3. “ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE,
WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”
4. PERCEPTION
“ The study of perception is concerned with identifying
the process through which we interpret and organize
sensory information to produce our conscious
experience of objects and object relationship.”
“ Perception is the process of receiving information
about and making sense of the world around us. It
involves deciding which information to notice, how to
categorize this information and how to interpret it
within the framework of existing knowledge.
5. PERCEPTION
“ A process by which individuals organize and
interpret their sensory impressions in order to give
meaning to their environment ”.
7. THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
1. Sensation
An individual’s ability to
detect stimuli in the
immediate environment.
2. Selection
The process a person
uses to eliminate some of
the stimuli that have been
sensed and to retain
others for further
processing.
3. Organization
The process of placing
selected perceptual stimuli
into a framework for
“storage.”
4. Interpretation
The stage of the
perceptual process at
which stimuli are
interpreted and given
meaning.
8. SELECTIVE ATTENTION
Characteristics of the object
size, intensity, motion, repetition, novelty
Perceptual context
Characteristics of the perceiver
attitudes
perceptual defense
expectations -- condition us to expect events
9. Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations
Perception
Factors in the Target
• Motion
• Novelty
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity
Factors in the situation
• Time
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
13. PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
Our tendency to group several individual stimuli
into a meaningful and recognizable pattern.
It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to
be inborn.
Some factors underlying grouping are
-continuity -closure
-proximity -similarity
14.
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17.
18. ATTRIBUTION THEORY
IS THE CAUSE OF THE BEHAVIOR SEEN AS INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL? WE
LOOK FOR THREE TYPES OF INFORMATION TO DECIDE:
DISTINCTIVENESS : Is this person’s performance different
on other tasks and in other situations?
CONSISTENCY : Over time, is there a change in behavior or
results on this task by this person?
CONSENSUS : Do others perform or behave similarly when in
a similar position?
“YES” answers lead to EXTERNAL attributions (Environmental
causes)
“NO” answers lead to INTERNAL attributions (Personal causes)
19. ATTRIBUTION THEORY
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is
internally or externally caused.
observation Attribution of cause
Consistency
Consensus
Distictinctiveness
Individual
behavior
Internal
External
Internal
External
Internal
External
H
L
H
L
H
L
H –high L- Low
Interpretation
20. External
Attribution
20
Distinctiveness
Does this person
behave in
this manner
in other situation
Yes
High
Consistency
No
Low
Consistency
No
Low
Consensus
Yes
High
Consensus
YES
Low
Distinctiveness
NO
High
Distinctiveness
Consensus
Do other person
Behave in the
Same manner?
Consistency
Does this person
behave
in this same
manner at other
times ?
Internal
Attribution
21. PERCEPTUAL ERRORS & ATTRIBUTIONS
STEREOTYPES : Based on appearance
HALO (HORN) EFFECTS : One outstanding characteristic noted
CONTRAST EFFECT : Ordering
RECENCY EFFECT : Limited recall
PROJECTION : “Similar to me” Error
SKEWING ERRORS : Central tendency, leniency, strictness bias
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY : People respond the way you
“expected” they would
SELECTIVE PERCEPTION (MIND SETS) : Filtering, selection,
22. ATTRIBUTION ERRORS
THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
the cause of poor performance (by others) is due to personal
factors (lazy…didn’t try very hard)
SELF-SERVING BIAS
the cause of poor performance (by myself) is due to
situational factors (poor support), not because of a lack of
effort
24. Known to Self Unknown to Self
Known
to Others
Unknown
to Others
Open
Area Blind
Area
Unknown
Area
Hidden
Area
KNOW YOURSELF (JOHARI WINDOW)
Open
Area
Blind
Area
Hidden
Area
Unknown
Area
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