Pros and Cons of Cellular vs Fixed Line NetworksPros of cellular: lower cost, portability, no installation fees, temporary usage. Cons: lack of service in some areas, slower data speeds, cell sites can malfunction. Pros of fixed line: more reliable, faster broadband speeds. Cons: higher costs, not possible in some locations, equipment requires repairs

Present Wireless Scenario Consists Of Homogeneous Network...
Present wireless scenario consists of homogeneous network and heterogeneous networks. In
homogeneous network each base station has similar transmit power level, antenna pattern, receiver
noise floor and similar backhaul connectivity. But this type of network has disadvantage of coverage
hole. In heterogeneous network the macro BSs is collocated with micro, pico and femto cells. This
arrangement increases overall spectral efficiency per unit area (capacity) of the network. Whereas
small cell like micro, pico, femto and relays are used to avoid coverage hole and to provide mobility
to the users. Not only this relays can be used to provide backhaul connectivity, where wire line link
is not possible or are expensive to deploy. As determined by the information theoretic capacity
limits, current cellular systems have evolved to a point where a system with one BS achieves near
optimal performance. Researchers are now moving towards more advanced heterogeneous network
topology which will bring the network more closely to the mobile user leading to further capacity
gains [46–49]. HetNets will significantly improve the spectral efficiency per unit area by utilizing a
diverse set of BSs. 1.4 Elements of Heterogeneous Network Heterogeneous deployment need to use
innovative cell association and inter–celling interference coordination techniques in order to realize
the promised capacity and coverage gains. A typical heterogeneous wireless technology as shown in
figure 1.4 has the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Gps Limitations And Limitations Of Gps
. GPS Limitations Although already widely accepted and deployed, GPS has its inherent drawbacks
and limits which make GPS unsuitable in many scenarios. Those limitations include: Economics:
The price and energy cost of GPS components is usually much higher than its alternatives. Though
some GPS systems are inexpensive, cheap solutions may have significantly reduced quality. And it
is usually very energy consuming. For instance, GPS on smart phones consumes much large portion
of energy than other integrated sensing and communicating components. Even with the high cost,
GPS on consumer devices cannot provide desired performance. Accuracy: The accuracy of GPS is
usually not enough when small scale of space and fine grained location discrimination are
considered, especially on nonprofessional devices with poor quality. And due to its inherent large
scale, GPS is difficult to maintain and update, while in many scenarios, the space of interest for
localizing is highly dynamic. Speed and reliability: Mobile phone GPS users usually experience
slow updating of their locations. And since GPS requires LOS paths to satellites and stable signal
coverage, GPS is not practical or available in many cases. Thus, techniques assisting GPS with LPS
components have received many attentions from both industry and academia in recent years. An
approach widely used on mobile phone navigations is cellular networking based localization. The
global deployment and general availability of cellular

The Debate Of Cell Phones
The Great Debate of Cell Phones
Technology has advanced over the years, causing our lifestyle to change drastically and head down a
new path. With these advances in technology, the cell phone appeared and has evolved throughout
time. The cell phone has become a necessity to many. All ages use this mobile device for either
personal or business use. Higgins states that the amount of cell phones active has increased from
"one billion in 2000 to 6 billion." Although cell phones play an important role in the lives of many,
the negative possibilities could cause destruction to our society. The cell phone has transformed over
the years, changing from a bulky phone to a compact device containing the capabilities of a
computer. According to Russell Ware, a cell phone is "any portable telephone which uses cellular
network technology to make and receive calls." A cell phone works through a maze of cellular
towers that cross the world. This connects mobile devices that allow texting and calling between two
cellular devices. Motorola produced the first commercially available cell phone which officially
went on sale in 1984 (Ware). This cell phone was called the DynaTAC 8000x which cost an extreme
amount of money and only contained a battery of 30 minutes (Ware). Since this first masterpiece,
the cell phone has advanced and developed into an entirely new object. Cell phones today contain
the ability to text, call, use the internet, play games, and store files (Cell Phone). Due to

Abstract For Flight Control System
Abstract– The development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) technology has increased at an
incredible rate in recent years. The market currently includes many different varieties and classes of
UAVs, but none currently offer long range beyond line of sight flight over cellular networks. The
only existing networks currently utilized for long–range flight are i–Fi networks. However, flying
over Wi–Fi has range limitations that restrict the full use of the UAVs. Therefore, the goal of this
project is to design a UAV control system using existing cellular networks as the primary mode for
communication. In order to accomplish this objective, an Android OS based application that is
capable of sending and receiving signals between two Android smartphones will be designed. One
of the phones will be on the UAV itself and the other in the hand of the pilot. Through these devices,
the user will be able to control the UAV while also receiving critical information from the drone–
such as Global Positioning System (GPS) location, live video feed, system statuses, and flight
diagnostics from the UAV. A hardware interfacing circuit will be designed to interpret the control
signals from the phone and pass them to the UAV for flight control. Additionally, a crash avoidance
algorithm incorporating the position of other flying UAVs will be integrated into the system. This
will provide a platform to reduce the number of user based crashes as well as reducing the risk of
damaging a UAV.

Mobile Communication Technology
01. Introduction to Mobile Communication
Today mobile communication has become the backbone of the society. All the mobile system
technologies have improved the way of living and it is one of the fastest growing communication
medium in the world (Goldsmith, 2004). In 1960 Bell Laboratory was introduced the cellular
concept, with the development of the newer concept and the better technology cellular phones
getting more popular in worldwide (Mitra, 2009). According to the (GSMA, 2014) report mentioned
that, at the end of the 2003 there were more than 1billion individual subscribers, that means under
one in six people had subscribed to a mobile service . By the end of the 2013 the number of mobile
phone subscribers has doubled, there were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2013 4G connections increased 3% of the global total connections and the year 2020 it will be
increase to 2.3 billion connections in globally.
The following figure represents the global mobile broadband technology market share in 2013 and
the predicted growth of the mobile subscribers in 2018.
With the increase of the mobile broadband connection global smart phone growth get increase 22%
at the end of the 2013 it is nearly 1.3 billion smart phones. According to the (4G americas, 2014) at
the mid year of the 2013 one of the every five people in the worldwide owned a smart phone and
one of the every 17 people in the world used a tablet.
By the end of the 2017 non smart phones will be get stable by 50.3% smart phones will be increase
27.4% users in world wide, machine–to–machine ("M2M") will increase 16.5 and Laptops and
Tablets will be increase by small present (2.6% and 2.3) (4G americas, 2014)
03. Development of Mobile Applications
With the rapid growth of the mobile Internet and the mass market of the mobile platform like
smartphone, tablets and the laptops create the anytime /anywhere computing and help to increase
popularity of mobile Internet applications (Raychaudhuri & Mandayam, 2012).
According to the (Nielsen , 2014) Smart phones owners spend 86% of their time using mobile apps
and 14% time using to mobile web searching. Therefor they spend 34 Hrs.17 minutes for web
browsing and mobile applications, 5Hrs. 48

