Hierarchical And Directory Based Database Essay

Hierarchical And Directory Based Database Essay
Homogenous database
It is a distributed database where each site shares a common software and the same copy of database.
These sites connect with each other and fulfill their requirements accordingly.
For example if a user queries something which needs resources from multiple sites then homogeneous databases are a perfect suite where the sites
interconnect with each other. Thus the sites share the same or identical software and are aware of each and every site.
Heterogeneous database
It is a distributed database where all sites have different databases and no identical software .
Each site is independent and can handle data by its own.
Distributed File system
Distributed file system organizes file and directory services of individual servers into a global directory in such a way that remote data access is not
location–specific but is identical from any client with the client being unaware of the location. Organization is hierarchical and directory–based.
Since more than one client may access the same data simultaneously there should be a mechanism to keep the data updated . Distributed file systems
typically use file or database replication (distributing copies of data on multiple servers) to protect against data access failures.
There are distributed file services offered to the client.
The file service is a specification of what the file system offers to the client . This service is implemented by the server. A file system is responsible
for the organization,
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Notes On Hadoop And Mark Logic
Jyoti rana
Professor Savidrath By
IT 440/540
4/26/2016
How To: Hadoop and Mark logic
Before talking about Hadoop and Mark Logic, it is very important to understand Big Data. What is big data, what's the consequence and how it is
linked with Hadoop and Mark Logic? "Large set of data, unstructured and structured which is created everyday over the internet via different
devices is known as Big Data". For example: "if the user has 7 accounts and creates multiple files in each account he has already created large set of
data of his own "Big Data is generally described in terms of the three Vs:
1. Volume
2. Velocity
3. Variety With all the collection of large datasets with huge volume, high velocity and variety of data, business and organization were at risk to
handle their data privacy and security beyond their capacity. Due to the increase in new technology, business, communication, device, big scale of
data was produced. About 90% data in today's world was just created in last two years alone, without counting those data that has been created
previously. The information retained in those data was a big risk to many organizations as the current technology was managing the data with
traditional approach, which consisted of user, a centralized system and relational data base. This style had various drawbacks together along with two
key problems: less storage capacity and slow data processing.
To overcome the problem, Doug Cutting

Proposed Network Solution for Worldwide Advertising, Inc....
At the core of any successful business is a functioning, well–organized network. The design of that network can be a daunting task for even the most
skilled of Information Technology and Networking Professionals. To make that task more manageable it's easier to divide it up into the key
components needed to implement a successful network design. In this proposal we will go through those key areas and understand the needs of
Worldwide Advertising Inc. and some of the suggested solutions specific to the organization.Deployment and Server Editions Server Editions WAI is
a relatively small sized company in regards to IT needs and specifically when it comes to determining the Windows Server 2012 edition that is
appropriate.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beyond that server roles include things like managing the company email and website, print services, backups and Active Directory. Each of our
locations will have a physical presence so determining the best roles to deploy at each location will take some careful consideration. Server roles
are the things a particular server does like Files Services, Email Services, or Active Directory. Most of the critical roles will need to be installed on
the equipment at the main office in Los Angeles but since we have a functioning office in New York some server roles might need to be replicated
at that location to provide functionality for the network. Server Locations Although the company could operate normally with all of the physical
server equipment being located in one of the two locations based on the budget we would recommend having some equipment at both locations. The
Los Angeles is clearly the primary location as most of the staff including IT will be located there but by having some redundancy at the New York
location we could provide a much higher level of availability. This means that an outage or breach of security at the Los Angeles location could be
minimized since we could transition to the New York equipment as the primary. These redundancies are extremely critical in our line of work. We
can't afford to lose creative data that could take weeks

