Stereotyping Older Adults

Stereotyping Older Adults
Firstly, I would agree with you on older adults being seen in the mass media as fragile and a burden,
creating ageist generalizations. Yet, there are a small number of messages, which exhibit the elderly
in a decent light. On the other hand, Robnett and Chop (2015) discovered, that there have been
continuing improvements over the past 50 years in attitudes towards the elderly owing to greater
public education, improved media attention, and supplementary optimistic role models in the
television and movies (p. 20). Nevertheless, ageist stereotypes still exist, as individuals do not have
comprehension about the consequence it has on older adults in the community. Moreover, it was
well considered to specify three issues, which emerge from stereotyping
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Shingles in Older Adults
Shingles in Older Adults Kim Walton, RN Olivet Nazarene University GNS 312 Strategies for
Student Success BSN 190 NRSG 102 Cathi Schlosser December 14, 2013 Certification of
Authorship: I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its
preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in the paper. I have also cited any sources from
which I used data, ideas, or words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I also certify that this paper
was prepared by me specifically for the purpose of this assignment. Your Signature: Kim Walton,
RN________________________________ You are a nurse working in a physician's office. You are
rooming a 75–year–old woman that arrives today ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5). Finally, there is a vaccine that has been shown to reduce the number of cases of shingles in
patients over the age of 60 known as Zostavax. This is a one–time vaccine used to actually prevent
the disease. It is given subcutaneously in a patient's arm. It is important to educate the patient that
even though it is a proven immunization for fighting shingles, Medicare Part B (the patient's
medical coverage) does not cover the vaccine. The patient may have Part D coverage (prescription
coverage) that will cover the vaccine, however, it must be given at a pharmacy, not a physician's
office or clinic setting. This is confusing for the patient, causing some of them to forego the vaccine
altogether. Some patients believe that once they have had the shingles they do not need to get the
vaccine. However, this is untrue. As this is a virus that stays within the body even after an outbreak,
the best way of preventing further outbreaks is with the immunization. If a patient presents with
active skin lesions, the vaccine literature advises waiting until resolution of these lesions prior to
receiving the vaccine. As our children have an immunization schedule, it is now becoming practice
that our aging adults also have an immunization schedule. This schedule now includes pneumovax
(pneumonia vaccine), influenza vaccine, TDaP (tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis)

Anxiety In Older Adults
Many adults develop anxiety from an early age. Anxiety can be developed as early as seventh or
eighth grade, and it is more common on young adults rather than older adults; this is so because
older people have developed a natural skill of coping with negative emotional reactions. Anxiety can
be caused by many things. For instance it can be caused when a person is overwhelmed with stress.
High school is often when many teens become over stressed and develop anxiety. Teenager's
performances have declined because of this illness, and due to this my research paper will reflect
what steps teenagers,with anxiety, can take to function as what is considered by society, a "normal"
adult.
A person with anxiety, depending on how long they have had this, ... Show more content on
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.Depending on a person's thoughts and behaviors that's how their emotional reflexes will react to
certain situations. The brain can't do better, if it doesn't know any better. "Your brain does not
distinguish whether the action is beneficial or destructive; it just responds to how you behave and
then generates strong impulses, thoughts, desires, cravings, and urges that compel you to perpetuate
your habit, whatever it may be" (Schwartz 1). Your brain can often take power over you, if you let it,
but thankfully these habits can be overcome by replacing them by modifying one's lifestyle. It might
seem like a lot, and it might seem like there isn't any process being made, but slowly but surely
that's the way to recovery. A person has the power to change their brain and to make their life as
great as they want it to be. Certain situations in a person's life might make a person lose self–esteem,
and even make a person turn to drugs and alcohol for

The Abuse Of Older Adults
A social issue that is important to acknowledge is the abuse of older people. For so many years,
elder abuse has been a hidden yet growing problem in the United States. This problem is recognized
as a tragedy that impacts older adults of all races, cultures, sexual orientations, social class and
geographic areas. Additionally, this is a critical public health problem that has negative
consequences on the health and well–being of older adults. Although the definitions of elder abuse
vary, the U.S Administration on Aging (AOA) describes it as physical, sexual, neglect, self–neglect,
exploitation, emotional abuse, and abandonment (2016). To further explain, physical abuse can be
inflicting pain or injury such as slapping, bruising, or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other instances, older adults are also abused by strangers and become victims of sexual assault,
stalking, or financial exploitation. When older adults experience this type of abuse they often show
signs of shame, pain, economic loss, physical anguish, and poor quality of life. There are several
factors that make it difficult for the older adults to leave an abusive relationship or to make correct
decisions. This may include factors such as physical and cognitive impairments that usually come
with old age. Moreover, elder abuse violates the human rights of survivors by creating unsafe and
fearful environments. Although this is a critical issue, older adults are often reluctant to report the
abuse. However, this is frequently seen in the Latino population. Therefore, this paper will further
discuss the extent of the problem among the Latino population and analyze the Elder Justice Act.
The Extent of the Problem Unfortunately, the problem of elder abuse is only expected to worsen in
later years. Based on the U.S Census Bureau, it is predicted that by the year 2060, the older
population is expected to double from 43.1 million to 92.0 million. Moreover, minorities groups are
projected to comprise 57 percent of the population in 2060 (2012). This indicates that the U.S
population will be more racially and ethnically diverse. Apparently, the Latino population is the
fastest growing minority group

Asthma In Older Adults
Asthma one of the most common chronic illnesses, affecting 25.7 million people in the U.S., 7
million being children under the age of 18 years old. Asthma is characterized as a "chronic
inflammatory disease of the airways involving recurring symptoms of airflow obstruction and
bronchial hyper responsiveness (Porth, 2015). The symptoms of asthma are chronic coughing, chest
tightness/pain, shortness of breath, and whistling/wheezing sounds when exhaling, These symptoms
may cause complications such as trouble sleeping, not being able to participate in normal daily
activities such as work or exercise and side effects from medications used to control asthma
symptoms.
In the article Asthma: Management in Older Adults by Carita Caple and Gilberto ... Show more
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This article highlights the importance of a support group such as a father for children and
adolescents with a chronic illness as asthma. There were two groups of fathers with children that had
asthma, one group of fathers were given therapeutic conversations with two nurses and the other
group wasn't give any, and then they compared the perception they had of their child's quality of life.
The fathers that received the therapeutic conversations reported felling less worried about their child
´s asthma, the asthma treatment, the side effects of asthma medication, and they perceived asthma
symptoms of the child to be less

