Process of Communication.pptx

1. Process of
Communication

2. When an individual is able to communicate well, it results to
better understanding and harmonious relationships.
Communication is considered as a process that involves relaying
of message from a sender to the receiver through the use of
systematic and understandable cycle; this includes the sender,
receiver, message, channel/medium, context, noise, and the
feedback. Specifically, each of this aspect has distinct function
that makes up the whole process of communication.

3. Parts of Communication Process
• Sender
• Receiver
•Message
• Channel
• Context
• Noise
• Feedback

4. Sender and Receiver
According to Richard L. Daft and Dorothy Marcic (2010) the two essential elements in
every communication situation are the sender and the receiver. The sender is anyone
who wishes to convey an idea or concept to others, seek information, or express a
thought or emotion. The receiver is the person to whom the message is sent. The
sender encodes the idea by selecting symbols with which the message is composed.
In the basic interpersonal communication model, the sender, also known as the source,
is the person who initiates the communication process. In a dyadic, or two-person,
communication situation, the receiver is the other person involved. In a public speaking
or public communication situation, the audience is made up of receivers. The numbers
can vary from a few to a few hundred. The speaker may use only his or her voice or
may need a public address system. In mass communication, there could be literally
hundreds, millions, or even billions of receivers (W. A. Kelly Huff, 2008)

5. Sender and Receiver
Factors affecting Sender and Receiver:
• Communication skills
• Knowledge level
• Socio-cultural system
• Attitude

6. Message
A message, according to Burtis and Turman, may include verbal
content like written or spoken words, sign language, e-mail, text
messages, phone calls, snail-mail, sky-writing, and will include
nonverbal content or meaningful behavior beyond words like
body movement and gestures, eye contact, artifacts and clothing,
vocal variety, touch, timing. Intentionally or not, both verbal and
nonverbal content is part of the information that is transferred in a
message. If nonverbal cues do not align with the verbal message,
ambiguity is introduced even as uncertainty is increased."(John
O. Burtis and Paul D. Turman, 2010)

7. Message
Berio says that there are three factors to consider in sending the
message:
• Message Code -is how symbols are structured
• Content - this is the selection of material expressing the purpose
• Treatment - this is the way in which the message is presented

8. Message
Three Dimensions of Message:
• Elements - this refers to the ideas presented in the message
• Structure - this is how the message is organized
• Production - this is the length and placement of the message

9. Channel
A channel is a medium or instrument used by the sender and the
receiver to transmit information like face-to-face conversation,
telephone calls, text messages, email, internet, social media,
radio, television, words, pictures, music.
Dimensions of Channel:
1. Channel credibility- this refers to the expertness and
trustworthiness of the channel as to how the receiver
perceived it.
Examples: print media, television

10. Channel
2. Channel feedback- this is how the channel provides a response
for the receiver
Example: Face-to-face communication
3. Channel involvement- this refers to the participation of the
senses in receiving information from a communication channel
Example: Face-to-face communication
4. Channel availability- this is the extent and frequency of the
availability of a channel for use to a given audience.
Example: In some areas television or print media may not be
available

11. Channel
5. Channel permanency- this is the channel's ability to preserve
and carry the message
Example: Print media
6. Channel multiplicative power- this is the speed and timeliness of
a channel in covering areas of communication.
Examples: Mass media
7. Channel complementary- this is how a channel supplements the
communicative work of another channel.
Examples: Mass media, interpersonal channel

12. Context
In communication and composition, context refers to the words
and sentences that surround any part of a discourse and that help
to determine its meaning. Sometimes called linguistic context.
Context may refer to any aspects of an occasion in which a
speech-act takes place, including the social setting and the status
of both the speaker and the person who is addressed.

13. Noise
Alan Jay Zaremba says in Crisis Communication: Theory and
Practice (2010) that in communication studies and information
theory, noise refers to anything that interferes in the
communication process between a speaker and an audience. This
is also called interference. Noise can be external (a physical
sound) or internal (a mental disturbance), and it can disrupt the
communication process at any point. Another way to think of noise,
is as a "factor that reduces the chances of successful
communication but does not guarantee failure".

14. Noise
Four Kinds of Noise (according to Julia T. Wood, 2010)
• Physiological noise - is distraction caused by hunger, fatigue,
headaches, medication, and other factors that affect how we feel
and think.
• Physical noise - is interference in our environments, such as
noises made by others, overly dim or bright lights, spam and pop-
up ads, extreme temperatures, and crowded conditions.

15. Noise
• Psychological noise - refers to qualities in us that affect how we
communicate and interpret others. For instance, if you are
preoccupied with a problem, you may be inattentive at a team
meeting. Likewise, prejudice and defensive feelings can interfere
with communication.
• Semantic noise - exists when words themselves are not mutually
understood. Authors sometimes create semantic noise by using
jargon or unnecessarily technical language."

16. Feedback
David Gill and Bridget Adams (2002) in their book ABC of
Communication Studies state that the term 'feedback' is taken
from cybernetics, a branch of engineering concerned with self-
regulating systems. In the communication process, feedback
refers to a response from the receiver which gives the
communicator an idea of how the message is being received and
whether it needs to be modified.

17. Feedback
In addition, Gill and Adams state that negative feedback does not
imply 'bad' and positive feedback 'good.' Negative feedback
indicates that you should do less of what you are doing or change
to something else. Positive feedback encourages you to increase
what you are doing, which can go out of control (over excitement
at a party, fighting or having a row). If you are crying, feedback
from those around may cause you to dry your eyes and put on a
brave face (if feedback is negative) or weep unashamedly (if
feedback is positive).

18. Feedback
Two Kinds of Feedback
• Positive feedback - this occurs when the intended message is
achieved
• Negative feedback - this occurs when the intended message is
not achieved
Therefore, all these components are interrelated and do not
function individually, rather, they all are interdependent,
contributing to the success of the whole communication process.

19. Communication Process