AGN Research: How Do They Affect Galaxy Formation

Active Galactic Nuclei Research Paper
How do Active Galactic Nuclei Affect Galaxy Formation and Properties?
"Active galactic nuclei" are objects occupying the center of many galaxies that consist of an
accreting supermassive black hole and are some of the most luminous and powerful bodies in our
known Universe. In the galactic–BH accretion process, gaseous matter from the galaxy is pulled into
the black hole and is converted to into radiation that is then released radially outward into the host
galaxy. Due to the rapid–fire accretion onto the Supermassive Black Hole, Active Galactic Nuclei
(AGN) can emit radiation into their host galaxies that span much of the electromagnetic spectrum
from X–rays, IR, UV, and radio waves. Researchers have organized AGN into groups based on their
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The luminosity that is produced from the accretion process onto a black hole with the dimension–
less efficiency η is L = 2ηGM*(dM/dt)/R∗ = η*(dM/dt) c^2, with R∗ as the black hole radius. The
efficiency η "measures how efficiently the rest mass energy, c^2 per unit mass, of the accreted
material is converted into radiation" (page 4, Accretion Power in Astrophysics). We can surmise
from the equation above that η depends on the change in mass of the black hole with time (dM/dt)
and therefore the effectiveness the matter falls onto the BH in accordance with its spin as previously
aforementioned in the paragraph about BHs. The parameter η can also depend on how much
luminosity (L) is released from the accretion process or the density of the BH denoted by M*/R∗.
Therefore [use synonym], the efficiency factor η is a very important parameter defining how the
change of mass relates to the luminosity emitted into the host
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Black Holes And The National Aeronautics And Space...
Black Holes Earth Destroyer or Not
Is it possible for a black hole to destroy the earth or not? Since Black holes can happen anywhere
and in any galaxy or solar system, I am out to prove that these terrifying singularities can or cannot
destroy our earth, and why? From researching articles published by National Geographic, Sea and
Sky, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and other publishers, I will
conclude with black holes earth destroyers or not?
Black Hole Facts
The definition of a black hole according to Sea and Sky is "The collapsed core of a massive star.
Stars that are very massive will collapse under their own gravity when their fuel is exhausted. The
collapse continues until all matter is crushed out of existence into what is known as a singularity.
The gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape." Seasky.org, cited 2016: "Black
hole". Glossary of Astronomy. [Available online at http://www.seasky.org/astronomy/astronomy–
glossary.html#B]. Black holes are not visible to the human eye. Since they are so dense, light is not
able to escape them resulting in them being invisible. Special tools are required for them to be
discovered and located with telescopes. This is done by seeing how stars close to them act different
from others.
Black holes are associated with the destruction or dying of relatively large stars. Black holes do not
happen every time such stars are collapsed. The collapsing of stars mostly result in

Phys1160 Essay
PHYS1160
A black hole is a point in space where there is extreme gravitational pull, so extreme that light itself
cannot escape. The strength of gravity is so strong due to the fact that an immense amount of matter
has been contained in a small space.
The existence of black holes was first theorized by John Mitchell in 1783. Mitchell accepted
Newton's laws of gravity and suggested that light escaping from the surface of a star would have its
speed reduced due to the gravitation pull of the star, and therefore if a star's gravitation pull was
strong enough even light would not be able to escape.[1] Using the approximate speed of light he
reasoned that if an object was approximately 500 times the mass of the sun light would not be able
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As this matter spirals into the black hole it creates what is known as an accretion disk, which
accelerates and heats up emitting X–rays which can then be detected by astronomers.[6]
Furthermore existence that black holes exist comes from the observations of astronomers of bursts
of energy which are detected and then lost. An event horizon is an area of space around a black hole
for which nothing can escape, once an object or any matter crosses this event horizon the gravity of
the black hole will be too strong for it to escape. As a cloud of gas swirls and nears a black hole, the
gases heat up and will emit x–rays. Astronomers have observed instances of several burts of x–rays
being detected and then disappearing at areas where black holes are thought to be found. This may
be caused by the gases emitting x–rays and then crossing the event horizon and disappearing
forever. The observations of these bursts of energy are useful for astronomers in finding black holes.
"GX 339–4, illustrated here, is among the most dynamic binaries in the sky, with four major
outbursts in the past seven years. In the system, an evolved star no more massive than the sun orbits
a black hole estimated at 10 solar masses. " [5]
However the strongest evidence of black holes comes from our

Are Black Holes The Same?
Are all black holes the same?
Introductionhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/PIA16695–BlackHole–Corona–
20130227.jpg
Once confined to science fiction and a mere mathematical prediction in general relativity by
Einstein in 1916 (although he didn't believe they were possible) and still believed theoretical only 30
years ago, black holes are now believed to be in among the millions within the Universe.
Furthermore latest research predicts there is one in the centre of most galaxies and they are seen as
the ultimate governing body in the formation and destruction of the galaxy. But are these black holes
fundamentally different to others within the galaxy? [1]
Formation
There are three main categories when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For smaller stars when the nuclear fuel is exhausted and there are no more nuclear reactions
opposing gravity the repulsive forces among the electrons within the star eventually generate
enough pressure to prevent further gravitational collapse. The star then starts to cool and "die
peacefully" comparatively, this type of star is called a white dwarf. When a very massive star about
fifteen times the mass of the Sun collapses after it has exhausted its nuclear fuel it explodes as a
supernova (currently the largest explosions that are known to take place in space) eventually
forming a black hole. [1.1][2]
The second type is supermassive black holes which tend to be around 100 million times the mass of
the Sun, these are believed to be found at the centre of most galaxies, with our own galaxy the
Milky Way having a supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* with a mass of 4 million times the mass
of the Sun at its centre. There are many theories as to how supermassive black holes are formed and
astrophysicists are yet to agree on a consensus theory.[2][4]
One popular theory that involves a large gas cloud which before the first stars were formed which
collapsed into a quasi–star. With an initial mass of that of around 20 solar masses meaning the
supermassive black hole starts off as an intermediate black hole and whether it will develop into a
supermassive black hole

A Short Note On The Constellation Of Cancer
Cancer (constellation) ♋
The constellation of Cancer is one of the 88 modern constellations: located between the
constellations Leo, Hydra and Gemini at between 07h 55m 19.7973s and 09h 22m 35.0364s right
ascension and 33.1415138° and 6.4700689° declination. It is also one of the 12 Zodiac
constellations and one of the original 48 listed by the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy. Its name is
Latin for crab and its astrological symbol is ♋, which represents crab pincers. This constellation
attracted my interest because it contains a galaxy with a binary supermassive black hole system: OJ
287. –The constellation of Cancer as it can be seen in the sky.
In the mythology of The Twelve Labours of Heracles (or Hercules in Roman mythology) Cancer is a
crab sent by Hera to hinder Heracles in his fight against Hydra. Depending on the version of the
story Heracles either kicks Cancer so hard that the crab is stuck amongst the constellations, or he
just crushes Cancer by stomping on it and Hera places it in the sky for its bravery, but not in a bright
part of the sky because it did not complete its task (Cancer has only two stars brighter than the 4th
magnitude). Magnitude levels are levels of brightness, with lower numbered levels being brighter
than higher number levels (e.g. a magnitude level 1 is brighter than a magnitude 2). Some sources
say that cancer was a late addition to the story and that it was only included to make the 12 zodiac
signs coincide with the 12 Labours. –A pot

