It301 Unit 5

It301 Unit 5
Jason Combs
Unit 5: Comparison of Quality Philosophies
IT301: Project Management I
Professor Cyntia Glenn Cotton
October 23, 2012
Unit 5: Comparison of Quality Philosophies
Philosophy Matrix Dimension | Deming | Juran | Crosby | PMI | Quality Definition | Needs of
customers | Fitness for use | Comply to the requirements | Conformance to requirements | Quality
System | 14–pt Philosphy–A recipe for total quality | Trilogy–Optimize the process | Plan the quality
| Prevention | Performance Standard | PDCA/PDSA Deming Wheel | SuccessFormula | Quality
assurance | Zero Defects | Quality Measurement | Kaizen | Excellence to Process Perato Principles |
Cost of quality | Cost of non–conformance | Role of Top Management | ... Show more content on
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Deming, on the other hand, had a system he established using a fourteen point formula which
recognized the purpose toward improvement, leadership, and training, as well as taking actions to
ensure a successful process improvement.
Standards of Performance Crosby 's performance standard consisted of having a zero defect
approach, which meant everyone involved (supplier and customer included) must understand.
Crosby defined zero defect as not being a literal zero defect (as that is not always possible), but
rather producing goods or services within agreed upon tolerances and requirements for quality and
costs. Juran had a four step formula when it came to performance standards: establish goals to be
reached, establish plans for these goals, meet the goals, and rewards based on results achieved.
Deming had a process called the Deming Wheel, which was an adaptation of the PDCA (Plan, Do,
Check, and Act) Problem Solving Cycle. To break it down, Plan involved designing components to
improve results, Do employed the plan, Check evaluated the measurements, and Act made decisions
based on the changes needed to improve the process.
Quality Measurements Juran 's perspective on quality was based on five general measures, the
measures being the cost of poor quality, defects, product/process features, customer needs, and
customer behavior. Deming 's measurements were based on the Kaizen approach, which involved
the evaluation of each operation
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Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung
Question 1
Why is DAV using Statistical Process Control (SPC)? What are the challenges in applying SPC to a
service industry compared with manufacturing?
Ms Kluck was advocating the SPC as a means of improving the efficiency and accuracy of the
Customer Service operations. Reducing errors increases the productivity, lowers the costs to the
company. Customers benefit from an improved customer service aspect and over time will lead to
higher revenues. Any time costs can be reduced and revenues can be influenced higher, is a good
capitalist practice. The challenges with applying SPC to the service industry as compared to the
manufacturing industry are in manufacturing there are processes that are ... Show more content on
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Measurement challenges
Better teams do more sampling. It's true, as accuracy increases sampling sizes must increase. Lower
accuracy rates leads to lower sampling sizes. So the best departments are busy capturing more data
and their "reward" is more sampling work than the lower performing groups, unfair. To balance this,
those departments with lower accuracy would be required to spend more time in training classes to
improve. Another step is that Annette spend more time championing the SPC throughout the
departments. Describing the economic benefit to the company and the impact that would have on
bonuses, raises etc would establish a link between the employees and the extra work that the SPC is
creating. Another recommendation is to build financial and non–financial

Statistical Control
STATISTICAL CONTROL OF HOT SHOT PLASTIC KEYCHAINS
TBD
Webster University
BUSN6110, Operation and Project Management [ 2/1/2015 ]
Abstract
This term paper examines a case study with Hot Shot Plastics company in which statistical process
control (SPC) with variable measurements using X bar and R control charts is used to determine
whether the process variability is in control. Sample data are utilized to demonstrate how to use X
bar and R control charts to check if all the sample points are within the control limits. Patterns on
the control charts are analyzed to understand the possible reasons that the process is out of control.
Keywords: [control charts, statistical process control, patterns]
Statistical Control of Hot ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| Competitors are investing a lot of capital to use expensive computer and laser controlled machines
that produce good quality keychains. | It does not cost much to sample the curetimes. | Reading the
precise curetimes are susceptible to human errors. | If successful in achieving statistical control of
curetimes, Hot Shot Plastics can effectively compete with low cost offshore competitors because
there will be less number of discarded defects. | Other offshore companies are eager to sell the
plastic keychains at a very low price because offshore labor cost is much lower than the US. |
Causes and effects of the problem
Less accurate and precise curetimes of the plastic keychains cause less than desirable edge quality of
the keychains. Poor edge quality of the keychains makes it difficult to obtain the required shape of
the keychains.
Use of the X bar and R control charts in understanding of the problem
Many quality characteristics can be expressed in terms of a numerical measurement. A single
continuous and measurable quality characteristic is called a variable. Control charts for variables
usually lead to efficient control procedures and are used extensively.
It is a standard practice to control both the mean value and variability of the

Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung Case
Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung was founded in 1966 by Andreas Steininger. It was one of the
world's largest insurance companies. Around 51% of its business was in Germany with a 60% of its
business in the field of retail insurance. Its keys to success were the traditional insurance
management and its remarkable customer service. In DA, a typical process flow of a new policy
would start by either a customer going to one of the companies branches or contacting a company
agent. The customer would fill out an application – sometimes a check was attached– and the
application was then sent through the company mail to the Retail Transaction Processing (VEG)
division in Hamburg. Also, some customers filled out applications at home and sent them ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That is to say how to properly measure the accuracy of the process and transfer this measurement
into an effective tool that leads to change which is the process continuous improvement. This is why
the management decided to use SPC (Statistical Process Control). DA implemented SPC at this
point because it aimed at improving the process itself. It used SPC to measure the process rather
than the people who were involved in it. From a pure statistical point of view, the level of variance
was low yet the process performance did not meet the specification limits. Accordingly, it was a
process issue not an individual outlier issue. This is why DA used SPC at this point. In order to
apply and obtain SPC results, a close look is needed (for example) at the first 12 weeks of data
(Exhibit 4) that represent the diagnostic period for Policy Extension group in order to construct the
3–sigma control limits for the process and highlight in which (if any) of the subsequent weeks the
process was out of control. In order to achieve this, certain steps need to be carried out:
1. Calculate the sample proportions, p (these are what can be plotted on the p–chart) for each
sample Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sample Size 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
300 Errors 18 15 18 6 20 16 16 19 20 16 10 14 P 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.06667 0.05333 0.05333
0.06333 0.06667 0.05333

Bu385 Sos Material
BU385 Midterm 2 Tutors: Dylan Cowley Greg Krikorian Coordinator: Jason Liou Some images
used from course and textbook slides. 1 Did you know that... Your donation DIRECTLY supports
an education development project in Latin America? AND you can go build the project funded THIS
SUMMER with us? How to Apply! www.lauriersos.com: – Visit the 'Trips' section to see
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Outreach Trip? Come to an information session: Tuesday, November 5th at 10pm ... Show more
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– Breakeven, payback period, NPV 20 Breakeven Example Franklin & Bash are looking to
calculate the number of cases they will have to take this month to break even. Their fixed costs are
$45000, their labour costs are $5/case, research materials cost $2/case and they charge $1000 per
case. How many should they take to breakeven? = FC/(R–VC) = $45000/[1000–(5+2)] = 45.32 21
Make or Buy? Oceanic airlines is trying to decide whether they should make or buy their
airplanes. They could make them for $500 000 with cost for labour at $20 000 per week. A supplier's
price is $6 700 000 for 10 planes. Cost is then reduced to $7 500 per week. Make or buy? 22
Solution Make: v = 500 000 F = 20 000 Buy: v = 6 700 000/10 = 670 000 F = 7 500 X = point of
indifference 500000x + 20 000 = 670000x + 7500 12500 = 170000x X = 0.0735 If demand is
variable cost 24 More  Cash flow – (cash received) – (cash outflow for labour, material, etc.)
Present Value – Sum (current value) of all