Unit 1 Lab 1 Physical Networking
Unit 1 Lab 1 Data on Fixed Line vs. Cellular Debate June 16, 2014 Debate the Pros and Cons to
having a purely cellular network vs. having a purely fixed line network Pro 's: Cost: Most wireline
phone companies charge more than what you 'd pay for most alternatives, and some are taxed more
as well. There are some locations where getting new wired phoneservice is prohibitively expensive
or even impossible. Long Distance and extra features like Call Waiting are normally included with
alternative phones. Portability: If you move your home more than average (or if it 's on wheels),
your phone and your number can stay with you. There are no "installation" charges. Temporary
Usage: You can have phone service for the season in a vacation ... Show more content on
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Lack of Service: You may be in a location where there are no wireless broadband alternatives or
may have poor cellular coverage. This might be rectified by adding a 'cell site ' to your home.
Broadband Data Speeds: While there are some fairly fast wireless broadband connections, it may be
some time before they will compare to wired or cable connections. Malfunctions: Cell sites can stop
working for various reasons. Repairs often need to be made on site and may take time. Broadband
services require one or more pieces of equipment at your house which you will need to fix if it fails.
Wireline equipment can normally be repaired at the central office. Murphy 's Law says breakdowns
will happen at the worst possible time. You Have No Backup: Unless you have an extra cellular
phone, if something happens to your main phone or its associated equipment, or your account, you
can 't just plug another phone into the wall. Inconvenience: Some alternative services only offer a
single jack for one phone. If you want service throughout the house you either must go wi–fi or
cellular. Otherwise, plan on using the phone near your computer or router. With a cell phone you
need to keep it close to you if your home is large or on multiple floors. It Might be Difficult to Get a
Job: Some employers require a "Local" number to consider you for a position. While you can
change your out–of–town portable number to something local, there goes your

Problem Of Congestion Of Cellular Network Essay

Problem of Congestion in Cellular Network
Shiva Nageswara Rao Bandereddy (sbandere@hawk.iit.edu)
College of Science Department
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA.
Abstract–In the next few years there will be an exponential grow in mobile data traffic due to the
tremendous growth in mobile data like audio, video kind of different multimedia application.
Cellular network operators invest huge amount to make their infrastructure better like installing new
cell tower and offloading data traffic from cellular to the Wi–Fi so that they can efficiently prevent
congestion. We all have observed call drops during the conversation at some time which is very
annoying and so this congestion problem gives hard time to customer and so the service provider
too. In this project, I want to research what are the main reason for the congestion of the cellular
network and how it can be avoided or minimized.
Index Terms– Mobile, CAGR, Cisco, Congestion
I. INTRODUCTION
Congestion of networks is a network state where a node of link carries huge amount of data that may
deteriorate network service quality, resulting in queuing delay, frame or data packet loss and the
blocking of new connections. There could be a possible reason for a congestion like insufficient
bandwidth, when network data exceeds its capacity.
Wireless mobile network is independent?
When we think of a cellular network it is not a completely wireless network. No one has completely
independent wireless network.

The Channel Satellite And Mobile Communications Arm
Abstract The characteristics of the channel satellite and mobile communications arm is an important
and fast–growing wireless communications and play an important role in the transfer of information
through the media of spread from the transmitter to the receiver with the minimum error rate.
Information transmitted from mobiles using satellite space channel suffers from attenuation in
amplitude and phase difference caused by multipath which is affected by the environment. These
disabilities are described in the channel usually by the phenomena that characterize signal
propagation in different environments such as urban areas. A different factor which take into
consideration to evaluate performance represented additive white Gaussian ... Show more content on
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Why is this renaissance happening now? What exactly will the systems do for customers? Why are
so many smart people and companies throwing such enormous amounts of capital into the sky? And
what do these systems mean for terrestrial operators? These are some of the questions we aim to
answer. The renaissance of satellite communications: Satellites have been used in
telecommunications since the mid–1960s. For a decade or so, they carried the bulk of international
telephone calls, which they still do on routes to small and developing countries. In addition, VSAT
(very small aperture terminal) networks provide essential communications for large companies, big
ships, and disaster relief. But the use of satellites on any wider scale has been ruled out by their
traditional disadvantages (high cost, expensive and bulky terminal equipment, and annoying delays
in voice transmission), and by advances in competing media such as undersea fiber–optic cable. The
signs now, however, are that satellites are about to emerge as a powerful force in communications,
as they have already done in television broadcasting. Three factors explain why: Technological
advances are improving the price/performance ratio of

Report On Cellular Systems And Computer Science
Report on Cellular Technology
Submitted by,
Ganesh Babu kavuri
Under the guidance,
Bijan Karimi Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Computer Science Tailgate School of
Engineering University of New Haven
Serial# Topics
1. Objective
2. Cellular Concepts and basics
3. Cellular system Architecture
4. Multiple Access schemes for cellular system
5. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
6. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
7. Single Carrier– Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC–FDMA)
8. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
9. TDMA Frame
10. TDMA Evolution
11. Global System for Mobile (GSM)
12. GSM Network Architecture
13. Interim Standard–136
14. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
15. TDD FDD Duplex Schemes
16. Cellular handoff
17. Summary
18. References
OBJECTIVE
Cellular systems are widely used today and cellular technology needs to offer very efficient use of
the available frequency spectrum. With billions of mobile phones in use around the globe today.
Cellular refers to a network technology that facilitates mobile device communication over areas
comprised of cells and transceivers, which are also known as base stations or cell sites. In a cellular
network, the most widely used mobile transceivers are mobile phones, or cell phones.

Data on Fixed Lines vs Cellular Essay examples
In this paper I will go over the pros and cons of having a purely fixed line network vs. a purely
cellular network. When making this decision there are several things to consider, the most important
is what this network is going to be used for. I am going to first go over the fixed line network then
follow up with the cellular network. At the end of this paper I will do a recommendation to a new
company that wants to open up a Skype– style service as to whether they should use a fixed line or a
cellular network. Fixed line telephones was the main form of communication in 1877 and this was
the case up to the time when cellular phone came into the world. Fixed lines are in every home and
building today so everyone has the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Network security is very important on any network with a DSL connection on a fixed line there is
no change in the network security. Network security would be handled by a firewall that would be
handled by the modem and of course at the device itself. Then the subscriber or company would
themselves use additional software for further protection. Troubleshooting is handled by both the
subscriber and Telephone Company. There is a way to determine where one ends and the other
begins this is known as the demarcation line. This is usually where the wiring enters the home or
building. But this really depends on if this is a single occupant property or a multiple occupant
property. The failover solution when using a fixed line service for Internet connection would be to
have back up equipment available for the site and for the Telephone Company it would be good to
know at the central office there is additional servers just in case there is a malfunction. When it
comes to the data itself it is always important to have a backup ran on a daily or weekly basis
depending on the importance of the data. When Cellular phones first came out the main use was to
make phone calls. The first generation of the cell phone transmitted information the same analog
format as a fixed line. The second generation (2G) transmission switched to digital which gave cell
phones the ability to
transmit and receive voice and data. When

