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1. APA style-
APA style is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal
articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of social sciences. It is
described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA), which is titled
the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The guidelines were
developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of
communication, and for "word choice that best reduces bias in language".
APA style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of other scientific
journals (including medical and other public health journals), in many textbooks, and in
academia (for papers written in classes). Along with AMA style and CSE style, it is one of the
major styles for such work.[citation needed]
History-
The APA got involved in journal publishing in 1923. In 1929, an APA committee had a seven-
page writer's guide published in the Psychological Bulletin. In 1944, a 32-page guide appeared as
an article in the same journal. The first edition of the APA Publication Manual was published in
1952 as a 61-page supplement to the Psychological Bulletin, marking the beginning of a
recognized "APA style." In response to the growing complexities of scientific reporting,
subsequent editions were released in 1974, 1983, 1994, 2001, and 2009.
Primarily known for the simplicity of its reference citation style, the Manual also established
standards for language use that had far-reaching effects. Particularly influential were the
"Guidelines for Nonsexist Language in APA Journals," first published as a modification to the
1974 edition, which provided practical alternatives to "sexist" language then in common usage.
The guidelines for reducing bias in language have been updated over the years and presently
provide practical guidance for writing about race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation, and
disability status.
Sixth edition of the Publication Manual-
The sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the
most current. It was released in July 2009 after four years of development. The Publication
Manual Revision Task Force of the American Psychological Association established parameters
for the revision based on published critique; user comments; commissioned reviews; and input
from psychologists, nurses, librarians, business leaders, publishing professionals, and APA
governance groups. To accomplish these revisions, the Task Force appointed working groups of
four to nine members in seven areas: bias-free language, ethics, graphics, Journal Article
Reporting Standards, references, statistics, and writing style.
The APA explained the issuing of a new edition only eight years after the fifth edition by
pointing to the increased use of online source or online access to academic journals. The sixth
edition is accompanied by a style website, apastyle.org as well as the APA Style Blog, which
answers many common questions from users.

2. Errors in the first printing-
Sample papers in the first printing of the sixth edition contained errors. APA staff posted all of
the corrections online for free in a single document on October 1, 2009, and shortly thereafter
alerted users to the existence of the corrections in an APA blog entry.These errors attracted
significant attention from the scholarly community and nearly two weeks later, on October 13,
2009, the article "Correcting a Style Guide" was published in the online newspaper Inside
Higher Ed that included interviews with several individuals, one of whom described the errors as
"egregious".All copies of the printing with errors were soon after recalled in 2009 (including
those from major retailers such as Amazon.com) and all manuals currently in circulation are
unaffected.
CharacteristicsofAPA style citation-
APA style is complex. Only a sample of citation and reference formats can be listed here.
In-text citations-
APA style uses an author-date reference citation system in the text with an accompanying
reference list. That means that to cite any reference in a paper, the writer should cite the author
and year of the work, either by putting both in parentheses separated by a comma (parenthetical
citation) or by putting the author in the narrative of the sentence and the year in parentheses
(narrative citation).
Example narrative citation: Schmidt and Oh (2016) described a fear among the public that the
findings of science are not actually real.
Example parenthetical citation: In our postfactual era, many members of the public fear that
the findings of science are not real (Schmidt & Oh, 2016).
Reference list-
In the APA reference list, the writer should provide the author, year, title, and source of the cited
work in an alphabetical list of references. If a reference is not cited in the text, it should not be
included in the reference list. The reference format varies slightly depending on the document
type (e.g., journal article, edited book chapter, blog post), but broadly speaking always follows
the same pattern of author, date, title, source.
Reference type Template Example
Journal article
Author, A., & Author, B.
(year). Title of
article. Journal Title,
Volume, page range. DOI
Schmidt, F. L., & Oh, I.-S. (2016). The crisis of
confidence in research findings in psychology:
Is lack of replication the real problem? Or is it
something else? Archives of Scientific
Psychology, 4, 32–
37. https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000029

3. Whole book
Author, A., & Author, B.
(year). Title of
book.DOI/URL/Publisher
location: Publisher Name.
Brown, B. (2010). The gifts of imperfection: Let
go of who you think you're supposed to be and
embrace who you are. Center City, MN:
Hazelden.
Edited book
chapter
Author, A., & Author, B.
(year). Title of chapter. In E.
Editor & A. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-
xx). DOI/URL/Publisher
location: Publisher Name.
Singh, A. A., Hwahng, S. J., Chang, S. C.,
White, B. (2017). Affirmative counseling with
trans/gender-variant people of color. In A.
Singh & L. M. Dickey (Eds.), Affirmative
counseling and psychological practice with
transgender and gender nonconforming
clients (pp. 41–
68). https://doi.org/10.1037/14957-003
Website
Author. (year). Title of page.
Retrieved Date, from
http://xxxxxxx
American Psychological Association. (n.d.).
Divisions. Retrieved October 28, 2018,
from http://www.apa.org/about/division/
 For book and book chapter references, only one "locator" (DOI,
URL, or Publisher) should be provided. If a DOI is assigned to
the work, give the DOI. If the item is available online but does
not have a DOI, give the URL. Otherwise, give the publisher and
publisher location.
 Note that the title of a work may be italic or not italic. If the work
stands alone, italicize the title; if it is part of a greater whole, do
not italicize the title.
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MLA Style Manual
The MLA Style Manual, titled the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing in its
second (1998) and third edition (2008), is an academic style guide by the United States-
based Modern Language Association of America (MLA) first published in 1985. MLA
announced in April 2016 that the third edition would be the last and that the publication would
be discontinued; what began as an abridged version for students, the MLA Handbook, will
henceforth be "the authoritative source for MLA style", and that the organization "is in the
process of developing additional publications to address the professional needs of scholars."

4. Usage-
MLA documentation style is used in scholarship throughout the humanities, especially
in English studies, modern languages and literatures, comparative literature, literary
criticism, media studies, cultural studies, and related disciplines.
The MLA Style Manual is one of two books on MLA documentation style published by the
MLA. While the MLA Handbook is aimed at secondary and post-secondary students and their
teachers, the intended audience of the Manual primarily consists of graduate students, academic
scholars, professors, professional writers, and editors.
History-
Both the MLA Handbook and the MLA Style Manual were preceded by a slim booklet titled
the MLA Style Sheet, first published in 1951 and revised in 1970. The Style Sheet was allowed to
go out of print after the commercial success of the Handbook, creating the need for
the Manual as a companion to the Handbook.
The MLA Style Manual went out of print in 2016.As of April 2017, the organization claims to be
"developing additional publications to address the professional needs of scholars.