Lab 1 Essay
1. During the install, the option to sync with NTP (Network Time Protocol) server was checked. From a security perspective, why is it important for a
system to keep accurate time?
UNIX systems base their notion of time on interrupts generated by the hardware clock. Delays in processing these interrupts because UNIX systems
clocks to lose time slowly but erratically. These small changes in timekeeping are what the time scientist call jitter. The Time protocol provided a
server's notion of time in a machine readable format, and there is also an ICMP Timestamp message
2. During the install, a password has been set for the "root" user. What is the "root "user, and when it is appropriate to user this account.
The root user is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You can configure SWAP using mkswap/swapfile command in root or configure it while building the system itself. I prefer to configure it while
building the system for a security standpoint then doing it while the system is on.
7. What are some of the benefits and features that are available to Linux users by selecting the ext4 file system for the partitioning of a Linux system?
The Ext 4 files system is larger and the system is also faster.
8. How is the passwd file used and what fields make up its content? Explain. The passwd file is used to store passwords and logins, mail files, bin files
and system files 9. What is the fstab file used for and what fields make up its content? Explain
The fstab file typically lists all available disks and disk partitions, and indicates how they are to be initialized or otherwise integrated into the overall
system's file system.
10. Explain the significance of creating separate partitions of the /var and /boot directories? What is contained within these directories? The /var
filesystem contains data that is changed when the system is running normally. It contains /spool/ mail/ messages/log/syslog. The boot is where the root
partition is mounted and it contains kernel image, boot sector/ etc/init.d
11. How would selecting the option "encrypt filesystem "be useful?
EFS provides strong encryption through industry–standard algorithms and public key cryptography, encrypted files are confidential even

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hadoop Distributed File...
Chapter 7
IMPLEMENTATION
The implementation phase of the project is where the detailed design is actually transformed into working code. Aim of the phase is to translate the
design into a best possible solution in a suitable programming language. This chapter covers the implementation aspects of the project, giving details of
the programming language and development environment used. It also gives an overview of the core modules of the project with their step by step flow.
The implementation stage requires the following tasks.
Planning has to be done carefully.
Examination of system and the constraints.
Design of methods.
Evaluation of the method.
Correct decisions regarding selection of the platform.
Appropriate language selection ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The file system that manages the storage across network of machines is called distributed file systems. Hadoop mainly comes with the distributed file
system called HDFS (Hadoop distributed file system).
HDFS Design: The HDFS file system is designed for storing files which are very large means files that are hundreds of megabytes, gigabytes and
terabytes in size, with streaming data access patterns, running on commodity hardware clusters. HDFS has a idea of write once read many times
pattern. A dataset is typically generated or copied from the source and various analyses are performed on that dataset. And hadoop does not need
expensive hardware. It is designed to run on commodity hardware.
7.1.1 Basic Architecture of HDFS
Figure 7.1.1 shows the basic architecture of NS2. NS2 provides users with executable command ns which take on input argument, the name of a Tcl
simulation scripting file. Users are feeding the name of a Tcl simulation script (which sets up a simulation) as an input argument of an NS2 executable
command ns. In most cases, a simulation trace file is created, and is used to plot graph and/or to create animation. Fig 7.1.1: Basic Architecture of

Windows Sql Server Database Design And Optimization Essay
Tasman International Academies NAME : K.Nagarjuna
SUBJECT : Assessment: Windows SQL Server Database Design and Optimization
ID NO : 14091138
SUBMITTED TO : Imran Sidqque
SUBMITTED DATE: /july/2015 Diploma in Information Technology (Level 7)
Assessment: Windows SQL ServerDatabase Design and Optimization Subject Code: WD 602
Assessment: Task One Theoretical Questions
Outcome 1 (1.1)
Q1. Briefly explain following designing requirements that are required when designing the Hardware and Software infrastructure:
a)Storage requirements
In this storage requirements it means that the important requirement for the sql server is that when it requires information from the disk subsystem
.and it writes to get back the information back, if it doesn't get the information back then it slow the IO processor
The bulk amount of data is to be send and survey the storage requirements of the database.
b)Network requirements: all the database administrators and infrastructure designers should have nuts and bolts understanding of the topology and
capacity of the network supporting the database servers. Then all the database administrators is also need to identify the key factors when they are
analysing current network traffic.it can access the location and also determine weak points and potential bottlenecks in the topology such as low
bandwidth wide area network