The Myth Of Black Holes
For years black holes have been the work of science fiction, but a new development says that black
holes are not just a mere myth, but that they lurk in the darkness in space. Black holes do exist
because we have observed them, scientists have tested them, and they are remnants of giant stars.
Black holes are a section of space where the mass of several billion of our sun's (depending on the
size of the star) is crushed into a very small section. This causes the gravity to be so strong, even
light cannot escape. This means that there is no reflected light, hence the name "Black Holes."
Though they are black and naked to the eye, special telescopes can find them. They search for areas
of deep space where there are deep gravitational influences. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When this happens several things can happen depending on the size and mass of the star. Take our
Sun for example, when it grows old it will enlarge into a Red Giant, then it will shrink into a White
Dwarf. This is one of the more "Peaceful" options. (It will engulf Mercury and Mars when it is a
Red Giant and make life on Earth very hot.) However if the star has a very large mass, at least 1.4
times the mass of our sun, it will explode in a supernova casting away most of the star's mass.
Leaving only the core, the core will begin to collapse, only this time it can't explode with no fuel
left. So it shrinks to a tiny size but it retains its same mass and is extremely dense. Edward Rayne
says "[after] the star's collapse it will continue to shrink until the matter is all compressed into an
infinitely small, infinitely dense point called a singularity. This is the centre of a black hole." This is
when the black hole forms. In conclusion Black Holes are not Sci Fi anymore, because we can
observe them, they give off gamma rays which traces back to black holes, and they come from stars
with large mass. Though they were once thought to be the work of Sci Fi writers we now know that
they are really out there, nomading their way. But even though they seem all powerful (and they are
to some matter), they too have to follow the laws of gravity and can't just barge into our galaxy. So
we don't have to worry about some random black hole swallowing us. But if it did come and

Black Holes By Jean Simon Laplace
Black holes, complex and difficult to understand, have intrigued both scientists and physicists alike
since the eighteenth century. French scientist Pierre–Simon Laplace, born in 1749, was one of the
first scientists to argue for the existence of an unexplainable body that encompasses an endless
amount of space . Following Laplace, John Archibald Wheeler, an American physicist born in 1911,
coined the term "black hole" for a space entity that is "so compact (in other words, has enough mass
in a small enough volume) that its gravitational force is strong enough to prevent light" and all other
matter from fleeing its body (What Is a Black Hole?). Black holes, therefore, are masses that have a
gravitational force so great that they attract ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As previously stated, black holes are immense sources of gravity, consisting of a region of
"infinitely small volume" (How Big Is a Black Hole?). This region is known as the central
singularity of a black hole. Surrounding the central singularity is the event horizon, "an imaginary
sphere" that indicates the point at which a stationary black hole's gravitational pull will begin to
draw material into its central singularity. For example, the Schwarzschild radius, the distance
between the event horizon and central singularity, of Earth is approximately the "size of a marble,"
meaning that the Earth would have to be the size of a marble in order to reach its event horizon, thus
becoming a black hole. On the other hand, black holes are not always immobile bodies; they also
spin around their own axis. Therefore the central singularity of rotating black holes are not a point
but instead a "thin ring." Furthermore, the event horizon will consist of two spheres instead of one.
The area between both event horizons is known as the "ergosphere".
Motionless Black Hole Structure2 Spinning Black Hole Structure2 Despite the fact that black holes
are be either stationary or in motion, all black holes are categorized into two groups, stellar–mass
and supermassive. Stellar–mass black holes are approximately "a few times heavier

Black Holes Research Paper
Throughout the lifespan of galaxies and universes, interstellar objects are created and destroyed
including stars, asteroids, nebulas, and black holes. One of the rarest interstellar creations are black
holes, of which are only found in three forms. These three forms include stellar, supermassive, and
intermediate black holes. Black holes are mysteries that were not fully understood until the
beginning of the 20th century, when multiple scientist focused their research on them. They
predicted theories and made many discoveries. These scientists include Sir Isaac Newton, Albert
Einstein, John Wheeler, and Stephen Hawking. These scientists have helped us to quickly advance
our knowledge on the universe and surrounding galaxies.
A black hole is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are scattered throughout the galaxies. A stellar black hole is the product of the death of a giant
star such as a pulsar or a neutron star. Black holes in general are very rare because most stars are not
massive enough to create them. When a star stops producing fusion energy, the equilibrium of the
star no longer exists. Without the star producing any fuel, there is no pressure created that can hold
the star in place. The pressure that a star creates is used to prevent the gravity from crushing the
core. Now that there is no pressure pushing outward, the gravity becomes so violent that it crushes
matter to the point that it is completely destroyed. At this point, black holes are born. Black holes
are created in rare occasions. During the death of most stars, they slowly dim out or explode into
trillions of microscopic particles. For example, the sun, which is a red dwarf, will slowly die out. Eta
Carinae on the other hand, located 8,000 light years away from Earth, is likely to explode within the
next several hundred thousand

Michael Greer
Professor Wilson
Research Paper English 4th hour
21 August 2015
Black Hole Black holes are in theory incredible frightening. One of the main reasons they are so
monstrous is that they are one of the only thing in the universe able to trap light. The second reason
they are so terrifying is that when you are being pulled into one you will be on a one way ticket train
to emptiness. Therefor if there was a way to get out of a black hole what would it be? Then also if
there was no way out what would it look like on the inside? Well some of these questions can be
answered easily but for the others it will be a little more troublesome to answer. This is how, what,
and why black holes are formed.
According to Nasa Knows who wrote ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is proof that black holes do eventually disappear. But for most black holes this time for them
to disappear is unimaginably long. But if there were to ever be a black hole the size of a cruise ship
it would evaporate in the time of seconds. Because the flash of light that is created from all the light
that is on a subatomic level being created or destroyed. This is irrelevant to any black holes in the
universe because there is no known black holes the size of a cruise ship and the temperature that this
light gives of is almost zero degrees and the energy loss is

The Wonderous Mystery of Black Holes
Just a hundred years ago in 1915 was the time Einstein created his theories of General Relativity,
thus the makings of what is known today. These theories helped predict that black holes actually
occupy the universe vastly (Wiki authors). Because black holes are virtually invisible to the human
eye, since not even light can escape their clutches, it is hard to understand something that can't be
seen or even assume it exists. Though the concept of black holes can be traced back to 1795, to
Pierre Simon Laplace, who originally proposed the idea. It was Karl Schwarzchild to be the first to
start proving black holes exist from the research of Einstein and others (Freudenrich). This was just
the start of black holes becoming a major focus of astronomers and astrophysicists globally.
The common misconception of black holes is that they are 'a hole' in space, but the fact is, they are a
dense orb of matter that continuously grows and consumes. Popular believe is that a black hole is a
gateway through time and space but that is not the case. All someone would find at the center of a
black hole would be a dense orb a matter called the singularity, or core (Freudenrich). Black holes
do in a way distort time and space because of their immense mass yet one would die and be burnt to
a crisp before even coming close to reaching the highly dense core. If watched from the earth, it
would take an infinite amount of time to be consumed by and become a part of a black hole, but

