Ridar Research Paper

Ridar Research Paper
THE INTRODUCTION OF THE RADAR TECHNOLGY
The outcome of the First World War (28th July 1914– 11th November 1918), also known as the "war to end all wars" (Wells, 1961), was not enough to
end all problems that caused it, therefore there was a call for a Second World War (1st of September 1939– 2nd of September 1945). This war (World
War 2) between the Allies and Axial power block had a very important role in the impact of technology during this period. As tension grew between
opposing forces, so did its technological surroundings, and with days leading up to the war, different proposal of new war technologies were
requested by the British Air Ministry. One of these technologies a RADIO DETECTING AND RANGING DEVICE (RADAR). The purpose of...
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"The Battle of France is over, the Battle of Britain is about to begin" (Churchill 1940). Following Hitler's threat, the RAF was ordered by Winston
Churchill (British Army Officer) to prepare for war. This paper reviews the contribution of radar technology towards the victory of the Royal Air
Force (RAF) over the Germans during the Battle of Britain (10th of July 1940 – 31st of October 1940), as this is a topic that has begun to gain
attention from contemporary researchers, but for which little factual evidence exists. Much of the research relating to this topic leans towards the idea
that the RAF soldiers were victorious due to the advantage of fighting on home turf and the diversity of their pilots, which is inadequate in a full
examination of the war conditions. More importantly, two major factors that motivate the research undertaken in this paper, is the fact that the Battle
of Britain was the first major campaign fought entirely by air forces, and the RAF's victory marked the first defeat of Hitler's military force. Given the
importance of this battle and the introduction of RADAR technology during the period, one might wonder if the RADAR technology led the Royal Air
Force
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Essay on Tornadoes
Tornadoes
I. Introduction A. Facts 1. Definition 2. Wind Speeds 3. Damage 4. Number Of Tornadoes Per Year 5. Deaths And InjuriesB. Types Of Tornadoes 1.
Weak 2. Strong 3. ViolentC. Average Tornado 1. Variation a. Waterspout 2. Distance Moved D. Frequency Of Tornadoes 1. Southern States 2. Northern
States
II. Where Tornadoes Come From A. Energy 1. Thunderstorm
III. Where And When Tornadoes Occur A. North America 1. Rocky Mountains 2. Appalachian Mountains B. Other Areas Of The World C. Spring And
Summer 1. When
IV. Damage A.Wind 1. Materials 2. Animals 3. Explosions
V. Detection Of Tornadoes A. Doppler Radar 1. SKYWARN
VI. Prediction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The last category for tornadoes is violent ones. With these comes winds greater than two hundred and five miles per hour, they can last about an hour,
and have seventy percent of all deaths from tornadoes.
Variations. Some variations of tornadoes are that they can be found in the early stages of rapidly developing thunderstorms. This type oftornado is most
common along the range of the Rocky Mountains, the Plains, and the Western States. Tornadoes may appear nearly transparent until dust and debris
are picked up. Occasionally, two or more tornadoes may occur at the same time. Another type of tornado is known as a waterspout. This is a weak
tornado that forms over warm water. They are most common along the Gulf Coast and southeastern states. In the western United States, they occur
with cold late fall or late winter storms, during a time when you least expect it to develop. They occasionally move inland becoming tornadoes that can
cause a great deal of damage and many injuries.
Average Tornado. The average tornado moves from southwest to northeast, but they have been known to move in any direction. The average forward
speed is about thirty miles per hour but can vary from that to seventy before it really gets going.
Frequency Of

The U-Boat
Another major way US forces combatted the U–Boat was by utilizing advancements in technology in both World War I and World War II. During
World War I advancements in technology mainly included the use of aircraft in war. Before World War I airplanes had never been used to fight a war,
therefore when World War Ibroke out and planes were sent into battle this was new technology (Lansford). During World War I aircraft were used to
combat U–Boats in two ways, by supplementing them to convoys, and by using them to drop aerial bombs (Lansford). Aircrafts were added to
convoys for various reasons these reasons included the fact that an aircraft could see more terrain than a surface vessel and could engage quicker and
more efficiently than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the major reasons aerial bombings were so effective was due to the angle of sight aircrafts had, they could see exactly where the U–Boat was
versus the guessing surface vessels had to do to know how far away a U–Boat was. Another reason aerial bombings were so effective was due to the
fact that aircraft were quicker than surface vessels and did not have to come so close to the U–Boat and be noticed to drop their depth charges. These
aerial bombings were very effective in destroying U–Boats, they were essentially depth charges dropped from an aircraft and worked basically the
same way. These aerial bombs were not dropped on the U–Boat rather right behind or in front of it as to allow the shock wave to destroy the U–Boat
not the impact (Lansford). The utilization of aircraft was on of the major ways the US and its allies combatted the U–Boat during World War I. During
World War II technological advancements mainly included radar and sonar. Radar and Sonar were two different technologies used for the same
purpose, to detect U–Boats. Radar was invented around the beginning of World War II (Lansford), while Sonar was invented late in the first world war
(Fontenoy, "Sonar"). Sonar worked by doing two things at once, emitting sonic pulses and receiving

Tornado Research
Introduction
Predicting tornado activity can be one of the most challenging aspects of Meteorology. Tornados can form in less than 10 seconds, providing little to no
warning of the potential devastating destruction they leave behind. With advancements in technology being more aware of the formation of tornados
would appear to be a natural outcome. Research indicates, that the advancement in predicting tornados is closely related to understanding better why
early predictions are challenging.
Reasons for Predicting Tornados
Tornados create devastating destruction throughout their path and leave behind horrifying stories. Higher rated tornados tend to lead to multiple
casualties and staggering records of injuries. When a tornado descends ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
March 25th 1948 brought about the first modern day tornado prediction in Oklahoma City. Major E. J. Fawbush and Captain R.C. Miller of Tinker
Air Force base predicted that a tornado would hit the area (Gensini, 2016). This successful prediction that came from Fawbush and Miller's study of a
recent tornado on March 20, along with reviewing recent tornado research they predicted the March 25th tornado. After public outcry for local
predictions the U.S Weather Bureau removed the ban on tornado warning in 1950 (Coleman, 2011). These evolving predictions have led to the warning
systems and processes used to predict tornadic weather to prevent loss of life and potential destruction through tornado warnings. The evolution of
predictions has had an impact on the decimation of the warnings to the public. While initially warnings were announced through radio and television,
in modern days we have ma multitude of ways to get the prediction out in warning messages through news, radio, air raid sirens and social

Pearl Harbor Attack Report
The sun broke the horizon at 7:03 and brought an orange tint to the skies in eastern Hawaii. On the other side of the island, Lieutenant Commander
Ryan was asleep in his barracks along with his fellow pilots. Unaware about what was going to happen in about 52 minutes Ryan knew he had a
boat inspection scheduled at 8 a.m. on the battleship Oklahoma later that morning. Ryan scheduled his alarm for 7:20 a.m. so he could awake early
and make it to Pearl Harbor for his appointment. Meanwhile on battleship Oklahoma the sailors had opened the portholes and water tight hatches so
that the Oklahoma would air out for a fresher inspection for Lieutenant Ryan. It was now 7:32 and Lieutenant Ryan was on his way to base Pearl
Harbor for the boat inspection, while driving through the county of Honolulu Lieutenant Ryan decided to stop and grab a quick coffee from the local
diner. Meantime under 150 miles north from the coast of the Island of Oahu, the first fleet of Japanese fighter pilots would be zoning in on their target.
The Americans on base Pearl Harbor would be completely unaware of the incoming attack. It was now 7:40 and Lieutenant Ryan would just now be
arriving at the check–in gate at base Pearl Harbor. Lieutenant Ryan was greeted by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Island wide warning was deployed over the radio interrupting music calling for all military personnel to report for action. Immediately amongst the
battleships on base Pearl Harbor the men were called to their battle stations to fire upon the foreign enemies. Meanwhile the B–17 bombers would be
arriving from the north at the worst possible time they could have. As the B–17s were entering the visible airspace of Pearl Harbor they were fired
upon by friendly and enemy fire. The B–17s were sitting ducks for they had no weapons on board to protect themselves, multiple of the B–17s were
shot down in result of