Disadvantages Of Google File System
GOOGLE FILE SYSTEM (GFS)
Introduction
Google File System is a copyrighted distributed file system developed by google itself and it was specially designed to provide better reliability access
into data using large clusters of commodity servers. If we are given to compare traditional file system with GFS, it is designed to run on data centers
that provide extreme high data throughputs and the ability to survive the individual system failures if it occurs. In this report, we will explain how
Google implemented GFS to the readers and how it works in certain ways. Not only that, we will show the comparison of traditional file system with
GFS, advantages and disadvantages of GFS and why it is so special to us.
Background
What is a Google ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Imagine how does the Google's world of database look like? Therefore, nothing is small because google provide everything a user need to find
through the database. GFS is implemented to encounter the rapid growing of demands of Google's data processing requirements. However, Google
have difficulties when it comes to managing large amount of data. Depending on the average number of comparable small servers, GFS is mainly
designed as a distributed file system that can be run on clusters for more than a thousands of machines. To ease the GFS application development, the
file system includes a programming interface used to abstract the management and distribution aspect. While commodity hardware is being tested,
GFS does not only being challenged by managing not only on the distribution but also needed to cope with the increased danger of hardware
problems. Developers of GFS made an assumptions during the design of GFS is to consider handling the disk faults, machine faults and network faults
as being the model rather than the exception. The key challenges faced by GFS is the security of data while scaling up to more than a thousands of
computers while managing the multiple terabytes of data

Unix Security Essay
An Overview of UNIX Security
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the security of UNIX. Considerations shall be given regarding generalized security aspects of a typical UNIX
system. The ultimate scope of the following presentation shall remain within the boundaries of a few of the more critical UNIX security aspects. Of
particular note will be discussion regarding standard user access, root access, file system security, and internet access precautions. This will not focus
on specific measures used to implement security, but rather will investigate both pros and cons typical of a UNIX installation. Finally, a brief
description of UNIX security versus other operating systems will be noted. Since no two UNIX–based operating ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Of the utmost security concern is the protection of the root account. The root account allows a user absolute control of the system, including the
ability to alter practically every aspect of the systems, from individual files to installed programs. Indeed, an entry in Wikipedia.com notes, that a
UNIX administrator should be much like Clark Kent, only using the root account, or becoming Superman, when absolutely necessary, lest the
security of the account be compromised (2006). Ultimately, this implementation represents a near surefire way to protect the system against many
internal and external threats. By ensuring regularly scheduled root account password changes and ensuring the passwords are strong, the cons
noted previously should be relatively easy to avoid. File system security is also very important regardless of the UNIX implementation. UNIX
files system security generally allows access permissions to be granted to various defined users and groups. UNIX also contains an access right
flag know as the "sticky bit". The sticky bit can be used to allow users and groups write access to certain directories within the system. Similarly, the
sticky bit can be used by a user to disallow other users with access to the same directory to alter the contents of the file. The file can only be altered
by the file owner, the directory owner, and the root account (linuxdevcenter.com, 2006). This particular element allows for a great deal of control

Analyzing And Improving Reliability Of Storage Systems
Much work has been done on analyzing and improving the reliability of storage systems. We classify the existing work into two categories based on
the target systems studied, and explain why state–of–the–art approaches are limited in helping diagnose the root causes of failures in flash–based
storage systems in this section.
Flash chips and devices. As mentioned in Table 2, many studies have been conducted on the reliability of rawflash memory chips [1–8, 23, 24].
Generally, these chip–level studies provide important insights for designing more reliable SSD controllers. However, since modern SSDs employ
various fault tolerance or prevention mechanisms at the device level (e.g., ECC [25,26] and wear leveling [27]), the chip–level analysis can hardly be
used to explain the storage system failures observed in the real world.
Our previous study [22] is one of the very first work to analyze the device–level failure modes of SSDs. However, although the framework is effective
in testing and exposing errors, it cannot help diagnosing the root causes of the failures observed. Moreover, since it is built on top the block IO layer,
it is fundamentally limited in separating real device defects from kernel bugs (as shown in Table 1).
Host–side storage software. Much work has been done on analyzing the reliability of general storage software [22, 28–32]. For example, our previous
framework [31] simulates failures at the driver layer and analyzes the recovery capability of databases.

