a crime.
Not to mention crimes associated with the prevalence of computers. These four major categories are
what contributes to digital crimes, involving the worldwide web. Many crimes have been committed
using the computer as a target. Hackers have been known to target major corporations and hack into
their feeds and disrupt their network flow. In 2000, on February 7, the Yahoo domain was down for
three hours, due to hackers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result of Flurry committing fraud; he was sentenced by the federal court system. In my opinion,
the majority of the government resources that is used to stop digital computer crime, is mainly
focused on terrorists entering in and out of the U.S. With the government outsourcing the Social
Security Administration, they need to implement a nationwide system that is monitoring the
activities of each social security number. The system will send alerts and notify that individual when
their social security number is being using. Currently, government officials and law enforcements
are not made aware of identity theft, until it is has come to their attention of credit card or bank
fraud being committed, totaling over

Computer Crime: Hacking
Throughout the years the rate of computer crime has only been getting worse. For one thing the
security development is falling behind the hackers' knowledge how to bypass the latest security
advancements. If the hackers' are ahead of the newest security breaches then it does no good on
helping the average person because they are at risk of having information stole from them at any
point in time (Martin). If new security advancements don't find a way to get back in front of the
hackers' knowledge then this worldly known problem will only continue to escalate throughout the
next generations and the following making them have to work harder to solve the problems that we
created for them and did nothing to fix it (Bellmore). Right now it is a major problem that needs to
be resolved but it has to be acted upon very soon with determination or else it will just continue until
the point where we lose control and hackers' rule the world and nobody can stop them (O'Harrow).
In order to unravel this difficult situation it is important that these current issues we are involved in
are throw of the track of going on a express train the wrong direction to the dark side of the hackers'
we need help to bring it back to the light.
One of the issues that this brings up is legal since it is highly illegal to hack anything for any
purpose. It doesn't matter whether you are one person at his home or a whole company no one has
ever heard about because it is top secret since they are top ranked

Cybercrime Is Crime That Involves A Computer And A Network
Cybercrime is crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may be used in the
commission of a crime, or it may be the target.
Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar (2011) define cyber–crimes as: "Offences that are committed
against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the
reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm, or loss, to the victim directly or indirectly,
using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet. Such crimes may threaten a nation's
security and financial health. Issues surrounding these types of crimes have become high–profile,
particularly those surrounding hacking, copyright infringement, child pornography, and child
grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is intercepted or
disclosed, lawfully or otherwise.
The most popular cyber–crime in the present include fraud and financial crimes, cyber terrorism,
cyber–extortion (occurs when a website, e–mail server, or computer system is subjected to or
threatened with repeated denial of service) and cyber war fare.
Practical cases of cyber–crimes recorded within the last 10 years.
In July 2013, Federal prosecutors charged five men responsible for a hacking and credit card fraud
spree that made companies lose more than $300 million and two of the suspects were taken to
custody in what is termed as the biggest cyber–crime case filed in U.S.A. history. They also
disclosed a new security breach against Nasdaq

Identifying And Prosecuting Computer Crime
Identifying and Prosecuting Computer Crime
The development of any society is accompanied by a unique pattern of crime. The innovation of
digital technology came to us as a blessing but not without its' dark side. This innovation brought
about novel challenges popularly referred to as cyber–crime. Policing the prevalence of cyber–crime
and its threat to electronic commerce has been of great concern to all government.
Twenty–first century, the criminals increasingly rely on advanced technologies and Internet to
promote their illegal operations. According to Europol's 2011 Organized Crime Threat Assessment,
"Internet technology has now emerged as a key facilitator for the vast majority of offline organized
crime activity." For instance, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The officials of U.S. face challenging task of detecting the perpetrators of nasty cyber incidents in
which criminal and victim can be far removed from one another. The person or persons behind an
instance can range from sole actors to expansive illegal networks or even nation statuses. This dare
of actor ascription is further compounded by anonymity afforded by the digital realm.
It can sometimes be difficult to determine the actor's motivation–is the criminal driven by greed or
glory in the form of recognition among fellow criminals in the cyber world, or does the criminal
have extensive ideological motives? Outcome the answers to these questions are key to
distinguishing between cyber–crimes and other cyber threats such as cyber–attacks, cyber
espionage, and the cyber warfare. Pertinent distinctions exist among these various nasty activities in
the cyber domain just as lines have been drawn between their real world counterparts.
Most nations don't have a national policy exclusively focused on opposing cyber–crime. Somewhat,
there are other, wide–ranging strategies that have the cyber–crime components. Policymakers may
question whether there should be a distinctive strategy for contesting cyber–crime or whether
struggles to control these criminalities are best addressed through further wide–ranging policies,
such as that directing cyber