William Edwards Deming 's Life And Accomplishments
Introduction:
On October 14, 1900, William Edwards Deming was born in Sioux City, Iowa. He was the son of a
farmer. In 1907 his family moved to Wyoming, to farm land that was part of a government program,
but was disappointed because the land was useless for his father's intentions: farming. His family
was very poor. Rarely was there money for heat or food. (Deming: Biography", 2000).
Deming's parents believed in being educated. He earned a Bachelor's Degree in electrical
engineering from the University of Wyoming. He received his Master's Degree at the University of
Colorado. He received his Ph.D. in mathematics and physics from Yale. ("Deming: Biography",
2000). William Edwards Deming's became successful in the United States, ... Show more content on
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The success or failure of a company is the obligation of the entire organization as a whole. (Deming,
2004) In his book, Out of the Crisis, he presents 14 key principles for management to follow to
improve the success of any business or any organization. His principles are below: (Deming, 1987)
1. Create constancy of purpose toward improvement of product and service. Always aiming to
remain competitive, stay in business and provide jobs. Strive towards being Excellent.
2. Adopt the new philosophy. "We are in a New Economic age". Change is good. In order for
business to grow and be successful you have to change with the times.
3. Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality. If you produce a quality product initially the
need for inspection on a mass basis becomes unnecessary.
4. End the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag. Build a long–term relationship of
loyalty and trust with your supplier by using a single supplier.
5. Always strive to decrease costs, by constantly improving the production and service system.
6. Establish training on the job.
7. Supervisors should help people, gadgets and machines to do a better job. Leadership is
mandatory.
8. So that everyone works effectively for the company, drive out fear. Employees should want to try
to do better. Failure is okay as long as something is learned and gained from the failure.
9. Everyone and every department must work as a team.
10. Substitute

Explain how continuous improvement models, knowledge...
Explain how continuous improvement models, knowledge management systems, quality systems
and sustainability principles can be incorporated into business systems
Continuous Improvement Models
To close the gap between actual and desired performance, decisions need to be made. Decision
making involves making a selection from among alternative courses of action. Implementation and
evaluation of the implementation provide feedback into the next cycle of group decision making.
Effective problem solving and decision making processes follow an ordered format, requiring you
to:
1. Examine the current situation, in measurable terms, to discover or identify the discrepancy (this
could be a problem, issue or opportunity).
2. Diagnose symptoms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Strategies for capturing and sharing insights and experiences include:
– Best practice transfer: is the process of sharing the methods of doing business that yield the best
results.
– Community of practice: a group of individuals sharing a common work practice over a period.
– Expert directories: a tool for knowledge seekers to gain access to experts.
– Knowledge brokers: knowledge brokers can be public or scientific, industry specific, or firm
specific.
– Mentoring: is the process of a more experienced person advising and guiding a less experienced
(and usually younger) person, typically a colleague.
– Post project reviews: or lesson learned debriefings occur either at the completion of a project or
activity or at strategic points or milestones during the project.
– Story telling: uses anecdotal examples to illustrate a point and transfer knowledge.
A key strategy for knowledge management is actively managing knowledge, also known as a push
strategy. Employees enter their knowledge into shared knowledge repository, such as a database.
Employees seeking knowledge can search the database.
The opposite strategy, a pull strategy, is the use of experts on an ad–hoc basis. The expert provides
insight to persons needing information.
Quality Systems

To improve quality in your organization:
– set clear, achievable, communicated goals for

Essay on Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung Solution
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Process Measurement and Improvement
Introduction
The case is based on an insurance service company which traced back to 1994. The company was
facing problems in controlling and improving service quality and operation performance. This essay
will stress on introducing the SPC (statistical process control) to DAV and providing suggestions on
improving both the SPC and the company's operation performance. The five questions required are
covered and allocated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The average of fraction defective is merely a number which cannot tell us what to do with it even
when we get it. Thus SPC is more accurate and systematic to analyze the process of customer
service operation.
2. Primary challenges
There are basically two challenges that implementing the SPC to a service company:
1) Difficulties of deciding and selecting what to measure and
2) Too much uncertainty because of the human behavior
3. Sample: how SPC works
Here is an example of employing SPC (P–Chart) for DAV's PMV project.
The first 12 weeks of the data displayed in Appendix I represent the diagnostic period for the Policy
Extension Group.
From the calculation (See Appendix I), we get the 3–sigma control limits for the process, i.e.
UCL=0.091, LCL=0.014. These control limits indicate that if the error proportion is within the range

of [0.014, 0.091], the process is under control; if not, the process is out of control.
Here is the P–Chart for the data from Week 13 to Week 30.
[pic]
It is then clear that the process is out of control in Week 23 and Week 24.
In addition to process control, SPC can also help lower rank employees to better understand the
different standards of the services and draw their attention to self–control of fraction

Maclean Fogg Company Design Analysis
Maclean–Fogg Maclean–Fogg Company designs, manufactures and supplies various types of
products such as locknuts, fiberglass brackets, steel fabrications, aluminium and ductile clamps,
various types of fasteners, suspension products for diverse industries such as automotive, heavy
truck etc., Founded in 1925 by John Maclean Sr., who started his own business in locking fasteners,
today Maclean–Fogg with various manufacturing facilities, quality assurance methodologies,
innovative product and process development techniques and with an annual sale of over $1 billion
grown into a global enterprise. It is mainly comprised of 2 businesses i.e., Maclean Power Systems
(MPS) and Maclean–Fogg Component Solutions (MFCS). With quality as main priority and with
continuous improvement, safety and environmental consciousness as the primary values of the
company, it had a great success. As the name suggests MPS is a leading manufacturer of products
such as various types of connectors, insulators, grounding equipment etc.., for electric utility,
telecommunications and civil markets whereas MFCS is a leading manufacturer of various types of
fastener components, suspension components, engineered components for automotive and diverse
industries. MPS is made up of various divisions such as forging, insulator assembly, insulator
manufacturing etc.., at various locations. Similarly, MFCS is made up of various divisions such as
machined products, engineered products etc.., at several

Controlling Process in Management Essay
Controlling Process in Management
Controlling is directly related to planning. The controlling process ensures that plans are being
implemented properly. In the functions of management cycle – planning, organizing, directing, and
controlling – planning moves forward into all the other functions, and controlling reaches back.
Controlling is the final link in the functional chain of management activities and brings the functions
of management cycle full circle. Control is the process through which standards for performance of
people and processes are set, communicated, and applied. Effective control systems use mechanisms
to monitor activities and take corrective action, if necessary. The supervisor observes what happens
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They identify quantity of materials used and units to be produced.
· Financial controls facilitate achieving the organization's profit motive. One method of financial
controls is budgets. Budgets allocate resources to important activities and provide supervisors with
quantitative standards against which to compare resource consumption.
They become control tools by pointing out deviations between the standard and actual consumption.
· Operations control methods assess how efficiently and effectively an organization's transformation
processes create goods and services.
Methods of transformation controls include Total Quality Management
(TQM) statistical process control and the inventory management control. Statistical process control
is the use of statistical methods and procedures to determine whether production operations are
being performed correctly, to detect any deviations, and to find and eliminate their causes. A control
chart displays the results of measurements over time and provides a visual means of determining
whether a specific process is staying within predefined limits. As long as the process variables fall
within the acceptable range, the system is in control. Measurements outside the limits are
unacceptable or out of control. Improvements in quality eliminate common causes of variation by
adjusting the system or redesigning the system.
· Inventory is a large cost for many organizations. The appropriate amount to