Essay on Explain the Purpose of an Operating System
Explain the purpose of an operating system Process Management A multitasking operating system may give the appearance that a lot of processes are
running concurrently/simultaneously, this is not true as only one process can be executing at any one time on a single–core CPU, unless on a
multi–core or similar technology. Processes are often called tasks in embedded operating systems. The function of the task or process is something that
takes up time, as opposed to memory, which is 'something that takes up space or capacity For security and reliability reasons most modern operating
systems prevent direct communication between independent processes, providing strictly mediated and controlled inter–process communication
functionality.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ethernet, that allows sharing of resources and information. –Using a network, people can communicate efficiently and easily via e–mail, instant
messaging, chat rooms, telephony, video telephone calls, and videoconferencing. –In a networked environment, each computer on a network can access
and use hardware on the network. Suppose several personal computers on a network each require the use of a printer. If the personal computers and a
laser printer are connected to a network, each user can then access the laser printer on the network, as they need it. –In a network environment, any
authorized user can access data and information stored on other computers on the network. The capability of providing access to data and information
on shared storage devices is an important feature of many networks. –Users connected to a network can access application on the network. Security The
on–going and excessive practice of protection for the confidentiality and honesty of information and system resources so that an unauthorized user has
to spend an unacceptable amount of time or money or absorb too much risk in order to defeat it, with the ultimate goal that the system can be trusted
with sensitive information. Other It provides a very stable and rigid way for apps to deal with the hardware without having to know everything about it.
But not anyone person can know everything

Components Of The Information Security Triangle And List...
Pranay Gunna Assignment 1 CECS 631– Fall 2014 09/12/2014 1. Do problem 15 on page 30. Outline the three components of the information security
triangle and list one violation example for each 1. Confidentiality. Confidentiality means to limit the access to information and access to only authorized
users. This also means preventing accessing to unauthorized users. Protecting valuable information is very major part of the information security. A
key component of confidentiality is encryption. Encryption makes sure that only the authorized person can have access to information. To implement
confidentiality in your company most things to do is classification into different levels. Each security level must have their own security restrictions.
This component is also closely linked with privacy. Ensuring confidentiality means that information is organized in terms of who ought to have access
as well as its sensitivity. Example: A breach of confidentiality may take place through different means, for instance hacking. Hacking is used to access
some restricted information of a company/user. 2. Integrity. Integrity of information means to protect data/information from being modified by
unauthorized users. It also includes the concept of data integrity. Data integrity refers to the certainty that the data are not tampered with during or after
submission. This means integrity could be compromised: during the upload of data and during the storage of the document in the database.

Is418 Project 1-2-3 Essay example
IS–418: Security Strategies in Linux Platforms and Applications
* Project: Linux – Based Web Application Infrastructure
* Project: Logistics
* Project Part 3: Executive Summary
* Project Part 3: Tasks 1 * Project Part 3: Tasks 2 * Project Part 3: Tasks 3
IS–418: Security Strategies in Linux Platforms and Applications
* Project: Linux – Based Web Application Infrastructure
* Project: Logistics
* Project Part 3: Executive Summary
* Project Part 3: Tasks 1 * Project Part 3: Tasks 2 * Project Part 3: Tasks 3
Task 1: Use a Kernel
Scenario:
First World Bank Savings and Loan's Linux–based infrastructure requires an in–house custom kernel or a kernel provided by a vendor ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However the key strength in all these management appliance solutions is that they are "open solutions" designed to empower the customer.
The Power of Open Standards:

Opengear has a long tradition of working with organizations and people in the open standards and open source community – to help support the
development of open design and spread the use of open platforms: * Opengear partnered with OSSI and the OpenSSL project to sponsor the OpenSSL
cryptographic module meeting the FIPS 140–2 standard for ARM processors * Opengear supports the OpenFlow/SDN Interoperability Lab. This
Software Defined Networking (SDN) technology from the Open

Definition Of Hierarchical File System
Hierarchical File System
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
HFS
DeveloperApple Computer
Full nameHierarchical File System
IntroducedSeptember 17, 1985 (System 2.1)
Partition identifierApple_HFS (Apple Partition Map)
0xAF (MBR)
Structures
Directory contentsB–tree
File allocationBitmap
Bad blocksB–tree
Limits
Max. volume size2 TB (2 Г— 10244 bytes)
Max. file size2 GB (2 Г— 10243 bytes)
Max. number of files65535
Max. filename length31 characters
Allowed characters in filenamesAll 8–bit values except colon ":". Discouraged null and nonprints.
Features
Dates recordedCreation, modification, backup
Date rangeJanuary 1, 1904 – February 6, 2040
Date resolution1s
ForksOnly 2 (data and resource)
AttributesColor (3 bits, all other flags 1 bit), locked, custom icon, bundle, invisible, alias, system, stationery, inited, no INIT resources, shared, desktop
File system permissionsAppleShare
Transparent compressionYes (third–party), Stacker
Transparent encryptionNo