The Impact Of Technology On The Allied Victory During...
How did the development of new technology aid in the allied victory during World War Two? The Second World War (WWII) was a devastating
global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, causing struggle and suffering across much of the world's nations. During this period, technological
developments increased significantly and advancements in every field of war were emerging quickly and leaving huge impressions. New inventions
and scientific principles emerged during WWII in fields such as weaponry, communications and effective defensive means that helped lead the allies
to total victory. Allied weapons technology developed at a rapid rate during WWII and was crucial in overpowering the German and associated
forces. Developments in tanks, bombs and other weapons across many allied states, contributed to their victory. New communication technology meant
that forces could crypt and encrypt secret messages and detect enemy forces from never seen before distances, making the idea of "surprise attack"
virtually impossible. Defensive technology, although not necessarily considered as a large part of the war effort, played a crucial role in protecting the
allied countries from invasion or surrender and ultimately helped defeat the axis forces. Defensive systems were implemented by the allied countries
including Chain Home and the Maginot line that helped win back control. Development of weapons technology is what primarily changed the tides of
WWII, essentially winning the war for the

Why We Need Early Warning Systems For Tornadoes
Matthew Hines
Mrs. Knoerr
ENG 103B
2 March 2016
Why We Need Early Warning Systems for Tornadoes Imagine sleeping soundly at night when a sudden roar abruptly startles one from a deep sleep. In
a drowsy state, one hears gust of wind, tree branches snapping, and a strange sucking sound from the adjacent bathroom. In a split second, a piercing
siren begins echoing against the wind, warning all in the town that a tornado has touched down. However, it's too late. Houses crumble into debris
under the fierce twisting winds of the funnel cloud. Roofs fly off and store signs become missiles as nature's fury does its worst. In the aftermath,
families search for news of neighbors and loved one. The local emergency services works frantically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a definite need for improvements in meteorology to predict where and when these super storms will occur and for development of an
accurate alert system to inform citizens to seek cover. According to Texas A&M historian, Dr. Marlene Bradford, "Benjamin Franklin realized as
early as 1753 ...the lack of communications hindered warning regions in a storm's path." (484) Later efforts by weather expert, John Park Finlay of
the Army Signal Corps, to predict tornado formation were met with skepticism. Finlay wrote a specialized set of rules for tornado predicting, which
surprisingly were 95 – 98% accurate in 1884 (Bradford, 487). However, government officials were afraid that severe storm prediction could result in
widespread public panic, and his research into predicting severe weather to prevent fatalities was squashed. No other significant research was
conducted until the 1930's. Modern tornado predicting for the past hundred years has been haphazard at best. The National Weather Service has
invested a great sum of money into research, but the results have been sporadic. Although tornado fatalities have declined by 93% from 1925 data, the
tornado warning time still does not prevent all fatalities (Brotzge and Donner, 1715). Weather patterns change rapidly during a severe weather outbreak,
but meteorologists look for common indicators of tornadic activity. Relying on Doppler radar and other weather

Project Management and Program Office
Federal Radar
On the morning of November 14, Sharon Taylor, Space Warning Network (SPAWN) Program Manager, was getting ready for a private meeting with
Paul Shaifer, President of the Federal Rader Corporation (FedRad). Mr. Shaifer had scheduled the meeting to discuss the problems that had plagued the
company's important SPAWN Program during its first year and a half. These problems, which included unauthorized design changes and Taylor's
inability to control the program's cost, schedule, and technical performance, had contributed to a cost overrun and schedule delay, estimated at 30% and
four months respectively, and a general loss of customer confidence.
The Federal Radar Corporation
Since its founding, FedRad had been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Emery and Taylor presented and discussed the new organization on many occasions during the next three weeks. Each presentation led to lengthy
arguments and terminated in disagreement.
At this point, Emery was assigned to another task. Consequently, establishing an operational SPAWN Program Office was left entirely to Taylor.
When the actual engineering work was to being, Taylor had been able to secure, for her office, only five people from the Engineering Department.
These people were responsible for technical management and program control. Greggson refused to give Taylor additional engineers. Taylor was able
to obtain from other departments one person to perform manufacturing liaison work and another to act as Subcontracts Manager. She hired two
Program Control people.
Taylor felt insecure about her organizational support as SPAWN moved into high gear. Her feeling was borne out during the next six months. By
January of this year, the SPAWN Program was two months behind schedule and a cost overrun of from 10–25% was projected. The problems leading
to the January situation are described below.
Technical Management Problems
The Program Office's technical management team consisted of George McTavish, Technical Manager, Phillip Hsu, Technical Manager, and Peter

Kolman, Systems Integration Coordinator. All three men remained on the Engineering Department payroll. McTavish

The Cuban Missile Crisis: The Day the World Became so...
How did the world become so close to full–blown nuclear war? It all started with a deep routed conflict between the United States and Soviet Union.
The U.S and the Soviet Union had different views on political and economic systems. The United States believed in Democracy, which means the
people have say in what the government does. While the Soviet Union believed in Communism which means the government controls everything and
ultimately leads to a dictatorship. After World War II the superpowers need to talk about post war goals. July, 1945 Churchill Brittan's (Prime Minister),
Truman (the President of the United States) and Stalin (the Soviet Union's Dictator) all met at what is known as the Potsdam Conference. Truman and
Churchill are determined to preserve Democratic government. After losing 20 million men and suffering widespread destruction. Stalin wanted to
punish Germany, impose Communism on his entire nation and pay reparation for war damage. He would do this by establishing satellite nations. This
meant that Germany could still be their own country, but the Soviet Union would have control over their decisions. Truman, on the other hand,
believed that they should not punish Germany's people for what Hitler had done and that Germany's industry was critical to Europe's recovery.
Paralyzing Germany would only hurt Europe as a whole. Nearly three decades later the Potsdam Conference did nothing to bridge the divide. These two
competing ideas caused tremendous conflict

Battle Of Britain Research Paper
1.What was the Battle of Britain? In what ways was this first air battle in history significant?
The Battle of Britain was the first major war campaign consisting of air forces. The forces of Germany had quickly and decisively defeated numerous
countries throughout Europe and were now poised to invade, and ultimately Britain. The last major obstacle to Hitler's plan was the Royal Air Force
(RAF) and the British military in general.
June of 1940, Western Europe was controlled and occupied by Nazi forces. The rapid advance through France had forced the British forces in France
to withdraw. Reichsmarschall Hermann GГ¶ring was the Commander of the Luftwaffe (German Air Forces) and believed that Britain could be
isolated, bombarded, and defeated by air power alone. "On 1 July, three Luftflotten (air fleets) were deployed from Norway to the Cherbourg peninsula
in northern France with a strength of 2,186 serviceable aircraft including 898 bombers, 708 single–engined fighters, and 202 twin–engined fighters."
(Webb, http://www.battleofbritain1940.com/overview)
Air Marshal Hugh Dowding was assigned the task of defending the mainland of Britain against the German air offensive. "On the eve of the Battle,
Fighter Command had a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"However, the German raids were decisively defeated with 61 German aircraft destroyed for the loss of 31 RAF fighters. To the dismay of German
airmen, it was clear that Fighter Command was not on the brink of defeat and the Luftwaffe could not win air superiority. Two days later, Hitler
postponed invasion preparations indefinitely. Although daylight air battles would continue into October, the Luftwaffe switched its main effort to
night attacks in order to reduce further losses." (Webb,