Black Holes: What Scientist Know About Them Essay
Space has been mesmerizing humans since the beginning of time; from the fascinated star–gazing
child to the great minds of Plato, Aristotle, and Galileo. Space contains countless mysteries. One of
these mysteries is black holes. As far as information about space goes, scientists know a moderate
amount of information about black holes. Scientists know how black holes are made, how they
affect objects around them, and how to spot them in space. Firstly, there are different types of black
holes: Astrophysical, Supermassive, Mathematical, and Physical. A Physical, or regular, black hole
is then categorized by its three properties: mass, spin, and magnetic field. A black hole with no spin
and no magnetic field is a Schwarzchild black hole. A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reissner–Nordstrøm and Kerr black holes also have a static limit. The static limit is the boundary
between the ergosphere and normal space. Also, black holes are not static objects. Dieter Brill states
that "a black hole grows as more matter falls through its horizon." The Schwarzchild black hole was
the first type of black hole to be discovered. Einstein created a mathematical formula that he thought
was purely hypothetical, however, an astronomer by the name of Karl Schwarzchild discovered a
way to apply Einstein's formula in a manner that would prove black hole existence. Scientist then
knew what to look for in space and discovered black holes shortly after. The Reissner–Nordstrøm
black hole is more common than the Schwarzchild black hole. The spin from the Reissner–
Nordstrøm black hole makes it have some different properties than a non–spinning black hole. The
spin causes space and time to be distorted around the event horizon. Finally, for regular physical
black holes, there is the Kerr black hole. The Kerr black hole spins and has a magnetic field which
drastically increases the amount of distortion of time and space near the event horizon. The
following picture depicts how a black hole would look to an observer from a side view, similar to
how we see Saturn. Astrophysicst Jean–Pierre Kuminet explains is as:
In an ordinary situation, meaning in Euclidean space, the curvature is weak. This is the case in the

Why Do Black Holes Exist
When many people think of black holes they think of a giant portal in space eating galaxies and
moving on to the next as most commonly seen in pop culture shows such as Star Trek. The reality is
however that while we spend a lot of time studying them we know very little about Black holes.
What we do know is that there are two types of black holes based on their relative size, there are
Stellar black holes and Supermassive black holes. Stellar black holes are only a few times larger
than our sun while Supermassive black holes are about a billion times larger than our sun. Both
types of black hole are formed when a star implodes and there is nothing left to burn. This can be
seen by observing how light and matter cooperate with the event horizon, a second way to detect
black holes is through X–Rays by noticing when stars rotate around a gap in space. By studying the
speed of stars orbiting, and calculating their paths it is possible to determine the mass and size of a
black hole. Using these pieces of evidence we can determine that stellar black holes do exist and ...
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By running out of fuel the star is no longer able to oppose gravity and keep itself stable so it
collapses on itself until it reaches a singularity. Once it becomes a black hole it can have a mass
ranging from just a few times the mass of our sun to over a billion times. The gravity of a black hole
varies with its size however the center of a black hole is considered a singularity due to its ability to
have an enormous amount of mass in an infinitely small space. A black hole is seen as black due to
its escape velocity being greater than the speed of light, because it is faster than light no light can
escape therefore there is none for us to view making it appear black. An objects escape velocity is
the speed required for an object to leave an objects field of

Understanding Black Holes
Scientific Understanding of Black Holes Black holes are a place in space where the pull of gravity is
so strong that anything including light is able to escape. Researchers say that the gravity of a black
hole is so strong because matter is pressed into a tiny space. Black holes are sometimes called dying
stars or they result in dying stars. There are many different sizes of black holes, but the three most
common are primordial black holes, stellar, and supermassive. This list goes from smallest to
largest.
These size differences makes them so they can form in different ways. Primordial black holes are
said to be formed right after the big bang. Stellar black holes form when a very massive star
collapses on itself. These are also called exploding stars or a supernova. Supermassive black holes
are formed at the same time in the same galaxy . With all these facts about black holes I can
determine the difference between what NASA thinks they are and what the movie thinks they are.
How the Video Accurately Showed Black Holes In the movie Interstellar there's a movie scene
where the main character Cooper is trapped in a black hole. He escapes and is turned back into the
"real" world. All along scientists have been saying that whatever goes into a black hole can never
come out. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main difference is what it looks like. Scientists say the way the movie describes a black hole
and the events that happen with it, should look more complicated than it actually is. "It would have
looked a lot more puzzling" (Knapton, 2015). Caltech physicist Kip Thorne told a magazine. In the
movie to really explain the look of a black hole it would have gas wrapped up and around the top
and the bottom of the black hole. The movie was said to enhance the light of the black hole and yet
they really are not that bright. Other than these descriptions, other differences are not very

The Invention Of Black Holes
Black Holes:
Introduction:
Without knowing the existence of black holes, we would still be stuck with many unanswered
questions concerning physics. The most important one would deal with the correctness of Einstein's
general relativity. When studying cosmology, various equations are used in order to explain the
different phenomena that it contains, which are derived from general relativity. With this theory
confirmed, all calculations appear more certain and confident. These objects are fairly important as
they are one of the least understood by humans because they depict laws of physics that appear
completely different from elsewhere in the universe, but, with study, can be more understood. Being
completely invisible, it becomes very difficult to observe and study them. However, astronomers
continue to develop different methods to do so. The question that remains is: What exactly is a black
hole? How do they work and abide to the laws of physics? Simple answer, black holes are regions in
space containing gravitational fields so strong that even light cannot escape them. As a result, they
absorb anything that comes close and becomes trapped by its grip. Black holes come in various
forms and sizes, which work differently depending on their properties. These properties, such as
mass, charge and angular momentum, help in defining black holes and it is using this that it is
possible to derive the math to understand them.
History of Black holes:
John Michell and Simon Pierre

Black Holes Informative Speech
Have you ever heard of something getting sucked up in a black hole? Did it ever cross your mind as
to what a black hole actually was? Well, a black hole is a rather large star that underwent a
supernova explosion and since there was no gravity it collapsed in on itself. It is a big hole of
nothingness that stays in outer space but does not suck up everything. Now lets get into more of the
facts about black holes.
As previously stated, what does one think when they hear the words black hole? A giant hole that is
pitch black and sucks anything and everything up inside of it perhaps? Maybe even a something
along the lines of a vortex or black whirlpool type thing that destroys everything. A black hole is
similar to the thoughts above, but more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three main types of black holes, stellar, supermassive, and miniature, or primordial ones.
Stellar black holes are enormous stars that have run out of nuclear fuel, which then creates an
unsteady situation. The outer layers then proceed to explode in a supernova leaving the middle to
implode essentially creating a black hole if the star was large enough. Said to be the collapse of a
compact cluster of stars, supermassive black holes are revealed to astronomers by rapid moving gas
jets that point towards the massive holes typically in the center of galaxies. The Space Telescope
Science Institution (STSCI) even says that there might be one in the center of our own galaxy, the
Milky Way. They also say that the constellation Sagittarius, in the summer, is the direction of the
center of our galaxy if one was to look at it. When substances cross the event horizon of the black
hole it increases the mass of it, which expands the horizon, this means it is larger and can grab
things farther away. Lastly, is the mini black holes that the STSCI and along with various theories
believe might have been formed in the early universe, the Big Bang, which is the moment the
universe was believed to be created. The event horizons of these black holes are quite small, the
width of an atomic particle. They can only hold up to the amount of matter of Mt. Everest. The
formation of these little black holes are from the compression of matter caused by the