Other
Supported operating systemsMac OS, OS X, Linux, Microsoft Windows (through MacDrive or Boot Camp[citation needed] IFS drivers)
Hierarchical File System (HFS) is a proprietary file system developed by Apple Inc. for use in computer systems running Mac OS. Originally designed
for use on floppy and hard disks, it can also be found on read–only media such as CD–ROMs. HFS is also referred to as Mac OS Standard (or,
erroneously, "HFS Standard"), while its successor, HFS Plus, is also called Mac OS Extended

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Distributed File System
1.3.4.2 HADOOP DISTRIBUTED FILESYSTEM (HDFS)
File systems that manage the storage across a network of machines area unit referred to as distributed file systems. Since they're network–based, all the
complications of schedule kick in, therefore creating distributed file systems a lot of advanced than regular computer file systems. for instance, one in
every of the largest challenges is creating the classification system tolerate node failure while not suffering knowledge loss. Hadoop comes with a
distributed classification system referred to as HDFS, that stands for Hadoop Distributed classification system. HDFS, the Hadoop Distributed
classification system, may be a distributed classification system designed to carry terribly massive amounts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Queues area unit allotted a fraction of the capability of the grid within the sense that a definite capability of resources are going to be at their disposal.
All jobs submitted to a queue can have access to the capability allotted to the queue. directors will tack soft limits and facultative exhausting limits on
the capability allotted to every queue.
Security – every queue has strict ACLs that controls that users will submit jobs to individual queues. Also, there area unit safe–guards to make sure
that users cannot read and/or modify jobs from different users if therefore desired. Also, per–queue and computer user roles area unit supported.
Elasticity – Free resources is allotted to any queue on the far side it's capability. once there's demand for these resources from queues running below
capability at a future purpose in time, as tasks scheduled on these resources complete, they'll be allotted to jobs on queues running below the capability.
This ensures that resources area unit offered in an exceedingly inevitable and elastic manner to queues, therefore preventing artificial silos of resources
within the cluster that helps

Comparison Between Windows And Linux
Comparative analysis of Windows and Linux
Abstract: Comparison between windows and Linux is mostly used discussion topic among peoples. Windows and Linux both are operating system in
which Windows are closed source and used for PC.While Linux is open source and used for open source community. Both operating systems have
unique features, advantages and disadvantages. Both operating systems are differing from each other in term of working, cost, security etc. The first
focus of this paper is on introduction of both OS .This paper mainly focuses on difference between both OS and also defines how these OS are
different in term of working, cost, security, configuration, and performance and user friendliness.
Key Words: Windows,Linux and Operating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Threat detection and solution
After detecting a major threat in Windows OS, Microsoft generally releases a patch that can fix the problem and it can take more than 2/3 months. In
case of Linux, threat detection and solution is very fast.
Examples
Windows 8, 8.1, 7, Vista, XP
Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat, Debian, Arch Linux, Android, Peach OSI etc.[4]
Development and Distribution
Windows is developed and distributed solely by Microsoft.
Linux is developed by Open Source development. and it is distributed by various vendors.
Installation
Windows installation methodology is easy. In this the users do not need to have installation disk for installing
Before installing Linux on machine, we must need each piece of hardware.
Configuration
In Windows configuration is difficult to change and modify.
In Linux configuration is easy to change and modify. We can modify and configure the program according to needs.