Statistical Control Charts Essay
Introduction and History of Statistical Process Control Statistical Process Control (SPC) is a method
of controlling the quality of a manufacturing process and is most often affiliated with control charts.
However, SPC in reality is a group of tools and includes additional statistical and
evaluation/measurement methods. Smith, Megahed, Jones‐Farmer and Clark defined seven basic
tools of SPC including; histograms, check sheets, Pareto charts, cause–and–effect diagrams, defect
concentration diagrams, scatter diagrams and of course the aforementioned control charts (2014).
These tools represent the scope and overall purpose/pursuit of SPC which is; "any statistical method
designed to detect changes in a process over time" (Woodall & Montgomery, 1999, p. 377). Since
control charts is often the most discussed of these seven tools; it is important to note there are many
different types of control charts. The main control charts include; process charts which are R–charts
and s–charts, non–conforming item charts also known as p–charts and np–charts and finally average
numbers of non–conformity charts or c–charts and u–charts (Woodall & Montgomery, 1999).
Statistical Process Control experienced its most significant growth and expansion during the quality
revolution in the 1980's (Woodall & Montgomery, 1999). It was during this time period that the
focal point of quality changed from being merely acceptance or customer defined quality criteria to
actual process control (Woodall &

Importance of Control in Business Organizations.
Define control and discuss the control process and the importance of control in business
organizations. * Define control
Management process in which the (1) actual performance is compared with planned performance,
(2) difference between the two is measured, (3) causes contributing to the difference are identified,
and (4) corrective action is taken to eliminate or minimize the difference
Control Process
The control process is a continuous flow in Taj between measuring, comparing and action. Naturally
Taj follows the four steps in the control process: establishing performance standards, measuring
actual performance, comparing measured performance against established standards, and taking
corrective action.
Step 1: Establish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Step 2: Measure Actual Performance. Supervisors collect data to measure actual performance to
determine variation from standard. Written data might include time cards, production tallies,
inspection reports, and sales tickets. Personal observation, statistical reports, oral reports and written
reports can be used to measure performance. Management by walking around, or observation of
employees working, provides unfiltered information, extensive coverage, and the ability to read
between the lines. While providing insight, this method might be misinterpreted by employees as
mistrust. Oral reports allow for fast and extensive feedback.
In Taj computers give supervisors direct access to real time, unaltered data, and information. On line
systems enable supervisors to identify problems as they occur. Database programs allow supervisors
to query, spend less time gathering facts, and be less dependent on other people. Supervisors have
access to information at their fingertips. Employees can supply progress reports through the use of
networks and electronic mail. Statistical reports are easy to visualize and effective at demonstrating
relationships. Written reports provide comprehensive feedback that can be easily filed and
referenced. Computers are important tools for measuring performance. In fact, many operating
processes depend on automatic

Statistic Methods: Utilizing Six Sigma Essay
The term six sigma (6σ) began as an operational appraisal or a measure of quality. Utilizing six
sigma, procedure objectives are established in parts per million (PPM) in every part of the
manufacturing procedure. From the time when its source, six sigma has now progressed into a
procedure for enhancing organizational proficiency and efficiency by concentrating on productivity,
price decrease, and improved quality. Six Sigma is a fixated and quantifiable management discipline
that utilizes a disciplined, data–driven approach to work to remove imperfections across every
business area, together with management, service delivery, design, production and customer
satisfaction, stressing breakthrough improvement for improved bottom line ... Show more content on
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The six associates the figure of standard deviations around the mean. Henceforth, six sigma declares
that you have to go out outside six standard deviations around the mean before you find failure.
With a high enough figure of sigmas (beyond six), you would move toward the point of "zero
defects." For instance, a shift from 3σ to 4σ signifies an 11–fold progress; a shift from 4σ to 5σ
signifies additional 27–fold progress; and a shift from 5σ to 6σ signifies an extra 69–fold progress.
Consequently the total progress from 3σ to 6σ is over 20,000–fold.
At the 3σ level, the amount of deficiencies per million totals 66,807 (or 93.3 percent accuracy); in
the 4σ level the amount of deficiencies declines to 6,210 (or 99.4 percent accuracy); in the 5σ level
the amount of deficiencies declines yet additional to 233 (or 99.97 percent accuracy); and at the 6σ
level the quantity of imperfections would be 3.4 per million. This link to a 99.9997 percent
accuracy. In today's world, where 98 percent or 99 percent precision is believed to be outstanding,
6σ has nowadays turned out to be the generally known standard of quality.
An important tenet of six sigma is calculated. Regrettably, that too indicates that if you compute the
incorrect numbers, you will get the incorrect outcomes. Let's say, calculating amount might
accelerate production, however at the price of quality. Calculating quality might boost

Seattle Concrete Case
Summary
Seattle Concrete Company (SCC) produces bags of concrete mix for its customers. These bags have
a stated weight of 40 pounds per bag. Given the steep penalties for under filling bags, SCC sets a
target of 41 pounds per bag to ensure under filling due to natural variations still remain above the 40
pound threshold. Historically, they have operated with a single production shift, but have recently
added a second shift to meet their growing demand. Management is interested in a full analysis of
their process to ensure that the control limits and capabilities are within reason, and to ensure that
the addition of a second shift isn't causing issues to their process. To accomplish this, a data set was
constructed. Ten bags were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The remainder of the paper will tackle the details behind the various analysis and our findings, along
with any recommendations for management.
Statistical Process Control Methods: (X ) ̅& R Control Charts Given that SCC Management would
like to observe statistical process control performed for each of the shifts with 3σ standards, we have
developed X ̅ and R Charts for each shift. The R–Control chart demonstrates that process variability
during both shifts is in control as observed in figures 1 and 2; none of the sample ranges fall outside
of the control limits. However, there is a difference in patterns for the R–chart between these two
shifts.
The first shift shows a normal pattern in which case no action should be necessary. This should not
be surprising since this is the normal operation of the company and management has been
supervising this shift for quite some time. Although the control limit has not been exceeded for the
second shift, the chart shows a very slight upward trend. Each first hour of everyday the range value
is at its lowest and each last hour (8th hour) of everyday, the range value is at its highest. This can be
explained by the shift in supervisors between the first and last shift and the buildup of mix. Once the
buildup of mix in the chute becomes excessive, the end result could show a lot of variability. The
first

Polaroid Case Study Essay
BACKDROP
Polaroid is manufacturer of photographic equipment, accessories and related items used in instant
photography. The organization was divided into two main divisions – The Consumer Photography
Division and the Technical and Industrial Division with each of these divisions contributing around
40% of Polaroid's revenues of $ 1.3 billion in 1984.
The company produced two main types of films:
1. The peel apart film which required the user to physically pull the film out of the camera and,
2. The integral film, which came out of the camera automatically.
The integral films were manufactured in the R2 building at the Waltham Massachusetts site. The
operations at R2 included production of sheet metal springs, ... Show more content on
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This precluded the possibility of finding defects which would occur with imprecisely functioning
cameras.
GREENLIGHT
The project objective was quality monitoring costs reduction while at the same time improving the
quality of the product. The improvements in quality control processes were focused along with
reducing the number of samples. The plan consisted of three distinct elements:
1. Statistical process control would be adapted as processes in control and capable of producing
within specifications would produce more consistent quality.
2. Production operators would be given the process control tools that the process engineering
technicians had been using and in conjunction with sampling would be expected to make disposition
decisions themselves.
3. Quality control auditors would concentrate on training operators and operationalizing
specifications on their new products.