Black Holes Research Papers
Black holes are an interesting phenomenon, but if they get close enough to Earth, Earth would be
gone in a matter of seconds. We know that they use a strong gravitational pull, but where does the
matter go? How are they formed? How do we know they even exist?
Black holes are formed by an interesting phenomenon. When stars collapse on themselves, they
create what we know as black holes. This collapse can cause a giant supernova, which can blast a
part of the star into space. This largest black holes astronomers believe, were created when the "Big
Bang" happened. This means black holes grow over time.
There are three main types of black holes primordial, stellar, as well as supermassive. Primordial
black holes are smallest of the three. This means they can't suck in as big of objects as the other two.
These are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can't directly use a telescope to see black holes. Scientist can study by missing matter on other
objects. Since black holes suck objects in if there is missing a part we know a black hole was there.
Also by the size of the missing matter, we can tell if the black hole is a primordial, stellar, and
supermassive type. Luckily it's unlikely that black holes will swallow Earth. If a black hole
swallows the sun, then the black hole would take the sun's place. The black hole would take up the
mass of the sun, meaning the planets would continue to orbit. But, this time the planets would be
orbiting a black hole. Albert Einstein first thought of black holes. He thought of the general theory.
The person thought who thought of the name black hole was named John Wheeler. The first black
holes was discovered in 1971. They have been showing up ever since. Black holes can be scary to
think about, but amazing at the same time. The fact that they can have such a heavy gravitational
pull that not even light can escape is fascinating. Luckily we will probaly destroy Earth before a
black hole eats it

The Theory Of General Relativity
In 1783, an amateur astronomer named John Michell theorized that if an object had a radius that was
five hundred times larger than the sun, but with the approximate average density of the sun, the
velocity that would be required to escape the object's gravitational pull would be faster than the
speed of light (Temming). Simon Pierre Laplace, a French astronomer and mathematician, came to a
similar conclusion a few years later (Temming). However, their findings were largely discredited
since Michell believed that light particles had mass, when in fact, light has a wave nature, proven by
Thomas Young's double slit experiment in 1803 (Temming). Michell and Laplace's discoveries were
found to have a kernel of validity however, when in 1915, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The very first object to be considered a black hole is Cygnus X–1, discovered in 1971 when radio
emissions were detected from the area (Redd, "Black Holes: Facts"). Scientists explored the area
further, eventually finding a hidden companion, which was identified as a black hole (Redd, "Black
Holes: Facts").
A black hole displays many rather unique characteristics. First and foremost, there are only three
externally measurable properties of a black hole; Mass, electric charge, and, if applicable, rate of
rotation (Freudenrich). This is referred to as the no–hair theorem ("Fuzzy Wuzzy"). These three
elements form a stable black hole. If these elements are synonymous with any other black hole, the
region is not identifiable or distinguishable from a separate entity. The mass of a black hole can be
calculated by using a modified version of Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion (Freudenrich).
Secondly, black holes follow their own specific rules, called the Four Laws of Black Hole
Mechanics ("Properties of Black Holes"). These rules coincide with the rules of thermodynamics,
though they are specific to black holes ("Black Hole Thermodynamics"). The Zeroth Law is, "The
surface gravity k at the event horizon is constant: it has the same value everywhere on the event
horizon ("Properties of Black Holes")." This means that the event horizon has the same surface
gravity across its entire area. The First Law is, "The change in

Supermassive Black Hole Research Paper
The formation of supermassive black holes has been questioned in physics since the day of their
discovery. Just how is something so large and powerful formed? Are they a danger to us? What lies
beyond the event horizon? These are all questions that have been asked and not yet answered by
astrophysicists. The first step to completely understanding these obscure creatures is finding out
how they form, today's physicists are working endlessly to find an answer. Previous theories stating
that supermassive black holes developed over time by ingesting large quantities of gas, have
recently been found to be wrong. The most recent developing theory describes supermassive black
holes forming by observing other black holes. There are two versions of ... Show more content on
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A supermassive black hole is somewhat an extreme form of a black hole; however, they are more
common than one would think. Supermassive black holes sit at the center of every galaxy, including
our own. They are what keeps the stars and solar systems in the orbital of the galaxy. The two
seeding theories (big and small) are a reasonable, current way to describe the formation of these
extreme beings. The small seeding theory summarizes that the black hole slowly eats smaller black
holes to enlarge its size, this theory is valid but violates certain placed laws in physics that are more
than likely, not to be broken. The larger seeding theory states that the density of dark matter at the
beginning of the universe attracted large gas clouds and cut off the formation of smaller stars. This
gas cloud then collapsed to form and extremely large star, that then collapsed once more to for a
black hole that attracted more gas and other particles. This theory is believed amongst
astrophysicists but it is also denied by some, saying that the dark matter has nothing to do with the
massive star formation, and that a black hole can form by an average star collapsing and gaining
excessive

The Universe: Black Holes
When you are outside during night time and look up, you see thousands of stars of sizes, and color.
Sometimes if you are lucky you get to see planets that also glow brightly such as Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn, and so on. But there is one thing that is hidden from the naked eye and can make any of the
things I mentioned, disappear. That thing is called a black hole. I am studying black holes because I
want to find out how they affect us now and in the future, in order to help my reader understand I
will explain how a black hole works, which will be useful to understanding how they can be used
for space travel and how they are in the center of every galaxy. Black holes are the mystery of our
cosmological universe. They have been baffling even the greatest scientists like Stephen Hawking
for many years and yet not many people know about them. To understand how black holes are
confusing scientists and how they can affect us, have to know how black holes work. Black holes
are created whenever a giant star, twenty–five time bigger than our sun, dies and collapses from its
own gravity to form an object of infinite density which forms a black hole. If you were to analyze
the parts of a black hole, you would find an event horizon and the singularity. The event horizon is
basically the point of no return, which means that nothing can escape the black holes grasp once it
reaches that point, not even light. Then after that is the singularity which is the point of infinite
density.

