Marketing communications models help explain how information is transmitted between companies and consumers. The macromodel outlines the key elements of any communication, including a sender, receiver, message, media, encoding, decoding, response, feedback, and potential noise. It also shows the need for overlap in thinking between senders and receivers for effective messaging. The micromodel or hierarchy-of-effects model demonstrates that consumers progress through learning, feeling, and doing stages differently depending on their involvement with and perceptions of a product category.