Running head: COMPUTER CRIME
Categories of Computer Crime
S.R Skolnick
Strayer University
In today's society computers are used to commit crimes. These crimes are separated into four
categories. These categories are as follows, the computer as a target, the computer as an instrument
of crime, the computer as incidental to a crime, and crimes associated with the prevalence of
computers.
In example of the computer as a target, is a case of Kevin Mitnick. Kevin Mitnick was once known
as the world's most wanted social engineering computer hacker. From the 1970s up to his arrest in
1995, Mitnick was able to elude them bypass corporate security safeguards. Mitnick was able to get
into some of the well–guarded systems in the corporate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These crimes will include but not limited to money laundering, criminal enterprise, child
pornography, and will ring victims into compromising situations.
In this category crimes associated with the prevalence of computers, the crimes include intellectual
property violations, component that, counterfeiting, identity theft, and a number of corporate
offenses. In this category intellectual–property violations are described as piracy. Piracy includes the
illegal downloading of music and movies. I believe the category of the computer as a target presents
the greatest overall threat at this present time. The reasons for this is, computers as a target for
instance computer hacking. Computer hacking enables people with this ability to access our nation's
defense system. With this being said, this becomes a national security issue. Secondly, computer as a
target enables people what this ability, to commit identity theft. As we know identity theft is on the
rise. Identity theft causes millions and millions of dollars to be stolen or used by cyber criminals.
These crimes make it very difficult for the victims to get everything back to normal before their
identities were stolen. In this day and age, computers and the Internet have made criminals into
better criminals, while law enforcement, US government, and the court systems are back in the
game playing catch–up. Law enforcement does not have

The Worst Computer Crime Of Children
Within the blink of an eye, technology has changed the entire face of humanity forever, and it is
seen no greater than in the current era of social media, streaming content, smartphone usage in
billions of people, and most importantly, the internet. In the span of two decades, it has become the
dominant force for everything within our lives: professional, commercial, personal and even
criminal. This was to be expected, for a tool that has the power to transmit information, video and
much more to any other person in the world is an invaluable one, but the damage it has done isn't
able to be calculated, for the realm of activity encompasses multitude areas including theft, hacking,
terrorism and much more. However, what is able to be easily ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, the rise of the internet allowed for a new way for child pornography to flourish, with
simple websites being distributed to those who could see it from the safety of their own homes.
However, as the law matured and came to battle this, new ways to distribute the pornography were
also invented, a tit–for–tat war that always had each side claiming victories and losses. Though, now
it seems that newest feature on the internet to allow for child pornography to be distributed easily is
the Deep Web. This is a part of the World Wide Web that is not discoverable by means of standard
search engines, including password–protected or dynamic pages and encrypted networks. It was
created by the US government and has legitimate and useful purposes, including journalistic
freedom in repressed nations, activists on freedom of speech and the leaking of secrets that are
having an adverse effect on others. However, the anonymity presented by the Deep Web and it's
search engine, TOR (The Onion Router), has allowed for criminal means to occur with perhaps
millions of users across the world being undetected. Naturally, the argument for this paper is not if
we should be allowing this, but how strong we should be going against this. As such, the evidence
will be given that total war should be taken against these networks, to flush out the pedophiles on
these sites, take them down permanently and arrest the individuals who both create this smut and
view it. As shown by Elise

The Importance Of Computer Crimes
The advancement of computer technology and networking has rapidly expanded communications
but as we progress with the wage of the new world technology comes with it own costs. The same
technology that provides useful services can be used against its users and benefit computer terrorist
to get our information, take our identity and preview our personal lives without many of us knowing
what has happened until it is too late. Continuous advancing technology provides criminals and
terrorists with a variety of new tools and opportunities to conduct their agendas against current
technology.
There are four major types of computer crimes, which are; using the computer as a target, using the
computer as an instrument of the crime, using the computer as an incidental to a crime, and crimes
associated with the prevalence of computers. These crimes can be committed in many different
forms. An example of using the computer as a target would be denial of service or altering data
while using the device. Using the computer as an instrument would be Cybercriminal using
computers and networks for crimes such as theft, theft of service, fraud, exploitation, and threats or
harassment. (Yurieff, 2017). Computers are now often used as instruments to make threats or harass
individuals. When using the computer as incidental that could be seen as a pattern or incident of
criminality uses a computer simply for ease in maintaining the efficacy of criminal transactions.
Lastly an example of crimes