The statistical process control system involving both acceptance sampling and automated process
control was to be implemented. SPC involved testing for productions within a pre–specified range.
If the production went beyond the range, the production process had to be shut down maintenance
was to be called to perform maintenance and recalibration. As a part of the process, the operators
were to take six random measurements of a process characteristic during the course of their shift and
then plot the mean measured value.
This

Polaroid Case
Polaroid Case I. We Need Greenlight ' But for Which Reason? Quality control of film cartridges on
R2 was a routine process, but the QC department found that there are some discrepancies between
the defect rate of QC auditors and the Operators. Defects were being passed through the entire
manufacturing process unnoticed. While pre–existing measurements at quality control showed low
overall defect rates, there were complications in the process and interference from operators that
affected QC numbers. Project Greenlight was initially necessary to allow for accurate measurement
of processes and quality control during the process as opposed to the end of the process. Once
implemented, Greenlight would serve to measure and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From this analysis we conclude that the process involved in finger height is problematic and should
be optimized before moving forward on analysis of other parts of the overall process. The regular
violation of control limits may point to a significant contribution to overall quality control
rejections. III. Quality Check "Type of Defects" (exhibit 4) and "Reported Defect Rates" (exhibit 5)
suggests that the output quality of R2 has declined. The reported defective rate from the operators
had decreased from under 1% to 0.5% and the defective rate from the central process auditors had
increased from over 1% to levels averaging 10% (stated in case). The exhibits also show that
although the types of defects noticed by the operator and auditor are same, but the number of times
the defect observed by auditor is significantly higher. Factors contributing to decrease in quality of
product are numerous. R2 does not inspect for the types of defects that consumers notice. Rather, it
inspects for more technical, hidden defects. Operators do not follow the guidelines for interpreting
control charts as most of the defects are sighted by Quality Control at the end of the process. Some
problems that operators did not regard as important are not reported and result in rejection by quality
control at the end of the process. Operators tweak the machines when products do not meet the
process

Description Of Spc ( Statistical Process Control )
Md. Sourove Akther Momin1*, Mr.Md. Golam Kader2 and Md. Mahbubur Rahaman3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna
9203, Bangladesh
Corresponding author: Md. Sourove Akther Momin (sur.sor269@gmail.com) Abstract: SPC
(statistical process control) is an important tool to solve the manufacturing problem and the most
modernized effective scheme to obtain process durability and fostering the process pertinence
decreasing the variability. In manufacturing system, products do not run up against the proper
province of quality permanently with the customer desire. This impermanency appears due to
various productions of variations like machines, operators, materials, etc. The main purpose of
control chart is to monitor the changes, and subsequently governing the scheme. The study deals
with controlling and upliftment of the quality of pipe through checking and observing the pipe's
height, diameter and weight from pipe industry. From the investigation, X–bar chart, S and R
control chart are developed for the variables. Furthermore, EWMA (exponentially weighted moving
average) is used to focus for identifying the small process shifts All of the investigation represent,
the process is in control or not. For the process out of control status, the assignable causes behind it
be marked out and foreclosed by taking proper steps.
Keywords: SPC, control chart, EWMA, quality.
Nomenclature Average of the sample element
X Sample element

Doc, Docx, Pdf, Wps, Rtf, Odt
Letter of Transmittal
Sep. 1, 08
Ms. ...............
Lecturer
Department of BBA
Stamford University Bangladesh
Madam,
We are very glad to inform you that we are going to submit the study report titled "Management
Practices in Business Organizations" based on the management practices in Taj King Industries
(Pvt.) Ltd a reputed melamine wares manufacturer & exporter
In this study report, we have tried to include all the factors we thought essential for previously
mentioned title. We have analyzed the factors based on managerial theories & managerial key
functions with the proposed options & the events though few things might be omitted due to
our limited knowledge & access of information. We are always prepared to ... Show more
At local level also there are staff training programs. Taj is an equal–gender employer and does not
employ any child labor.
Taj has more than 150 employees, and there are 20 sales person and 10 designers.
Craftsmanship:
Taj has provided jobs to local artisans who have a long tradition in their respective profession.
Under Taj's facilities, these craftsmen work to their full potential and adorn each Taj product with
care and passion.
Endeavor to Excel:
Excellence is an endless pursuit. Taj pursue it anyhow, especially, in order to maintain its
competitive edge at both local and competitive, levels, we need to push the limits and it does it only
for a simple appreciate gesture from the user of its melamine ware.
Taj is proud of its valued consumer who is proud of Taj's Melamine ware.
Equipment & Materials:
The main strength of Taj's treasure is its imported machinery.
Taj has chosen the best of machinery from China and Japan that have already prove themselves
efficient in manufacturing porcelain ware.Taj runs it all production through 8 hydraulic compressor

machines ranging from 100tons ~ 300tons.
Taj has the ability to make out what pattern consumers like and are in possession of developing a
new pattern.
Decal Printing:
One important feature of Taj is its Decal Printing unit, over the years; Taj has developed expertise in
decal printing.
Taj believes that only the combination

Firebird Electric, Us
Firebird Electric, U.S.1
In 1994, Firebird Electric, U.S. (Firebird), was the first foreign supplier to relocate to the United
States to supply the Road–Master Car Company. Located in Columbia, South Carolina, Firebird
supplies headlights, taillights, lid lamps, center high mounts, and front–turn assemblies to Road–
Master. Road–Master sales account for 98.5 percent of Firebird's revenues. Original equipment
manufacturing (OEM) lighting is supplied to the Orangeburg plant, the Columbia auto plant, and the
Columbia motorcycle plant. In addition, service (aftermarket) products are made for foreign and
domestic demands. Weekly shipments go to Road–Master Canada Manufacturing and Road–Master
De Mexico. Service models also are shipped to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firebird Electric has been awarded OEM production for the lighting on the 2005 model two–door
B–car. This report focuses on the procedures and decisions involved in supplying the housing for
upcoming production.
HOUSING DEFINITION AND SUPPLY
Housings are fabricated through die injection molding. A resin is melted, injected, and stamped into
the die mold. The housing's function is to attach to the body of the vehicle, protect internal
components (cords, bulbs, etc.), and hold components in place so that the light functions as
designed. Each make/model has unique housing specifications with regard to size, durability, holes,
and necessary attachments to perform these duties.
As stated earlier, Firebird has the ability to produce housings in the molding division; however, of
the approximately 240 parts presently molded in Manufacturing IV, only 11 are housings. Firebird
also outsources production of housings to four central South Carolina molding firms: FPE, The
South Carolina Plastics Company (TOPCO), Central South Carolina Plastics (COPCO), and
Charleston Custom Plastics (WCP).
NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: DEFINING REQUIREMENTS
The customer, internal departments, and potential suppliers contribute to designing quality into
molded parts. Due to Road–Master's strict quality requirements and just–in–time inventory systems,
nonconformance results in high costs, hinders customer relations, and endangers

