Detail presentation of Cardiovascular System

1. Cardio-Vascular System
Presentation
Presented by
Sheetal Pitale
Date- 19th September 2019

2. Contents
• What is cardiovascular system (CVS)
• Important components of CVS
– Blood
– Heart
– Lungs
– Lymphatic system
• Anatomy of CVS
• Physiology of heart
– Double circulation system
– Cardiac cycle

3. What is cardiovascular system(CVS)
Cardio + Vascular = CVS
Oxy- Artery
Deoxy- Veins
CVS is responsible for
•Converting Deoxygenated blood into oxygenated blood
•Supply oxygenated blood to body cells
•Generates energy (ATP) packets for running body
functions like muscle contraction etc

4. Important components of (CVS)
• Blood: There is about 6litres of blood continuously
circulating in our body through the heart. It is made up of
liquid(plasma) and solids(the blood cells).
• Heart: The heart takes deoxygenated blood from different
parts of body and transport oxygenated blood to parts of
body at cell level
• Lungs: There are pairs of lungs in thoracic cavity. They helps
to convert deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood and
transported to heart through pulmonary vein.
• Lymphatic system: Lymphatic System is special type of
circulatory system which consist of lymph, lymph nodes or
glands and lymphatic vessels for immune system of the
body

5. Anatomy of CVS- Blood
Composition of Blood
• Total volume of Blood: 5-6 litres in our body
• Specific Gravity of Blood: 1050- 1060
• Viscosity of Blood: 4-5 times of water
• pH of Blood: 7.4 +/- 0.05 alkaline
The blood is made up of plasma and cells. Cells represents 45% of
blood volume and consist of
• Red Blood cells / Erythrocytes (RBC): Normal count = 5million per
cumm
• White Blood cells / Leukocytes (WBC): Normal count = 4000-
11000 per cumm
• Platelets / Thrombocytes : Normal count = 1.5-4 lacs /cumm
Plasma represents 55% of total blood volume in which there is 91% of
water and 9% of solids.

6. Anatomy of CVS- Blood
Cells of blood
RBC/ Erythrocytes
• Structure: circular biconcave non
nucleated disc
• Normal count:
– At birth: 6-7 million/cumm
– Male : 5-6 million/cumm
– Female : 4.5-5.5 million/ cumm
• life span: 120 days
• Functions of RBC
– It contain haemoglobin which carry
oxygen to different parts of body at
tissue level.
– Helps in indentifying the blood groups

7. Anatomy of CVS- Blood
Cells of blood
WBC/ leukocytes :
• Normal count :
– At birth: 20000/cumm
– Adult : 4000-11000/cumm
• Contents of WBC
– Neutrophils : It is first line of defence against
bacterial attack in the body
– Eosinophils : It is mild phagocytes
– Basophils : It liberates histamine which is
responsible for allergic reaction manifestation
– Lymphocytes : produces antibodies against
antigens
– Monocytes : It second line of defence against
bacterial attack after neutrophils in our body

8. Anatomy of CVS- Blood
Platelets/ Thrombocytes
• Normal count = 1.5-4 lacs/cumm
• Life span = 8-12days
• Location= spleen
• Functions of Thrombocytes
– Helps in haemostasis of blood
– Help in blood coagulation
– Help in phagocytosis of viruses in blood

9. Anatomy of CVS- Blood
• Functions of blood
– Carries oxygen to the tissues
– Carries nutrients to the tissues
– Carries away waste products from tissues to the
excretory organ
– Carries hormones from glands to the target tissues
– Fights against antigens/ foreign particles in the body
– Helps in maintaining the body temperature
– Maintains water balance in body

10. Anatomy of CVS – Heart
• Introduction
• Layers
• Chambers
• Valves
• Muscles
• Nodal cells
• Great vessels ( arteries and veins)

11. Anatomy of CVS- Heart
Introduction
• The heart is hallow muscular organ
which pumps the blood to various parts
of the body.
• It is situated obliquely in thoracic cavity
(middle mediastinum) between the
two lungs and behind the sternum.
• The normal adult heart measures
12cm vertically and 6cm antero-
posterior.
• The weight of male is 300gms and
female heart is 250gms.
• The size of heart is about the fist of the
individual.
• The heart consist of apex and base.

12. Anatomy of CVS – Heart
Layers of heart
The heart is covered by fibro-serous
membrane called pericardium.
Pericardium has three layers
1. Epicardium: outermost layer
composed of lose connective tissues
2. Myocardium: middle layer which
opens blood vessel (arteries)
supplying blood to heart muscles
3. Endocardium: innermost layer for
protecting the heart chambers .

