This document summarizes the relative sizes of structures within a human cell at a scale of 1 million times enlarged. At this scale: - The cell membrane would be about 1 cm thick. - The nucleus would be around 10 meters in diameter and contain chromosomes that are 2-10 meters long with DNA unravelled to 50 kilometers. - Organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes range in size from a few centimeters to a bag or rucksack. - The cytoskeleton would appear as protein fibers and tubules ranging from 0.5 to 2 cm thick.

1. Marina Voloshina Phys-Math School, Novosibirsk State University, 2008 http://www.slideshare.net/outdoors Cell objects size and number the Cell Inside

2. A look at the cell in the human scale

3. 1 millimeter (mm) 5 0 average animal cells Cells are very small

4. 20 μ m ( micro meters) 1 micro meter = 10 –6 meter Average human cell

5. Let’s enlarge the cell to one million times

6. To the size of a room 20 μ m 20 m

7. real cell our × 1 000 000 1 micrometer 1 meter 1 nanometer 1 millimeter

8. Come in! And look around

9. The walls – cell membrane are very thin. 1 cm only 1 cm

10. The Nucleus 1 0 m Nucleus – the largest part of the cell

11. Nuclei of 2 neighbouring cells

12. 5 cm pore 5 cm envelope Chromosomes inside chromosome 20 cm thick

13. Inside the Nucleus 20 cm thick 2 – 10 m long Chromosomes No = 46 in each human cell

14. Chromosomes are made of DNA – the information storage molecule The cell brain 2 mm 50 kilometers unfolded DNA of one chromosome

15. In cell division the nucleus brakes down and chromosomes go out A-A-A !

16. Chromosomes in cell division

17. Dividing cell

18. Back to non-dividing cell A-A-A !

19. Endoplasmic reticulum – membrane net that fills the whole cell

20. Endoplasmic reticulum makes proteins, lipids, carbo- hydrates and transport them 5 cm

21. Mitochondria is the size of a table

22. But there are hundreds of such « tables » all over the cell

23. Better to think of mitochondria as a fireplace It produces energy ATP ATP

24. Bacterial cells are the same size as mitochondria Infection ! Bacteria not allowed

25. Ribosomes are the smallest organelles in your cell 2 cm

26. But very important No cell can exist without them Ribosomes make proteins – the “working horses” of cell

27. If ribosome would be 2 cm then an average protein – just 0.5

28. The ribosomes are plenty – around 100 000 in the cell

29. Ribosomes produce proteins – and cytoplasm is crowded with them Cytoplasm: thick like porridge

30. Some proteins are for internal use. Others are to be secreted outwards proteins

31. Cell packs them with Golgi Apparatus A size of a bag or rucksack

32. Many proteins to export -> many bags. 1 – 300 Golgi in different cell types

33. Some packs stay in the cell - lysosomes 20 cm

34. Lysosomes are for digestion Digestive enzymes Digestive system

35. Man has bones and muscles Cell has a cytoskeleton made of protein fibers and tubules

36. Cytoskeleton 2 cm 0.5 cm

37. microtubule microfilaments Cytoskeleton

38. Plant cells up to 100 micrometers = 0.1 mm are larger

39. some additional srtuctures and have

40. Thick outer wall membrane, 1 cm 10 cm – meters

41. Plant cell wall made of cellulose

42. Chloroplasts for photosynthesis 5 meters 10 – 100 chloroplasts per a plant cell

43. Photosynthesis Sun light CO 2 from the air All plants and animals exist due to Sun energy fixed in this amazing process Organic matter

44. You can barely move in plant cell. Most of space is occupied with giant central vacuole Central vacuole

45. Plant cells of a root

46. All the measurements we done are × 1 000 000 scale Go out of cell and remember

47. The end