SOCIAL PROCESS AND BEHAVIOURAL ISSUES

1. Perception

3. “ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE
THINGS AS WE ARE.”

4. MEANING OF PERCEPTION
 The process by which people select, organize,
interpret, retrieve, and respond to information.
 Perceptions differ from person to person.
 Each individual perceives the same situation
differently.
 Individuals organize and interpret things based on their
past experiences and the important values they
consider important.
 Employees tend to behave and act on certain things on
the basis of their perception.

5. DEFINITIONS
 STEPHEN ROBBINS
“ Perception is a process by which individual’s
organize and interpret the sensory impressions in order
to give meaning to their environment.”
 FRED LUTHANS
“Perception is an important mediating cognitive
process through which persons make interpretations of
the stimulus or situation they are forced with.”

6. Cntd…….
 In general, it can be defined as “ a process that
involves seeing, receiving, selecting, organizing,
interpreting and giving meaning to the
environment”.

7. NATURE OF PERCEPTION
1. Perception is the process by which an individual gives
meaning to the environment.
2. It is a cognitive and psychological process.
3. People’s action, emotions, thoughts and feelings are
triggered by their perceptions.
4. Since perception refers to the acquisition of specific
knowledge about objects or events at any particular
moment, it occurs whenever stimuli activate the sense
organs.

8. 5.Though perception has been defined in a variety of ways,
it basically refers to the manner in which a person
experiences the world.
6. Perception is an almost automatic process and works in
much the same way within each individual, yet typically
yields different perceptions.
7. A stimulus that is not perceived has no effect on behavior.
8. Perception is a process that operates constantly between
us and reality.

9. 9. Since perception is subjective process, different people
may perceive the same environment differently. So
perception is like beauty, that lies in the eyes of the
beholder.
10. Perception involves the creation of gestalts.
11. Perception is a unique interpretation of the situation, not
an exact recording of the situation.
12. Perception is more complex and much broader than
sensation.

10. IMPORTANCE OF
PERCEPTION
 Perception plays a very important role in shaping the
personality of an individual.
 Perception is central in interpreting the world around
us.
 Perception affects the outcome of our behavior
because we act on the basis of what we see.
 Managers should be able to distinguish between a
perceived world and the reality.
 An understanding of perception is important to
understand and control the human behavior .

11. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
 Characteristics of the perceiver.
 Characteristics of the setting.
 Characteristics of the perceived.

12.  Characteristics of the perceiver.
 The perceptual process is influenced by the perceiver’s:
•Past experiences.
•Needs or motives.
•Personality.
•Values and attitudes.
 Characteristics of the setting.
 The perceptual process is influenced by the setting’s:
•Physical context.
•Social context.
•Organizational context.

13.  Characteristics of the perceived.
 The perceptual process is influenced by characteristics of
the perceived person, object, or event, such as:
•Contrast.
•Intensity.
•Figure-ground separation.
•Size.
•Motion.
•Repetition or novelty.

14. FACTORS INFLUENCING
PERCEPTION

15. Perception
Factors in the perceiver
Attitudes
Motives
Interests
Experience
Expectations
Factors in the perceived
Motion
Sounds
Size
Background
Proximity
Similarity
Factors in the situation
Time
Work Setting
Social Setting

16. PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
Perceptual
inputs
Stimuli
Perceptual throughputs
Receiving->Selecting->Organizing-
>Interpreting
Perceptual
Outputs
Actions
Simplified process of perception

17. Perceptual inputs
 Objects, Events and people.
 All those things in the setting where events occur
or contribute to the occurrence of events can be
termed as Perceptual inputs.

18. Perceptual Mechanism
 Involves three elements viz. selection of stimuli,
organization of stimuli and interpretation of
stimuli.

19. Perceptual outputs
 –Attitudes, Opinions, Feelings & Values.
 The result is the “ BEHAVIOUR”

20. WHAT ARE COMMON PERCEPTUAL
DISTORTIONS? Or PERCEPTUAL ERRORS
 Stereotypes or prototypes.
 Halo effects.
 Selective perception.
 Projection.
 Contrast effects.

21.  Stereotypes or prototypes.
Combines information based on the category or class to
which a person, situation, or object belongs.
 Halo effects.
Occur when one attribute of a person or situation is used
to develop an overall impression of the individual or
situation.

22.  Selective perception.
The tendency to single out those aspects of a situation,
person, or object that are consistent with one’s needs,
values, or attitudes.
 Projection.
The assignment of one’s personal attributes to other
individuals.
 Projection can be controlled through a high degree of self-
awareness and empathy.

23.  Contrast effects.
Occur when an individual is compared to other people on
the same characteristics on which the others rank higher or
lower.