World War 3 1983 :
World War 3 1983
Written by Mikhyl Patel
This report will cover how the world as we know it almost ended in 1983 and was saved by one man, Stanislav Petrov. It will also cover whether or
not the decision he made, no matter what the outcome, was the right one to make.
1 Introduction
Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov, once lieutenant colonel of the Soviet Air Defence Forces. On September 26, 1983, he was the duty officer at the
command center for the Oko nuclear early–warning system. This was a tense period for Russia and the US since it was during the second cold war and
when there was heated tension between both countries.
2 The case
Stanislav's job was to register any missile strikes and to report them to the Soviet military and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
September 1983, a few weeks before the missile warnings, a civilian Korean air lines flight 007 with 269 passengers was shot down by a Soviet
interceptor aircraft. This was including Larry McDonald, a US congressman.
October 1983, The US forces invade the Caribbean island of Grenada in an attempt to overthrow the Marxist military government, expel Cuban troops
and more relevantly, abort the construction of a Soviet funded airstrip.
All of these events added to the friction between the US and Soviet Union even though it was during the end of the cold wars and many agreements
had been made between the two countries.
2.2 The Incident

Stanislav Petrov was the officer on duty at the Serpukhov–15 bunker near Moscow which housed the command center of the Soviet early warning
satellites also known as Oko. His responsibilities included observing the early warning network and notifying his superiors of any impending nuclear
missile attack against the Soviet Union.
Shortly after midnight, the bunkers computers reported that one intercontinental ballistic missile was heading toward the Soviet Union from the US.
Petrov considered the detection of the missile a computer error, since a nuclear attack by the US would most likely involve hundreds of missile
launches, disabling the Soviet's means of a counterattack. He dismissed the warning as a false alarm. Petrov decided not to inform his superiors of the
alarm at the time.
Later, the computers identified

Air Defense Artillery
Air defense artillery is our first and final line of defense against aerial attack. Since World War I. Before air defense was established men and
women faced an airborne threat in a technology driven ever changing world. This forced progression of military power brought a then need for air
defense artillery, which will come to be its own branch in later years. The need for our branch to combat a constant threat is met by American soldiers
that have been trained proficiently in their duties. This branch has evolved to face every problem that has risen up to cause harm. Ranging from
propelled projectiles like mortars to fast movers. Air defense has answered with swift and deadly solutions. Evolving with our enemy's motives, going
from the 75–90mm... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bliss Texas. Coming into 1950 The new concerns of air defense was no longer about establishing a strong anti–aircraft artillery presence but combating
new technologies such as jet propelled aircraft. Due to the new mission set before air defense light AA battalions were sent to army divisions following
the Army's movements with AAA. They were tasked to help maneuvering forces extinguish enemy ground units in the KoreanWar. Moving into the
Vietnam War air defense played dual roles, one as excellent ground soldiers and the other as Duster or Quad 50. operators firing millions of rounds
during the course of the war. As anti–aircraft artillery continuously grew, the Army decided to separate them from the field artillery branch. Naming air
defense artillery as their own branch on July

Pearl Harbor Reaction Paper
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was the single–most important event of the century and there are many lessons learned from this event that can be
applied to modern day military principles. Complacency on the part of the United States Government and senior military officials played a key role in
this attack being successful. No one ever thought the Japanese, or any other nation for that matter, would directly attack the United States. Had the
intelligence officials at the time utilized the high impact, low probability critical thinking model to identify those high payoff targets, then maybe the
attack could have been prevented. In terms of technology, the United States had a distinct advantage at the time, especially since the Japanese
communications code was not only broken, but remained unchanged for a significant amount of time. There were plenty of indicators that were
collected by United States intelligence activities and by Washington; however, most of the critical information collected was never appropriately passed
to the people that needed it most, the commanders in the field. And finally, when the commanders in the field were weary of an impending attack, their
request for additional men, weapons, and equipment went unanswered despite Washington having enough information to substantiate the concern.
Misuse of Intelligence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the United States learned that the Japanese were planning for some kind of attack, reconnaissance efforts in the Pacific should have been the
priority of effort. With the amount of reconnaissance aircraft and water craft that were housed in Pearl Harbor, this should have been an easy task.
Additionally, there were two United States aircraft carriers in the Northern Pacific in vicinity of Midway Island. Had those aircraft carriers been
performing regular reconnaissance flights, they may have been able to spot the Japanese Imperial Navy on their course for Pearl

Battle Of Britain Research Paper
Many can argue that the Battle of Britain could have been won by both sides of the war. Although ultimately the British had the advantage. A few
reasons for their victory was their use of radar, and their strategies. There were over a hundred Canadian pilots that fought, and although the RAF only
recognizes 83 it is believed that the 23 that died were killed later on in the war. The Battle of Britain was fought in the skies of Britain and over the
English channel. The Germans had many disadvantages such as having to fly overseas to attack the British flight. The battle began in July 1940 when
Hitler announced that they were attacking Britain on an operation called "Operation Sealion". This was supposed to be a battle of the seas. Although to
make this easier ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the RAF, pilots were urgently needed and the courses were short. Many lasting only about two days with 10 hours of flying experience. The radar
system the British used was invented by Robert Watson–Watt, and was virtually invaluable to the men who fought in the Battle of Britain. The radar
allowed Britain to track incoming German warplanes and gave the Fighter Command, (led by Sir Hugh Dowding) sufficient time to get airborne and
attack them. The radar systems were set up along the South East part of England. They were dubbed the eyes of the RAF. The pilots of the Fighter
Command needed to be in the air as soon as possible in an effort to stop the Luftwaffe (German air force) from capturing London. The radar gave them
about 20 minutes in time to

WWII and the Road to Midway Essay
World War Two came to America on December 7th, 1941. The focus on America's involvement in the war generally focuses on the European front.
What must be remembered is the time and sacrifices made in the Pacific theatre. America's entry into the war on the Pacific was not an immediate
success. It took American forces until the summer of 1942 at the Battle of Midway to become properly prepared for the war. The American military
learned much from their losses – both through the strengths of the Japanese forces and America's own faults. After these losses were realized, changes
were made within the military. These improvements allowed the American forces to turn the war back and begin to have successes in the Pacific. Pearl
Harbour... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another aspect of the Japanese success was powerful and effective tactics. Tactics include the training of the Japanese soldiers and their objectives in
battle. Japanese soldiers were trained to die honourable – to fight to the death and never be taken prisoner3. Training the soldiers to fight this way was
not only traditionally Japanese, but it inspired them to continue fighting beyond what would be seen as a reasonable time. This sincere dedication to
defending their people and Emperor (the cause of this training) allowed the Japanese soldiers to be effective killers even when faced with undeniable
defeat4. Beyond their training, the Japanese had other advantages in their battle objectives. The use of radar was essential to the Americans, and so the
Japanese were often ordered to target the radar stations on islands before beginning full assaults5. Targeting the radar stations prevented the Americans
from properly estimating the Japanese forces or from knowing where they were headed. The final tactical advantage the Japanese had was that their air
force consisted of small experienced squads – especially for important missions6. Having been involved in a number of minor wars in east Asia in the
1930s, Japanese forces were far more experienced; this lead to a much greater effectiveness than the inexperienced Americans. Technologically, Japan
was also ahead of America at the outset of the war. This, partially, is due to experience and having been

