This document discusses tensile testing and universal testing machines. It defines tensile testing as applying opposing tensile forces to a test specimen to measure the specimen's properties. A universal testing machine typically uses a hydraulic cylinder to apply the force. The document lists several material properties that can be determined from tensile tests, including strength, ductility, elasticity, and stiffness. It provides diagrams illustrating how properties like tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and breaking stress are calculated from the stress-strain graph generated during tensile testing. Finally, it gives some examples of industries that use tensile testing, like aerospace and textiles, and notes benefits like determining batch quality and aiding design.

1. GUIDED BY:
Mr. KUNAL SAURABH
(Assistant Professor)
(Mechanical Department)
PRESENTED BY:
RISHI KUMAR VERMA
Roll no:12090326(5.4.2)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2. • Uses an utm to apply measured force to an
test specimen. The amount of extension can
be measured and graphed.
• Variables such as strain, stress, elasticity,
tensile strength, ductility and shear strength
can be gauged.
• Test specimens can be round or flat.

3. • Ensure quality
• Test properties
• Prevent failure in use
• Make informed choices in using material

4. :
• STRENGTH
• DUCTILITY
• ELASTICITY
• STIFFNESS
•. MALLEABILTY
•. MODULUS of TOUGHNESS
•. MODULUS of RESILIENCE

5. A machine which applies a tensile force (a
force applied in opposite directions) to the
specimen, and then measures that force
and also the elongation:
This machine usually uses a hydraulic
cylinder to create the force. The applied
force is determined by system pressure,
which can be accurately measured.

6. HYDRAULIC UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE
A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal
tester, materials testing machine or materials test frame, is used to test
the tensile stress and compressive strength of materials . It is named after
the fact that it can perform many standard tensile and compression tests
on materials, components, and structures.

10. • Brittle material :
The rupture occurs
along a surface
perpendicular to
the loading plane.
For ex: glass,
stone, normal
concrete,
aluminum.

11. Tensile strength = Maximum Load
Cross section area
Maximum load is the highest point on the graph.
Often called Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)

12. Modulus of Elasticity -A measure of a materials ability to
regain its original dimensions after the removal of a load or
force. The modulus is the slope of the straight line portion of
the stress-strain diagram up to the proportional limit.
Calculation
E = (F1 -F2)Lo / (1 - 2)A
Graph
Strain () in/in
Stress(S)psi
Proportional / Elastic Limit
Slope

13. Breaking/Rupture Stress - The maximum amount of
stress that can be applied before rupture occurs. The
material fractures in the necking region where the
material reduces in diameter as the material elongates.
Graph
Strain () in/in
Stress(S)psi
Rupture Point
Necking Region

14. Strain () in/in
Stress(S)psi
Elastic Region
Modulus of Resilience -A measure of a materials ability to
absorb energy up to the elastic limit. This modulus is
represented by the area under the stress versus strain
curve from zero force to the elastic limit.
Calculation
Ur = 1/2 (yp)( yp)
Graph
Elastic Limit

15. Modulus of Toughness -A measure of a materials ability to
plastically deform without fracturing. Work is performed by the
material absorbing energy by the blow or deformation. This
measurement is equal to the area under the stress versus
strain curve from its origin through the rupture point.
Graph
Strain () in/in
Stress(S)psi
Plastic Region
Calculation:
Ut = 1/3(Br) (yp + 2ult)

16. Total Strain/ Deformation -The total amount of
elongation of a sample to rupture
normalized(divided by) by the initial length.
Calculation: total = total/Lo
Ductility:The ability of a material to be deformed
plastically without rupture.
Calculation: % Elongation =  total(100)
Calculations:
% Reduction in area = Aoriginal - A final / A original (100)

17. • Aerospace Industry
• Shear and tensile strength testing of fasteners
e.g. Bolts, nuts and screws
• Textiles Industry
• 'Pull-off' characteristics of buttons, stitched-on
decorations, press studs, zip fasteners, hook-
and-loop fasteners

18. • Benefits of Tensile Testing
• The data produced in a tensile test can be
used in many ways including:
• To determine batch quality
• To determine consistency in manufacture
• To aid in the design process
• To reduce material costs and achieve lean
manufacturing goals