Quality Of Service : Wireless And Cellular Networks
COEN 331 Summer 15
Nishant Bochare W1165712
Quality of service in Wireless and Cellular Networks
A report by Nishant Bochare
Santa Clara University
Submitted to
Dr. Keyvan Moataghed
Audience
Audience for this topic can be the anyone who has some basic knowledge about networking. This
Document provide detailed information about quality of structure (QoS) in wireless networks and
cellular networks.
This document contain overview of QoS and several enhancement and schemes for QoS. The reader
for this document can be student, researcher, technician and working employe in networking related
field.
INDEX
1. Introduction 3
2. Definition of QoS 5
3. QoS overview and Background 5
4. QoS Guarantees 7
5. QoS network architecture 8
6. Applications Requiring QoS 9
7. User Perceived Quality 10
8. QoS Scheme 10 8.1 Challenges of Wired QoS 11 8.2 Wired QoS Schemes 11
8.2.1 Integrated Services (IntServ) 11
8.2.2 Differentiated Services (DiffServ) 11
9. QoS Limitation of IEEE 802.11 MAC 12 9.1 QoS limitations of DCF 12 9.2 QoS limitations of
PCF 13
10. IEEE 802.11e 13

10.1 Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function (EDCF) 14
10.2 Arbitration inter–frame spacing (AIFS) in 802.11 15
11. IEEE 802.16 16
12. INSIGNIA 16
13. Cross–layer Scheduling

An Unwarranted Call
Carlos Valdez Professor Toland ENG–001A–1287 7 April 2015 An Unwarranted Call Do you ever
get that feeling you're being watched? It is interesting how much power the government actually has
over privacy. When a registered sex offender, lets say a "peeping tom" moves into a neighborhood,
laws require that they notify people living in that neighborhood. If they peaked through a window,
they were required to tell others, but when the government peaks into our most personal information
and locations 24/7, they can get away with it. The government should not be able to look at all the
data and on your phone without a warrant. Law enforcement agencies have been targeting cell
phone users without their knowledge, and most service providers will very easily hand over
customers information such as call logs, text messages, GPS locations, and web history without a
court order to do so violating the fourth amendment. The NSA is currently taking all the information
they can get from cellphones even if you've done nothing wrong (Cato). This is an invasion of
privacy because information should only be collected if you have committed a crime (Cato). The
NSA collects all data for use in future crime scene investigations (Cato). If you are convicted of a
crime, the NSA can later go back through all the calls you've made and text messages you have sent
to convict you of any other crimes committed (Cato). One may argue that this is a good thing,
bringing justice because it will show all

Effects of Cell Phone
What is a cellphone?
Small wireless device that has at least the same functions of a standard wired telephone but is
smaller and more mobile. A cell phone requires a subscription to a service provider and requires
either a prepaid or monthly billing setup. Generally, they have more functions than traditional land
lines and need to be charged after a period of time. Also called mobile phone or mobile device.–
BusinessDictionary.com
A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can
make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a wide geographic area. It
does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to
the public ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to the expansion of mobile networks, agricultural producers were often unaware about prices
and had to rely on information from traders and agents, the report said.
"Delays in obtaining this data or misinterpretation of second–hand pricing information has serious
consequences for agricultural producers, who may end up underselling their products, delivering too
little or too much of the product, or having their products wither away," the World Bank said.
The study also mentioned Cebu City where taxi drivers use mobile phones with global positioning
systems to receive traffic data and dispatch information.
The report added that social media, along with messages, videos and pictures sent from mobile
phones, were useful tools for organizing protests and monitoring democracy and freedom.
"Mobile communications offer major opportunities to advance human and economic development–
from providing basic access to health information to making cash payments, spurring job creation,
and stimulating citizen involvement in democratic processes," said World Bank vice president for
sustainable development Rachel Kyte.
"The challenge now is to enable people, businesses and governments in developing countries to
develop their own locally relevant mobile applications so they can take full advantage of these
opportunities," Kyte added.
Positive Effects of Cell Phone
The Positive Effects of Cell Phones on Society

Motorol A True Pioneer
Daniel Moore
College Composition II
Mrs. Price
October 14th 2014
"Motorola was a true pioneer in personal communications. We introduced the world 's first
commercial portable cellular phone. We even invented the groundbreaking Six Sigma quality
improvement process, which became a worldwide standard for excellence"(Motorola.com).
Motorola is a proud and well known technologies manufacturer and has been in the cell phone
industry from the start. In fact, Motorola manufactured the first commercial cell phone in 1984,
produced mainstream and very popular cell phone designs,specifically the Razr line, and is about to
release the nexus 6 which will be the first nexus phone to be manufactured by Motorola. Even
though Motorola is owned by Lenovo they still retain their creative and innovative qualities.
The DynaTAC was the first cell phone commercially manufactured and was done so by Motorola.
the DynaTAC. The DynaTAC weighed 28 ounces and was 10 inches high. Because of this it was
nicknamed "the brick" as the phone had the similar size and weight of a standard clay brick.The
price that the DynoTAC sold for was a hefty $3,995 as it was brand new technology and was the
only one out at the time. the technology was still far from sound as the phone only had 30mins of
talk time and eight hours of standby time. Along with creating the first cellphone, Motorola
demonstrated the first call over a GSM network. A GSM network stands for Global System for
Mobile Communications, which is a

Taking a Look at a Cellular Network
Cellular network
A cellular network or is a means of communication network disseminated more than land areas
called cells, every hand round by at least one permanent–location transceiver, called the cell site or
base position. In a cellular system, every cell typically uses a dissimilar set of radio occurrence from
all their instantaneous relationship to cells to keep away from any intrusion.
When attached mutually these cells make available radio exposure more than a extensive geographic
region. This facilitate a large amount of transportable transceivers to converse with every additional
and by means of permanent transceivers and telephones is the anyplace in the network, via base
positions, still if a quantity of the transceivers is poignant from side to side more than solitary cell
through transmission. Even if initially proposed intended for cell phones, by means of the expansion
of smartphones, cellular telephone networks habitually clutch data in adding together to telephone
exchange.
# Global System for Mobile Communications: The GSM network is alienated hooked on thrice most
important systems: the controlling system, the base position system, and the procedure and maintain
system. The cell phone attach to the pedestal system situation which then hook up to the process and
sustain position; it then fixed to the switching position where the call is relocated to where it
requirements to go. GSM is the the majority ordinary prevailing and is worned for a