13. Anatomy of CVS- Heart
Chambers
• Atria
– Right Atrium: This chamber carries
deoxygenated blood from body
through superior venacava (SVC ) and
inferior venacava (IVC)
– Left Atrium: This chamber carries
oxygenated blood from body through
pulmonary veins
• Ventricles
– Right Ventricle : This chamber carries
deoxygenated blood received from
right atrium through tricuspid valve
– Left Ventricle : This chamber carries
oxygenated blood from left atrium
through mitral valve ( bicuspid)

14. Anatomy of CVS- Heart
Valves
The valves are required to avoid the
regurgitation of blood flow. The valves are
one directional. There are four valves in
heart.
1. Tricuspid valve: It has three leaflets that
opens and closes allowing deoxygenated
blood from right atrium to right ventricle
2. Mitral valve (bicuspid): It has two leaflets
that opens and closes allowing oxygenated
blood from left atrium to left ventricle
3. Pulmonary valve: It is the semi lunar
(tricuspid) valve that connects right
ventricle to pulmonary artery carrying
deoxygenated blood to lungs
4. Aortic valve: It is the semi lunar (tricuspid)
valve that connects left ventricle to aorta
carrying oxygenated blood to the body

15. Anatomy of CVS- Heart
Muscles
Cardiac muscles (myocardium): It is
involuntary striated muscles
constitutes tissues of heart wall
and responsible for contractibility
Papillary muscles: This are the
smooth muscles inside the
ventricles for the opening of
valves
Bundle of His and Purkenje fibres:
These are special muscles for
faster conduction of electrical
signals during systole of ventricles
Purkenje
fibres
papillary
muscles

16. Anatomy of CVS- Heart
Nodal cells
The Nodal cells are the specialised cells present in the
wall of heart which helps in the conduction of the
electrical signals to heart muscles causing in
contraction . There are five nodal cells they are as
follows
1. Sinoatrial node (SA node): SA node is the major
element in conduction system which controls the
heart rate
2. Atrioventricular node (AV node): AV node is the
relay station between the upper and the lower
chambers of heart
3. Bundle of His: It is an important part of conduction
system of heart as it transmits impulses from AV
node to the septum and the ventricles of heart
4. Bundle braches : This are divided in right and left
bundle branch which transmits impulse to right and
left ventricles
5. Purkinje fibres : It has specialised bunch of muscles
which conducts faster impulses to the heart

17. Anatomy of CVS- Heart
Great vessels
The heart consist of following great vessels
1. Superior venacava (SVC): SVC carry
deoxygenated blood from upper parts of the
body to the right atrium.
2. Inferior venacava (IVC): IVC carries the
deoxygenated blood from the lower parts of
the body to the right atrium
3. Pulmonary artery (PA): It gets divded into
right and left branch which carries
deoxygenated blood from right ventricle and
gives to the both lungs for oxygenation of
blood
4. Pulmonary veins(PV): It carries oxygenated
blood from lungs and brings to left atrium
5. Aorta : It is the great vessel which carries
oxygenated blood from left ventricle and
supplies all parts of the body

18. Anatomy of CVS- Heart
Blood supply and venous
drainage
1. Coronary arteries: It supplies
oxygenated blood to entire
myocardium the blood is received
through 2 ostium (sinuses)
located at aortic root. There are 4
main coronary artery
– Right coronary artery (RCA)
– Left coronary (LCA)
– Left Circumflex artery (LCX)
– Left anterior descending artery (LAD)
2. Coronary veins : It collects
deoxygenated blood from entire
myocardium the blood is drain
through sinuses located at right
atrium .

19. Anatomy of CVS- lungs
• Lungs are pair of spongy air filled
organs located on either side of chest
• Internally lungs are made of small
units called alveoli which responsible
for exchanging inhaled oxygen into
deoxygenated received pulmonary
artery, converting oxygenated blood
and sending back to heart through
pulmonary veins this is called
respiration

20. Anatomy of CVS- Lymphatic system
Lymphatic system: Lymphatic System is
special type of circulatory system for
immune system of the body which
consist of
• Lymph: It is a fluid like plasma and
the tissues fluids. It may contain
bacteria in any infections
• Lymphatic vessel : Lymphatic
vessels starts in tissues spaces
between the cells and starts like a
veins. This lymph flows in large
lymphatic vessels
• Lymph glands or nodes: They are
the small bean shaped structure
situated near neck, axilla, groin and
also in pelvic

21. Physiology of Heart
Double circulation
Systematic Circulation
• IVC & SVC carries deoxygenated blood
from body to right atrium.
• The blood pass into right ventricle
through atrioventricular valve (AV)
• Then the blood is pumped into lungs
through pulmonary artery
(deoxygenated blood)
Pulmonary Circulation
• Lungs undertake gas exchange to
convert deoxy blood into oxy blood
• Then this Oxygenated blood is passed
through pulmonary vein to left atrium
• The oxygenated blood is then passed
into left ventricles through mitral
valve. Then Oxy blood is pumped into
body back through aorta and it’s valve

22. Physiology of Heart
cardiac cycle
The sequence of changes in the pressure and flow in the heart
chambers and blood vessels in the two subsequent cardiac
contraction is known as cardiac cycle. There are phases of Cardiac
Cycle. Normal cardiac cycle takes 0.8secs
• Systole ( Contraction ) of chambers
• Diastole ( relaxation ) of chambers
Events in cardiac cycle
• Atrial systole: Both Atria are emptied into respective ventricles by
opening their valves. The duration is about 0.1secs.
• Ventricular systole: Left ventricle on contraction forces oxygenated
blood into aorta to body. Right ventricle on contraction forces
deoxygenated blood into pulmonary artery to lung The duration is
about 0.3secs. First heart sound is heard (HS1)
• Ventricular diastole: The duration is about 0.5secs the semilunar
valve close which cause the second heart sound (HS2). This a
passive filling of ventricles from respective atrium. During this
phase tricuspid and mitral valves are open.
• Atrial diastole: The duration is about 0.7secs during this phase the
muscles relaxes and receives blood from Lung and Body