Flexibility
Windows are less flexible than Linux. Because in Windows modification and configuration is difficult.
Linux is more flexible than Windows, because it provide the modification and configuration

Comparing Microsoft DOS with UNIX Essay
Comparing Microsoft DOS with UNIX As is suggestive of its name, an operating system (OS) is a collection of programs that operate the personal
computer (PC). Its primary purpose is to support programs that actually do the work one is interested in, and to allow competing programs to share the
resources of the computer. However, the OS also controls the inner workings of the computer, acting as a traffic manager which controls the flow of
data through the system and initiates the starting and stopping processes, and as a means through which software can access the hardware and system
software. In addition, it provides routines for device control, provides for the management, scheduling and interaction of tasks, and maintains system...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This presents the need for memory management, as the memory of the computer would need to be searched for a free area in which to load a users
program. When the user was finished running the program, the memory consumed by it would need to be freed up and made available for another user
when required (CIT). Process scheduling and management is also necessary, so that all programs can be executed and run without conflict. Some
programs might need to be executed more frequently than others, for example, printing. Conversely, some programs may need to be temporarily halted,
then restarted again, so this introduces the need for inter–program communication. In modern operating systems, we speak more of a process (a portion
of a program in some stage of execution (CIT, 3)) than a program. This is because only a portion of the program is loaded at any one time. The rest of
the program sits waiting on the disk until it is needed, thereby saving memory space. UNIX users speak of the operating system as having three main
parts: the kernel, the shell and the file system. While DOS users tend not to use the term kernel and only sometimes use the term shell, the terms remain
relevant. The kernel, also known as the "Real Time Executive", is the low–level core of the OS and is loaded into memory right after the loading of the
BIOS whenever the system is started. The kernel handles the transfer of data among the various parts of the system, such as from hard disk to

Comp230 Course Project
2015
System Administration
Tasks by Automation
Proposal
MANAGING BUILDING IP ADDRESSES AND TESTING
CONNECTIVITY
[STUDENT NAME]
Table of Contents
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Source Code with Description
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Output Explanation
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Conclusion

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1
Introduction
The work of an IT professional heavily relies on the knowledge of his network.
Any companies network can easily become vast and expansive, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It first checks for the existence of a folder under the location of C:ScriptsBuilding and if the script does not find the folder, then the folder is created.
This folder is what will hold all of the
Room files created by the script.
choice = 0
Here the Script is initializing some constants and variables that are going to be used globally in the program.
Do while choice = 0
' Menu
Requirement: constants and variables
vbcrlf & vbcrlf & " What action would you like to perform?")
4
Here is an example of creating an output of a list that shows all of the possible options available in the script. This continues on the next page.

Beginning here is the background of the menu taking action.
' retrieving choice
wscript.echo("Your choice was " & choice & vbCrlf)
The user's input is received and is then referenced to the appropriate function or subroutine.
' Cases
Requirement: decision making and input statements.
choice = GetChoice()
select case choice case "1" viewBldg() case "2" viewRoom() case "3" addRoom() case "4" delRoom() case "5" pingAll() case "6" addAddr() case "7"
delAddr() case "8" chkAddr() case "9" pingAddr() end Select choice = 0
Loop
wscript.echo("How about an 'A' for the effort of writing this in 1 DAY!!!! Or for PCMR :D ")
'

Mapreduce, The Core Programming Language Of The...
Abstract– The Hadoop framework allows distributed processing of large data sets across clusters of commodity computers efficiently. MapReduce,
the core programming language of the Hadoop Ecosystem processes the data stored in Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). It is difficult for non
programmers to work with MapReduce. Hadoop supports HiveQL (SQL like statements) which implicitly and immediately translates the queries into
one or more MapReduce jobs. To help procedural language developers, Hadoop supports Pig Latin language. This paper runs a text data processing
application with MapReduce, Hive and Pig on single node windows platform and compares performance in graphical form.
Keywords– Big data, Distributed Processing, MapReduce, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MapReduce: The MapReduce language establishes a base for Hadoop Eco System. It processes Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) on large
clusters which are made of thousands of commodity hardware in a reliable and fault–tolerant manner. The operations of MapReduce are performed in
Map and Reduce functions. The Map function works on a set of input values and transforms them into a set of key/value pairs. The reducer receives
all the data for an individual "key" from all the mappers and applies Reduce function to achieve the final result.
Pig: The Pig toolkit consists of a compiler that generates MapReduce programs, bundles their dependencies, and executes them on Hadoop. Pig jobs
are written in a data flow language called Pig Latin and can be executed in both interactive and batch fashions.[2] Pig does not require the schema for
data like SQL, so it is well suited to process unstructured data.
Hive: Hive is a data warehousing package built on top of Hadoop. Hive's SQL–inspired language, better known as HiveQL or HQL separates the user
from the complexity of MapReduce programming.[3] This approach makes it very fast and adoptable for people that are already familiar with the
syntax of SQL. The HQL queries are implicitly translated into one or more MapReduce jobs to process the HDFS. Fig.1 MapReduce, Pig & Hive on
Hadoop Framework [4]
II.EXECUTION OF WORD COUNT APPLICATION WITH MAPREDUCE, HIVE AND PIG
In this section we are executing word count text

