Autoimmunity means an inappropriate response of the immune system against self-components & when it results in the failure of some organ or destroys the tissues than known as autoimmune disease(AD).This term firstly described by the PAUL EHRLICH.There are several mechanism which responsible for the autoimmunity. some of them are a).Sequestered or hidden Ag ,b).Neo Ag,c).Cessation of tolerance ,d).Cross reacting Ag e).Loss of immunoregulation & many more.More than 40 Ads found in human.It affect the 5%–7% of the human population in this it contain the two third of women.There are two type of AD a).organ specific & b).non organ specific. It affect the 5%–7% of the human population in this it contain the two third of women.The Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is one organ specific type of AD.It affects the beta cells of pancreas which responsible for the production of insulin. IDDM takes place by destroying the beta cell production.The patient show symptoms like frequent urination,extereme thirst & hunger,blurred vision, fatigue,weakness etc.it can be diagnosed by several blood sugar test.It can be control not cure.It controlled by several ways like by taking insulin,by following diabetes meal plan,monitroling blood sugar,getting regular physical activity etc.

1. Autoimmunity & Autoimmune disease

2. AUTO-IMMUNITY
2 words
auto + immunity Autoimuunity
self- to protect
molecule body
basically means immunity to self
“ an inappropriate response of the immune
system against self-components termed
autoimmunity.”
term first introduced by PAUL EHRLICH
he named autoimmunity as “horror autotoxicus”

3. MECHANISM
1.Sequestered or hidden Ag
Ag in the secluded places are not accessible to the
immune system
Example:-Thyroglubulin
2.Neo Ag
Altered or modified antigens
By the physical method like irradiation
or chemical method like drugs
or microbial agents like intracellular viruses
3.Cessation of tolerance
It may result when tolerance to the self Ag is
abrogated

4. 4
4.Cross reacting Ag
A foreign Ag which resembles self as a
secondary Ag
Many species share organ specific Ags
Example:-Ag of human brain & Ag of sheep
brain
5.Loss of immunoregulation
Loss of self tolerance
which either caused by over activity or lower
activity of T & B cells.

5. 5

6. Autoimmune disease
-When auto immunity develops it results in the
failure of some organ or destroys the tissues .
-This lead to the autoimmune disease (AD).
-affect 5%–7% of the human population
-Two third women affected
-More than 40 AD recognized in human

8. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM)
-0.2% population affected
-Also known as type-1 diabetes & juvenile diabetes
-It affects the beta cells cells of pancreas
-Beta cells responsible for the production of insulin
-Beta cells also known as “insulin producing cells”
-Beta cells are located in spherical clusters, called the
islets of Langerhans

9. How disease will take place??
Some Ab attack on beta cell
destroyed the beta cells
decreases the production of insulin
blood glucose level increased
this lead to IDDM

10. Photomicrographs of an islet of Langerhans
in pancreas from a normal mouse

11. Photomicrographs of an islet of Langerhans
one in pancreas from a mouse with a disease
resembling insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

12. Symptoms
Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Extreme hunger
Blurred vision
Fatigue & weakness
Unintended weight loss

13. Diagnosis
Majorly four test performed
1.Fasting blood sugar test
-After over night fast
Noraml range-<100mg/dL
Prediabetes-100 to 125 mg/dL
Diabetes-126mg/dL
2.Random blood sugar test
- sample will be taken randomly
Normal range-70 to 140mg/dL
Prediabetes-140 to 200 mg/dL
Diabetes->200mg/dL

14. 3.Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test
indicates average blood sugar level for the past
two or three months
it measure the percentage of blood sugar attached
to hemoglobin
Normal range-<5.7%
Prediabetes range-5.7 to6.4%
Diabetes range->6.5%
4.Oral glucose tolerance test
first by the overnight fasting the fasting blood
sugar level will be measured

15. 15
Then the after taking the surgery liquid & blood
sugar levels will be tested periodically for the
next two hours.
Normal range-<140 mg/dL
Prediabetes range-140 to 199 mg/dL
Diabetes range- >200 mg/dL

16. Treatment
-There is no cure for this
-But there are ways to monitor & control it
-They are
1.Taking insulin
2. Following a diabetes meal plan Or paying close
attention to diet
3.Monitoring blood sugar levels
4.Getting regular physical activity