Ops 571 Statistical Process Control
Chase, Jacobs and Aquilano pose questions such as, "How many paint defects are there in the finish
of a car? [and] Have we improved our painting process by installing a new sprayer?" These
questions are meant to investigate and apply different techniques that we can use to improve the
quality of life. Quality control not only applies to manufacturing techniques, it can also be applied to
everyday life. This discussion will focus on a specific method of quality control called statistical
process control that will ensure my morning process is effective.
One method of quality control can be pursued through process control procedures like statistical
process control or SPC. SPC "involves testing a random sample of output from a process to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The more data that is available the stronger your confidence intervals are.
UCL = p + z Sp
UCL = p + 3Sp
UCL = .08333 + 3(.05050) = .23483
LCL = p – z Sp
LCL = p – 3Sp
LCL = .08333 − 3(.05050) = –.06817
In the control chart, the data from the sample stays in between the controls. This means that my
process in the morning is working properly and is effective. Now, it is important to look to the future
trends in order to predict seasonal factors. "A seasonal factor is the amount of correction needed in a
time series to adjust for the season of the year." (Chase, Jacobs & Anquilano, 533) Seasonal
factors may affect the samples by taking into consideration factor based on seasons or time periods.
The alarm clock that is used to wake me up in the morning is not dependent on any factors of time
or season.
Statistical process control is one way to control quality and make sure goals are attained. Statistical
methods show that the samples taken can create visual representations that conclude my alarm clock
is an effective method to starting my morning process. This ensures that it is operating at its fullest
potential.
REFERENCES
Chase, R. B., Jacobs, F. R., Aquilano, N.J. Operations management for competitive advantage (11th
ed). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin.

Green Jr. K, Toms L, Stinson T. STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL APPLIED WITHIN AN
EDUCATION SERVICES ENVIRONMENT. Academy Of Educational Leadership Journal [serial
online]. June 2012;16

Quality Control
GE on Quality Control
University of Texas at Brownsville
October 25, 2012
Abstract
Quality Control plays a major role in the success of a Company. GE is a prime example of a
company implementing procedure and maintaining high quality to provide consumers what they are
looking for and making every dollar count. Six Sigma and its key concepts contribute to the success
of any company. Control Charts provide dominance in measuring variances and help prevent
problems. Employee empowerment is another tool extremely vital to the success of a company.
GE on Quality Control It is most important to assure consumers that the process for developing a
product is followed accurately. The way to do this is to have quality control in a ... Show more
Process capability is the skill that you have outfitted your product with. The better the product is
outfitted the better the product will function and the better satisfied the consumer will be. If the
improvement are maintained over the period of the company's success, the more successful the
company will be.
Variation is the difference from what the customer actually feels and what they see. The closer the
feel and the look of the product the better the product will be. Stable operation is the dependable and
expected process that is used to improve what the customer gets. Last but not least, the design for
Six Sigma is the spine of the process that continues meeting customers' needs. These concepts
working together is what GE's quality control process is set out to achieve
GE utilizes quality control tools in order to provide the consumers with the products they are used to
getting when we purchase a GE product. These tools include control charts, defect measurements,
root cause analysis, and statistical process controls. Control charts keep an eye on differences that
may happen during the production. It also provides the company unforeseen inconsistency which
may cause the process to produce flawed goods. Control charts are an extremely dominant tool
when measuring variances and prevents a problem before it get out of control. Defect measurements
are report that keeps track of how many defects occur during the production process, which in

Core Concepts Of Quality And Associated Academic Theory
The history of quality movement can be traced back to medieval Europe (American Society for
Quality , 2016) but fundamental quality processes and practices came into effect in the early 20th
century. In the 1920's statistical theory began to be applied effectively to quality control and by the
1950's quality management practices were developing rapidly in Japan's manufacturing market,
becoming fully embedded in industry in Europe and the USA by the 1980's (Department of Trade
and Industry, n.d.). But what is quality? Although there are many re–occurring themes, quality
means different things to different people and there are many variations on the academic
interpretation of quality. The subject of this assignment will be to investigate the ... Show more
But is a little vague, this could relate to a number of characteristics for example reliability and cost
when in relation to products, or accessibility and efficiency in relation to the services sector. The
Chartered Quality Institute believes quality is about "making organisations perform for their
stakeholders – from improving products, services, systems and processes, to making sure that the
whole organisation is fit and effective" (Chartered Quality Institute, 2016) This definition of quality
is specific and up to date with today's requirements of the application of quality. This definition
demonstrates Feigenbaum's (1961) idea that quality is from the cradle to the grave and also
addresses stakeholders. This could be the customer of a product, or client of a service for example a
patient in a hospital. Comparatively this definition of quality is more rounded than the ISO and
Dictionary definitions and encompasses the idea of satisfying the customer and constant
improvement. Constant improvement and customer satisfaction is a common theme within the
principles of many philosophers of quality. The contribution of quality innovators have made
contemporary quality what it is today by developing and deploying new frameworks and techniques.
(Rose, 2005). One of the earliest pioneers of quality was Dr. William Edwards Deming. Deming,
born in 1900, was an eminent scholar and teacher in American academia and was considered by
many to be the master of continual

Harley Davidson's Competitive Advantage
I. Introduction of Firm
Harley Davidson been in business for over a hundred years. The company operates in several related
markets. They sell motorcycles, motorcycle parts and operate a financial component. Additionally
the company operates in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Asia. All Harley–Davidson
business segments operate internationally.
II. Overview of Firm Competitive Advantage
Currently H–D is the leading seller of heavy weight motorcycles across the entire world. Because
they are at the pinnacle they are the target for the competition. Some of Harley Davidson 's
advantages are name recognition, brand loyalty, brand quality and customer loyalty (Hitt, Ireland &
Hoskisson, 2013, p. 81). The company benefits by having "the made in America" image attached to
its products. The image of a Harley rider and owner is one of a tough, independent, free spirit, ready
and willing to take on the world type of man. The sound of a H–D motorcycle in idle or being ridden
is unique and very identifiable.
III. Problem(s) Identification – Weaknesses/Threats
Although the company has been in business for over a hundred years it has encountered several
challenges. One weakness is its image. As described earlier this image is not conducive to one to be
associated with the kindler, softer side of humanity. Another threat or weakness is the continued
outsourcing of manufacturing of parts and accessories into overseas markets and companies.
Although, there is no set percentage

Central Theorum
Solution:
No matter how carefully a production process is controlled, these quality measurements will vary
from item to item, and there will be a probability distribution associated with the population of such
measurements.
If all important sources of variations are under control in a production process, then the slight
variations among the quality measurements usually cause no serious problems.
Such a process should produce the same distribution of quality measurements no matter when it is
sampled, thus this is a "stable system."
Objective of quality control is to develop a scheme for sampling a process, making a quality
measurement of interest on sample items, and then making a decision as to whether ... Show more
Procedures that would not be appropriate, at least in most institutions, would include the Whipple
procedure, shunts for portal hypertension, and resection of cardiac tumors.
Several important caveats must be acknowledged with regard to the use of SQC in cardiac surgery.
First, although SQC models the variability of events over consecutive time periods, it should not be
confused with hazard function analysis. The latter is used to describe the time–dependent,
instantaneous risk of an event after an operation, whereas SQC simply records the event as absent or
present for each patient in a series of sample periods. Second, this is not a risk–prediction
methodology for individual patients but rather a method of studying process variability over time.
Third, except in the most general terms, it is difficult to compare this type of SQC analysis from one
institution to another.
Finally, it may be argued that the CABG procedure has so much inherent variability (patient type
and risk severity) compared with a manufacturing process that it is impossible to use SQC
methodology. We have attempted to satisfy this objection by limiting the study to no emergent,
isolated, primary CABG procedures, thus eliminating some of the most significant factors that
increase