Older Adult Assessment
Assessment and Planning Care of Older Adult
Assessing and planning care of the elderly is important in enabling the older adult to have the best
quality of life in their later years. Understanding their views on living day to day with what they
hold dear, will help in planning care for the older person. In this paper, I will interview an older
adult and describe various details as well as cultural relations surrounding my interviewed
individual. I will perform functional assessments using the Tinetti, Katz, Home Safety, and Barthel
tools, which will be included in the Appendix. I will compare any age–related changes and identify
more than six preliminary issues that need to be addressed. Lastly, I will propose more than three
alterations and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DM has experienced Presbyopia, which is an initial universal age–related vision alteration, that
begins in early adulthood and continues at various rates through older adulthood (Miller, 2015). DM
also has experienced sleeping problems, diverticulitis from constipation, and has been diagnosed
with type 2 diabetes. These are all age–related changes that she now lives with and takes fiber
supplements and sleeping medications to control these various changes. DM also cannot go
anywhere without her reading glasses which she uses daily.
Preliminary Issues, Alterations, and

Discrimination In Older Adults
Throughout life we all experience situations that may alter our mental health or make us feel like
there is no hope in the world. One of the most common experiences we all go through is feeling
great sadness or not feeling like we are the best version of ourselves. Even though we all may go
through similar life transitions and the ups and downs that get brought along with such transitions,
there is still extreme stigma around depression and mental health in general. So much so, that we
very rarely talk about our mental health with each other and instead seek advice from the
professionals in the medical field. As we grow older we may experience things that we did not think
about while we were young, such as losing a loved one due to death or ... Show more content on
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Although the difficulties and discrimination faced by older adults is quite diverse, that of
discrimination due to ethnicity is at the top of the list. Older adults that also face discrimination in
terms of their ethnicity tend to experience difficulties throughout life that white older adults may
never have to even think about. It was found that white, older adults, faced the least amount of
discrimination resulting in the lowest levels of depressive symptoms and highest level of life
satisfaction, according to (Ayalon & Gum, 2011). Perceived discrimination, which is described as
the individual's "perception of being treated unfairly by other people due to some personal attribute
such as race, ethnicity, age, gender, socioeconomic status, weight, sexual orientation, or other
characteristics" (Ayalon & Gum, 2011) tends to harm white older adults more than black older
adults. This could be due to the fact that white older adults are facing discrimination for the first
time in their life. It was also found that because ethnic minorities tend to experience such
discrimination throughout their life, they tend to learn to cope with it, since they feel that it is
expected (Ayalon, L., & Gum, A. 2011). Perceived discrimination is quite important when it comes
to older adults because it could end up increasing the likelihood that an individual develops thoughts
about themselves that are very critical and negative, which in turn may result in depression (Han, J.,
& Richardson, V.

Volunteering Older Adults
ACTIVITES FOR OLDER ADULTS When we retire or become too old or too sick to work, we ask
and are asked what we will be doing? A lot of people say they would love to travel and explore
some. Depending on the physical, mental, spiritual, and background of a person, there are so many
things to do. Older adults find themselves being involved with so many things. Some go back to
school and start or continue a new intellectual journey. Others become more involved with their
places of worship. Others start to volunteer or even go back to work to stay busy. No matter what
challenge, older adults are advised to stay active as it is good for their health. Activities that enhance
or maintain cognitive and physical abilities are encouraged by health ... Show more content on
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Volunteering does seem to show that it helps with heart disease and reduces hypertension and as a
result reduces mortality rates among older adults (Musick, Herzog & House, (1999). Volunteering
among older adults has positive health influence which could be explained as psychological benefit
of helping others, making a difference...which could lead to greater life satisfaction and wellbeing
(Luoh &Herzog, 2002). In terms of reducing cardiovascular diseases, the health benefits of the
physical aspect of volunteering was looked at. The argument is that volunteering involves working
and doing things that makes us move and sweat which is like the benefits we get from exercising.
After all, volunteering involves physical and mental labor by using your brain and body to think and
do things like walking, planting, reading, and writing, pushing, pulling and even running. The flip
side of that coin is to stay at home and sit on the couch or watch television. Volunteering Increases
physical activity which may directly improve cardiovascular function, or it may operate indirectly
by delaying the onset of functional limitations that "predict psychological distress" among older
adults through exercising (Schieman & Plickert, (2007). The reduced stress and psychological
benefit of volunteering may also directly decrease the risk of hypertension (Steptoe,

Diagnosing Older Adults
Older adults need the list to be presented at a slower speed in order to improve recall. This is
because older adults experience a slowing down in the speed of processing. This is mostly due to the
fact older adults also experience a decrease in the amount of dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine.
These three are all important in high cognitive functioning. The issues in the first one lead to making
it harder for older adults to categorize the items in order to recall because they have a diminished
ability to notice a pattern. They will have a harder time identifying the the broader categories that
each thing on the list can be placed in. An older individuals short–term memory or working memory
is unable to retain as many things on the list as a younger individual is. In short–term memory,
individuals are able to keep 7+/– 2 things. Young adults fall on the higher end of this and older
individuals fall on the lower side of this range. External aids such as a pen and paper or a recording
device can can help counteract this. Older individuals also experience inhibitory loss, which if the
setting in which the free–recall test was being taken had any distractions around, it would make it
much harder of rate individual to keep their attention focused on the task at hand. ... Show more
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This leads me to believe that the fact the list needs to be read slower for older adults to retain more
is the biggest reason for the age–related difference. Each of these four things are related to each
other, but it all starts with the sensory input. If an individual has a hard time processing the first
aspect of the chain of events that happens, then it is impossible for anything else to happen further
down the