The Bombing Of Pearl Harbor Essay
The past 120 years have brought many changes, as well as surprises, to the United States of America. There have been inventions such as the
automobile, the airplane, the television and even travel in space. There have been changes like the World Wars, Prohibition, the Great Depression and
the cold war. Through the years, the American people have encountered joy, peace, and tragedy. One of the greatest tragedies experienced by
Americans occurred on Sunday, December 7, 1941, the bombing of Pearl Harbor Naval Base. One could consider this incident the first act of
terrorism against America. The day was significant because of its impact on history. The attack and defeat of theUnited States at Pearl Harbor forced
America into World War II.
Surrounded by land on the southern coast of Oahu, near Honolulu, in the Hawaiian Islands lies the port of Pearl Harbor. At the time of the attack,
Hawaii was not a state. However, the United States claimed it as a territory. The U.S. Navy established a base at Pearl Harbor to house the Pacific
Fleet, and to train men for war. In the early 1940's the base became a supply post for Great Britain in the fight against the Nazi Germany attacks. In
1940, World War II was well under way with Great Britain, France, the USSR, China, Greece and other Allies against the Axis Powers when the
Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. Until this point, the United States' stance had remained noncommittal about the war.
In July 1940, the U.S. placed an embargo on Japan,

World War 1 Essay
In today's digital age, development of new technology and weapons are at an alarming rate, hence arises the need to stay ahead of advancements in
order to properly defend the nation, as well as coalition forces and allies. In this period of warfare, the number one threat comes in the form of air
breathing and ballistic missiles. During World War II, this threat was present, but was not thought to be prevalent. FollowingWorld War I, and into the
beginning of World War II, theUnited States of America was still recuperating from the first war, and therefore did not engage. The focus was
reestablishing the military in the form of personnel and equipment. It was becoming evident that the forward shift in technology was forcing ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, the officer on duty ignored the warning. Had he not, the attack on Pearl Harbor could have been less severe, if not countered
completely. In addition, the task of almost the entirety of the air defense of Pearl Harbor fell upon the United States Navy and the United States Air
Corp, despite the 16th Coast Artillery Regiment having eighty–two 3–inch anti–aircraft guns, twenty 37 mm anti–aircraft guns, and one hundred and
nine .50 caliber anti–aircraft machine guns. The Army Air Corp's P–36 and P–40 pursuit planes were the main deterrent to enemy aircraft,
unfortunately, this was the target of the Japanese Naval Fleet (Anti–aircraft). At the end of the attack, only a few P–36's were able to escape the barrage
of bullets and bombs, and managed to destroy ten of the Japanese Zero's, while the 16th Coast Artillery Regiment brought down six. Ironically, four
years prior, in June of 1937, the United States War Department began drafting a plan to increase the continental anti–aircraft artillery due to rising
tensions with Japan, yet was not approved until late 1940. The plan called for increasing the number of 3–inch guns from 135 to 472, as well as
increasing the number of regiments to 80, which would account for roughly 4,000,000 service men, solely for the defense of the continental United
States. The Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson, approved the project for Pearl Harbor, which would increase

National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration
Since the beginning of time there have been countless weather disasters, which include hurricanes, floods and tornadoes. Comparable to other natural
disasters, there is a great deal of severe damage to properties, businesses and unfortunately loss of life. There were a total of 422 tornadoes throughout
the country in 1953. Texas has endured a multitude of disastrous storms; however, on May 11, 1953 there was a particular storm that forever
transformed a city called Waco, Texas known as 1953 WacoTornado.
In 1953, the Waco tornado was part of a tornado outbreak sequence with a series of at least 33 tornadoes occurring in 10 different U.S. between May
9–11, 1953. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) a research meteorologist from Texas A&M University picked
up an isolated comma–shaped echo on his radar screen about an hour before the tornado struck Waco, Texas. The researcher was unfamiliar with the
severity of the echo. (Slattery, Patrick 1) This would soon be proven fatal; as a result of this a few minutes before the strike the screen displayed
five echoes and the number one deadliest tornado in Texas since the 1900 began. Surprisingly, the morning of May 11, 1953 started out like any
other day, residents recalled it to be warm and muggy as usual. There was a high temperature 80 degrees and a low temperature of 63 degrees. The
dew point was 68 degrees Fahrenheit with an average wind speed of 8 miles per hour. (Weather Underground 1) The

Natural Disaster In Bangladesh
1.Introduction
The number of natural disaster is increasing over the years and its impact to the economy and environment has increased remarkably. Flood disaster is
a major threat to the environment and is responsible for the economic loss worldwide. Flood frequency, magnitude, extent and cost is accelerating
quickly all over the world (Adjei–darko, 2017). A single major flood event can affect several countries simultaneously and can pressure on risk
reduction and transfer (Jongman et al., 2014). According to the outcome of Aqueduct Global Flood Risk Analyzer launched by the US–based World
Resource Institute (WRI), flooding affects 21 million people annually and it could rise to 54 million by 2030 and the GDP loss is 96 billion $ in
each year and it could be 521 billion $ by 2030 (Dutch water sector, 2005). Different sectors of Bangladesh also suffer a huge amount of loss due to
regular flood inundation that impacts on countries' budget through the disruption of economic activity (Hussain & Shan, 2010; JГјssi, 2015). In
Bangladesh, about 3.5 million people are annually affected by the flood and it can rise to 9.8 million per year by 2030. Annual GDP loss is 5.5 billion
$ and by 2030 it can rise 45.8 billion $ (WRI, 2017). Economic disruption may rise more than 1 trillion $ annually and flood frequency may be double
because of adverse climate and socio–economic development by 2050 (Jongman et al., 2014). More than 8 million people affected by flood in 2017
which caused death

Characteristics Of Early Warning Of Equipment Chain Gas...
3.1. Characteristics of early warning of equipment chain in gas pipeline
3.1.1 Characteristics of early warning problem
(1) Time sequence
Early–warning is the process that warning system addresses alarm information to managers in time before emergency [15, 16]. It is indistinguishable
and unexplainable to deal with early warning signals and complex questions for most methods. Not only does accidents evolvement rely on current
condition, but also on regular historical changes in conditions, because accidents develop in chronological order.
(2) Uncertainty
The monitoring ability is limited due to the limited number of monitoring points on site, which the accident phenomenon cannot be detected directly
but only express fault message by means of an indirect way. Therefore, the same accident phenomenon may correspond to a number of different implied
reasons, resulting in failure to judge the inherent cause of problem directly. It is the uncertainty problem in early–warning system.
(3) Hierarchy
Hierarchy is a vital characteristic of early–warning problem in industrial system. The status of entire system is reflected on all low–level status. In
early–warning system, it can be divided into multi–levels from low to high, such as monitoring status, equipment status, functional status of subsystem
and system status. In natural gas pipeline system, managers learn what happened on equipment chain by status of monitoring points as essential data,
covering production status and operating