The Uk Manufacturing Industry Is The Third Largest Of The...
INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION OF THIS RESEARCH
The UK manufacturing industry is the fifth largest in the world [1] and it is a significant contributor
to the UK's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). As examples, the UK aerospace and defence industry is
the second largest in the world, accounting for $40bn of annual sales and the UK has the third
largest automotive industry in Europe, with total sales of around £9bn (11% of the UK's total
exports) [2].
In manufacturing, automation has replaced some dangerous, mundane, arduous and routine manual
operations, for example, transportation of heavy parts, stamping of large parts, repetitive welding
and bolt fastening. However, skilled operators still carry out critical manual processes in various
industries such as aerospace, automotive and heavy–machinery. Most of these processes are
complex because operators receive a high number of inputs or because the relations among inputs
change dynamically over time (or both). These inputs are; ‎
parts, tools, ‎
information cues, ‎
stimuli,
data or ‎
procedure [3]. In addition, if these inputs are affected by variability, the complexity of the
process will increase.
In the context of manufacturing, variability is suggested as a main cause of lack of robustness in
‎
‎
production processes. It can be defined as any unwanted deviation from some pre–determined
requirements [4]. As manufacturing processes are not perfect, some manufactured parts have
uncontrolled geometric variations from the nominal values.

Organization 's Internal Control Integrated Framework
The Committee of Sponsoring Organization's Internal Control Integrated Framework is a study that
establishes a common definition of internal control so as to meet the needs of various parties and it
provides a standard in which organizations can use to assess their control systems and determine if
and how to improve them. Since internal control is a process and addresses the achievement of
objectives, not all controls are relevant to an audit; the controls that may affect the reliability of
financial reporting are relevant to an audit.
In order for an audit of internal control to be performed in accordance with PCAOB requirements,
the auditors' overall approach should consist of five stages. The first stage is the planning of the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having a board of directors or audit committee oversee the company's financial reports helps
prevent management override of controls and management fraud, thus aiding in the effectiveness of
internal control.
Risk assessment contributes to effective internal control by allowing management to identify,
analyze, and respond to the variety of risks they're ordinarily faced with, including the risk of
material misstatements in the financial statements. Four factors that can result in increased financial
reporting are personnel changes, the organization grows rapidly, corporate restructurings, and the
changing of or adopting new accounting principles.
The accounting information system has five major objectives. The first one is to identify and record
transactions that are valid. The second one is to describe the transactions with sufficient detail to
permit proper classification of transactions for financial reporting. The third objective is to measure
the value of transactions in such a way that allows their proper monetary value to be recorded in the
financial statements. The fourth objective of the accounting information system is to determine the
time period in which transactions occurred so that they are recorded in the proper accounting period.
The fifth objective is to properly present the transactions and any related disclosures in the financial
statements.
Performance reviews are conducted in order to see where their personnel are

Case Study of Executive Holloware
Case of study of executive holloware
INTRODUCTION:
This document contains the case of study of Executive Holloware (EH), a company that
manufactures products that aimed at the top end of market with a commanded high price. The most
important product was the handmade silver–plated tea sets.
In the following pages, a definition and specification of quality is presented and why it is important
for the company. It is also mention the main causes of the problems in the case of study, the measure
of quality in the stages during the manufacturing process and finally the recommendations of steps
for implementing quality improvements.
1. Why is quality important to Executive Holloware?
The term Quality is the core business for Executive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Oakland, 2003)
Quality is also specified in the internal process. This process needs to be measure and comparable to
the acceptable ranges in production to develop a product that fulfil the specifications and it also
requires "the participation from everyone in the organization". (Maguad, 2006)
4.– What are the underlying causes of the problems at Executive Holloware?
There are some problems presented in the EH case of study. First, the products developed by the
company are high value tea sets items, thus the necessity to maintain a standard performance to
produce a product without any defect. One cause of the problem is that there is no specific definition
of defect in the entire process. It is mentioned that the senior shop foreman does not have a clear
understanding of defect definition and this affect the correct performance of the entire process
because it represent in re–working cost.
Other cause of problem is that each department does not maintain a close communication about the
relevance of the quality in the process. Paul realized that each department blame each other
regarding to the scratches and bruises of the product. Even the finance director did not has a clear
vision of the situation, therefore the lack of communication and process internal control
In the Organization, there were no specification clearly defined of quality and the metrics of quality
acceptance during the process, such as the clear definition of scratch and

Continual Improvement (Total Quality Management)
1. Introduction Statistical process control refers to a statistical method used to separate variation
produced b y special causes and varation produced by natural causes. This is done so that it is
possible to eliminate the special causes and to establish and maintain consistency in the process,
allowing the process to be improved. A Process refers to everything that is done in a workplace.
Multiple factors affect these processes and they are usually refered to as the Five M's. The Five M's
are, the Machines employed, Materials used, the Methods(manuals for labour) provided, the
Measurements taken, and the Manpower(workers) who operate the process. When all Five M's are
conformed(no misadjustments in the machines, no flaws in the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It shows how the process changes over time by measuring the number of defects or occurrences
found in the sampled subgroup, per item or group of items. What defects or occurrences mean is that
any characteristics are present but they are not supposed to be there, or some characteristics that are
supposed to be present but are not there. Fig 2.4: C Chart sample Np chart The Np chart is similar to
c chart in a way that the data collected in subgroups are of the same size. However it shows how the
process changes over time by measuring the number of nonconforming items it produces. Fig 2.5:
nP chart sample 2.2 Task 1 2.2.1 Background Info: The government invites two companies to bid for
a contract to produce 100 flight–line avionics maintenance systems. The design is owned by the Air
Force and the Air Force will provide all necessary documentation to the successful bidder. Both
companies understand the requirements of the contract and both are equipped and have the know–
how to manufacture the devices. Company ABC, with no SPC experience, develops a conservative
proposal, accounting for 25% rework in its manufacturing labor costs, padding materials costs by
10% in anticipation of scrap work and allowing for inspection sufficient to expose out most of the
defects – calculated at 20%

The Uk Manufacturing Industry Is The Third Largest Of The...
1.1 MOTIVATION OF THIS RESEARCH
The UK manufacturing industry is the fifth largest in the world [1] and it is a significant contributor
to the UK's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). As examples, the UK aerospace and defence industry is
the second largest in the world, accounting for $40bn of annual sales and the UK has the third
largest automotive industry in Europe, with total sales of around £9bn (11% of the UK's total
exports) [2].
In manufacturing, automation has replaced some dangerous, mundane, arduous and routine manual
operations, for example, transportation of heavy parts, stamping of large parts, repetitive welding
and bolt fastening. However, skilled operators still carry out critical manual processes in various
industries such as aerospace, automotive and heavy–machinery. Most of these processes are
complex because operators receive a high number of inputs or because the relations among inputs
change dynamically over time (or both). These inputs are; ‎
parts, tools, ‎
information cues, ‎
stimuli,
data or ‎
procedure [3]. In addition, if these inputs are affected by variability, the complexity of the
process will increase.
In the context of manufacturing, variability is suggested as a main cause of lack of robustness in
‎
‎
production processes. It can be defined as any unwanted deviation from some pre–determined
requirements [4]. As manufacturing processes are not perfect, some manufactured parts have
uncontrolled geometric variations from the nominal values. These