Quasars Essay
Quasars Since their discovery, the nature of quasars has been one of the most intriguing and baffling
problems as evidenced by the following quotations: " the problem of understanding quasi–stellar
objects... is one of the most important and fascinating tasks in all physics" – G.Burbidge and Hoyle.
"The quasar continues to rank both as one of the most baffling objects in the universe and one most
capable of inspiring heated argument" – Morrison. "The redshift problem is one of the most critical
problems in astronomy today" –
G. Burbidge. "Quasars still remain the profoundest mystery in the heavens" –
Hazard and Mitton. The conventional interpretation of the spectral lines observed in quasars is based
on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Answering these basic questions may summarize much of the information regarding Quasar.
What is the definition of a quasar? When radio telescopes were first turned on the heavens, point
sources of radio waves were discovered (along with spread–out regions of emission along our Milky
Way). Astronomers using ordinary visible–light telescopes turned toward these radio points and
looked to see what was there. In some cases a supernova remnant was found, in others, a large star–
birth region, in others a distant galaxy. But in some places where point sources of radio waves were
found, no visible source other than a stellar–looking object was found (it looked like a point of a
star).
These objects were called the quasi–stellar radio sources or quasars for short. Later, it was found
these sources could not be stars in our galaxy, but must be very far away as far as any of the distant
galaxies seen. We now think these objects are the very bright centers of some distant galaxies, where
some sort of energetic action is occurring, most probably due to the presence of a supermassive
black hole at the center of that galaxy.
(Supermassive – made up from a mass of about a billion solar masses.)
What do quasars have to do with black holes? It is thought the infall of matter into the Supermassive
black hole can result

Black Holes
Black Holes Albert Einstein first predicted black holes in 1916 with his general theory of relativity.
The term "black hole" was coined in 1967 by American astronomer John Wheeler, and the first one
was discovered in 1971. A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light
can not get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This
can happen when a star is dying. Because no light can get out, people can't see black holes. They are
invisible. Space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. The special tools can see
how stars that are very close to black holes act differently than other stars. Scientists think the
smallest black holes formed when the universe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's about four million times the mass of the Sun. It's surrounded by a cluster of young stars, some of
which plunge to within a few billion miles of the black hole. And although it's quiet today, a century
ago it gorged on a clump of matter that passed too close, creating a pyrotechnic display that lit up
the Milky Way's heart. Much of that evidence has been amassed by two teams, one led by Ghez and
another by Reinhard Genzel, director of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in
Germany. Using giant telescopes in Hawaii and Chile and cutting–edge observational techniques,
they have probed closer to the black hole than ever before. That has allowed them to plot the orbits
of giant stars that pass hair–raisingly close to the black hole, providing the best measurement of the
black hole's mass. And it has revealed that some of the stars around the black hole are far younger
than expected. "There's been a myriad of surprises, which is the fun of doing research," says Ghez.
"You go in expecting to answer one thing and you come out the other end with more questions than
you started with." The central question that Ghez, Genzel, and others hoped to answer was whether
a supermassive black hole inhabits the center of the Milky Way. As early as 1980, radio observations
revealed that gas was swirling around a dark, massive object at the center of the galaxy. That object,
which glowed steadily at radio

What causes black holes? This is one of the cool facts you will learn about black holes. This paper
will discuss black holes, and how black holes form, what a black hole is, and how long they last.
Cyrus X–1– is one of the first black hole candidates to be discovered. It is born by a bright young
star in the atmosphere. It is a double star system, with a massive brilliant young star orbiting a
compact object. A compact object has a mass of 807 times our sun. Such a massive object can only
be a black hole. Black holes are part of nature life and death of stars. Black holes cannot be seen
because of strong gravity pulling all of the light into the black holes center. Scientist can study the
stars motion to see if its orbiting a black hole . Black ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the end of the sun's life it will tar into a redgin star in a billion of years. The sun will throw off its
over layers and become a plantery newborn. All that will be left of the sun is a cooling white dwan
star. Nasa is learning black holes using spacecraft like the x–ray obvertory. They are also using
ferm; grammarly ray space telescope (Dunbar). Black hole is a different kind of supernova. Black
holes are hotter than stars. The center of a black hole is dense but not as hug itself. A black hole can
be 2,000,000 times smaller than are sun. We can not observe black holes directly, but can be
detected. Speed of light galaxies are have 20 billion solar masses. Univer stars gravitational field
materact. Stars, light years, supernovas, and light bursts in the univers. The mass of the earth is
2,000,000 times smaller than the sun and can fit in your palm. Supermassive black holes culrk in the
centers of the galaxies. The stares can become mostly iron, most stars elements in the universe.
There may be camofluge black holes in are milkyway galaxy. Black holes are made by collapsed
stars. Supermassive black holes might tie at many galaxies. A young star burns hydrogen at its core.

The Singularity, The Event Horizon, And The Ergosphere
When a star with a mass about 20 times that of our Sun comes to the end of its life, it will run out of
nuclear fuel, therefore collapsing in on itself. This collapse results in a chasm in space–time with
such a high density that not even light can escape its gravitational pull; this is what we call a black
hole.
There are three main parts of a black hole, the singularity, the event horizon, and the ergosphere.
The singularity of a black hole is a place of infinite density and gravity, space–time curves
boundlessly around this point and the laws of physics come to a halt.
The event horizon is often called the point of no return. Once past this boundary of space–time,
nothing can escape the gravity of the black hole.
When a black hole spins,

Black holes are one of the many amazing unexplainable...
Black holes are one of the many amazing unexplainable wonders around the world. Black holes are
also very abundant in many galaxies especially the Milky Way. There is believed to be at least over
ten million black holes scattered around the Milky Way galaxy alone. In every galaxy there is a
supermassive black hole that is at least billions of times as big as the sun and it is big enough to
swallow the whole solar system. The first black hole was discovered in 1971 and John Wheeler, an
American astronomer, coined the term black hole in 1967 ("Black Holes: Facts"). Black holes are
formed out of pieces of a star that have exploded in a supernova explosion ("Black Holes –
NASA"). They are also formed when two stars have a stellar collision ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another theory for the creation of the supermassive black hole is the result of hundreds or thousands
of small black holes that combine to make the supermassive black hole ("Black Holes: Facts"). A
stellar cluster, group of stars, can also collapse in on each other to form a supermassive black hole
("Black Holes: Facts"). Black holes are found everywhere in the universe and there are millions of
black holes in the Milky Way galaxy alone ("Where"). The closest black hole to Earth is about 1600
light years away and one light year is equal to 9.4605284 × 1015 meters ("Where"). At the center of
every galaxy there is believed to be a supermassive black hole which is millions to billions of times
as big as the sun ("Where"). There are two main reasons why humans cannot see black holes and
one of the reasons is that black holes are black and cannot be seen because they blend in with the
darkness ("Black Holes – NASA"). The second reason is that they are too far away to be seen even
with incredibly powerful telescopes ("Black Holes – NASA"). There are also some tools that allow
people to see the effects of what a black hole can do to different kinds of matter in space near them
("Black Holes – NASA"). By using a radio telescope in the Southern Hemisphere scientists can see
the particle jets coming out of a black hole and have made a detailed drawing of what it looks like
("Black Holes – NASA"). Scientists