A Short Note On Response Network ( Warn ) Act
and Response Network (WARN) Act was passed by Congress in 2008. The WARN Act allows
federal agencies to transmit alerts from the President of the United States, National Weather Service
(NWS), state and local emergency operation centers to participating wireless providers to have those
alerts broadcast to their customers. With the CAP technology of IPAWS using the IPAWS–OPEN,
the program formerly known as the Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS), now called the
Wireless Emergency Alert (WEA), issues alerts that are transmitted with technology akin to SMS
text messages. These WEA alerts are delivered to all cellular phones by way of cell towers rather
than the older technique of transmitting text alerts to individual users. The WEA has ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Foreign tourists to the United States will find that their cellular telephones do not work unless their
cellular device are "unlocked" and capable of functioning on the MHz spectrum of the area they are
visiting. Normally within the US, the service providers operate on the 850 and 1900 MHz bands.
Most other countries, and their cellular phones operate on the 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz bands.
Therefore, foreign tourists risk not receiving cellular device EAS broadcasts on their "locked"
cellular phones even if they are within a regional geographically targeted alert zone for wireless
emergency alerts. The lack of other than English alerts also becomes an issue with these
demographic groups. Currently, this weakness in the United States emergency alert system is not
being corrected.
According to the Government Accounting Office report of 2007, there are some 54 million adults
within the United States with some degree of hearing or vision impairment (GAO, 2007). The
current EAS system also has poor capabilities to issue alerts to individuals within the disabled
community. At this time, the alerting options for the disabled community remains limited and further
research and development will be needed. The redundant communication platform alerting
capabilities of the CAP within IPAWS–OPEN will be needed for the alerting of this community.
It is expected in 2018, a new application

Essay on Wireless Technology Upgrade
Table of contents Page
1. Introduction 3
2. Strategic Business Assessment 3
3. Technology 4
4. Design a Wireless System 5
5. Compatibility Plans 6
6. Planned Competitive Improvements 7
7. Other Competitive Technological Solutions 8
8. Upgrading to Next Generation 9
9. Summary and Conclusions 10
10. Work Cited 12 Introduction:
Since the introduction of the first mobile phone in 1924, there has been a steady climb in developing
and enhancing, the mobile phone and its supporting technologies. The cellular network
infrastructures as well as service providers have been hard at work; in making sure they are
providing the best service as well as devices. The infrastructure alone ... Show more content on
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Technology:
GoFone Cellular Communications is a leader in delivering innovative wireless cellular services. The
need for innovation and providing top–notch service has led GoFone into being an industry leader.
GoFone has been able stay ahead of the class, by keeping up with industry trends, and consumer
satisfaction. The services offered allow users to stay connected to the world. Subscribers are able to
talk and browse the Internet at the same time. GoFone also offers a variety of cellular phones with
several options. GoFone's service is currently being offered on 3rd generation technology, that
promises scalability. Having the ability to offer different services, with different pricing points
consumers will be able to pick a choice on what type of service or package they want. GoFone
promises to provide cellular wireless services, with the ability to stay connected and have minimal
to no impact.
GoFone's network is operating off Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS), which is
3rd generation wireless cellular technology. GoFone will deploy its UMTS network on the 900MHz
frequency. UMTS technology is mainly based off of Wide Code Division Multiple Access
(WCDMA) affords; GoFone the opportunity to offer features such as mobile wireless Internet, email
and other services. The use of UMTS allows for

The Impact Of Imsi Catchers On Mobile Phone Towers On Gsm...
Introduction
IMSI Catchers or Cell–Site Simulators are devices that pose as legitimate cell phone towers on
GSM networks in order to either log the IMSI numbers of mobile phones in a specific area or to
intercept mobile phone traffic in a specific area of interest. IMSI stands for International Mobile
Subscriber Identity and is an identifying number that is unique for every mobile phone. This
research paper sets out to understand how IMSI catchers work, when and in what context their
deployment would be most beneficial to investigators, and the legality of this device.
How IMSI Catchers Work
Cellular Networks
A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land areas called "cells". Each cell is served
by one fixed–location transceiver, which is called a "base station". When cells are joined together,
they provide wireless coverage over a large geographic area, within which mobile stations or phones
can communicate with base stations and each other. Overlapping coverage areas allows transmission
to be maintained even when mobile stations are moving between cells. Assigning a different set of
frequencies to neighboring cells avoids wireless signal interference.
3G (UMTS and CDMA2000)
GSM
...And be most easily described as having 4 network components
1. Mobile Stations (MS)
The mobile stations is a cell phone or mobile device with a Subscriber Identification Module (SIM)
card. Each SIM card is identified by its IMSI number, which consists of a 3–digits Mobile

Automatic Frequency Planning & Optimization
Automatic Frequency Planning and Optimization Algorithm for Cellular Networks Muhammad
Umair, Waleed Bin Shahid, Masab Javed Abbasi, Department of Electrical Engineering Royal
Institute of Technology (KTH) SE100–44 Stockholm, SWEDEN E–mail: mumair@kth.se,
waleed.shahid@mcs.edu.pk , masab.abbasi–pc@telenor.com.pk Abstract– Frequency planning in
ever growing cellular networks is an extremely arduous task. Any effort to lay down manual
frequency plans promulgates inefficiency in the cellular radio systems. The extensive deployment
and penetration of cellular networks necessitate the need to carry out automatic frequency planning.
This paper presents a novel and ingenious algorithm for automatic generation and optimization of
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
II. PREPARING INPUT DATA FOR ALGORITHM A. Development of Hypothetical Grid for
Topographical Analysis The very first step is to divide the geographical area under consideration
into square regions of identical dimensions. These small regions are called bins. The concept of bin
facilitates in analyzing the topography because the network parameters are changing with changing
values of geographical coordinates, and by following the hypothetical grid approach it has been
assumed that network parameters do not change within a bin, which is basically a small unit area.
An important aspect to be highlighted here is that keeping the size of the bin smaller enhances
accuracy. So, in this regard the dimensions of these bins have been set to be so minute that the bin
can be approximated to have the same value of longitude and latitude. Also due to this minute area
of bins, it is assumed that the signal strength does not change or deteriorate in a particular bin. The
coverage area of each of the base station in the network is a calculation of the total number of bins
for which that particular base station acts as the best server. B. Inter Cell Dependency Matrix
(ICDM) Development of an efficient frequency planning algorithm requires in–depth knowledge of
the cellular environment and live system measurements can also be of great help in this regard. As
the ICDM

Essay On Evolution Of Mobile Phones
Evolution of Mobile Phone Technology
Mobile phone
A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can
make and receive telephone calls while moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by
connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public
telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single,
private base station.
In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services such as
text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short–range wireless communications (infrared,
Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offer ... Show more
It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 1978, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987.
AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but
it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to
eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone "cloning;" Many of the iconic early
commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded
by Digital AMPS (D–AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American
carriers by 2008.
Digital cellular networks – 2G
In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for
supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed
CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog
transmission, and also fast out–of–band phone–to–network signaling. The rise in mobile phone
usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones.
In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by
2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example,
the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems
were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS–54 standard was
deployed