5-52 Air Defense Case Study
Fort Bliss, Texas, 2003 5–52 Air Defense Battalion prepared to depart for their one year tour to Iraq. 5–52's main objective to support the initial
invasion of Iraq by providing protection to the invading U.S. ground forces from airborne threats. The Patriot Air Defense System is seen as the
perfect weapon system for the job and 5–52 as the best battalion to man it. 5–52 arrives in Iraq in March, 19, 2003 with five Patriot battery's, they were
quickly split into two separate teams, Alpha, Bravo, and Echo Battery are tasked to provide forward coverage force that would move with the allied
ground forces. Charlie and Delta are attached to the 32nd AAMDC and is to remain in Kuwait to defend the city and all military assets in the area.
While forward deployed the soldiers experienced major challenges with the equipment and its internal systems. Their radar system which was
considered the best short range ballistic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Echo proceeds forward steadily assuring that air coverage was provided at all times. On April 02, 2003 Echo provided air coverage while waiting for
the other Air Defense Battery's to relocate to a different area. Suddenly Echo experiences an enemy track on their radar screen with its target being the
battery itself, Echo attempted to communicate with the enemy to verify, nevertheless communications failed. With no other options available Echo
Battery fired two missiles and shot down the target. As Echo had fired Alpha Battery had time to further analyze the target, they had determined that it
was in fact a friendly Navy F–18 which had just returned from a bombing run in Baghdad. The F–18's Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) transponder
codes had not been updated which caused a fail in communication between both

Military Communication System Essay
Military Communication System
Narsi Choudhary ,15116035
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Roorkee, INDIA narsijat1220@gmail.com Abstract–This document presents information about the different types of communication systems used in
a military for locating enemy's weapons, tracking their fire and destroy it in Air, keeping eyes on enemy's movements, messaging to each other etc. In
earlier decades' communication were delivered by soldiers on foot. Later on revolution comes in military communications system and the technology
developed. RADARs are developed and used in different areas of military purposes. In India many radars and satellites are developed by DRDO and
some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RADAR relies on its own transmission rather than light from other sources like sun, moon or EM wave emitted by object themselves. This process of
directing radio waves toward an object is known as illumination.
Fig. 1.RADAR transmits and receives signal on a single antenna
III.CLASSIFICATION OF MILITARY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A.Weapon Locating Radar(WLR)
Weapon Locating Radars are generally used for detecting and locating enemies Artillery units by tracking the trajectory of incoming shells and
rounds. These Radars can also provide fire correction to the friendly artillery units. Weapon locating radar is also able to track unguided missiles and
mortar shells fired by enemy. The concept behind this radar is to estimate the distance of shell by calculating time difference and angular resolution
between two consecutive waves received. Some Indian weapon locating radar are–
'Swathi' Weapon Locating Radar– this radar is a mobile artillery locating phased array radar. This is designed to detect and track incoming rocket and
artillery fire to determine point of counter firing weapon. And in secondary role it can also track the fall of shot fired from friendly guns. This is an
array radar so the antenna does not move while in operation. This radar has capability to scan a +/– 45Вє range of azimuths for

I Love Kanye's Tweets Analysis
Kim Kardashian tries to set the record straight on her views of Kanye West and his furious flow of tweets. According to People, Kim posted a special
message on her website blog, KimKardashianWest.com, titled, "Currently" where she spelled out her feelings for Kanye.
Kim wrote for all her subscribers, "Loving my husband. Hating that people don't get that Kanye will stand up against the whole world for his creativity
and art. Listening to "I Love Kanye," Wearing Yeezy Season 3 samples I took from the show. Wanting everyone to be as honest as Kanye. Watching
Kanye shoot his new video" and finally, "Reading Kanye's tweets."
Kim Kardashian West told her readers that she will always love Kanye no matter what he does, how he acts, what he tweets... Show more content on
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It was reported that Kim thought Kanye's rants were so bad, that she was urging him to seek therapy.
Even Kris Jenner has her doubts about Kanye and she thinks he is ruining the Kardashian/Jenner brand name. In fact, Kris is so mad at Kanye that she
is about to kick him and his family out of her home, according to Radar Online.
A source told Radar Online what Kris thought about Kanye fashion show, "Kris was horrified at the amount of money he was going through and she
saw this coming a mile away. She discussed it with Kim and was pleased that she felt the same."
Kim said in her website post that she was wearing clothes she got from the Yeesy Season 3 fashion show, but according to the source, Kim "absolutely
hates his clothes. It's gotten slightly better and more feminine, but she still would never wear his clothes given a choice."
Earlier in the month, Kanye tweeted that he was $53 million in debt and he was asking Mark Zuckerberg for $1 Billion to invest in Kanye West
ideas. So perhaps he is in debt because of his fashion show career, although he did sell his $11 million house for $18

Narrowly Missed Apocalypses Essay
Useless Factlets 229: Narrowly Missed Apocalypses
North Korea has been acting pretty crazy lately, which I think has some people a little anxious. It's been since the fall of the Soviet Union that there
was this much nuclear nervousness, which makes it a great time to clue you all in to just how close we've come to total annihilation.
The Cold War was a pretty insane time. I remember some of it from my childhood in the 80s––the Soviets were pretty much the "boogie–man" from
the 1950s–1990s. Go watch some 80s era Twilight Zone–Nuclear holocausts and Soviet attacks where plot points for many episodes. And the fear was
well–founded: the USA and USSR had developed the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (I'll link to UF 75 in the ... Show more content on
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"LET'S GO!" 'But the POTUS isn't on board!' "WELL THERE'S NO TIME TO WAIT FOR HIM!"
Before anything truly insane happened, it was discovered that someone inserted the "attack simulation" tape in the computer by mistake. "I thought it
was my Three's Company tape! Real sorry, guys!"
If that wasn't a close enough call, again in 1983, the systems all go bonkers, indicating hundreds of incoming missiles. Then indicating 2 missiles. Then
0. Then 250. "Hey, Jim–what's your warning count on inbound missiles? 8? Mine says 98. WTH?"
This time, it was a burned–out computer chip that caused the glitch. As was the case in the '79 scare, cooler heads prevailed by checking the raw data
from our defense satellites, which showed no missiles.
But none of this is nearly as terrifying as when the Soviet systems glitched out.
The Soviet ICBM warning system came later than our own and was different in a way they thought would prevent false alarms. We had DTS satellites
that scanned the whole planet's surface for launches. The Soviet system focused on just the mainland US's launch sites. Their satellite scanned the edge
of earth's atmosphere, where a missile would easily show up against the vast, empty blackness of space. This would reduce natural phenomena being
mistaken for launches. Pretty fresh thinking–and to keep the planet safe as possible. Except their system was buggier than ours.
Tensions were running higher than normal. On September 1st, 1983, the

Pearl Harbor Battle Analysis Paper
Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl Harbor was one of the most tragic events in the history of the United States. The Japanese used the element of surprise to win a
decisive victory in the battle. Using critical reasoning and battle analysis, we can identify the shortcomings that led to this loss. One such shortcoming
was the misuse of the SCR–270 Radar. This paper will fashion an alternate future through this system's proper employment accounting for its battlefield
effect. This paper will also analyze the second and third order effects this alternate future would have on history. By conducting critical reasoning and
battle analysis, we may be able to see future weaknesses and better manage our intelligence processes.
December 7, 1941 was a tipping point in US history. On this day, the Japanese Navy attacked the US Navy's Pacific Fleet atPearl Harbor on the
Hawaiian island of Oahu. US forces suffered great losses during this attack. A total of 2,400 Soldiers and Sailors lost their lives, while an additional
1,200 sustained injuries. The attack also claimed three hundred and twenty–six planes and eight of the Navy's Battle Ships (Davenport, 2008).
Fortunately, the US Pacific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this time, the majority of US citizens favored an isolationist approach to the war, allowing the economy to grow without committing to either
side. This fear stemmed from losses during WWI and people were apprehensive about entering into another world war. Had losses at Pearl Harbor
been less substantial, the US populace would not have provided support to the war effort. This delay in US involvement would cause Europe, as a
whole, to fall. The global impact of these implications would cost millions of lives in the end. While this was "a short–term tactical victory for Japan,
the attack on Pearl Harbor turned into a long–term strategic defeat" (Clayton 2009, p.