Black Hole Research Paper
One of the most interesting things that can happen in space is a black hole. A black hole can almost
be described as a vacuum. It is a spot in space where gravity is constantly pulling materials into it.
The gravity is so strong that light is not even able to escape from the black hole. The reason why the
gravity of a black hole is so strong is because all of its matter has been squeezed into a tiny space.
This happens when a star starts to die. People cannot see black holes because light cannot escape.
Black holes are invisible in space. Astronomers have developed space telescopes with special tools
that can help locate black holes in space. These tools are able to see how stars that are very close to
black holes react differently than stars ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our Sun is not large enough to become a black hole when it dies. When the Sun loses all of its
available nuclear fuel in its core, the Sun will die a quiet death. Stars that have the same size as the
Sun are called Solar Mass Stars. When a Solar Mass star dies, its remnants become a white dwarf.
Stars that have more mass will eventually become a black hole when they die. When a massive star
loses all of its fuel, it is not able to sustain its own weight anymore and begins to collapse on itself.
The massive star begins to heat up and a fraction of the stars outer layer. The massive stars outer
layer also contains fresh nuclear fuel. This activates the nuclear reaction again and an explosion
called a super nova happens. The innermost part of the massive star, the core, still continues to
collapse. Depending on the size of the stars core, the star might become a neutron star and the
collapsing stops or it will keep on continuing to collapse into a black hole. The dividing mass of the
stars core is what determines the stars

Informative Essay: What Are Black Holes?
It's a trap. Our universe, even our galaxy, contains many things that we do not fully understand. Part
of this is the massive scale, the huge size that everything is when we compare it to ourselves. This
means that many things are out of our realistic reach at this time. We cannot observe things in
person. Some bodies, we would not be able to see even if we were standing on top of them. One of
these such things are black holes. Physicists theorize that they exist, but they are still hard to
understand. Not much is known about black holes, but being conscious about them could be crucial.
It is hard to describe these elusive entities. Physicists agree on a definition, an incredible amount of
mass in a single space that has such a large gravitational ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Black holes are formed when massive stars collapse under the weight of their own gravity
(Schoolworkhelper Editorial Team). The nuclear fusion in younger stars creates a constant outward
pressure from the core ("Black Hole Images, Facts and Information"). This balances the pull from
the gasses in orbit around the core, keeping the star stable (Schoolworkhelper Editorial Team). Once
a star's life is nearing the end, and its gasses have almost all been used up in the nuclear reactions,
the star will collapse inward from the gravitational pull without the outward push of the reactions
(Schoolworkhelper Editorial Team). This happens to stars of at least six to eight times the mass of
our sun (Schoolworkhelper Editorial

Black Holes : A Black Hole
Black holes should probably not be called black holes. In fact, black holes are anything but empty
space. Black holes are a great amount of matter packed and squeezed into a very small area. The
result of this amount of matter squeezed into a small area results in a gravitational field so strong
that nothing, not even light, can escape. Scientists do not have the ability to directly observe black
holes with telescopes that detect x–rays, light, or other forms of electromagnetic radiation. However,
Scientists can infer the presence of black holes and study them by detecting their effect on other
matter nearby. If a black holes passes through a cloud of interstellar matter, it will draw that matter
inward in a process known as accretion. A similar process will occur if a black holes passes a normal
star. So, after a black hole is created, it draws in anything in its path adding to the extreme amount
of matter that is packed into that very small area. Common types of black holes are produced by
certain dying stars. A star with a mass greater than 20 times the mass of our sun can produce a black
hole at the end of its life. Black holes are usually only created by the death of a very massive star.
When a very massive star dies, it explodes into a supernova. The outer parts of the star are launched
violently into space while the core completely collapses under its own weight. If the core remaining
after the giant explosion from the supernova is very massive, there

Understanding Black Holes Essay
Like the boundaries on earth, mankind has always looked to the sky in awe for it seemed boundless
in its ever growing horizon. Out of all the cosmos that's being found and discovered every day, there
is one object that stands to elude scientists still, the black hole. Albert Einstein, and all the brilliant
scientists after his, help to design and create a part of the universe that's very crucial to
understanding existence. The perimeters of a black hole have been a great this that has been
discussed and observed to the point where it eventually becomes clear as its compared to objects
around or like it. The physics of the black holes existence is still unclear for it shows properties that
support Einstein's theory and quantum mechanics, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Clegg, Brian)
Karl Schwarzschild found a solution to Einstein's theory, if enough matter was packed in to a small
region of space, he said, it should have a strong enough gravitational field that even light couldn't
escape it. Roy Kerr stated that the bigger the star, the greater the 'drag' on the space–time around it.
But later his equations were looked at again and it was shown that this theory would be applied to
black holes. 1971, an x–ray satellite, Uhuru, had spotted a flicking that was shown by a binary star
system of a white supergiant and a black hole. The black hole was taking the gas that was being
emitted by the white supergiant and while the gas spiraled in to it, spurts of gas were ripped from the
faster then the speed of light. Stephen Hawking shows that black holes may not be black: they may
emit a form of radiation that will eventually cause them to evaporate. (Black Hole Encyclopedia yr.
1974) this type of radiation was coined as hawking radiation, for it stated that when hawking
particles were near the event horizon, the negatively charged side would fall in while the positive
flew out, making the firewall paradox. (Black hole Encyclopedia)
The problem with the black hole is the understanding of where does the information go after it's
eaten, thus, the information paradox. The firewall paradox is one of the two that should happen, but
don't. The process of the firewall is when a

Black Holes Research Papers
Black holes are strange because we can not see them because they have such a strong gravitational
pull light can 't escape from. They can rip anything apart. Black Holes form when a star dies and
collapses in on itself. They are usually relatively small and really dense. Rather, it is a great amount
of matter packed into a very small area – think of a star ten times more massive than the Sun
squeezed into a sphere approximately the diameter of New York City. In the milky way their are a
few hundred million black holes. In recent years, NASA instruments have painted a new picture of
these strange objects that are, too many, the most fascinating objects in space. Scientists can 't
directly observe black holes with telescopes that detect ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the surface reaches the event horizon, time stands still, and the star can collapse no more – it
is a frozen collapsing object.
Even bigger black holes can result from stellar collisions. Soon after its launch in December 2004,
NASA 's Swift telescope observed the powerful, fleeting flashes of light known as gamma ray
bursts. Chandra and NASA 's Hubble Space Telescope later collected data from the event 's
"afterglow," and together the observations led astronomers to conclude that the powerful explosions
can result when a black hole and a neutron star collide, producing another black hole. Although the
basic formation process is understood, one perennial mystery in the science of black holes is that
they appear to exist on two radically different size scales. On the one end, there are the countless
black holes that are the remnants of massive stars. Peppered throughout the Universe, these "stellar
mass" black holes are generally 10 to 24 times as massive as the Sun. Astronomers spot them when
another star draws near enough for some of the matter surrounding it to be snared by the black hole
's gravity, churning out x–rays in the process. Most stellar black holes, however, lead isolated lives
and are impossible to detect. Judging from the number of stars large enough to produce such black
holes, however, scientists estimate that there are as many as ten million to a billion such black holes
in the Milky