4G Advantages And Disadvantages
Abstract– The next generation wireless networks are the fourth generation (4G) networks which are
targeted for various applications; voice, data and multimedia communications. The mobile
technologies 1G, 2G and 3G have lot of disadvantages which has led to the invention of 4G. As the
users of mobile devices increase the demand for faster and efficient communication in the mobile
network also increase. 4G aims to provide the quality of service (QoS) guarantee for many
applications, is an important intension in the design of next–generation wireless networks. The
authors concentrate on the 4G architecture and its comparison with 3G networks. The main focus is
on three important mechanisms such as cross–layer approach, a novel QOS optimization
architecture and robust header compression technique with some header compression mechanisms
with respect to different QoS parameters.
Index Terms– Cross–layer, GSM, QOS, RoHC
I. INTRODUCTION
The First Generation Networks were referred to as cellular networks, which later termed as cell. The
cell phone signals were based on analog signal transmission, where these devices were
comparatively less heavy and more cost. The Second Generation phones deploy GSM technology
used for mobile communication. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) make use of
digital modulation to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G AND 4G NETWORK
As 3G technologies are broader in use when compared to 4G are in limit [2]. The major difference
between two is in the existence of yielding technologies. Many technologies EV–DO, HSPA and
WCDMA these drop under 3G network. Whereas, many mobile phone companies are intelligent to
dup their technologies as 4G; such as WiMax, LTE, and UMB. But, none of these technologies gives
detailed description set forth by the 4G network standard, so they are often mentioned as Pre–4G or
3.9G. Here, are the some important points which are compared between two efficient technologies.
A. 3G speeds are much slower compared to

Advantages And Disadvantages Of 4g Communication
INTRODUCTION :
Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of enhanced
electrical conductors or "wires". The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television
remote control) or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the
context is clear, the term is often shortened to "wireless". It encompasses various types of fixed,
mobile, and portable two–way radios, cellular telephones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and
wireless networking. 1895, Guglielmo Marconi opened the way for modern wireless
communications by transmitting the three–dot Morse code for the letter 'S' over a distance of three
kilometers using electromagnetic waves.
From this beginning, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, they can avoid the problem of long queues at the famous parks or museums by buying
tickets via their terminals.
ADVANTAGES:
– Because of the appropriate amount of spectrum and good network engineering the 4G network
will have a high data transfer rate, High speed for downloads and uploads the files over wireless
network system. It is 10 times faster than 3G . it support for interactive multimedia, voice, video,
and simply reach Internet and continues connected to the Internet without any disturbance.
– For installation it need only cell phone that support 4G or a PC card or USB port that you can plug
into a laptop. so it is so easy to install and maintain. There is no special software needed or modems
or cables.
– It has high quality of voice, Better scheduling and call acceptance control techniques.
– it has very quick handoff.
– Since 4G coverage of 30 miles and more, so it offer much more coverage than other systems such
as WiFi, which forces users to depend upon hotspots in each area you

The Importance Of Wireless Systems
The wireless technology recorded the magnificent growth since its foundation as the result there has
been an surprise growth in the number of users using wireless all over the world during the last
decade. As the number of user increases, the system operators regularly deploy smaller cells to
increase the system capacity. As the cell size reduces, the crossing of cell boundary increases which
results, a higher handoff rate. Handoff process enables a cellular system to provide such a facility by
transferring an active call from one cell to another. Further, in addition to voice communication the
use of many other services such as multimedia, e–mail and data services came into existence.
Therefore to increase the capacity, the service area ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a provision of reserved channels for handoff calls of LSMT whereas handoff calls of HSMT
are to be admitted in umbrella macro call. Two–layer cellular architecture model with buffer and
subrating is proposed in the model, In subrating scheme, the reserved channels of micro cellular
calls may be splitted into two half rate channels. A queue for waiting handoff calls of HSMT in
umbrella macro call is formed. The channel holding times for new calls and handoff calls are
assumed to be different in all the models.
Analytic Model
In a cellular network, we assumed that there is C numbers of channels in which R number of
channels are reserved for handoff calls. If the non reserved channels are free then new call is
admitted else it is blocked. Both types of traffic uses the remaining S= C– R channels. The
following assumptions for modelling purpose are made:
Cellular system consists of CM macro layers each having Cm micro layers. The Macro layer
receives fresh traffic for the network where as the micro layer only deals with the traffic inside the
network structure.
Both voice and data calls originate in the layers according to Poisson process in cellular network
with mean rate µ1N and µ2N respectively. The handoff voice (data) calls are also assumed to arrive
in Poisson fashion with mean arrival rates λ1H , λ2H , λ1HV , λ2HV.
DOUBLE LAYER ARCHITECTURE
Here we considered

The Number Of Mobile Cellular Networks Operators Who Can...
The work has been able to verify that the number of mobile cellular network operators who can
effectively share infrastructure on a base station is limited by the following parameters:
– Sensitivity degradation threshold
– E–field threshold or radiation limit
– Allowable BTS noise floor limit
– Require antenna isolation
– Interference level (from spurious emission, leakages, etc.)
– Tower wind loading
From the result, it was observed that six (6) GSM operators can share infrastructure for a passive
infrastructure sharing scheme without severe and unacceptable degradation of system performance.
For number of BTS operators greater than six (6), the noise floor becomes larger than –110dB,
which is not acceptable. However, as the number of users of a tower increase, the wind loading and
tower bending moment increases. Therefore, when designing towers, wind loading analysis for
collocation scenario should be carried out.
Among the parameters, the level of sensitivity degradation should be monitored closely, since its
value aid in determining system performance for a specific interference level and BTS noise floor,
which depends on the number of collocating operators. When the sensitivity degradation is greater
than 3dB it indicates that the interference threshold is larger than the noise floor limit, which is
temperature and bandwidth dependent.
It was also observed that the higher the antenna gain, the longer the antenna separating distance.
The coverage radius is affected by

Wireless Communications, Wireless, And Mobile Data...
Wireless communication has emerged as its own discipline over the past decades.From cellular
voice telephony to wireless internet and data services,data service has profoundly impacted our
lifestyle.After a decade of exponential growth today wireless network is one of the largest industry
in the world.
At the time of wirtting this close to 1 billoin people subscribe to cellular service,close to 200 billion
gsm short message is exchanged every year.In response to this growth, a number of universities and
educational institute have started research in this field and teaching programmes from which a
number of engineers and scientist are re–educating themselves in this fields.
In my project I have traditionally selected the most comman voice oriented wireless communication
along with geolocation gprs services,internet and mobile data services and IEEE 802.11 WLAN
services.
My project also covers different generation of wireless networks,right from 1G services to 3G
services which provides upto 2mbps speed on local area network.
Various voice oriented wireless communications are also covered up like the gsm or cdma services.
Most of the writing and language of my project are sourced from various text books along with
various journels and research work available about this field on the internet.
I would like to express my deep appreciations to my mentor Ms.S.Yadav who have greatly helped
me with this project.
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS.