The Pros And Cons Of Tornadoes
Tornadoes make full use of the element of surprise. They seemingly form out of nowhere, varying greatly in size, strength, agility and speed,
unpredictably destroying some or all of life's most prized possessions, including the most precious of all – life. Leaving in their wake only remnants of
physical memories carelessly scattered about. Living in "Tornado Alley" or any other tornado prone region is at times a leap of faith which only
Mother Nature controls, yet societally this is an excepted risk. We have many advantages over our predecessors; statistic and evidence based weather
forecasting improvements, radar, satellite imaging, warning and alert systems of various kinds, field Storm Spotters and Chasers documenting these
magnificent wonders. However, we still professedly fail to convincingly communicate the dangers of these destructive beasts. ... Show more content on
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Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s the usage of the word "tornado" in forecasts was prohibited by the Weather Bureau because it was "felt
that mention of the word tornado provoked undue fear amongst the public" (Corfidi, 2010). While the ban was lifted eventually lifted, little research
progress had been made until 1948 when two US Air Force weather officers successfully predicted a tornado in Oklahoma (2010). The prediction of
this event is what led to the establishment of the US Air Force's Severe Weather Warning Center and developed into what we know today as the
Storm Prediction Center (SPC) in Norman, Oklahoma (2010). Officially, 1948 was the beginning of tornado forecasting in the United States, and if
we look at it from a prediction accuracy perspective it is still very much in its

The First Airborne Jamming Test
These developments in radar prompted experiments to find whether or not ITS transmission could be denied or defeated. The first airborne jamming
test took place in London and involved a continuous wave transmitter. Following this test, anti–jamming systems were attached to the direction finding
systems which then evolved into the Chain Home radar system along the eastern coast of the U.K. These anti–jamming systems were the first examples
of electronic counter counter–measures which is now a sub–category of electronic warfare called electronic protection. (price 9–10). The United States
conducted similar experiments and prior to entering the Second World War, the United States Navy possessed radar, high frequency direction finding
systems and anti–jamming devices.
Throughout the year of 1940, the Germans and the British conducted a series of back and forth electronic attacks and counterattacks AFFECTING the
German's ability to bomb Britain during the night with low visibility. The German's employed various radio–technologies to acquire night–bombing
capabilities where they could intersect two transmitted radio–waves that followed the correct flight path in order to ensure the German pilots could
maintain a continuous course. The German's even used the British's own Chain Home defense as reference points during this evolution. The UK would
continually modify their systems and employ electronic warfare tactics to jam the German's beams.
The British continued to modify

Argumentative Essay On Pearl Harbor
December 7th, 1941, was the day 2,403 Americans lost their lives and 1,200 wounded during the Japanese air raid, on Pearl Harbor. On this day, the
US Navy lost almost the entire Pacific Fleet in the harbor. After the attack, all the ships were either sunk or severally damaged minus the aircraft
carriers. The aircraft carriers luckily were still at sea. The total number of military personnel killed was 2,335, including 2,008 navy personnel, 109
marines, and 218 army. Added to this were 68 civilians, making the total 2403 people dead. 1,177 men alone were from the USS Arizona.
The attack on Pearl Harbor is something that is taught in grade school history. However, if it is being taught correctly that's a different story. As a
child, we believe everything that the teacher taught us even if it was a lie. The story of Pearl Harbor is a horrific event that has been revealing more
information throughout the years. What was taught in school was Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack by the Japanese. That the Japanese managed to
fly into US Airspace and destroy our ships and planes for no reason. As we research more about this particular topic, we discover that theUnited States
was doing a really good job keeping secrets. For example, the Japanese has a reason to attack the US.
The United States along with our allies Britain and Dutch, provoked the Japanese to attack. In 1937 Japan declared war on China which
aggravated the US. The US and its Allies formed a plan and cut off the oil supply for the Japanese military. No oil, meant no fuel for the war. By
the US making the strategic plan to cut of the oil supply, left the Japanese finding oil elsewhere. So, they planned to invade into the Philippines and
the Malaya territories. By moving into these locations with the hopes of finding a steady source of natural resources such as oil and rubber. In order
to do so, the Japanese empire had to cripple the US military base that was 5,276 miles way. After months of planning, the Japanese Empire put their
attack in motion. After many different red flag scenarios, the Japanese Bombers still managed to get the upper hand on us. With all of the red flags
that's presented hours, days, weeks before the attack why was the Pacific not

1953 Waco Tornado
Since the beginning of time there have been countless weather disasters, which include hurricanes, floods and tornadoes. Comparable to other natural
disasters, there is a great deal of severe damage to properties, businesses and unfortunately loss of life. There were a total of 422 tornadoes throughout
the country in 1953. Texas has endured a multitude of disastrous storms; however on May 11, 1953 there was a particular storm that forever
transformed a city called Waco, Texas known as 1953 WacoTornado.
In 1953, the Waco tornado was part of a tornado outbreak sequence with a series of at least 33 tornadoes occurring in 10 different U.S. between May
9–11, 1953. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) a research... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By disproving an Indian myth, this extensive F5 twister confirmed that a tornado can strike anywhere at any time. Ultimately, the twister caused
an estimated loss of $41 million by destroying over 600 businesses, 850 homes and 2,000 cars (Sawyer Amanda 1); that is about $363 million
dollars in 2016 dollars. Being prepared for a natural disaster such as this, could possibly have led to fewer casualties. If the community of Waco
wouldn't have ignored the warning signs I'm certain more lives would have been saved. When tragedy struck, the city of Waco came together and
supported each other during this disastrous time, which showed courage. There were many heroic people on that fateful day, and there also many
who lost their lives. Many people believe the tornado was the cause of the way Waco's downtown area is today, because it never totally recovered.
Although, this was a horrific natural disaster, something valuable came out of it. The Waco Tornado of 1953 was a major turning point on how we
view and track tornados today. Fortunately, with the use of technology, we are able to track tornadoes. Meteorologist identifies and understands the
basic ingredients to be able to forecast a tornado. In today's modern world we are fortunate to actually have a plan on what should be done before and
during a tornado. To able to have warning signs and an action plan

How Did The United States Prevent The Cold War?
The Cold War was an international political conflict that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. Between the
years of 1948 and 1991 the Cold War dominated International Affairs. At many times, it took precedence over affairs such as the
Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Hungary, and the Berlin Wall. Although theUnited States and the Soviet Union fought as allies during World War II,
postwar there was tension and distrust.
After expansionism in Eastern Europe the United States feared the spread of Communism and
Russian control over the world. To prevent the spread of Communism, the United States joined forces with its European allies and formed NATO. The
world stood at high alert because of the threat of imminent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second generation Nike weapon, the Nike Hercules, unlike its predecessor, could be armed with Nuclear weapons or high yield explosives and
its firing range was increased from twentyfive miles to seventyfive miles. A huge part of the United States air defense strategy depended on early
warning of an attack. The strategy was to deploy intercepting aircraft to foil aggressors far in advance of them reaching intended US targets. Radars
were strategically placed in Canada, Greenland and Alaska. Aircraft
Control and Warning was the firstCold War radar system. An Alaskan radar network was built known as the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line, which
extended across the northern border of
Alaska and Canada. In conjunction with the relaying capability of the communication systems, which allowed information to be sent to military control
centers around the state and to the North
Regional Air Defense headquarters. In closing, during the Cold War the Air Defense program had the skies highly protected. Radars were in place to
detect early warning signals, there were also Airman strategically placed to intercept an aerial attack and we had the Nike weapon as our last line of

