The document defines a cigarette as a small cylinder of tobacco rolled in paper that is ignited at one end and allowed to smoulder so the smoke can be inhaled. It summarizes the typical construction of a cigarette including the tobacco blend, paper, glue, and filter. It describes the various tobacco additives and processing used to make the cigarettes more consistent and the nicotine more addictive. The summary concludes by noting cigarettes are a major source of litter and their remains accumulate widely in the environment.

1. Cigarette
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For detail
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette

2. DEFINITION
• A cigarette is a small cylinder
of finely cut tobacco leaves
rolled in thin paper for
smoking. The cigarette is
ignited at one end and allowed
to smoulder; its smoke is
inhaled from the other end,
which is held in or to the
mouth; in some cases a
cigarette holder may be used
as well. Most modern
manufactured cigarettes (also
called "ready rolls")
are filtered and include
reconstituted tobacco and
other additives.

3. DEFINITION
• The term cigarette, as
commonly used, refers to a
tobacco cigarette but can
apply to similar devices
containing other herbs, such
as cloves or cannabis. A
cigarette is distinguished from
a cigar by its smaller size, use
of processed leaf, and paper
wrapping, which is normally
white, though other colors are
occasionally available. Cigars
are typically composed
entirely of whole-leaf tobacco.

4. INTRODUCTION
• Cigarettes carry serious health risks,
which are more prevalent than in
other tobacco products. Nicotine, the
primary psychoactive chemical in
tobacco and therefore cigarettes,
is addictive. About half of cigarette
smokers die of tobacco-related
disease and lose on average 14 years
of life. Cigarette use by pregnant
women has also been shown to cause
birth defects, including low birth
weight, fetal abnormalities, and
premature birth. Second-hand
smoke from cigarettes has been
shown to be injurious to
bystanders,[which has led to
legislation that has prohibited
smoking in many workplaces and
public areas.

5. CONSTRUCTION/COMPOSITION
• Modern commercially
manufactured cigarettes are
seemingly simple objects
consisting mainly of a tobacco
blend, paper, PVA glue to bond
the outer layer of paper together,
and often also a cellulose
acetate–based filter. While the
assembly of cigarettes is
straightforward, much focus is
given to the creation of each of
the components, in particular the
tobacco blend. A key ingredient
that makes cigarettes more
addictive is the inclusion of
reconstituted tobacco, which has
additives to make nicotine more
volatile as the cigarette burns.
Diagram of a cigarette.
1. Filter made of 95% cellulose acetate.
2. Tipping paper to cover the filter.
3. Rolling paper to cover the tobacco.
4. Tobacco blend.

6. CONSTRUCTION/COMPOSITION
• Paper: The paper for holding the tobacco
blend may vary in porosity to allow
ventilation of the burning ember or
contain materials that control the burning
rate of the cigarette and stability of the
produced ash. The papers used in tipping
the cigarette (forming the mouthpiece)
and surrounding the filter stabilize the
mouthpiece from saliva and moderate
the burning of the cigarette as well as the
delivery of smoke with the presence of
one or two rows of small laser-drilled air
holes

7. CONSTRUCTION/COMPOSITION
• Tobacco blend: The process of blending gives the end product a consistent
taste from batches of tobacco grown in different areas of a country that
may change in flavor profile from year to year due to different
environmental conditions. The most common tobacco by-products include:
Blended leaf (BL) sheet: a thin, dry sheet cast from a paste made with
tobacco dust collected from tobacco stemming, finely milled burley-leaf
stem, and pectin.
Reconstituted leaf (RL) sheet: a paper-like material made from recycled
tobacco fines, tobacco stems and "class tobacco", which consists of
tobacco particles less than 30 mesh in size (~0.599 mm) that are collected
at any stage of tobacco processing. RL is made by extracting the soluble
chemicals in the tobacco by-products, processing the leftover tobacco
fibers from the extraction into a paper, and then reapplying the extracted
materials in concentrated form onto the paper in a fashion similar to what
is done in paper sizing.
At this stage ammonium additives are applied to make reconstituted
tobacco an effective nicotine delivery system.
Expanded (ES) or improved stems (IS): ES are rolled, flattened, and
shredded leaf stems that are expanded by being soaked in water and
rapidly heated. Improved stems follow the same process but are simply
steamed after shredding. Both products are then dried. These two
products look similar in appearance but are different in taste.