Decidion Analysis Task 3
Decision Analysis Task3
A. Manufacturing the Samba Sneakers cost–effectively is very important for the organization. The
best option for the organization would be to manufacture the sneaker with the lowest cost for every
1,000 sneaker produced
The options to manufacture are:
1. Recondition the existing equipment with fixed cost of $50,000, variable cost of $1000 for every
1,000 sneaker.
2. Buy New Equipment with fixed cost of $200,000, variable cost of $500 for every 1,000 sneaker.
3. Outsource with no fixed cost, with variable cost of $3000 for every 1,000 sneaker.
.
Based on volume output the best option to cost–effectively manufacture the Samba Sneakers would
be to buy New Equipment with fixed cost of $200,000, variable ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Based on past data, the current control limit for the organization is 99.73% for this process, with the
random selection of 16 soles over a 15 hour period for a size 10. Therefore, in order to improve
quality we must set up control limits for sample means using standard deviation. The random
selection of 16 soles we must find the overall mean to calculate its control limits.
The average length in the sample size can be determined by adding the lengths and dividing them by
the total number of samples
10+10.3+10.2+10.1+10+10+10.2+10+9.9+10+9.8+10+10.8+10.6+9.7/15=10.11
The average mean of the samples size are 10.11
Now that the average mean size has been determined, we must determine the UCL upper control
limits and the LCL lower control limits.
The UCL = x+zox= 10.375
The LCL = x–zox=9.625
Based on the UCL of 10.375 and the LCL of 9.625, samples that fall out of the range are consider to
be out of control. The current Control Limits for Shoe Sole Height Samples are between 9.625 and

10.375. Some selections within the 15 hour period fall out the upper and lower control limits. The
samples are out of control within the hours of 13 and 14. . As a result, the work for hours 13 and 14
should be examined to control limits.
Control charts allow the organization to randomly measure selected shoes to determine if the
process are within the organizations control limits. Trends for the Control

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Distribution-Free Control...
We present an overview of literature on nonparametric or distribution–free control charts for uni–
variate variable data. We highlight various advantages of these charts while pointing out some of the
disadvantages of the more traditional, distribution based control charts. Specific observations are
made in the course of review of articles and constructive criticism is offered so that opportunities for
further research can be identified. Connections to some areas of active research are made, such as
sequential analysis, which are relevant to process control. We hope that this article leads to a wider
acceptance of distribution– free control charts among practitioners and serves as an impetus to
future research and development in this area. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clearly, the quicker the detection and the signal, the more efficient the chart is. The number of
samples or subgroups that need to be collected before the first out of–control signal is given by a
chart is a random variable called the ran length. The efficiency of a CC depends on the probability
distribution of the run length. The most common efficiency criterion is to consider the average run
length (ARL), which is the expected value of the run length distribution. It is desirable (often
stipulated) that the ARL of a chart be large when the process is in–control and small when the
process is out–of control. The false alarm rate is the probability that a chart signals a process change
when in fact there is no change, that is, when the process is in–control. This is similar to the
probability of a Type I error in the context of hypothesis testing. In practice, the stability of a
process is usually determined relative to one or more of its output characteristics such as the mean
and/or the variance. Two control charts are often compared on the basis of out–of–control ARL,
such that their respective in–control ARL's are roughly the same. This parallels comparing two
statistical tests on the basis of power against some alternative hypothesis when they are roughly of
the same

Manual vs. Automated Statistical Process Control: Food...
Israel Ortega–Ramos
The Prime Example
Our recent visit to a food packaging plant in New Jersey highlighted the inconsistent results of
statistical process control routinely faced by Quality Control Managers. Product weight readings
were taken from the manufacturing floor, entered into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed. The
results produced no predictable under or over filling trend despite the fact that the same people used
the same scales at the same time of day. The problem is simple and fundamental. Human error is an
inevitable part of the process of collecting statistical data. This is consistently overlooked in
companies that utilize manual SPC[1] (statistical process control) for their manufactured goods. To
ensure the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The scale will then calculate the statistical data after the last product is placed on the scale and store
this data in a password–protected memory for collection by the Quality Manager. This statistical
data can then be sent wirelessly to a spreadsheet, printed on a label to accompany the sampled
product, or simply viewed on the scale interface. The flow diagram below shows the improved SPC
process.
Companies can also utilize various connectivity and software options that can integrate filling
machines to automated SPC scale systems. This means that fill volumes based on trends calculated
by the scale can be adjusted via an automated system. Quality Control Managers and Plant
Managers can also connect all the SPC scale systems in a factory via a central control computer that
will provide easy access to "real–time" data. Integrating an automated SPC Scale System into a
manufacturing environment will have the following advantages over the older manual SPC systems:
Upgrading outdated manual SPC processes is the first step to improve overall quality, efficiency,
and trace ability. This can be accomplished with as little as $5,000 in capital investment. Quality
Control Managers and Plant managers have to take a hard look at how their product samples are
being weighed and how these measurements are turned into results that can improve production line
efficiency. It is now time for

Advantages Of Statistical Process Control (SPC)
3.1 Statistical Process Control (SPC)
Statistical Process Control is an analytical decision making tools which allow us to see when a
process is working correctly and when it is not. Variation is present in any process, deciding when
the variation is natural and when it needs correction is the key to quality control.
The foundation for Statistical Process Control was laid by Dr. Walter Shewart working in the Bell
Telephone Laboratories in the 1920s conducting research on methods to improve quality and lower
costs. He developed the concept of control with regard to variation, and came up with Statistical
Process Control Charts which provide a simple way to determine if the process is in control or not.
Dr. W. Edwards Deming built upon Shewart's work and took the concepts to Japan following WWII.
There, Japanese industry adopted the concepts whole–heartedly. The resulting high quality of
Japanese products is world–renowned. Dr. Deming is famous throughout Japan as a "God of
quality". Today, SPC is used in manufacturing facilities around the world.
3.2 Advantage of SPC Implementation
It provides a means of detecting error at inspection.
It leads to more uniform ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Supervise the process so that the operators quickly notice if a new assignable cause is introduced in
the process, in such case eliminate it.
When the SPC program is performed the process variation will be reduced, the cost of poor quality
will decrease and the product quality will improve. To achieve the objectives above, a set of useful
tools called the Magnificent Seven can be used. The Magnificent Seven or the Seven Quality
Control (7QC) tools are graphical statistical tools and methods for continuous improvement. A list
of the tools is presented here:
Pareto Charts
Cause and Effect diagram
Flow

Polaroid Case
Polaroid Case Objectives
* Introduces the construction and use of statistical process control (SPC) charts and an
understanding of the relationship between SPC and conformance quality.
* Creating the strategy and implementation steps for transforming an operation from inspection–
based to one that relies on statistically controlled process.
* Understanding the complex human and organizational problems that occur when the basic
operating philosophy is changed.
* Applying quality tools to assess the root causes of defect problems.
* Understanding the limits of product sampling and inspection methods, especially for a product that
is destroyed by the inspection process itself
Assignment:
In the mid 1980s, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We Need Greenlight ' But for Which Reason?
Quality control of film cartridges on R2 was a routine process, but the QC department found that
there are some discrepancies between the defect rate of QC auditors and the Operators. Defects were
being passed through the entire manufacturing process unnoticed. While pre–existing measurements
at quality control showed low overall defect rates, there were complications in the process and
interference from operators that affected QC numbers. Project Greenlight was initially necessary to
allow for accurate measurement of processes and quality control during the process as opposed to
the end of the process.
Once implemented, Greenlight would serve to measure and identify manufacturing process steps
that were not in control and might produce defects. While necessary to provide a clear
understanding of quality control through each step of the manufacturing process, upper management
seemed less interested in Greenlight's success as a source of continual improvement and more in its
ability to cut personnel from the quality control side. Greenlight is necessary in their minds, but not
for the reasons we have suggested.
II. X–bar and R charts to the Rescue.
(Please see exhibits 1–5 in the appendix for R2 process control charts)