Essay about The Cuban Missile Crisis
When President John F. Kennedy failed with the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961, the United States started placing fifteen Jupiter
intermediate–range ballistic missiles (IRBM) near Izmir, Turkey. Even though President Kennedy said that these missiles might have "questionable
strategic value" the Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, made America aware of his anger and distain regarding Kennedy's decision. Khrushchev
believed that these missiles were not only an offense to him, but to his country as well. However, the United States also possessed nuclear submarines
which posed an even greater threat than the IRBM's. The Soviet Union came to realize that they were extremely outmatched in the area of nuclear
weapons and the decision by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The EX–COMM committee was unaware of Khrushchev's intentions if an invasion were to take place. Kennedy was, however, determined to
take such drastic measures this early on in the conflict and talk of a blockade was in the air. No matter what the United States would do, officials
believed that retaliation from the Soviets was inevitable. However, anything other than the use of nuclear weapons was deemed as a smart decision
at the time. The decision to invade Cuba was finally "thrown out", leaving only two decisions left. An air raid on Cuba could be used which would
kill many people and possibly risk nuclear missile launch. The other decision was for a blockade or quarantine to be set up around Cuba to keep
incoming missiles and supplies from reaching the coast. A "quarantine" of Cuba would be carried out and seemed to be the best possible choice, under
the circumstances. The decision made by President Kennedy, saved America from nuclear war that day. If the United States had invaded Cuba then the
Soviet Union would have a launched an attack, which in turn would have caused America to launch their missiles at Cuba and the Soviet Union. This
ultimately would have led to global nuclear warfare and the loss of life would have been substantial. The significance of the decision not to invade Cuba
was a life saving one but, other issues during the short thirteen day timeframe would

Was Roosevelt responsible for Pearl Harbour
Was President Franklin D Roosevelt responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbour?
On December 7, 1941 the infamous bombing of Pearl Harbour by the Japanese took place, but who was really responsible? Many historians lay the
blame with President Franklin D Roosevelt (FDR), citing his approach to the war as antagonistic and inciting a Japanese attack. This report however
will highlight that the Japanese were the real antagonises, deliberately and purposely attacking the United States (US), United Kingdom and Holland,
and Pearl Harbour was but a pawn in their war plan, thus alleviating FDR of the historical responsibility bequeathed to him over the last 70 years. The
key elements within this review focus on Japan's Pacific War plans, FDR's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They had also issued radar equipment able to detect planes up to 100 miles away, in darkness, storm or daylight and advised that war was imminent
and reconnaissance should be undertaken. They had no idea the war had already begun and in 11 days time America would be on the forefront of a
Japanese attack.
The notice for an attack would come via an intercepted transmission on December 6 to the Japanese Ambassador detailing a secretive 14 part
message due to be transmitted and when advised, given to the American authorities. 13 parts were received and deciphered before midnight on
December 6. Those 13 parts contained a history from Japan's perspective on what had happened in the war thus far and how they felt about it. Part
14, the most important part, was received by the decoders at 4am on December 7. By 10am they had deciphered and sent it to President Roosevelt.
At 10.30am an addition to the message was received. It detailed that the message was to be handed over by the Ambassador at 1pm that afternoon.
This also happened to be the time for the first attack however no location was given. Henry L Stimson the Former Secretary of War as recorded in
What Happened at Pearl Harbour states the following regarding the MAGIC code:
"In very exceptional cases, they made no mention of their plans or movements to any of their embassies, so that, in these instances, there were no
codes to decipher. The attack on Pearl Harbour was such a case" (Ford,

Battle Of Great Britain Essay
"War is horrible, but slavery is worse, and you may be sure that the British people would rather go down fighting than live in servitude."вЃ· By July
10th, 1940, Germany had overrun Europe using Blitzkrieg method and then declared war on Great Britain. This war was the first military campaign in
history to be fought entirely in the air. Conquering all the odds, the Royal Air Force stood alone and defeated the German Luftwaffe. Even when facing
certain defeat, Britain prevailed. The leadership of Great Britain, radar, and the Royal Air Force without a doubt were the three most crucial reasons
into why Britain prevailed.
The leadership of Great Britain played an important role to Britain's success during the Battle of Britain. Winston Churchill and Lord Beaverbrook were
two of the most important people to thank when it comes to Great Britain's success. Winston Churchill had a defiant attitude and stirring speeches that
inspired the nation at a time when many people thought britain faced certain defeat.В№ Almost a month before the ... Show more content on
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Radar played a big role in the Dowding system as well. It allowed the RAF to respond as fast as possible to the incoming german attacks and use the
resources of pilots and aircrafts to their full potential. Radar also gave the Royal Air Force early warning signs on German attacks or raids. It gave the
fighters valuable time to prepare for German attacks and made sure they were not caught alone and defenceless. Another benefit of the radar was that
the RAF had more than fifty radars stations in the south of Britain under their possession, which gave them an edge over Germany throughout the
battle. Overall, radar was very effective and it helped Great Britain have an edge over Germany throughout the entire

Examples Of Oklahoma Tornadoes And Their Destructive Ways
Oklahoma Tornadoes and Their Destructive Ways What makes tornadoes and their destruction interesting to people? Is it the variety in formations, the
miles one can travel, the random paths it takes, the changes tornadoes can make on climate and the formation of the land or is it because tornadoes
often leave behind a path of destruction and deaths? In this paper, I will discuss what tornadoes are and how they form, what different forms of
tornadoes there are, what tornado watches and warning are and give examples of tornadoes in Oklahoma and what destruction they caused, also while
providing information about the Doppler radar. The questions often asked is; what are tornadoes and how do they form? Tornadoes are "violent
windstorms that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When tornadoes do form; such places as the National Weather Service (2014) classify tornadoes into three categories. These categories are weak,
strong, and violent. "
Gave the knowledge of what to look for, this can help save lives and keep loved ones safe but what if someone is unsure of what to look for; well the
news channels do provide tornado watches and warnings.
A tornado watch when issued is just a reminder that the weather does have the potential to produce a tornado and that caution should be used when
traveling and doing outdoor activities. However, when a tornado warning is issued this is a warning to take cover in a cellar, basement or other
safe places; away from windows and other places where one may be harmed. With the basic knowledge of what watches and warning are; what
helped to even start all of this? For the residents are of Oklahoma, it was our very own Gary England from Seiling, Oklahoma that helped keep the
lives of Oklahomans safe for decades. Sam Anderson (2013) wrote "early in his career Gary England was notorious for issuing tornado warnings
before the national weather service did so, with new technology formed; England persuaded News 9 to invest in a Doppler radar" but what is the
Doppler radar? The Doppler radar is a machine that emits energy and if this energy comes into contact with an object, it will cause the energy to
scatter. The reflected signal then is picked up by the radar during the listening period.