What Does Spark Can Give The Better Performance Than...
6. What is spark?
Spark is an in memory cluster computing framework which falls under the open source Hadoop project but does not follow the two stage map–reduce
paradigm which is done in Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS) and which is meant and designed to be faster. Spark, instead support a wide range
of computations and applications which includes interactive queries, stream processing, batch processing, iterative algorithms and streaming by
extending the idea of MapReduce model. The execution time is the most important factor for every process which processes large amount of data.
While considering large amount of data, the time it usually takes for the exploration of data and execution of queries can be thought of in terms of ...
Also it manages to reduce the overhead of maintaining separate tools. Spark provides flexible access as it offers API in different programming
languages like Python, JAVA, Scala and SQL and it provides rich built in libraries to offer different functionalities. It can also be integrated with
different big data tools like it can run on Hadoop clusters.
6.1 A Unified Stack
Figure 1–1. The Spark Stack
Spark is an integration of closely integrated components. These components can be combined to gather and can be used as if simply including multiple
libraries in our project. There are multiple components in Spark and all are important in their own way and are dependent on each other. Spark can be
considered as a computational engine at its core which is important for scheduling, monitoring applications and distribution of many applications and
contains many computational tasks throughout the computing clusters. It uses high level components to handle the task workload such as Machine
learning. In Spark, components are closely coupled which has several advantages such as any improvement in lower layers makes the higher level
libraries and component perform better. Consider the case when the optimization is added, SQL and machine learning libraries also give better
performance. Other most important benefit is that it reduces the costs of running the stack as it does not have to run different software independently.
These costs are mostly related to

The Common Internet File System
8.Data Storage Techniques
8.1CIFS
The Common Internet File system (CIFS) is a native file sharing protocol used by computer users across corporate intranets and Internet. It defines
series of commands to pass the information between the networked computers. CIFS implements the client/server programming model. A client
program sends a request to server program for access to a file or to pass a message to a program that runs in the server computer, the server then takes
the requested action and gives a response.
CIFS Functions are:
в—ЏGet access to files that are local to the server and read and write to them
в—ЏShare files with other clients using special locks
в—ЏRestore connections automatically in case of network failure.
в—ЏUnicode file names
Similar to SMB protocol, CIFS implements the Internet 's TCP/IP protocol. CIFS can be considered as supplement of existing Internet application
protocols such as the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Common Internet File System runs as an application–layer network protocol used for providing shared access to files, printers, serial ports, and
miscellaneous communications between nodes on a network. It also facilitates an authenticated inter–process communication mechanism.
8.2Network File System (NFS)
Sun Microsystems in 1984 developed a distributed file system protocol called Network File System (NFS) allowing a user on a client computer to
access files over a network much like local

Nt1330 Unit 1 Problem Analysis Paper
subsection{Hadoop:}
Hadoop cite{white2012hadoop} is an open–source framework for distributed storage and data–intensive processing, first developed by Yahoo!. It has
two core projects: Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and MapReduce programming model cite{dean2008mapreduce}. HDFS is a distributed file
system that splits and stores data on nodes throughout a cluster, with a number of replicas. It provides an extremely reliable, fault–tolerant, consistent,
efficient and cost–effective way to store a large amount of data. The MapReduce model consists of two key functions: Mapper and Reducer. The
Mapper processes input data splits in parallel through different map tasks and sends sorted, shuffled outputs to the Reducers that in turn groups and
processes them using a reduce task for each group. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a file is written in HDFS, it is divided into fixed size blocks. The client first contacts the NameNode, which get the list of DataNode where
actual data can be stored. The data blocks are distributed across the Hadoop cluster. Figure ref{fig.clusternode} shows the architecture of the Hadoop
cluster node used for both computation and storage. The MapReduce engine (running inside a Java virtual machine) executes the user application.
When the application reads or writes data, requests are passed through the Hadoop textit{org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem} class, which provides a
standard interface for distributed file systems, including the default HDFS. An HDFS client is then responsible for retrieving data from the distributed
file system by contacting a DataNode with the desired block. In the common case, the DataNode is running on the same node, so no external network
traffic is necessary. The DataNode, also running inside a Java virtual machine, accesses the data stored on local disk using normal file I/O