After generating X–bar and R charts for both the finger height and pod weight processes, we can
generate a few conclusions. First, both R–charts show subgroup ranges that are within the control
limits,

Transformational Leadership As A Powerful Force For Change
Since transformational leadership is such a powerful force for change, history has seen its fair share
of transformational leaders. Leaders in sports, politics, religion and business have used the
transformational style to implement their visions and change the structures around them. Examining
these leaders can help understand the frameworks and characteristics of this leadership style in
detail.
William Edwards Deming
William Edwards Deming is not your ordinary politician or a business guru. Yet, he showed
tremendous leadership qualities during his time at the US Department of the Army after the war.
In 1928, Deming received a doctorate in mathematics and physics from Yale. He became known for
his work with the US government and as the father of statistical quality control.
When World War II was ravaging the globe, Deming helped teach statistical process control
techniques to military production employees in order to improve the production and help the war
effort. He was determined to change the inefficient structures and make sure everything was done to
enhance the support of the troops.
Once the war finished, the US government sent him to solve problems relating to agricultural
production in Japan. Deming managed to convince the Japanese officials that the industrial uses of
statistical methods can help improve production and boost to country's economy. The job wasn't
easy, but Deming used his expertise and passion to get the officials on his side. As you might know,

Demand Forecasting : Supply Forecasting
Demand Forecasting
In order to predict and estimate values for purchasing activities of a certain product or service,
demand forecasting is used. Demand forecasting uses
Data from current activities within a company
Historic data in order to access future capacity requirements
One vital method applied is exponential smoothing, which uses weights to the values observed. Due
to its high–end spectrum of time convenience and its quick application, exponential smoothing
creates a huge advantage of the reliability of forecasts for multitudes of industries. The most
important utilization of this methodology is when the mean square error is the lowest value possible
between the actual and the predicted data. Demand forecasting can be used in multitudes of
businesses whether they are start–ups, medical facilities, or supermarkets; the importance of demand
forecasting is vital in any company that sells a product or service to consumers. The importance of
this technique improves
Distribution of resources allocated over time
Devising pricing and sales
Managing inventory
Every industry needs demand forecasting to simply be successful, especially since demand is such a
huge and vital factor in market segments. In the graph below, the use of exponential smoothing
using current data is predicted by using different weights that can be related with past observations.
First, from the data observed, it is possible to do several estimations using the exponential
smoothing method

Quality And Quality Of Quality Control
Quality Control
Quality control (QC) is a set of procedures to ensure that a manufactured product adheres to the
requirements of the client or customer. Inspectors collect data which is analysed for defective units
which must be repaired or rejected and poor service repeated at no charge until the customer is
satisfied.
Advantages:
Quality Control encourages quality consciousness among the workers in the factory which is greatly
helpful in achieving high level of quality in the manufactured products.
Reducing production cost by undertaking effective inspection and control over production processes
and operations will reduce costs are considerably reduced. Quality control further checks the
production of inferior products and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Quality assurance helps develop all the steps that make sure that the products manufactured or the
service delivered will always be of the highest quality possible.
QC Checks:
Ordering Materials:
First you have to identify the correct materials you need for your product.
A reliable needs to be found which may be someone you have bought from before.
The best price with the high quality needs to be found.
When the correct and reliable materials have been decided and delivered, the delivery note needs to
be cross reference to the order you've placed. QC Checks:
Weight checks to make sure the product is the required weight.
Visual checks to make sure it looks the way it should.

Reliable source to purchase from.
Receiving Materials:
Making sure that the materials have arrived in perfect condition.
The time of arrival is on time.
No damage should be done to the packaging as the materials may also be damaged.
QC Checks:
Check the quantity of the materials.
Whether the quality of the material meets specifications
The quantity of material received and whether any discrepancies exist when compared with the
packing slip
During Manufacturing: The materials need to be in perfect condition to manufacture.
They need to be safe and making sure you have the correct type off machines for the corresponding
materials.
QC Checks:
All the specific process are

The Performance Of Employees Are Doing Good Work
efforts show that employees are doing good work, the supervisor should praise their performance.
Employees who are confident and satisfied are less likely to allow defects in goods or services. b)
Standard Setting and Enforcement If employees and others are to support the quality–control effort,
they must know exactly what is expected of them. This calls for quality standards. In many cases,
the supervisor is responsible for setting quality standards as well as for communicating and
enforcing them. These standards should have the characteristics of effective objectives: They should
be written, measurable, clear, specific, and challenging but achievable. Furthermore, those standards
should reflect what is important to the client. c) Using Control Chart Control chart is the most
populated quality tool. The main reasons of their popularity are [2]: i. A proven technique for
improving productivity. ii. Effective in defect prevention. iii. Prevent unnecessary process
adjustment. iv. Provide diagnostic information. v. Provide information about process capability. vi.
Problem Statement A spur gear manufacturing company in Khulna wants to test their quality and
productivity and wants to find the most effective way of their quality testing. Figure 2 : A spur gear
The following procedure of quality testing and improving productivity is given below:
VII. Seven basic Tools of tqm used in Industry If a product is to meet customer requirements,
generally it should be produced by

W. Edward Deming And His Effects On The Total Quality...
W. Edward Deming and
His Effects on the Total Quality Movement
Nicholas LoConte
Johnson & Wales University
Abstract
This paper explores a variety of published articles regarding the effects that W. Edward Deming had
on Japan during the total quality movement. The articles vary in terms of what aspects they focus on
from his beginnings in Japan, all the way to the establishment of The Deming Prize. Articles such as
William Edwards Deming, by Greisler, D. S., focus on Deming's life as a whole whereas others such
as Guidance for Deming Prize and Deming's Fourteen Points focus on more specific aspects of
Deming's achievements. This paper focuses on a variety of articles highlighting varying aspects of
Deming's history and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Edwards Deming., n.d.). In 1948, he returned to Japan to conduct studies on the occupation forces.
During Deming's trips to Japan he began to develop an admiration of the Japanese people. At the
time Japan had some of the lowest quality industrial goods in the world. While in Japan, Deming
convinced one of the founding members of the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE),
of the potential of statistical methods in the rebuilding of Japanese industry (W. Edwards Deming.,
n.d.). In turn, Deming was invited to teach courses in statistical methods to Japanese industry
members. Deming arrived in Japan to teach again in June 1950 and he returned five times to act as a
teacher and consultant to the Japanese (W. Edwards Deming., n.d.). It seems strange that Deming
went to Japan to help manufacturers rather than helping the United States, where he was from. A
reason for this occurrence is that the Japanese were hungry for innovative ideas. Deming was able to
successfully influence a group of managers who had risen to the top in Japanese business after the
war (W. Edwards Deming., n.d.). They wanted help to correct serious and persistent quality
problems that they had been having for years (W. Edwards Deming., n.d.). Japan wanted to improve
and stop being known globally for having low quality industrial goods. In the United States at this
point in

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