8. CONSTRUCTION/COMPOSITION
• Additives: Various additives are combined into the shredded
tobacco product mixtures, with humectants such as propylene
glycol or glycerol, as well as flavouring products and enhancers
such as cocoa solids, licorice, tobacco extracts, and various sugars,
which are known collectively as "casings". The leaf tobacco will
then be shredded, along with a specified amount of small
laminate, expanded tobacco, BL, RL, ES and IS. A perfume-like
flavour/fragrance, called the "topping" or "toppings", which is
most often formulated by flavor companies, will then be blended
into the tobacco mixture to improve the consistency in flavour and
taste of the cigarettes associated with a certain brand name.
Additionally, they replace lost flavours due to the repeated
wetting and drying used in processing the tobacco. Finally the
tobacco mixture will be filled into cigarettes tubes and packaged.
• One of the chemicals on the list, ammonia, helps convert bound
nicotine molecules in tobacco smoke into free nicotine molecules.
This process is known as freebasing which enhances the effect of
the nicotine on the smoker.

9. CONSTRUCTION/COMPOSITION
• Cigarette tube: Cigarette tubes are pre-rolled cigarette paper
usually with an acetate or paper filter at the end. They have an
appearance similar to a finished cigarette but are without any
tobacco or smoking material inside. The length varies from what is
known as King Size (84mm) to 100's (100mm).
• Filling a cigarette tube is usually done with a cigarette injector (also
known as a shooter). Cone shaped cigarette tubes are known as
cones and can be filled using a packing stick or straw because of
their cone shape. Cone smoking is popular because as the cigarette
burns it tends to get stronger and stronger. A cone allows more
tobacco to be burned at the beginning than the end, allowing for an
even flavor
• The United States Tobacco Taxation Bureau defines a cigarette tube
as "Cigarette paper made into a hollow cylinder for use in making
cigarettes

10. CONSTRUCTION/COMPOSITION
• Cigarette filter: Cigarette filters are intended to reduce the amount of
smoke, tar, and fine particles inhaled during the combustion of a cigarette,
but have no actual proven health benefits. Filters also reduce the
harshness of the smoke and keep tobacco flakes out of the smoker's
mouth.
• The raw material for the manufacture of cigarette filters
is cellulose (obtained from wood). The cellulose is acetylated (i.e. making
it into a material called cellulose acetate or simply "acetate" for short),
dissolved, and spun as continuous synthetic fibers arranged into a bundle
called tow. The cellulose is a substituted diacetate (actually 2.35 - 2.55
substitution range) cellulose, due to its chemical and physical processing.
This tow is opened, plasticized, shaped, and cut to length to act as a filter.
• In light cigarettes and some full flavor cigarettes, the filter is perforated
with tiny holes that dilute the smoke with air. As such, the inhaled smoke
contains less tar and nicotine. In theory, this should make the cigarette
"safer" than full flavor ones. In practice, however, the average smoker
compensates by inhaling more deeply or by covering parts of the holes
with fingers or lips.

11. CONSTRUCTION/COMPOSITION
• Cigarette butt: The common name for the
remains of a cigarette after smoking is
a cigarette butt. The butt is typically about 30
percent of the cigarette's original length. It
consists of a tissue tube which holds a filter and
some remains of tobacco mixed with ash. They
are the most numerically frequent litter in the
world. Cigarette butts accumulate outside
buildings, on parking lots, and streets where
they can be transported through storm drains to
streams, rivers, and beaches. It is also called a
fag-end or dog-end.

12. Smoking prevalence by sex (2000)
Percent Smoking
Region Men Women
Africa 29% 4%
United States 35% 22%
Eastern Mediterranean 35% 4%
Europe 46% 26%
Southeast Asia 44% 4%
Western Pacific 60% 8%

13. CIGARETTE BRANDS