Persuasive Essay On Older Adults
In today's society, the older adults are often left behind and forgotten about. Society is often less
concerned about this population when they should be more concerned. As discussed above, as some
transition into later life, it is almost like they are entering a new world that they must readjust to.
They have to get comfortable in their new living environment, sometimes without their spouse and
with fewer friends and family members around. As a society, if we don't start monitoring this
population, the high rates will continue to rise and more older adults will continue to self–harm
which will lead to a huge social justice matter. In order to advocate for this population, we must first
educate those who are not aware. I think it would be beneficial to start small programs or fairs
throughout different communities where families can be educated on exactly what to look for and
how they can care more for their older adult family members. In order to make this possible,
resources are need. Educators, physicians and social workers can all come together to provide the
necessary curriculum to those being educated. Certain policies should also be in place that will
prevent the misuse of prescription drugs. Instead of quickly responding to chronic pain with
medicine, maybe other things should be in place such as physical therapy or natural herbs, to help
those individuals work through their pain. As older adults visit health care more often, physicians
should take time for screening

Older Adult Assessment
An assessment of a person is used to focus not only on the areas an older adult may need support
with, but also the areas where the older adult is functioning appropriately (McInnus–Dittrich, 2014).
Using the strengths perspective in the assessment process as well has in the interventions helps older
adults achieve their goals. (McInnus–Dittrich, 2014). The goal of an assessment is to establish what
needs the older adult wants to meet as opposed to the goals the social worker envisions for the client
(McInnus–Dittrich, 2014). This clinical assessment of Carl is going to examine the social history,
physical, psychological, social, spiritual, financial, environmental, and legal assess as they apply to
Carl, and assess the strengths he displayed

Adult Development And Wellness In Older Adults
Older Adult Development and Wellness
We all are surrounded by older adult, and we know that we have so many considerations related to
them. We all need to understand how physical, mental and psychological changes occurs with
advancing age and how it is different for each person. Some people stay healthy, some are
surrounded by all kind of disease, and it all depends upon circumstances in an individual's life.
Some older adults are physically active, intelligent and socially engaged until the time of their death.
Although, we all have misconception that all older adults are physically, mentally and socially
impaired, but the truth is that they get discouraged by the way people think about them. It is true that
most of the older adult tend to have all kind of disorders like delirium, dementia, Alzheimer's
disease, ischemic vascular dementia (IVD) and depressions, however we need to educate and
encourage them to be healthy and teach them how to prevent all those kinds of disorders. ... Show
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Also, they older adult potential to coping new changes and fulfilling life patterns in a new way
(Potter, Perry, Stockert, & Hall, 2015). Even thought some want to retire before their age, however I
believe that retiring at early age pushes people to loneliness and they tend to have more conflict in
life which can lead to disappointments. Death of their spouse, housing and environmental changes
can often lead to more stress and disease. When people get too stress, that is when they make poor
life choices and that is how they become victim of social

Volunteering Older Adults
Introduction Every year, in Australia alone, volunteers aged 65 years or older have been estimated to
contribute a total of $39 billion to the community (Parkinson, Warburton, Sibbritt, & Byles, 2010).
As populations begin to live longer there has recently been a growing interest in the potential
benefits of volunteering for older adults (Parkinson et al., 2010). Anderson et al. (2014) have
defined older adults as people who are 50 years of age and older. Previous research has found that
volunteering has a number of health benefits for any age group to enhance a person's overall
wellbeing (Li & Ferraro, 2005). Li & Ferraro (2005) suggest that volunteering has a greater impact
on health benefits in older adults as volunteering gives a sense ... Show more content on
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Poulin's (2014) study looked at the stress buffering effect of volunteering on mortality and whether
individuals who had positive views of others benefited from volunteering more than those who did
not. The article consists of two studies which both looked at similar research questions. The first
study investigated the impact of hostile cynicism on the benefits of volunteering while the second
study looked at the impact of an individual's world benevolence beliefs on the benefits of
volunteering. Both studies had a main focus to determine whether an individual's view of other
people affected the benefits of volunteering. Data was collected from the Changing Lives of Older
Couples (CLOC) survey. All participants used in the study were married, with the husband being 65
years of age or older, and both husband and wife responded to the survey. As married couples were
used this meant that the sample was exactly 50% male and 50% female. Both studies looked at the
variables of volunteering, stressful life events and control variables such as demographics. Study
one also looked at the variable hostile cynicism while study two looked at the variables of an
individual's world benevolence beliefs and psychological

Interview With Older Adults
Interview with Older Adult Part Two I have selected an older adult who is an 84–year–old female to
continue my interview with. This older adult, MK, is alert and oriented, lives with her spouse of 56
years in their single–story house, is quite independent, and has a couple chronic illnesses. MK
suffers from hypertension and high cholesterol, along with osteoporosis, and hypothyroidism.
Despite her chronic illnesses, she is able to keep wellness in her daily life and is living life to its
fullest by traveling and spending time with friends and family. The purpose of this paper is to
continue conducting assessment tools such as the geriatric depression scale, the geriatric pain scale,
and the assessment of her environment and advanced directives. ... Show more content on
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According to Falls Among the Elderly (Marks, 2014), patient mobility and independence are
reduced due to falls and complications such as hip fractures, brain injuries, and internal injuries can
all be associated with patient falls. Risk factors presented by the article Falls in the Elderly (Al–
Aama, 2011), include previous falls, taking more than one medication, difficulty with walking due
to gait impairment and pain. I would include these risk factors as well, her being female, the
antihypertensive medications she takes, and her complications from her foot surgery when
discussing the potential for falls topic with MK. All of these risk factors will require teaching, as
well as the potential for issues related to the assessment tool from the patients' environment. In my
patient teaching, I would encourage proper use of her medications, continued exercise, appropriate
nutrition, yearly eye exams, proper footwear at all times, and a continued safe home