Black Holes, By John Archibald Wheeler
Black holes are one of the most mysterious aspects of the Universe. Scientists know that black holes
contain an insane amount of matter packed into a small space with a gravitational field so intense
that not even light can escape it. This review will focus primarily on what is known about black
holes, how scientists know black holes exist, current studies and experiments, and why they are
studied. Based off the knowledge humans have already uncovered about black holes, they could
change the future. Black holes could realistically be used to power starships, enabling humans to
travel at near light speed to explore the Cosmos. Humans would be able to conquer the most
unknown frontier yet.
It was not until 1916 that black holes were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gamma ray bursts from collisions or collapses signify the birth of a new black hole. Immense
amounts of energy are released during formations, and it is at the center of a black hole, its
singularity, that the laws of physics break down. As claimed by NASA, during each formation of a
black hole, the black hole will reach an "event horizon", where time appears to slow to an outside
observer. See Figure 1 to view the parts of a black hole. Eventually during formation, time will stop,
the star will not collapse anymore, and it will be frozen. To an outside observer, an object that
reaches the "event horizon" and falls into a black hole would appear to never fully go in. This is
because of the process called "Spaghettification", which explains that if a human were to fall in, the
force of gravity of their feet would be millions of times greater than the force on their head, so in a
literal sense, they would stretch out and become flat before going in. It would literally appear to be
an illusion because to the human falling in, time passes normally, yet slows for an outside observer.
Time was discovered to slow near black holes when it was observed that light curves and bends
when nearing a black hole. The only way to explain this bend is with Einstein's theory of general
relativity and his concept of space–time. Space–time is the idea that space is actually a fabric that is
warped by gravity. Einstein concluded that space and time cannot be effected without

Space Reflection
Over the last semester, our class has gone on a journey throughout space. This journey has grown
our knowledge and imagination of what space holds for humanity. With this class, we have been
inspired to look past our own planet to the future opportunities the the stars hold. Just as this class
has lit the fire of adventure for space in us, our group went to Legacy High School to present to both
of Mr. Wold's AVID class, pictured below, where we tried to inspire the group of seniors about the
wonder of space before they took their next step in life. To do this, we presented on one of space's
biggest mysteries, Black Holes. The presentation was broken into six slides with each member
presenting two of the slides. The slide that was done by Joyce Kruger was the basic intro where we
got the audience thinking about our topic. We would first ask the audience "Do you know what we
are presenting on today" and most of them would raise their hands because we had already told them
what we're talking about and we wanted them to raise their hands. Once their hands were up we
would then pick someone with their hand up and ask them what a black hole is in their opinion. We
wanted to get a couple kids to say their opinion just to get a baseline on what they already know.
Then we would introduce the definition of a black hole and compare it to what the kids said. We
would wrap up this slide by talking about how black holes were made. This was a good segway into
Paul's section on the

What Makes A White Dwarf?
1. What is it called when a star like the Sun sheds most of its mass?
When a sun like star like the sun sheds most of it's mass it is called a planetary nebula.
2. Which is the fate of our Sun? c. white dwarf
a. Blackhole
b. Supernova type Ia
c. White Dwarf
d. Red Dwarf
e. Supernova type II
3. Using http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/dwarfs1.html, what is the composition of a
white dwarf?
According to NASA the composition of the white dwarf is apparently hardly noticeable and the
attempt at those being the brightest was just as much as an ordinary 100 watt light bulb from the
moon. The planetary nebula is the change from a medium mass star that's a red giant to a white
dwarf that's very close to the power of the sun eventually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Astronomers think they are related to neutron stars because they are the leftovers in a way of
massive stars, the remains even though they are highly magnetic and can move and orbit at very
high speeds. With a pulsars life, birth, and death being very similar to how a neutron star is, we can
begin to see why.
7. What is the difference between Type Ia and Type II supernova.
The difference between a type Ia and Type II supernova is that a type II is caused by a big star
collapsing and a Ia supernova is a white dwarf that emits enough mass and power to overcome the
chandraskhar limit and collapses under the weight of it's overly increased power.
8. Use http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/modules.html to find Blackhole in M33.
What type of telescopes can see it? How far away is the blackhole? Where is it located? (2 pts)
According to Hubblesite, the type of telescopes that can see it X–ray, Visible Light, and radio
waves. There is quite a few blackholes, A supermassive one that is 2.5 million lightyears. Another
supermassive that is 730 million light years away, One that is 28,000 light years away that is super
massive and another one that is 2.5 billion light years away and is another supermassive.
9. According to http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k–4/stories/nasa–knows/what–is–a–
black–hole–k4.html, could a blackhole destroy Earth? The Moon? The Sun?
According to NASA: What is a black hole – A black hole could not really destroy the earth because

Black Holes And Its Effects On Society
Supermassive black holes are so mysterious when it comes to the knowledge we know about them.
We still don't know much about them and there will always be conspiracies about them, but we still
need to find more information about them to understand more. Black holes are developed when a
star's core collapses and then mass is getting eaten by the core which leads to the star to die in a
supernova explosion. This can go two ways, one is that the star turns into a neutron star, and the
second is it turns into a black hole but only if the star is massive enough. There are known to be
three kinds of black holes. Intermediate, stellar, and supermassive black holes. We still don't know
how supermassive black holes are formed, but most scientists ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is called Cygnus X–1. Rockets that were carrying a device called Geiger counter that measure
radioactivity by counting ionizing particles. Eight X–ray sources were found and scientist detected
radio emissions from Cygnus X–1. A massive hidden companion was found and that was considered
the first black hole to be discovered. (6) We have a lot of evidence to prove that supermassive black
holes exist in galaxies. Scientist found evidence of a supermassive black hole in the center of the
Milky Way, the galaxy NGC 4258, galaxy M87, and several more. Scientist verified the existence of
black holes by studying the speed of the clouds of gas orbiting the galaxy regions. In 1994, the
Hubble space telescope measured an unseen object that had an estimated mass of about 3 billion
times the mass of the sun in our solar system. The unseen object was located in the center of the
galaxy M87. Scientist measured the mass of the object through the motion of the object whirling
around the center. (2) More evidence for the existence of supermassive black holes is the existence
of quasars. Quasars are a massive and extremely remote celestial object that emits large amounts of
energy. They are also one of the brightest objects in the universe. They are typically more than 100
times brighter than the galaxies they're in. Quasars emit light through disks of gas and stars that are
known as an accretion disk. The accretion disk surrounds black holes. The closest quasars are

Black Holes A simple star with low fuel turns into a strong, powerful black hole in space with 4
times more mass than the sun. Discovered in 1916 by Albert Einstein, a black hole is an area of
space–time showing very strong effects, that nothing can escape from the black hole. Space–time is
the belief that there is no time in space, so there is no aging or time whatsoever. There are three
different types of black holes. Stellar–mass, supermassive, and intermediate. All three are very
strong, but the supermassive is currently the strongest reported. Not all black holes are large, but
extremely powerful. The supermassive black holes are the biggest type of black hole and most of the
time are found in the center of massive galaxies. Stellar–mass black holes are formed by a star
collapsing. Intermediate black holes are stronger than stellar–mass black holes, but weaker than
supermassive. Supermassive is the least common black hole there is. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The star has been losing fuel and is burning out, so the star will begin to collapse. When collapsing
part of the star will shoot into space and scientist believe this is how a supermassive black hole
forms. When the hole is forming, dust and gas is collected from the galaxy surrounding the black
hole. Light cannot be released because matter is squeezed together in a small space. Stellar black
holes are small but dense and can have 20 times more mass than the sun. Mass is the property of a
physical body. When a black hole is forming it is possible for mass to be pulled from stars around
the whole. This will help the hole grow in power and

