I need physics project and various project copies...I need physics project on electromagnetic induction and I want to download it free

1. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
INDEX
S.NO TITLE PAGE.NO
1. CERTIFICATE 04
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 03
3. TOBACCO 07
4. NICOTINE 09
5. MANUFACTURING OF TOBACCO 10
6. ADDICTIVE NATURE OF TOBACCO 11
7. HEALTH EFFECTS 14
8. APPARATUS REQUIRED 16
9. CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS
REQUIRED
17
10. PROCEDURE 18
11. OBSERVATIONS 20
12. RESULT 21
13. CONCLUSIONS 22
14. BIBLIOGRAPHY 23

2. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
A
AP
PP
PA
AR
RA
AT
TU
US
S R
RE
EQ
QU
UI
IR
RE
ED
D
 250 ml Beaker
 Filter Paper
 Separating funnel
 China Dish
 Physical Balance
 Glass Rod

3. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
C
CH
HE
EM
MI
IC
CA
AL
LS
S A
AN
ND
D O
OT
TH
HE
ER
R M
MA
AT
TE
ER
RI
IA
AL
LS
S R
RE
EQ
QU
UI
IR
RE
ED
D
 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]
 Kerosene as solvent
 Concentrated Sulphuric Acid
 Cigarettes




4. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
P
PR
RO
OC
CE
ED
DU
UR
RE
E
 Collect different samples of cigarettes.
 Remove the covers and collect the contents of the cigarettes on
separate pieces of papers. Weigh 1 gram of each sample using
a physical balance and label them. Placethem in a dry place.
 Dissolve each sample in Calcium Hydroxide solution taken
in 100ml beakers. Stirthem with the help of a glass rod.
 Filter the different solutions after the Nicotine has fully
dissolved. Collect themseparately in separating funnels.
 Add two test tubes of Kerosene Oil to each separating funnel.
Before pouring, ensurethat the valve is closed.
 After Pouring shake the mixture vigorously in order to mix the
two liquids and leave it for two days without disturbing. Two
layers – one heavy layer in the bottom and the second lighter
layer in the top separates out.
 Open the valve of the funnel and let the heavy layer out
through the open valve. The lighter layer remains in the
separating funnel.
 Add half a test tube of concentrated Sulphuric Acid to each
separating funnel. Again shake it vigorously in order to mix
them and leave it for sometime.

5. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
 Two layers are formed – one heavy (dark drown) layer at
the bottom and another lighter (almost transparent) layer on
the top.
 Open the valve of the separating funnel and collect the heavier layer in a
test tube.
 Now transfer the contents into a china dish. Repeat the same
procedure for the different samples and label them after the
name of the cigarettes from which theyhave been obtained.
 Heat the crystals in liquid form and ultimately subject them to
cold water and leavethem for a day or two.
 Weigh the crystals hence obtained with the help of a physical balance
.

6. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
O
OB
BS
SE
ER
RV
VA
AT
TI
IO
ON
NS
S
S.n
o
Cigarette Sample Quantity of Nicotine
Suphate
1. Country Cigarette
(Beedi)
0.17 gram
2. Sample A 0.06 gram
3. Sample B 0.05 gram

7. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
R
RE
ES
SU
UL
LT
T
The analysis showed relatively higher levels of nicotine in tobacco
from beedis (0.17g) as compared to cigarettes (0.05g in Sample B
and 0.06g in Sample A).

8. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
C
CO
ON
NC
CL
LU
US
SI
IO
ON
N
This study concludes that the nicotine content in
tobacco contained in country cigarettes (beedi) is higher
compared to the content in company manufactured
branded cigarettes.

9. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
T
TO
OB
BA
AC
CC
CO
O
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants
in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in
the form of nicotine tartrate, used in some medicines. It is most
commonly used as a drug, and is a valuable cash crop for countries
such as Cuba,India, China, and the United States. Tobacco is a name
for any plant of the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae family
(nightshade family) and for the product manufactured from the leaf
and used in cigars and cigarettes, snuff, and pipe and chewing
tobacco. Tobacco plants are also used in plant bioengineering, and
some of the 60 species are grown as ornamentals. The chief
commercial species, N. tabacum, is believed native to tropical
America, like most nicotiana plants, but has been so long cultivated
that it is no longer known in the wild. N.Rrustica, a mild-flavored,
fast-burning species, was the tobacco originally raised in Virginia, but
it is now grown chiefly in Turkey, India, and Russia. The alkaloid
nicotine is the most characteristic constituent of tobacco and is
responsible for its addictive nature. The harmful effects of tobacco
derive from the thousands of different compounds generated in the
smoke, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as
benzpyrene), formaldehyde, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, radioactive
polonium-210, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), phenols, and
many others.

10. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. Seeds
are sown in cold frames or hotbeds to prevent attacks from insects,
and then transplanted into the fields. Tobacco is an annual crop,
which is usually harvested mechanically or by hand. After harvest,
tobacco is stored for curing, which allows for the slow oxidation
and degradation of carotenoids. This allows for the agricultural
product to take on properties that are usually attributed to the
"smoothness" of the smoke. Following this, tobacco is packed into its
various forms of consumption, which include smoking, chewing,
snuffing, and so on. Most cigarettes incorporate flue-cured tobacco,
which produces a milder, more inhalable smoke. Use of low- pH,
inhalable, flue-cured tobacco is one of the principal reasons smoking
causes lung cancer and other diseases association with smoke
inhalation.

11. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
N
NI
IC
CO
OT
TI
IN
NE
E
Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants
(Solanaceae) that acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist.
The biosynthesis takes place in the roots and accumulation occurs in
the leaves of the Solanaceae. It constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0%
of the dry weight of tobacco and is present in the range of 2–7
µg/kg of various edible plants. It functions as an antiherbivore
chemical; therefore, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in
the past and nicotine analogs such as imidacloprid are currently
widely used.
In low doses (an average cigarette yields about 1 mg of absorbed
nicotine), the substance acts as a stimulant in mammals, while high
amounts (30–60 mg) can be fatal. This stimulant effect is the main
factor responsible for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco
smoking. According to the American Heart Association, nicotine
addiction has historically been one of the hardest addictions to break,
while the pharmacological and behavioral characteristics that
determine tobacco addiction are similar to those determining
addiction to heroin and cocaine. The nicotine content of popular
American-brand cigarettes has slowly increased over the years, and
one study found that there was an average increase of 1.6% per year
between the years of 1998 and 2005. This was found for all major
market categories of cigarettes.

12. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
1. Filter Paper made up of 95% Cellulose Acetate
2. Tipping paper to cover the filter
3. Rolling paper to cover the Tobacco
4. Tobacco blend
M
MA
AN
NU
UF
FA
AC
CT
TU
UR
RI
IN
NG
G O
OF
F T
TO
OB
BA
AC
CC
CO
O
Modern commercially manufactured cigarettes are seemingly simple
objects consisting mainly of a tobacco blend, paper, PVA glue to
bond the outer layer of paper together, and often also a cellulose
acetate–based filter. While the assembly of cigarettes is
straightforward, much focus is given to the creation of each of the
components, in particular the tobacco blend. A key ingredient that
makes cigarettes more addictive is the inclusion of reconstituted
tobacco, which has additives to make nicotine more volatile as the
cigarette burns.

13. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
A
AD
DD
DI
IC
CT
TI
IV
VE
E N
NA
AT
TU
UR
RE
E O
OF
F T
TO
OB
BA
AC
CC
CO
O
Addictive Nature of Nicotine
Nicotine is very addictive. It increases the release of brain chemicals
called neurotransmitters, which help regulate mood and behavior. One
of these neurotransmitters is dopamine, which makes one feel good.
Getting that dopamine boost is part of the addiction process.
Nicotine dependence, also referred to as tobacco dependence,
involves behavioral as well asphysical factors.
Physical Addiction
Over 13 million smokers try to quit each year, yet less than 5% of
those who attempt to quit unaided are cigarette-free after 6-12
months. For one simple reason: a nicotine addiction is harder to beat
than most people realize. Nicotine from smoking changes the
structure and function of your brain. When the brain stops getting the
nicotine it's used to, you begin feeling strong withdrawal cravings.
You think you want a cigarette when, actually, your brain wants
nicotine.
Let's take a look at how nicotine addiction works. Each puff on a
cigarette sends nicotine to the brain within 10 seconds. Immediately,
we feel more alert and calm. It feels good, so we have another puff.
And another. Soon the brain's chemical structure actually changes. It
becomes hooked into wanting more and more nicotine to make the
effects last.

14. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
Physical dependence on nicotine is defined by the appearance of
characteristic withdrawal symptoms when the substance is suddenly
discontinued. So, while physical dependency can be a major factor in
the psychology of addiction and most often becomes a primary
motivator in the continuation of an addiction, the initial primary
attribution of an addictive substance is usually its ability to induce
pleasure, although with continued use the goal is not so much to
induce pleasure as it is to relieve the anxiety caused by the absence of
a given addictive substance causing it to become used compulsively.
The speed with which a given individual becomes addicted to nicotine
varies with the substance, the frequency of use, the means of
ingestion, the intensity of pleasure or euphoria, and the individual's
genetic and psychological susceptibility. Some people may exhibit
addictive tendencies from the moment of first intoxication, while most
people can smoke socially without ever becoming addicted. Opioid
dependent individuals have different responses to even low doses of
opioids than the majority of people, although this may be due to a
variety of other factors, as opioid use heavily stimulates pleasure-
inducing neurotransmitters in the brain. Nonetheless, because of these
variations, in addition to the adoption and twin studies that have been
well replicated, much of the medical community is satisfied that
addiction is in part genetically moderated. That is, one's genetic
makeup may regulate how susceptible one is to a substance and how
easily one may become psychologically attached to a pleasurable
routine.

15. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
Psychosocial Addiction
Psychological dependency is a dependency of the mind, and leads to
psychological withdrawal symptoms (such as cravings, irritability,
insomnia, depression, anorexia, etc.). Addiction can in theory be
derived from any rewarding behavior, and is believed to be strongly
associated with the dopaminergic system of the brain's reward system
(as in the case of cocaine and amphetamines). Some claim that it is a
habitual means to avoid undesired activity, but typically it is only so
to a clinical level in individuals who have emotional, social, or
psychological dysfunctions (psychological addiction is defined as
such), replacing normal positive stimuli not otherwise attained.
A person who is physically dependent, but not psychologically
dependent can have their dose slowly dropped until they are no longer
dependent. However, if that person is psychologically dependent, they
are still at serious risk for relapse into abuse and subsequent physical
dependence.
Psychological dependence does not have to be limited only to
substances; even activities and behavioral patterns can be considered
addictions, if they become uncontrollable.

16. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
H
HE
EA
AL
LT
TH
H E
EF
FF
FE
EC
CT
TS
S
Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally.
Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart,
liver and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for heart
attacks, strokes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
(including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), and cancer
(particularly lung cancer, cancers of the larynx and mouth, and
pancreatic cancer). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and
hypertension. The effects depend on the number of years that a person
smokes and on how much the person smokes. Starting smoking earlier
in life and smoking cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these
diseases. Also, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke,
has been shown to cause adverse health effectsin people of all ages.
Cigarettes sold in underdeveloped countries tend to have higher tar
content, and are less likely to be filtered, potentially increasing
vulnerability to tobacco-related disease in these regions.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tobacco caused
5.4 million deaths in 2004 and 100 million deaths over the course of
the 20th century. Similarly, the United States Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most
important preventable risk to human health in developed countries
and an important cause of premature death worldwide." Several
countries have taken measures to control the consumption of tobacco
with usage and sales restrictions as well as warning messages printed
on packaging.

17. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
Smoke contains several carcinogenic pyro lytic products that bind to
DNA and cause many genetic mutations. There are 45 known or
suspected chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke. Tobacco also
contains nicotine, which is a highly addictive psychoactive drug.
When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes physical and psychological
dependency. Tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages
among pregnant smokers, it contributes to a number of other threats to
the health of the fetus such as premature births and low birth weight
and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance for Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome (SIDS). The result of scientific studies done in neonatal
rats seems to indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke in the womb
may reduce the fetal brain's ability to recognize hypoxic conditions,
thus increasing the chance of accidental asphyxiation. Incidence of
impotence is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers
compared to non-smokers, and is a key factor causing
dysfunction(ED).

18. 2023-24
Chemistry Project
B
BI
IB
BL
LI
IO
OG
GR
RA
AP
PH
HY
Y
o www.en.wikipedia.com;
o http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287555-
overview;
o www.righthealth.com;
o www.netdoctor.co.uk;
o www.nicorette.com;
o “World Health Survey” by the World Health
Organization (WHO);
o “Practical Chemistry for Class XII” by Rachna
Sagar Publications;
o “Science Reporter” July, 2023 edition;