Needs Assessment For Older Adults
There are many assessment tools to be utilized with the older adult population. Older adults could be
assessed for dementia, alcohol and drugs, nutrition, pain, pressure ulcers, mental health, and
functional assessment. For the purpose of this paper, the needs assessment, ecomap, cognition,
depression, and anxiety assessment are the appropriate assessment tools to use. The needs
assessment tool aim to assess the determine need of a community or population. These needs are
deficiencies that are lacking in community or population. The needs assessment tool could be
utilized for older adults by assessing resources, housing, nutrition availability, and agency services.
According to Learning Module 9 (2017), "The ecomap is helpful in assessing the family's strengths,
needs, resources, and resource deficits". (Learning Module 9, 2017, ... Show more content on
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Isolation, illness, loss of a loved one, finances, and retirement could cause an older adult to
experience depression. Anxiety is another disorder that affects millions of American each year.
Older adults could experience anxiety from daily tasks or retirement. The assessments of depression
and anxiety could help with early detection of the disorder, which in return would help with
assisting the individual with the appropriate resources. To accurately assess this population, a
practitioner will need to adapt skills that will be utilized in conducting an assessment. A good oral
and written communication skill is important to have to be able to conduct the assessment
accurately. Be patient with this population and knowledgeable about the assessment tools being
used. Because the older adult population is very diverse, a practitioner must be culturally sensitive.
Having a solid knowledge base of the diversity of this population and understanding that there is
diversity within a culture. To accurately intervene with this population, a practitioner must have the
passion to work with older

Older Adult Population Essay
There are 17% of older adults still in the labor force, while 36% of older adults have a disability.
28% of the US populations are older adults living on their own and 79% of the U.S. population are
older adults that own their own homes. The older adult population in the United States has
significantly increased over the last several years and will continue to increase. There are more older
adults than older men. In 2005 the older adult population as a whole was at 36.6 million and the
most recent statistics in 2015 shows that the older adult population was at 47.8 million. The number
of older adults could increase to 98 million by 2060. The average age of the older adults has greatly
increased since the 1900s. In 2015 22% of the older adult population were of racial or ethnic
minority. According to the most recent data taken (2015), if someone was born in 2015, they could
expect to live around 30 years longer than someone who was born in the 1900s. Why is this? The
number of death rates for both children and adults has seen a great reduction. There were also a
lower number of babies born in the 1900s due to the Great Depression in the 1930s.
The states vary in age and age growth swith the largest percentage of the total population of older
adults being in Florida. Older adults in Florida make up 19.4% of the ... Show more content on
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During the peak of being in their labor force days in the 1990s the adult population hit a record high
and has been downhill since due to the generation aging that will only continue to fall. Taking
workers out of the workforce means there will be little growth for the economy. The U.S.
dependency ratio which is the number of people outside the working age is set to reverse and by
2020 the dependency ratio will be back to 65 and in 2030 75. By 2050 the baby boom generation
will be at least 85 and will make up 4% of the

Population Of Older Adults Essay
1. People are living longer than ever before which is leading to a larger population of older adults.
Describe factors that are causing the growth in this population and analyze the impact that this
growing population of older adults may have on the field of clinical psychology and mental health
professionals.
The growing amount of individuals categorized as older adults will have a major impact on clinical
psychology. Individuals are living much longer than in the past due to advances in modern
medicine. More individuals, at least in more advanced societies, have access to proper medicine that
allows for a longer lifespan. These advancements in medicine have helped prolong the lives of many
individuals with terminal diseases and helped treat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One major implications is the importance of psychotherapists to understand this demographic. The
demographic of older adults has been studied in the past, but it has never been a majority of the
population. Another important change will be the need for therapists to be sensitive to the changing
perspective of the individuals entering late adulthood. Psychotherapist will need to understand that
aging affects sexes differently. Women outnumbering men is a major issue that will occur with the
growth in older adults. According to Laidlaw (2009), men on average die 7 to 8 years earlier than
women and at the age of 55 there are 81 men to every 100 women. Psychotherapists will need to
understand the negative cognitions that are commonly associated with aging, such as depression.
Many older adults suffer from depression and anxiety, but it is less common that most people think.
It has always been a belief that old age leads to depression, but in fact older adults are less likely to
be depressed or anxious compared to individuals in the working age according to Laidlaw (2009).
Though depression may not be as common in older adults as previously believed, it is still an
important factor involved in aging and will be important in treating individuals in late

Spirituality In Older Adults
Comparison As discussed, spirituality provides resilience in coping to both the chronically ill and
healthy older adults. At the next paragraphs, the context of spirituality is in the person's discovery of
his purpose and meaning of life. For clarification, the 68–year–old with chronic cardiac condition
will be classified generally as the chronically ill individuals while the 85–year–old healthy adult will
be referred to as healthy older adults. Further, to demonstrate how spirituality impacts the physical,
social, mental, and emotional well–being of older adults, comparison between the chronically ill and
healthy older individuals are as follows. Physical Based on Shukla's (2015) assertion, the role of
spirituality is emphasized during the times of crisis and illness. To a 68–year–old lady with a chronic
heart disease, the need for healing and comfort is real in a regular basis. Certainly, as the disease
progresses to limiting physical activity, the frail elderly needs motivation to go on with the daily
discipline and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although different in coping strategies, chronically ill and healthy older adults' strong belief in God,
being in full control of their situation, can think clearly through their problems and actively find a
solution to transcend their suffering. In presenting the view of a frailty elderly, Richardson,
Karunananthan, and Bergman (2011) mentioned that positive thinking affected older adults in
perceiving successful aging. Additionally, in reference to psychological health, Richardson et al.
(2011) cited peaceful living without regrets and ability to cope with illness are the goals for older
adults. Likewise, for healthy older adults, Edlund (2014) stated that their mindset is focused not on
the absence of illness, but on the continuity of living to the fullest as they

Exercise In Older Adults
Exercise in older adults for prolonged health Will you let yourself struggle with several diseases
when you get older? Nowadays, the world has changed. The number of population in the earth keep
rising, and elderly people are large percent of world's citizens that increase in every year. The
following problems are the illness that usually occur with older age people, but there are many ways
to solve this problem such as doing exercise. Doing exercise is very important especially in older
adults, It can help to improve both physical and mental health also It can decrease pain when doing
appropriate exercise program in later of life. Exercise or activity can improve your long term health
and prevent risk of several diseases. The German Research ... Show more content on
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Nevertheless, from the collated data from 8RCTs, the specified program of exercise; can use with
elderly people who have pain problems to reduce that issue, and make body health better
(Lathem&Liu,2012). The result from the experiment between doing high intensity exercise and low
dose exercise; presents that the pain will disappear when you do the low dose exercise (). Now you
have known about how exercise is important for older adult. It can improve body health and prevent
various types of disease. It can develop and maintain cognitive function, and you can do the exercise
without pain