Tornado Forecasts
Currently, the development of spotter networks and conversion radar are use for identification of tornadoes (Coleman et al. 2011). In developed
countries, the use of weather radars have become the primary method for the identification of tornadoes. The Doppler weather radar is used in the
United States, this system takes measurements of velocity and the radial direction of the storm (Coleman et al. 2011). New technology development has
lead to forecasts of tornadoes before they have made contact with the ground.
Currently the average tornado warning lead time is 13 minutes (Brotzge & Erickson, 2009). Tornado forecasts are still unreliable, most warnings are
not broadcasted when the tornado is forming or has formed (Brotzge & Erickson, 2009). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2008, 3 out of every 4 tornado warnings that were issued were false alarms (Brotzge et al. 2011). False alarm ratios are highest during non–peak
storm periods and lowest during storm times and days. In a 24–hour period they are highest overnight and morning hours and lowest in the late
afternoon (Brotzge et al. 2011). Seasonally they are highest December–February and late summer, August and lowest all the other months (Brotzge et
al. 2011). Tornado information has increased since the amount of research has been recorded and analyzed. However, there is more improvements that
are needed to fully predict tornadoes that could have the potential to destroy large areas.
Conclusion:
Although meteorologist hardly acknowledge that their forecasts are not completely accurate, it is clear that without them the amount of harm would
be great. The information of a possible tornado formation helps the public become prepared to the possibility of a tornado. Tornadoes warning
systems have come a long way from the days where they were inaccurate and unreliable. Lead times have increased and are becoming more reliable.
However, more sensitive technology is needed until forecasts can become more

Radar In World War Two
One of the most important technological achievements of World War Two was the invention of radar. For the first time in history, commanders
could see hundreds of miles past their own vision and develop strategies to counter enemy movements. Radar had enormous effects on the outcome
of World War Two and was a determining factor in how naval and aerial strategy developed into what it is today. Applicable in both offensive and
defensive strategies, radar can be used as an early warning device or as a helping mechanism for aerial bombers and naval ships to find their targets
more effectively. Defensively, radar played a large role against aerial and naval attacks throughout thewar. World War Two was the first time that
airplanes were used as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Suddenly, poor weather conditions and the darkness of night were no longer problems for naval leaders and fighters. Radar allowed ship
commanders and airman to see without light, and be more precise with their targets. The ability to attack at night was immensely different from
previous wars. Previously, the darkness made fighting impossible due to lack of technology for targeting. With radar, this was now possible. To
attack from the air or by ship at night was a formidable threat to ships and land bases. Radar was used to locate enemy ships and launch planes
accurately from large distances. Attacking without ever seeing the enemy was also now a normal element to naval warfare. From using radar to
launch planes at an enemy hundreds of miles away to using it to find the coordinates of enemy ships and using naval gunfire, seeing the actual
enemy was no longer necessary. One instance where radar played a formidable role in an attack was at the battle of Midway. Midway was the
turning point in the war where Japan lost two of their aircraft carriers due to radar locating their exact locations (Lambert). With this information
American forces were able to send dive bombers to the exact coordinates to destroy the vital Japanese carriers. Also using radar for reconnaissance
was a determining factor for the offensive campaigns. Being able to detect where the enemy is and where they are going to be made the planning of
operations more adjustable to change. The use of radar required a broad communication chain in order to inform leaders of the findings. With the
increased communications, radar findings could be announced to the whole fleet and its commanders. Increasing the pre–battle intelligence by
increasing communication, commanders could use the radar finding and direct ships and aircraft

Pearl Harbor Essay
Pearl Harbor
Was the attack of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 really a surprise? "How secret is secret in a country where years of censorship have trained an
inquisitive, alert population in the discreet whisper and the fine art of putting two and two together? And how secret is secret when one's ideas are
no longer exclusively one's own?" (At Dawn We Slept, Prange 30) The tragic attack of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 has many events
connected to it that lead people to believe that it was no surprise to the United States government. "The attack marked the entrance of Japan into World
War II on the side of Germany and Italy, and the entrance of the United States on the allied side." (Microsoft Encyclopedia) President... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The US code word for the resulting intelligence was "Magic." The Americans had also made great progress in penetrating Japan's military codes and
ciphers by 1941 (code word "Ultra," also used by the British for military signals intelligence, which they exchanged with the Americans.) Sometimes
information from one source filled out, clarified, or confirmed interceptions from another. It is hardly surprising that for some people the question has
become, not "Did we know?" but "How could we not have known?" But is that fair?" (Van der Vat 94) "Since the early 1920's America had been
eavesdropping on Japanese government communications. Roosevelt's military leaders called it a "spledid arrangement"" (Stinnett 60) Now if that is
true and the United States knew all about what the Japanese were doing then why wouldn't they have known about the attack on Pearl Harbor? And not
only that, but why would the President of the United States not want to warn his own country of an attack that would harm his nation and kill
thousands? Even though Roosevelt tried to deny it, the radio taps America had on Japan were flawless. "Altogether it was an exceptional effort of
extraordinary scope of achievement, and for years it had kept American officials aware of every intention and activity of the Japanese government."
(Stinnett 60)

Task Force Normandy Case Study
Task Force Normandy created by 1st Battalion, 101st Airborne Air Assault Division in order to complete mission "Normandy" that consisted in
destroying Saddam Hussein's key Early Radar Detection System during his invasion in Kuwait to provide the air campaign with a radar free route into
Iraq. As the army was not necessarily in the downsizing face but in the face of rebuilding post–Vietnam in the late seventies and early eighties, the pace
was changing and the missions around the world where changing. The 101st Airborne Air Assault Division was commencing the transition from AH
–1
Cobra Helicopters to the new AH–64A Apache Helicopter. During the process 1st Battalion of the 101st Airborne Air Assault Division where sent to
Fort Hood, Texas to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The radar system and the capability that Saddam Hussein sustained was thought to be pretty substantial, from a preservation of force stand point they
needed the capability to destroy this radars to accomplish the mission. The mission could only be accomplish with a low level attack so the mission
called "Normandy" was given to the 1–101st to use the Apache Helicopters with their Hellfire Missiles. LTC Cody, the 1
–101st commander during that
time, designed the mission by taken key elements from each flight company and created a task force "Task Force Normandy" to accomplish this
mission. This task force did numerous training missions and live fire rehearsals during the next few months and prepared the eight AH–64 crews for
the mission. They also conducted the first ever live–fire exercise with the extended range fuel tanks installed on an Apache. The final rehearsal
conducted on 10 January 1991 and departed to Al Jouf in western Saudi Arabia in the middle of nowhere to wait for this

The Battle Of Britain Is Regarded As The Most Famous...
The Battle of Britain is regarded as the most famous military engagement of World War II. The fall of France in June 1940 to Nazi Germany not only
left Britain as the only European power working actively against the Germans but also left them vulnerable to bombing campaigns launched from
Northern France, having only to travel twenty–five miles across the English Channel to reach targets in south–east England1. The quick surrender of
France allowed German forces to direct their attention towards Britain. Although Hitler had publicly stated a desire to negotiate peace terms with
Britain, preparations had been made for an amphibious invasion of the British Isles, codenamed Operation Sealion2. German High Command was
aware of the fact that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Battle of Britain marked a major turning point in the war, akin to the Battle of Moscow in the east, as it was the first time the German advance
had been stopped. Had Britain fallen to the Third Reich during the summer of 1940, the repercussions would have been enormous. Hitler would have
completed his conquest of Europe; there would have been no possibility of an invasion on the beaches of Normandy, enabling Hitler to dedicate more
resources for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The invention of radar, known as Radio Direction Finding (RDF) at the time, by
the Department of Scientific and Industrial research in 1934 initially allowed aircraft to be detected at a distance of thirty–eight miles. By 1937,
improvements to RDF had enabled it to see aircraft at a range of one hundred miles, complete with the bearing of enemy aircraft4. The British
recognized the potential of RDF to be used simultaneously with other electronic and communication aids to provide an early–detecting system. The
development of an early–warning system was essential to the British war effort due to the length of the coastline being so close to enemy–occupied
territory, with important commercial, industrial and military centres well within the range of enemy aircraft5. An early–warning system also had two
distinct advantages over traditional aircraft patrolling of the British coastline. It

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