Mobile Technology Pros And Cons
T he current market for UAV control software lacks flexibility for long range flights with collision
avoidance capabilities. There is currently no consumer available option for BVLOS besides wide
range Wi–Fi
communication networks. Although Wi–Fi is capable of sending and receiving very large packets of
data, it has several physical limitations when used for UAV control. The main limitation is the lack
of infrastructure outside of business campuses and test areas. Thus the ability for long distance
flights are not easily obtained. A practical solution to this problem is designing a system for UAV
control and collision avoidance that is capable of using the existing cellular LTE network
infrastructure for BVLOS. The use of cellular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There have been successful BVLOS UAV flights using 4G LTE cellular networks where flight
controllers were able to remotely operate a UAV from a distance of more than 60 miles with full
control [7]. During the flight, the operator was able to view a live video feed, as well as have full
control of the camera [7]. The use of cellular technology for UAV flight allows for operation from
virtually anywhere around the world [7]. Cellular networks allow for continuous controlled flight in
a BVLOS scenario, making its technology a very attractive solution. Although this area of UAV
technology has many advantages, it also comes with its share of problems. Researchers have
experienced issues with loss of cell coverage, package delay, and significant packet loss [8], [9]. Our
project aims to eliminate or avoid these issues by testing and designing the algorithm to be robust
enough, yet light enough to navigate these low coverage areas. Existing coverage maps such as the
one in figure 1, provide guidelines for where cellular network coverage can be obtained in order to
avoid losing coverage and cause the communication system to fail.
Additionally, UAV collision avoidance methods and algorithms are also currently being researched,
including visual and sensory systems that have been used with varying results [10], [5]. Every
collision avoidance system can typically be divided into two main components: the

Dramatic Differences With Cellular Networks: Dramatic...
MANETs have dramatic differences with Cellular Networks (another kind wireless network). The
basic difference is Cellular networks have pre constructed structure made of fixed and wired nodes.
These fixed and wired nodes are called as base stations. The base stations played a role as access
points, and communication between two nodes completely depend on wired backbone and fixed
base stations. In a MANET no structure exists, hence these are called structure less networks.
In MANETs a network is organized dynamically through the cooperation of an arbitrary set of
independent nodes. There is no pre provision regarding the specific role each node should assume.
Instead, each node makes its decision independently, based on the network status, ... Show more
Self–reliant Terminal
In MANET, every mobile terminal is an independent node, which may additionally feature as each a
host and a router. In different phrases, beside the fundamental processing capacity as a host, the cell
nodes can also carry out switching features as a router. So typically endpoints and switches are
indistinguishable in MANET.
B. Dispersed Activity
Because there may be no historical past network for the principal manipulate of the network
operations, the manipulate and management of the network is sent the various terminals. The nodes
involved in a MANET need to collaborate amongst themselves and each node acts as a relay as
needed to implement capabilities like security and routing.
C. Multihop Routing
Fundamental sorts of ad hoc routing algorithms can be single–hop and multihop, based on distinct
hyperlink layer attributes and routing protocols. single–hop MANET is less difficult than multihop
in phrases of structure and implementation, with the lesser price of functionality and applicability.
whilst turning in records packets from a source to its destination out of the direct wireless
transmission variety, the packets have to be forwarded thru one or extra intermediate nodes.
D. Dynamic Network

The Pros And Cons Of Cell Phone Landline
The cell phones are used in everyday life for now day people.Cell phone has powerful system on the
phone, but it depends on the type of phone or the brand of the phone but they landline is just being
like each other.The cell phone you can take the phones anywhere but a landline has to stay in an area
of your house.Now everyone has a cell phone and so people don't ever have a landline so kid now
don't ever know about landline.Cell phones have minus use for people and landline only have one or
two uses for people.A cell phone is any portable telephone which uses cellular network technology
to make and receive calls.It is all about the technology used to transmit your calls, rather than what
the handset itself can or cannot do. As long as a phone can transmit a signal to a cellular network, it
is a cell phone. 41% of no longer have a landline in America.Connect your mobile phone to your
wired landline phone, so you can make and receive calls on any home telephone extension, while
still using your cell phone calling plan. In most instances, you can tap into cell phone features such
as voice recognition, caller ID, and SMS message alerts as well. The cell phone has every like a
computer, but just in a smaller vested.The different brand of phone is two types of phone, iPhone
and android people have the own pending and that are landline that people call the house phone
because The landline can be taken out of the house. That is over 50 brand of cell phone so are

Cellular Technology Has Developed A Long Way From Its...
Chapter 1
Introduction
The cellular technology has developed a long way from its existence in the early 1980's. In the past
few decades it has grown into one of the biggest market with the rise of cell phone users, the cellular
network providers and cell phone makers have grown in immense amount. Cellular technologies
have evolved from first generation (1G), second generation (2G), third generation (3G) and to its
current technology which is fourth generation (4G) which is also known as Long Term Evolution
(LTE). Fig 1.1 Evolution of Cellular technology
The first generation (1G) only provided users with voice communication in its second generation
(2G) the service was expanded to voice and data communication in which the system capacity was
also improved. Second generation or 2G wireless technology is also known as Global Systems for
Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). The third generation
(3G) was a revolution in the cellular technology the data rates increased immensely from 2G, 3G is
also known as Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and CDMA–2000. The current cellular technology that
are in existence is fourth generation (4G) also known as Long Term Evolution (LTE), which can
theoretically provide data rates up to 100 Mbps.
Evolution of Cellular Technology
The first generation (1G) system was developed and implemented in 1981 in Norway which used
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), US and UK later followed similar technology for
developing

Wireless Mobile Telecommunication Technology And The...
Abstract
With the development of mobile devices and web applications, people tend to access data, audio,
picture and video from their mobile devices anywhere and anytime, thus, wireless mobile
telecommunication becomes more and more important. Cellular network technology is the basis for
the wireless mobile telecommunication. And the generation is used to describe the development
history of wireless mobile telecommunication standard and technology, from first generation (1G) to
fifth generation (5G). Fourth generation (4G) is currently widely commercialized around the world
by different wireless service providers, or carriers. Mobile WiMAX and Long–Term Evolution
(LTE) are two technology categories in 4G systems and the spread spectrum radio technology
behind 4G is orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA). 4G not only provides internet speeds that are five times
faster than 3G, but also reduces likelihood of losing the connection significantly, solving the
problem of unreliability. with sudden drops in speed and complete outages. LTE is based on the
GSM/ EDGE and UMTS/ HSPA network technologies, offering high speeds and low latencies over
long distances. FDD–LTE and TDD–LTE are two different standards for LTE 4G technology.
Besides, LTE Advanced is a major enhancement of the LTE standard, in order to reach and surpass
the ITU requirements.
Keywords: Cellular Network, 4G, LTE The purpose of the paper is to focus on the development of
wireless mobile telecommunication. Firstly, cellular