The Mortality Of Older Adults
The number of older adults is increasing worldwide as longevity is increasing. The population of the
world aged 60 years and older is projected to be 2 billion by 2050, increasing from 900 million in
2015 (WHO, 2015). With the graying of baby boomers, the number of older adults in the United
States is escalating rapidly as well. The population aged 65 and over is projected to be 83.7 million
by 2050, almost double than its estimated population of 43.1 million in 2012 (Ortman & Velkof,
2014). Due to this rapid increase in the number of older adults and increase in longevity,
maintaining a healthy life in older age; or healthy aging is a huge issue in the present context. Health
in later life has a huge impact on the demands and expenditure on health care as well as other social
resources. Therefore, it is very important to discuss about the factors that contribute to healthy
aging, in order to help older adults not just have a longer life but also a healthy one.
Many authors have postulated their arguments regarding constituents of healthy aging or factors
contributing to healthy aging. When I think about healthy aging numerous questions spontaneously
occur in my mind. Some of those questions include but are not limited to: What is healthy aging? Is
healthy aging possible given the inevitable decline in bodily functions and diseases that comes with
increasing age? What factors contribute to the attainment of healthy aging? What are the norms of
healthy aging? With reference

Life Cycle For Older Adults : An Older Person 's Sense Of...
an older person's sense of self–esteem and confidence that was once stronger in the eight stage is
now at a weaken state and breeds a sense that hope and trust are diminishing fast (page 110 life
cycle extended). In basic terms, in the ninth stage, elders have very limited mobility, are most likely
entirely dependent on other as they can no longer depend on their mind or bodies for the stability
they once had earlier in older adulthood. According Erikson (1997), the ability of elders to engage
like they once did when younger is now "overshadowed by new incapacities and dependencies" (p.
115). Whereas the eighth stage focused on having wisdom and integrity and avoiding the despair
losing them, the ninth stage of the life cycle for older ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Biordi & Nicholson (as cited in Elder & Retrum (2012), social isolation is the
distancing of an individual, psychologically or physically, or both, from his or her network of
desired or needed relationships with other persons. Therefore, social isolation is a loss of place
within one's group(s) (p. 2). According to Elder & Retrum (2012), social isolation appears to be a
blended issue involving psychological, physical and social contributing factors. Once social
isolation occurs, it has been shown "to impact the psychological and cognitive well–being of older
adults (Nicholson, 2012), p. 140). According to Elder & Retrum (2012), the psychological risk
factors for social isolation in older adults tend to be reflected in mental health challenges such as
dementia and depression. Physical risk factors that include such things as limited mobility;
incontinence, vision/hearing loss and physical fatigue help to fuel the onset of social isolation
(Nicolson, 2012). Social factors' including death of friends and family and language barriers also
contributes to social isolation (Elder & Retrum, 2012). When combined, these psychological,
physical and social factors can lead to full blown isolation in older adults causing them to feel they
have a lack of

Malnutrition In Older Adults
"Older adults are particularly at risk for malnutrition due to changes in their bodies as they age and
the medications they take, which can affect their ability to absorb vital nutrients." (Kathleen
Cameron, Senior Director of NCOA's Center for Healthy Aging). Some problems that can be caused
by malnutrition are a weak immune system, poor wound healing, and muscle weakness.
In a study ( "Malnutrition Among Cognitively Intact Non–Critically Ill Adults in the Emergency
Department." Published online in the Annals of Emergency Medicine) of senior's ER visits reveals
that "physician care in the US is out of touch with reality, that there are gaping holes in the
nutritional quality of the American food supply and that modern day health insurance plans are an
illusion of healthcare." In this study – the patient's primary care physicians overlooked their
underlying problem of malnutrition. Their insurance plans were useless to issues of nutrition and
only served the medical system. In this study, the statistics show that the doctors typically glance
over the simple ways that diet can be used to bring people back to health. Too many people lean on a
doctor's advice when all they may need to do is seek out better nutrition. ... Show more content on
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Half of the seniors living in these centers were nutritionally depleted. "This proves there is a severe
problem with the food supply that the Assisted Living Centers serve to seniors."(Natural News)
One in three elderly hospital patients suffer from malnutrition but go largely unnoticed by hospital
staff; Australian research has revealed. The study, in the journal Nutrition & Dietetics published by
Wiley–Blackwell, found risk factors for malnutrition, such as recent weight loss and poor appetite,
were being overlooked, and malnourished patients were not being referred to dieticians.

Depression And The Older Adult
I chose to write my paper over depression and the older adult. The reason I chose to write about this
topic is because I think more attention should be brought to this mood disorder. Depression is more
serious than some believe, and I would like to spread awareness about how this disorder affects the
older adult. Another aspect that makes me want to research this topic is because I have experienced
depression at one point in my life and I remember how hopeless I felt. I would like to learn about
ways in which I can help others experiencing the hopelessness I once felt. What is depression?
Depression is defined by a disorder that negatively affects the way one feels. These feelings can
affect the way someone thinks, as well as how one acts to others. Often times older adults
experience depression due to an array of issues. These issues may include the death of their spouse,
death of loved ones, medical illnesses, financial instabilities, and so on. Symptoms in the older adult
consist of sadness, fatigue, hopelessness, low self–esteem, suicidal tendencies, loss of interest in
activities that were once enjoyable, and social isolation. Depression I feel is a disorder that gets
overlooked in older adults as well as all age groups. Some individuals may feel depression is not
actually a medical condition, but that is not the case. According to the Clinical Gerontologist (2013),
depression in the older adult is among the most prevalent medical illness, with signs of depression