Why We Should Be Held Responsible For Computer Crimes
Main body The internet can be a tool and a weapon. This can seem like such an odd statement when
considering how vital technology like this has become in our everyday lives. However, what most
people see is the vast array of knowledge and information that is at the tips of their fingers, but what
they do not see is how some people can use this information in a way that is harmful to everyone.
There are so many stories that can be heard today about how someone's personal information was
stolen or how sensitive government material was leaked onto the internet due to a hacker. This is
only a few examples of what hackers can expose and the potential for how harmful they can be. To
some, they feel that hackers should be arrested for the crimes that they commit while others feel that
they should be praised in exposing the flaws that some sites and corporations have overlooked. The
big debate seems to be should these people be held accountable for their crimes or should they be
free to go. Computer crimes are no different from other crimes, and computer criminals should be
held responsible for the damage that they cause. To explain why these people should be held
responsible for their crimes, we must first look at how hacking came to be. According to an article
written by CNN, "Hacking actually has some pretty innocent and harmless beginnings"(). When
hacking first began it was more about finding out information and learning how to make things work
more efficiently. In fact it was

Computer Crime Report
Computer Crime Report – CM0431
Introduction
In this computer crime report, the following will be discussed about the computer crime of Botnets.
This report will explain the role of computer forensics has in detecting and deterring the use of
botnets, the hardware and software used in forensically investigating botnets, the legal context of
using botnets such as legislation related to offences caused by using botnets, and the ethical and
professional challenges faced by computer forensics practitioners in investigating botnets.
A botnet is defined ( http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/38866/botnet, 2014) as a
compromised group of computers, generally in large groups, that are used to generate spam (such as
phishing emails in large quantities), spread viruses to infect new machines, and flood a network or
web server using an enormous amount of request repeatedly and cause it to fail, this is known as a
distributed denial of service attack (DDOS).
The infected computers are normally infected by a Trojan horse virus, once infected the virus
usually opens an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channel, this channel will wait for commands from the
user in command of the botnet network. In the modern world, there is large, and growing, industry
of selling lists of infected computers to hackers and spammers.
Rik Ferguson (2010) stated the first use of botnets came about in 1999, and the malware that started
it all off was known as "Sub7", a Trojan virus and "Pretty Park", a computer worm.

Computer Crimes And Computer Crime
computer crimes oc/wcc
Introduction
Ever since computers and networks were invented there have been hackers and computer crimes
have grown with the advancement of technology. As with the advancement of technology and
computer crimes there have been many types of computer crimes that have evolved with technology.
There have been laws in place to help reduce and regulate computers and computer crimes.
History of computer crimes
Computers and networks became increasingly known and used in the 1990s. Hackers back then
were more interested in attaining information about different systems. Hacking became almost like a
competition, hackers would compete to win the title of the best hacker. Hacking was not seen as a
big problem, it was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theft is when someone violates copyrights and illegally downloads movies, games, software, and
music. Cyber stalking is another form of computer crime. Cyber stalking is where someone is
stalking someone online through online messaging, emails, and social networks. The cyber stalkers
usually known their victims, but if they feel that internet stalking isn 't enough they begin stalking
the person in real life. Another form of computer crime is identity theft. An identity thief steals
information about a person 's bank account, credit cards, debit cards, and other private information
to steal the persons money and buy things online or even sell the information to other criminals.
Malicious software is another type of computer crime. Malicious software is internet based software
or programs that are used to get into a system and steal sensitive information or they use it to cause
damage to the system. The last type of computer crime is child pornography. Criminals try to make
money off of minors by using chat rooms and websites for the purpose of producing child
pornography.
Categories of computer crimes
There are many types of computer crimes some worse than others as we have types of computer
crimes there are also categories of computer crimes. There are three categories for computer crimes
and each category uses different methods in dealing with computer criminals. The three categories
of computer crime is individual, property, and government. The

Computer Crimes And The Criminal Justice System Essay
Around 1989, the Internet was created and with its creation and new opportunities, new ranges of
crimes also emerged: Computer crimes. Conveniently for criminals, there is no requirement for an
offender to be at the scene of the crime physically, yet they achieve the same results. Due to the fact
that computer crimes involve a certain knowledge of technology, it has become an attractive field
for young people. Throughout the years after the invention of the internet, many criminal acts have
been carried out by young offenders and law makers ought to quickly catch up in responding to new
threats. Thus, while it is rather timely to adopt and create new laws that criminalise certain cyber
activities, the criminal justice system in England and Wales developed various responses to young
people who commit computer enabled and computer related crimes which, amongst others, include
hacking.
Computer enabled crime has been defined by Interpol as a way for criminals to take a new turn on
old, traditional crimes with the advantages of the internet and reach more victims ("Cybercrime", n.
d.). McGuire and Dowling reported in a UK Home Office Research that the two most common
computer enabled crimes fall into fraud and theft, specifically in the financial sector (2013, p.4).
Similarly, computer related crimes are
"considered as any illegal, unethical or unauthorised behaviour related to the automatic processing
and the transmission of data" (Kaspersen, 1995).
Since theft has been

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