Load Balancing
Load Balancing in Cellular Network through Cell Breathing network structure being much
dispersed, mobile AbstractIn cellular network, teletraffic continues to grow at a proliferating rate.
Thus existing networks often encounter undesirable phenomenon like call drop due to overloading
of cells. To overcome this problem, this thesis aims to perform load balancing using the technique of
cell breathing in a novel way. Unlike previous works on cell breathing, where the radius of the
overloaded cell was shrunk, this model proposes cell overlap. Here the coverage area of a lightly
loaded neighboring cell who's AP provides optimum power to the concerned clients, is expanded
and overlapped with the heavily loaded cell. This ensures that ongoing ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
telecommunication has perhaps been to bring us humans closer to one another. In doing so, one of
the greatest contributors has been cellular phone technology. Thus, we tried to contribute, to our
limitations, to the development of the cellular network. Cellular technology not only connects
people, it is also playing a colossal role in boosting the economy of Bangladesh. With the increasing
popularity of cellular phones and arrival of giant phone companies, cellular traffic continued to
III. Objectives In our proposed cell breathing technique, the mobile switching centre (MSC)
performs the pre–calculation as outlined: Before assigning a call to the base station or access point
(AP) of a cell, the MSC will check if the capacity of the cell is exceeded, i.e if it is getting
overloaded. In case of overloading, the received power of the client (to whom the call is directed)
decreases below the threshold. As such, the MSC searches which neighboring AP transmits optimum
power to this client and has free load i.e. its current load is less than its maximum capacity. Once
such an AP is found, its coverage area is expanded to serve the client of the neighboring AP and
MSC assigns the client to this new AP. Thus the overloading call is not dropped and the grade of
service is improved. Unlike previous works on cell breathing, where the radius of the

Cell Phone Cloning
CELL PHONE CLONING Abstract You might have read news of the cloning of sheep or cattle with
amused interest. But how would you feel if somebody `cloned' your mobile phone? Technology is
finally rearing up its dark side. Along with the proliferation of technological innovations, this era
also marks the birth of the new–age IT criminals in a big way, with the latest technology fraud being
cell phone cloning. Cell phone cloning is a technique wherein security data from one cell phone is
transferred into another phone. The other cell phone becomes the exact replica of the original cell
phone like a clone. As a result, while calls can be made from both phones, only the original is billed.
Though communication channels are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The other cell phone becomes the exact replica of the original cell phone like a clone. As a result,
while calls can be made from both phones, only the original is billed. Cloning occurs most
frequently in areas of high cell phone usage –– valet parking lots, airports, shopping malls, concert
halls, sports stadiums, and high–congestion traffic areas in metropolitan cities. [pic] Figure 1.
Cellular phone cloning 5. Loop holes in Cell phone Networks ESN/MIN data is NOT encrypted on
the way to the MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) for further authentication. Thus, scanning the
airwaves for this data if you wish to clone a phone. By changing ESN and MIN, the cellular carrier
will accept the call and bill it to either a wrong account or provide service based on the fact that it is
NOT a disconnected receiver. It will also look at the other two components, in order to insure that it
is actually a cellular phone and to forward billing information to that carrier. The Station Class Mark
can also be changed if you wish to prevent the cellular carrier from determining the type of phone
that is placing the call. By providing the cellular tower with a false SCM, the cellular carrier, the
FCC, or whoever happens to chase down cellular fraud is often looking for a particular phone which
in reality is not the phone they are looking for. The Number Assignment Module (NAM) also has

Ptcl Internship Report
Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited Internship Complementation Report Wireless
& Transmission FTRP Faisalabad Submitted by: ABDUL BASIT BSc Electrical Engineering
(2010–14) Registration No. 2010–GCUF–4180–522 Government College University Faisalabad
Submitted to: Mr. Muhammad Mehmood Manager, MSC Wireless FTRP Faisalabad Contents Topic
| Page No. | Background | 3 | Introduction | 3 | Wireless Communication General Process | 4 |
Fundamental of Cellular Communication | 4 | Speed affecting factors in Wireless communication | 6
| Multiple Access Schemes | 6 | Code Division Multiple Access Schemes | 6 | Wireless Local Loop |
9 | ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each user operates independently with no knowledge of the other users. Thus, not only all users in
the same cell share all the time–frequency degrees of freedom, so do the users in different cells.
Wireless Communication General Process Figure 1: General Process of Wireless Communication
Fundamentals of Cellular Communication The area served by Mobile phones is divided into small
areas known as cells. Each Cell contains a base station which communicates with the mobiles in the
cells. There are two types of transmission downstream and upstream. The transmission from the
base station to the mobile is called downs stream, forward link or downlinks. While the transmission
from the mobile to base station is referred to as upstream, reverse link or uplink. There are certain
terminologies associated with the Mobile Communication, which is given below with the Brief
description to understand how the communication is actually done. MS Mobile Station which can
originate or receive calls and can communicate with the concerned BTS. BTS The Base Transceiver
Station has the radio transceivers that defines a cell and handles the radio link protocol with the
Mobile Station. The BTS transmit and receive signals realizing the communication between radio
system and Mobile Station. BSC The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources of one or
more BTS. It controls the Call connection and disconnection. It deals with the mobility
management; it deals with the

Pros & Cons
CELLULAR NETWORKS
Pro 's:
Cost:
Most wireline phone companies charge more than what you 'd pay for most alternatives, and some
are taxed more as well. There are some locations where getting new wired phone service is
prohibitively expensive or even impossible. Long Distance and extra features like Call Waiting are
normally included with alternative phones.
More Features:
Cellular and broadband phones normally include Long Distance, Voice Mail, Caller ID, Call
Forwarding and more, usually at no additional charge. They also have Text Messaging and various
forms of data service which are unavailable with a landline.
Portability:
If you move your home more than average (or if it 's on wheels), your phone and your number can
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It does work with some broadband phone systems. Your satellite service can still work without it,
but you will most likely pay an extra charge.
Reliability:
Wired telephone services have come as close to 100% reliable as is practical. Their network has
substantial power backup, redundant circuits and years to get it right. Alternatives are improving but
their networks can vary significantly. Cell sites and other communications nodes have a limited
amount of backup power. In an extended power outage, such as after a hurricane or snowstorm, the
service may not work, leaving you with no service. Corded phones work in power failures. Cable
phones also have a lower level of reliability.
Sound Quality:
Some alternative phones don 't sound the same or as good as a landline. While your alternative
phone may sound fine to you, it may be difficult for others. Also, some broadband phone services
just dump their audio into the Internet resulting in widely varying data travel times giving you
significant sound delays.
Lack of Service:
You may be in a location where there are no wireless broadband alternatives or may have poor
cellular coverage. This might be rectified by adding a 'cell site ' to your home.
Broadband Speeds:
While there are some fairly fast wireless broadband connections, it may be some time before they
will compare to wired or cable connections.