Older Adult Fitness
The most common types of exercise for older adults includes: aerobic, strength, balance, and
flexibility. Out of the four exercise training modalities, flexibility is often down played as
unimportant to fitness. Most exercise–physiology research on aging has only seemed to focus on
cardiovascular health and muscle strength, but maintaining or improving flexibility should have at
least same amount or more importance for function and quality of life in older adults (Holland et al.,
2002). Flexibility training is comprised of stretching exercises utilized to maintain full ROM of
joints in older adults who may experience limited joint mobility (Nelson et al., 2007). The purpose
of flexibility training is to increase an older adult's ROM that involves

Anxiety In Older Adults
Some older adults develop depressive and anxiety symptoms when they suffer or have symptoms of
cognitive impairments. Some of them have the selective impairments which correlate with
depression as well. Depressive symptoms increase with age, more than 37% of the oldest –older
adult suffer from it. Some adult might chose to have negative or positive outcomes with cognitive
impairments. Studies show that all ages were able to retain and learn positive and negative
associations or correlations. Also, older adults are in the border line to have more negative signs and
this type of correlation it's hard to go back or reverse. In contrast, older adult and younger adults can
learn that negative situations can become positive depending in the outcomes.

Chronic Pain In Older Adults
Chronic pain in older adults is defined as ''an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience
associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage, for persons
who are either aged (65 to 79 years old) or very aged (80 and over) and who have had pain for
greater than 3 months'' (Lynch, 2000, p.270). The consequences of chronic pain may also be related
to impaired activities of daily living (ADLs), physical disability, accidents, gait abnormalities,
polypharmacy, and cognitive decline in older adults (Mantyselka et al., 2001; Kaye et al., 2010;
Shega et al., 2010). Therefore, chronic pain has negative affects on older adults, their families, and
social relationships. The Prevalence of Musculoskeletal of Pain ... Show more content on
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This problem usually occurs sooner in women, and can lead to bone fractures due to osteoporosis
(Kart et al., 1992). Women have higher levels of pain severity and more disabilities than men
(Fillingim et al., 2009). Therefore, elderly people with musculoskeletal pain avoid physical activity
because of increasing pain. Eventually, this tendency for them to engage in less physical activity
will lead to a declining physical function, especially when muscle weakness is accompanied by joint
pain, joint instability, and

Trauma In Older Adults
What is known
Traumatic injury is a major contributor to total global burden of disease, and has a serious impact on
health and quality of life. Each year in the US, approximately 2.5 million individuals incur injuries
so severe that they require acute care hospital admissions (Bonnie et al., 1999). Richmond et al.
(2002) found that 90% of a sample of seriously injured older adults survived, which indicates that
outcomes beyond survival–such as acute stress reactions and the potential to develop PTSD must be
evaluated and addressed for this patient population in the clinical setting. Adults who sustain serious
injuries may experience acute stress reactions immediately following the event, and during and after
inpatient hospitalization, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These adaptive mechanisms can become maladaptive if unresolved after precipitating events have
passed, leading to interferences in emotional regulation (Liston, McEwen, & Casey, 2009; Juster et
al., 2011). Imaging studies show alterations in the brain structures that assist in regulation of the
stress response–the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex–due to prolonged exposure to
stress (Carrion et al. 2010; Rao et al. 2010). The over activation of this fear circuitry in the brain can
lead to distorted processing, contributing to depression (Thienkrua et al., 2006; Neria, Besser, Kiper,
& Westphal, 2010; Rao et al., 2010), anxiety (Derryberry and Reed, 2002; Goldin et al., 2009;
Graham and Milad, 2014), and mood impairments (Kobasa, 1979; Linehan, 1993; Haller and Miles,
2004). These cognitive changes can also contribute to insomnia, chronic pain, addictive disorders,
impairment of immunity, and development of coping mechanisms such as smoking, use of alcohol
or drugs, overeating, and other survival mechanisms (Raja, 2012). The allostatic load of a
chronically over–activated hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal system can lead to development of
comorbid health conditions such as cardiovascular disease,

Older Adults
A)
According to the American Psychology Association, older adults are defined as "persons 65 years of
age or older (APA, Practitioners, 2002) The older adult population is separated by two
subpopulations called "young old", "older old", and "oldest old."(APA, Practitioners, 2002) "Young
old" describe those between the ages of 65–74, "older old" describes those between the ages of 75
and 84, and oldest old refers to those 85 and older. (APA, Practitioners, 2002) Other important
subpopulations include the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) older adults and racially
diverse subpopulations. (Aging and Health Report) The ageing LGBT subpopulation is an
overlooked part of the older adult population that is rarely addressed (Aging ... Show more content
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(USGov, 2012) In the years to follow after the ADEA was implemented, several other laws were
passed that were in relation to or based upon the ADEA of 1967. (USGov, 2012) The ADEA was
amended in 1986 to include the following changes: the age limit of seventy was removed, making
the act applicable to anyone of the age of forty. (EEOC, 2009) It also required employers to continue
health coverage of employees over 70 and their families. (EEOC, 2009) Finally, the amended act
made it unlawful for employers to require an employee of any age to retire. (EEOC, 2009) Another
very important amendment to the ADEA was the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act of 1990,
which stated' "The term `compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment '
encompasses all employee benefits, including such benefits provided pursuant to a bona fide
employee benefit plan." (EEOC, 1990?) This made it so that employees are required to allocate the
same amount of funds that go towards benefits of younger worker to the benefits for older adults.
(EEOC, 1990?) The next act introduced was the Age Discrimination Act of 1975 which prohibited
discrimination on the basis of age in programs or

Technology and Older Adults
Technology and Older Adults Introduction The United States has experienced considerable gains in
life expectancy in the past century thanks to a combination of medical and social innovations. This
ever–growing aging population increases the public health challenges of curbing health and long–
term care costs and minimizing the burden of disease and disability. In 2005, the average human life
expectancy in the United States was 77.8 years, with life expectancy for women five years longer
than for men. The US Census Bureau estimates that life expectancy will increase by approximately
six years by 2050. The population of Americans aged 65 and older will double during the next 25
years and account for roughly 20% of the total population. America's older adult population is also
becoming more racially and ethnically diverse (Armus et al., 2009). Discussion According to Baker
and Bass (2003) many older adults are injured in and around their homes each year. Falls are the
leading cause of injury and death among people 65 years of age and older, with some 340,000 adults
suffering fall–related hip fractures each year. Between 30 to 50 percent of these persons are unable
to return home or live independently after their injuries. Low vision, blindness, poor mobility,
decreased hearing, decreased sense of touch and temperature, limited hand use, and limited range of
motion all contribute to increased safety risks. Smart home technologies are information–based
technologies that