A black hole is a super dense big vacuum like object that...
A black hole is a super dense big vacuum like object that will suck in anything that comes near it,but
a black hole is a object that over the years people doubted if they existed or not, well I'm going to
tell you the facts that scientist found about black holes and if they are real and also I'm going to
answer some questions that you probably never knew the answer to. To start off with there are many
different types of black holes and they are different sizes and different masses, like the supermassive
black hole. This black hole is one of the many types of black holes, but the supermassive black hole
has the same mass of billions of our suns put together and if you think about that it would weigh a
lot and a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is not possible to see a black hole is because black holes are extremely dense celestial body which
means a natural body in space and why a black hole is black is because the gravitational field is so
strong that nothing can escape from it and a black hole is surrounded by this which gives it its round
shape and light can not escape from it so thats why a black hole is black. How a black hole is made
commonly when a dying star has a mass greater than 20 times our sun. It may produce a black hole
and also when a big stars nuclear waste explodes into a super nova the core of the star collapses on
itself then the rest of the mass after the explosion would have to be 3 times the mass of our sun then
it would be able to make a black hole.
What would happen if you fell in a black hole is unknown to anybody because nobody has ever been
in a black hole. The closest black hole is in the middle of the milky way and that is too many light
years away. We wouldn't be able to find out but there are many theories about what would happen if
you fell in a black hole from all the facts about black holes and just from what people think. One of
the theories about black holes is from Polchinski and she says that once you were to enter a black
hole you would hit smack down at the end of the universe and there would be nothing it just would
be complete darkness. Another theory that Polchinski has is that once you enter a black hole all of
the information in your atoms would be

There are two types of black holes that exist in our universe. The first one being the Schwarzschild
black hole which happens to be the simplest one of the two. This black hole is considered the
simplest because its core does not rotate which means the black hole is completely stable at all times
of the day. The next black hole is the Kerr black hole, which happens to be the most common in
nature. This black hole in contrast to the Schwarzschild black hole does indeed rotate. When the
rotating star dies out and collapses, the core continues to rotate and therefore, that carries over to the
black hole. Scientists believe that the smallest black holes formed when the actual universe formed
and began. They also have been led to believe that the supermassive black holes that exist in our
universe were made at the same time as the galaxy that they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He named it black holes because he continued to hear news of how there were dark regions in the
sky that would suck matter into them so he came up with the term 'Black Hole'. However, no one
knew what exactly a black hole was and what it could do so they began to take hints and make
predictions as to what they could be. Back in 1783, John Michell predicted that there might be an
object massive enough in space that its escape velocity could be greater than the speed of light.
Later in 1796, Simon Pierre LaPlace predicted that black holes actually existed as he stated, "It is
therefore possible that the largest luminous bodies in the universe may, through this cause, be
invisible." He believed a black hole was invisible because since there is no light up in space, he
thought they just blended in to their surroundings. The first black hole that astronomers could
actually examine was found in 1970 and they named it the Cygnus X – 1. The black hole measured
to be smaller than Earth and was detected by the x–rays it gave off on its outside

Black Holes Informative Speech
I Introduction hook : Black holes: the universe's mystery B. Summary of Information: a black hole
is a pit of blackness that sucks everything in like stars,planets,and when that happens no light comes
out of the black hole. C. Thesis: Black holes are a mystery in the universe
Body Paragraph: How black holes are formed.
Transition: first,
State your point : Black holes are interesting because of the history of how they are made Fact 1:
black holes are formed from a dying star Fact 2 : black holes can be big depending on how big the
star was Fact 3: if a black hole meets another black hole it will cancel each other out
Body Paragraph: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fact 2, if you do not die from spaghettification, you would die in the event horizon which is "like a
1 billion degrees oven" so you would die from that instead
Fact 3, If you go fast enough "you might" be able to get through the black hole and then once you
are inside you might be able to see the event horizon
Body Paragraph: types of black holes
Transition: third,
State your point: Black holes will be super dangerous if they become a supermassive black hole
Fact 1, When a black hole absorbs in another black holes it will create a mega black hole.
Fact 2, The event horizon would be smaller if it was a supermassive black hole
Fact 3, so if a supermassive black hole came here we would be in trouble because it can consume
our whole galaxy
Body Paragraph: how a black hole would destroy our planet
Transition: finally
State your point: it would be horrible if our planet got consumed by the black hole and here is how it
would destroy our

Black Hole Research Papers
Black Holes This paper will introduce you to the incredible topic which is black holes. A black hole
is a region of space time exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing can escape from
inside it. (NASA) No human has ever entered a black hole and there is still a large mystery about
them; we have very little idea of where the matter that enters them goes. A black hole cannot be
looked into either, as it sucks all the light into the middle of it. Space programs use special satellites
with certain features that allow them to see these black holes. A black hole can be big or small,
sometimes forming when a star is dying. Some scientists speculate that there can be black holes just
1 centimeter large. There are multiple types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scary right? Well what about a black hole sucking in the earth, is it possible? Thankfully, black
holes do not go around eating stars, moons, and planets. There is no black hole close enough to the
earth for it to be able to be sucked into. If a black hole the same mass as the sun were to replace the
sun, earth would still not be able to fall into it. The black hole would have the same gravity as the
sun and the planets would orbit it, just as they do the sun. Also, the sun will never turn into a black
hole, as it is not a big enough star to create one.

Spaghettification Lab
Black holes are some of unusual and most interesting objects found in outer space. The first thing I
learned, black holes are objects of the greatest density due to the strong gravity because mater has
been squeezed into a tiny space. With the black holes relationships with mass and gravity, they have
an extremely powerful gravitational force that even light cannot escape from their grasp if it comes
near enough. Second thing I learned is about the inner region of a black hole, where its mass lies, is
known as its singularity, the single pint in space–time where the mass of the black hole is
concentrated. The third thing I learned that I found the most fascinating is if the earth ever falls into
a black hole, one of the effect that will happen is "spaghettification," which means if objects come
too close to a black hole, it will stretch out, just like a spaghetti. This effect is brought about by a
gravitational gradient across the object or a body. For example, if earth comes too close to a black
hole, the nearest part of the planet will be pulled by an enormous gravitational pull, while leaving
the farthest part with a small gravitational force. The fourth thing I learned is that the new
hypothesis suggests that anything that touches a black hole will become an ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another piece in the article I found that is very interesting is spaghettification. Just imagine being
sucked into a black hole and feel the increasing force trying to pull your body apart from head to
toe, ripping you into little pieces. You would be in so much agony you wished you were dead. If the
earth ever get pulled into a black hole, I don't think that might be optimal for our lives because of
the lack of light, much less photosynthesis, slower oxygen, and the unlikeliness that a planet would
survive the black hole's

AGN Research: How Do They Affect Galaxy Formation

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AGN Research: How Do They Affect Galaxy Formation