Malfunctions:
Cell sites can stop working for various reasons. Repairs often need

Handoff In Cellular Systems Essay
Handoff in Cellular Systems Submitted By: Parveen kumar(15MT ECE008) Priyanka(15MT
ECE010) Garima(15MT ECE003) Abstract The Mobility in wireless cellular communication
systems is its backbone so as to enhance the quality of service and maintain the continuous service.
Handoff is an important task in maintaining the continuity of call in cellular systems and its failure
can result in ongoing call termination. So handoffs are necessary for providing an enhanced QoS
(Quality of Service) to users and provide a ubiquitous coverage. In order to successfully implement
the handoff process, the system designers make a proper optimum signal level at which point
handoff will initiate. During the handoff process some parameters like relative signal strength,
relative signal strength with threshold, relative signal strength with hysteresis and relative signal
strength with hysteresis and threshold are to be considered carefully. So this paper shows the brief
description about the different handoff techniques in cellular systems moreover it compares all the
handoff strategies on the basis of execution time, S/I ratio, RSS (Relative Signal Strength), call
handling difficulty, handoff made and generation

Churn Analysis
CELL2CELL: THE CHURN GAME It was a cold and cloudy morning at Cell2Cell Headquarters as
Sarah A. Stanford headed to her cubicle holding a cup of cappuccino in one hand and a bulky
database manual in the other. Although a veteran in the database marketing field with a doctorate in
Statistics, her new assignment was more challenging than she had imagined. Churn Management in
the wireless industry was really complicated, but Sarah was excited to be working on perhaps the
most important marketing issue facing Cell2Cell, one of the leading providers of cellular telephone
service. Sarah's mission, as described by her boss, Charles R. Morris, was to (1) develop a statistical
model for predicting customer churn, (2) use the model to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By 2001, there were an estimated 128,000,000 subscribers in the US. THE CURRENT
CELLPHONE INDUSTRY Industry Structure During the late 90s, the number of subscribers
doubled every two years, wireless stocks grew as fast as those of many dot–coms, and IPOs raised
record amounts of money. These vertiginous events shaped the new telecommunications landscape
we know today (Exhibit 1– US Wireless Industry Statistics) However, recently things changed
dramatically as industry growth began to level off. Growth in new subscribers went from 50%
yearly to 15%–20% in 2002 and analysts predict a meager 10% for 2003 and stabilization in the low
single digits by 2009 (Exhibit 2 – Wireless Penetration). The first victim in this scenario was the
ARPU (Average Revenues per User). Companies enticed new subscribers by offering them "better
deals" while sacrificing margin. Before long, roaming revenues (fees a company receives when
another carrier's subscriber utilize its network) had become the most important ARPU growth
engine. Unfortunately this source of cash didn't last long. Recent statistics showed that in spite of an
increase in minutes of use, US roaming revenues consistently have declined approximately 5% year
to year (Exhibit 3 – Roaming Services). With high–margin revenues relegated to the history books,
wireless carriers focused their efforts on expanding their geographic availability, lowering their
service costs and ultimately

A Shift from Product Orientation to Customer Orientation...
A SHIFT FROM PRODUCT ORIENTATION TO CUSTOMER ORIENTATION
BSNL– BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED
INTRODUCTION–
Alexander Graham Bell invented Telephone and he patented Telephone instrument in 1876. Indian
Posts and Telegraphs department (P&T) was controlling the communication industry. In 1985,
Indian P&T bifurcated into Department of Postal Service and Department of Telecommunication.
After the corporatization of DoT in 2000, BSNL was formed. The control of telephone system of
Mumbai and Delhi came under MTNL– Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited and telephone
system control of Calcutta along with other cities had been transferred to BSNL– Bharat Sanchar
Nigam Limited. It had been enjoying monopoly during the socialist period of Indian economy ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to this, one of the major reasons behind surrendering landline connection was 1x6 rule
introduced by Income Tax Department. Under this rule, many subscribers who were exempt from
tax, had to file income tax return if they owned a telephone.
Not only from the mobile service providers, BSNL was also facing tough competition from new
private landline operators. Many of BSNL's customers who were under OYT (Own Your Telephone)
scheme switched to private player to recover there deposit as there was significant difference
charged by BSNL compared to the private players. All these situations BSNL could have controlled
but it didn't.
STEPS TOWARDS CUSTOMER ORIENTATION AND FORAY IN CELLULAR SERVICES
In 2000, mobile service has seen phenomenal growth. BSNL had to take step towards survival. It
decided to launch its cellular service by April, 2002. But the launched delayed for few months. This
resulted in loss of many prospective customer. CellOne (Post–paid) and Excel (Pre–paid) were
launched in October, 2002. It was launched in two–phases. Within December, 2002 they launched
the service in metro–cities and town in all the states and remaining areas were covered by
December, 2003. It was the biggest cellular services till then in terms of networking and thus BSNL
roped around 350,000 customers within the first 2 months of launch.
BSNL'S CUSTOMAR ORIENTED APPROACH &REVISED MARKETING STRATEGY
To strengthen its position in telecom

Radio Network Performance For Indoor Cellular Systems
Radio Network Performance for Indoor Cellular Systems Keshav Kumar Bollu (M547X932)
Abstract– Indoor wireless systems with cellular technology provides good coverage and high
capacity with great potential if a large number of small radio–ports are connected to a centralized
radio network controller. Various radio network solutions are investigated based on this approach.
Architecture of a base station sub–system (BSS) is presented and the proposed BSS is based on a
distributed architecture. The cost economical solution for indoor wireless deployment is presented
that meets indoor capacity need and provides good indoor coverage. Antenna hopping is done,
which transmits information continuously on different antennas. The Radio Resource ... Show more
High traffic capacity is achieved with smaller cells and microcell systems which cover downtown
hotspot areas. Microcells are characterized by lower antenna heights and lower power levels when
compared with ordinary macrocells and hence offer high outdoor traffic capacity but low indoor
coverage. Thus an indoor system should supply better coverage and high capacity simultaneously.
These needs are fulfilled by using a large number of small radio–ports into the cellular system.
Several solutions are available to increase the system capacity: frequency reuse by reducing the cell
size, dynamic resource allocation, slow frequency hopping, hierarchical cells etc. The transmission
link performance is a key property of a wireless communication system as it determines the
coverage of the system. An improvement of the transmission link performance provides a cost–
effective way of increasing capacity by allowing reuse of tighter channel. A method of improving
the transmission link performance of a wireless communication system is discussed here. These
needs are satisfied by arranging a huge number of small radio ports to the existing cellular system.
Spot coverage is provided for those areas which are hard or impossible to cover with the outdoor
cells. The radio–ports transmit with very low power for a small coverage area and keeping the
generated interference low. The reuse of traffic channels between the small areas covered by the
radio–ports can possibly be very frequent

Essay On Dynamic Channel
Dynamic Load Balancing Using Selective Borrowing in Wireless Network. Mohammad Aghaz
Khan M. Tech. Scholar Department of Computer Science Al–Falah School of Engineering &
Technology, Faridabad. Jawed Ahmed Astt. Professor Department of Computer Science, Jamia
Hamdard, New Delhi Keywords : Efficiency, Channel allocation, Mobile communication, FCA,
DCA, Resource flexibility, CBWL, LBSB Abstract The demand for mobile communication has been
growing day by day. Resource flexibility is one of the most important issues in the coming
generation of mobile communication. Radio frequency channels are a scarce resource and have to be
reused as much as possible. Different techniques are required to increase the efficiency & flexibility
of the network to deal with new services and to adopt the new traffic profiles and characteristics
Many channel assignment schemes such as fixed channel assignment (FCA), dynamic channel
assignment (DCA) and hybrid channel assignment (HCA) have been proposed to assign frequencies
to cells with a goal to maximize the frequency reuse. In this paper, we make a review of the
characteristics of various channel assignment specially dynamic (LBSB )schemes.

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