Dehydration In Older Adults
The care of your senior loved one is always at your utmost concern. You want the best care for them
when you are not around. Now, that the summer months are approaching another added concern is
keeping your aging loved one hydrated. Seniors have a difficult time recognizing when they are
dehydrated, this is quite common in older adults with cognitive issues such as dementia and
Alzheimer's. So, just what can you do to recognize dehydration in your loved one, and keep it from
occurring in the first place? Keep Refreshing Drinks Available for Seniors Keep the senior's fridge
filled with their favorite cold beverages. Water, lemonade, tea and other fruit juices are among some
of the best to prevent dehydration. It is important to have the

Safety In Older Adults
Introduction Safety is a big issue among the elderly population because of the physiological
changes, psychosocial changes, cognitive changes, as well as, a decline in function. These
progressive alterations put them in the high–risk category for many things. Fortunately, the majority
of the populations are aware of the more predominant safety risks the older adult face such as falls
and chronic diseases. On the other hand, many people are also unaware of the dangers of food borne
illnesses and the high risk it poses to the older adult population. Understanding the risks, causes, and
preventive measures can assist the older adult in maintaining good health, and ultimately maintain
independence and a high quality of life. The CDC, Centers

Disabilities In Older Adults
The results of the study showed that there was a high representation of African Americans in the
south that belonged to the Evangelical religious affiliation as this is typical for this region. The
results support the authors' hypothesis stating that older adults do in fact hold lay leadership
positions which, in turn, experience a slower pace of becoming functionally limited compared to
those who do not attend church on a regular basis and those that do attend church but do not hold a
leadership position within the church. The statistical analysis shows that those who hold leadership
positions within a church or who attend church regularly experience low levels of physical
disabilities once they reach older adulthood although those that ... Show more content on
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This is not always true. Two studies by Hayward et al. (2014) and Wagner et al. (2010) show
completely different variables that are experienced in this developmental stage. The first research
study looked at the level of activity of older adults and the level of disability they face as they enter
this stage of their life. The more active an individual is, the lower the chance of entering late
adulthood with some type of disability and vice versa. This is extremely powerful seeing as staying
active could significantly reduce the chance of contracting a serious illness by the time late
adulthood comes. In the second study, technology became the main topic. It is an ever–growing field
and those in this developmental stage are essentially required to learn how to use the Internet
whether it be work related or staying in touch with

Suicides Among Older Adults
Whoops I already touched on this a little bit in our last post, so sorry group if I sound like a broken
record. Older adults are at risk for getting sexual transmitted diseases the same way that younger
adults are; unsafe sexual practices, sharing needles or having a blood transfusion before 1985.
However, out of all of the risk factors for AIDS/HIV the one that is the biggest in older adults is
unsafe sexual practices. Older adults are not as likely to use condoms because they are not worried
about pregnancy. Likewise, widowed or divorced older adults are encouraged nowadays to find
another life partner. This means that older adults are back in the dating game and may have multiple
sexual partners; this is also a risk factor. In a similar manner, older adults don't have reproductive
checkups as frequently as younger adults or sexual health screenings. This means that an older adult
could have an undiagnosed STD for a longer period of time. Having an STD such as herpes,
Chlamydia, Syphilis or Gonorrhea may cause changes in tissue ... Show more content on
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(In my best Su Sepples voice). A lot of older adults still think that people get HIV by being
homosexual, being IV drug users or blood transfusions and as long as they are not involved in any
of those areas they are safe. Wrong! In a similar manner a lot of older adults think if their partner is
receiving treatments for HIV/AID's that they are cured and can no longer pass the disease on. This is
also wrong. Unlike our generation that grew up about learning from HIV/AID's in health class, the
older generation has never had structured HIV/AID's education like we did in school. I have found
that they have little to no knowledge on the disease. So as a nurse we need to create that foundation
of knowledge with

Emotional Processing In Older Adults
In my opinion older adults cope well in everyday life because our lives are connected to emotional
processing. When reading the assigned texted, emotional processing in older adults deals with the
ability to only focus on the positive information which increases brain activity (Cavanaugh 57). In
everyday life older people are surrounded by individuals in a younger generation. The people in the
younger generation are constantly learning new information and sharing it with the older adults. As
the older adults adapt to the new material the neurons in their brain begin to form new synapses
(Stealing Time). The synapses are responsible for connecting the new information which then causes
the coping mechanism. In order for the older adults to cope in life, they learn new trades which ...
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For example, a movie known as BAPS features the life of an old dying rich man being intruded by
two young females searching for their purpose. While living with him they helped him adapt to new
environmental experiences which caused his everyday life activities to increase. He began to adapt
to the changes of his life and experience environmental enrichment (54). In all, older adults cope to
everyday life so well because they gain real–life experiences that are not found in the lab, they have
more access to their emotional processing (amygdalae), and they are capable of adapting just like
younger adults.
In terms of pathological and normal aging, pathological aging, in my opinion, takes on a medical
approach rather than a normative approach. Pathological aging seems to focus on diseases in older
adults and how their reaction to certain situations may vary (44). When someone is being aged based
on pathological aging their everyday functioning may include: remembering the current year, how to
simply tie their shoe, or even testing their physical abilities (Stealing Time). When someone is
disease

Pharmacotherapy In Older Adults
According to the World Health Organization (2017), depression impacts approximately 300 million
people and is the leading cause of disability globally, which greatly contributes to disease
worldwide. Of the world's adult population, approximately 16 percent of them will experience at
least one depressive episode within their lifetime (Chatwin, Peta, Brett, Sharon, & Terri, 2016). An
individual's health condition may become seriously affected when depressive episodes are
prolonged with moderate to severe intensity (World Health Organization [WHO], 2017). Depression
can cause an individual to suffer greatly and their ability to function within their family and their
performance in other everyday tasks, such as work and/or school, diminishes ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
(2015), aimed at determining the efficacy of CBT as an alternative to pharmacotherapy in older
adults whereas health organizations have suggested that older adults should avoid tricyclic
antidepressants (TCA) on the grounds that they are more prone to the cardiovascular side effects.
Jayasekara et al. (2015), studied over 100 trials involving thousands of patients that consisted of
adults over the age of 55. The results of the study revealed that CBT was efficacious in facilitating
the reduction of depressive symptoms in older adults (Jayasekare et al. (2015). Jayasekare et al.
(2015), thought these findings to be especially important for those who could not tolerate the side
effects of antidepressants and in encouraging the use of CBT with older adults whereas there have
been issues in the past concerning ageism, and flawed beliefs that due to the lack of mental
flexibility, older adults would not benefit from psychotherapy. Hofmann et al. (2012), conducted a
meta–analysis of clinical trials performed between 2004 and 2010 to study the efficacy of CBT.
Hofmann et al. (2012) states that many of the trials had mixed results when compared to other forms
of treatment such as problem–solving therapy, psychodynamic treatment, and interpersonal
psychotherapy, some had strongly substantiated CBT over relaxation techniques and psychodynamic
treatment, while others reported CBT to be equally effective or showed weak support, however,
when CBT was used in conjunction with pharmacotherapy, its effectiveness was strongly

Older Adult Interview
Older Adult Interview
Demographics Ed is 77–year–old White heterosexual man who is in good health and lives in the
Niles area of Fremont, California with his wife, Laura, and eldest son Michael. Ed strongly
identifies as Irish–Catholic and he and Laura raised their family in an Irish–Catholic household. I
selected Ed as my interviewee because he lives in my neighborhood and is good friends with my
neighbor's father. The two degrees of separation between us are gender, ethnicity/cultural identity, as
well as socioeconomic status (he is an upper middle class retiree).
Summary of Interview Throughout the interview, strong themes of family and career development
came up for Ed, who is a retired fire fighter and fire administrator. Ed was born in 1937 and raised
in Massachusetts with his mother and biological father. His mother was born in England and
traveled to Canada to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A self–actualized individual has met all the lower level needs in the hierarchy–physiological needs,
safety, belongingness and love, and self–esteem–and feels they are realizing their potential and
fulfilling their purpose (Zastrow & Kirst–Ashman, 2013). These needs are met in order, and
according to Maslow, one cannot skip ahead to a higher–level need if they have not fulfilled a basic
need (Hagerty, 1999). Indeed Ed has physiological and safety needs met, as his pension and Laura's
retirement fund provide the means for food and housing in a safe neighborhood where he is not in
any immediate danger. Ed has a strong social network of his wife, children, and friends from his
various organizations and clubs. He displays a sense of respect for himself and people in his
neighborhood, and can identify achievements he made in life, particularly graduating high school,
getting promoted young in the Navy, and getting high–level promotions in the fire

Depression In Older Adults
I am glad that depression later in life is no longer seen as a normal part of aging. It is not normal
aging, and it is nothing to be ashamed of. Many people feel ashamed or embarrassed that they are
struggling with depression. As a result, they do not talk about it. Starting the conversation with older
adults about depression seems like the largest hurdle at the moment. I am also glad to see that the
new version of DSM talks about the difference between grief and depression (Schwartz, 2013). I am
curious how these evaluations are conducted in a clinic. Do doctors or nurses ask the questions, or
do they have the older adult fill it out? Or do they incorporate the questions into conversations with
the older adult? Each way could have different

Older Adult Communication
As a young girl, I often sat next to my grandmother intently listening to her tell stories. Regularly
spending her free time sewing quilts for another soon expected grandchild, my grandmother would
often humor me and my siblings with fascinating stories of her youth. Filled with exaggerated tales
of heroism and mischief, the stories eventually ended with a lesson learned or an inspiring outcome.
The purpose of this discussion board is to talk about the benefits of life reviews and life stories of
the older adult, to identify inferences that can be utilized to improve effective communication
strategies of older adults, while incorporating the impact of culture and family values in providing
quality care for older persons.
Often, seniors crave ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because family roles and expectations are shaped by cultural values, every family views ageing and
care of elderly family members differently. In my Mennonite culture, integration of ageing family
members into the younger generation is traditional and fundamental. Additionally, there is an
unwritten rule that parents will be cared for by their adult children and grandchildren as they age.
Typically, all the financial, medical, and living arrangement decisions are freely turned over to the
oldest adult male child by the ageing parent once they are unable to care for themselves. Now as a
nurse exposed to the outside society, I am saddened by the multitude of elderly seniors that are
rejected, abandoned, and frauded by their own blood family members. It is no wonder that elder
abuse and neglect statistics continue to rise (Tabloski,

Caregiving For Older Adults
"In fact, nearly 66 million people in the United States currently provide care, assistance and support
for a family member who is elderly or who is living with a disability" (CICOA). There are also
individuals who provide care and assistance for infants, children and household pets. There are
formal and informal caregivers, a formal or family caregiver is defined as, "an individual, age 18 or
older who provides unpaid care to family member or friend who need assistance with everyday
activities" while a formal caregiver is a paid care provider ( Hunt, 2015; Caregiver.org, 2016). This
paper will report over caregiving for older adults, alternative placement options, personal statements
from a caregiver and resources on caregiving for older adults. My report will focus on family
caregivers and those providing care for older adults. How are these caregivers and what do they do?
In the 2015 Report, Caregiving in the U.S., "an estimated 43.5 million caregivers have provided
unpaid care to an adult or child in the last 12 months. The average caregiver can be described as an
older female who is currently employed or was employed caring for an older relative with physical
condition. The majority are relatives, parents or parent–in–law with one out 10 being a spouse
(Caregiving in the U.S., 2015). More than 96% of caregivers will perform activities of daily living
(ADL) such as getting out of bed, dressing, meal preparation or instrumental activities of daily
living (IADL) like

Stereotyping Older Adults

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