Questions On Dns And Dhcp
DNS and DHCP
DHCP hands out IP addresses to clients and is essential for connecting to the internet. Because DHCP are so important we will configure for fault
tolerance and load balancing. The DHCP scope design will involve 2 DHCP servers at the Pensacola site and 1 DHCP server at the Casper site. All of
the DHCP servers will be put into failover load balance mode. All of the DCHP servers will be configured in load balance mode. With this set up if one
server fails the other will take over. If they are all working properly then they will share the load balance. A scope with the address range of
192.168.1.2–192.168.1.110 will be created.
DHCP reservations will be used for all servers within both sites so they will get the same IP address every time. This will speed up the response time
from the server and make sure that users will not have any issues finding the servers. The lease times will be in the default 8 day increments to
ensure that there will be plenty of IP addresses available at all times. Using a private domain, the DNS name space design will include
pa.con.localhost as the parent and ca.con.localhost as the child. Split DNS will be set up with two different scopes. One for the internal DNS
records and one for the external DNS records. These scopes will be hosted on the same DNS server. This will keep the information on the internal
DNS server secure from issues such as foot printing. To set up these scopes policies need to be created and implemented so each

Object Storage Systems Are Complex Systems
Data Indexing
Object storage systems are complex systems that require high–speed data management system to handle the vast amount of object attributes. In
CADOS, we take advantage of PostgreSQL (Stonebraker and Rowe, 1986) database to store the object and stripe information. Namespace technique is
widely used to prevent the name conflict of objects with the same name. Each object in CADOS is accessed via well–defined namespace paths. The
object path column is represented via ltree structure (ltree, 2015) in order to support hierarchical tree–like structure in an efficient way. This structure
allows us to use regular–expression–like patterns in accessing the object attributes.
Security
One of the distinctive property of the object ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All the communication between the master web worker and slave web workers are made in a message–passing fashion. At (2), master web worker
distributes the URL list of the data segments across the slave web workers which are created in the loading event of the web page. onmessage is an
event handler that is called when the message is posted to the corresponding web worker. In onmessage handler of the slave web workers, unique
IDs with URLs are posted to the slave web worker, then each slave web worker starts retrieving data segments from the cloud object storage, again,
by means of AJAX communication technique (3). As the slave web worker finishes the retrieval of the data segment, it posts the data pointer and
corresponding index to the master web worker (4). Index of the data segment is used to locate the data segment on the main cache created by the
master web worker. Because the data is passed to the master web worker using pointers, there is no data copy overhead. Once all the slave workers
finish data retrieval operations, the master web worker writes out the cache to the hard disk (5). The downside of this technique the total amount of
retrieved data is limited by the RAM capacity of the user, although we anticipate this feature to be introduced in the future as a part of HTML standard
with the introduction of the File API:

What Is Figure 2 : Data Blocks Written To HDFS?
Figure 2: Data blocks written to HDFS [6].The above figure shows how the data in hadoop is stored in racks and each rack consists of many
distributed blocks of files, where each block is of 64Mb and can be written three times and at least one block is written to a different server rack for
redundancy. In the above figure there are three different blocks ie, block1, block2, block3. Each block has been replicated at three different places and
at least one replica should be placed in the different server rack for redundancy. In the figure above each block is having one of its replica placed in
different rack.block1, block2, block3 are replicated both in rack1 and rack2 for data redundancy [5]. If the nodes in the rack1 have been damaged or...
Running daemons called task tracker agents monitors status of each task and reports back to job tracker. The data flow in simple map–reduce job will
look like this: Figure 3: The data flow in simple map–reduce job. (paul Z)In the above figure at first the data or the files is divided into small blocks of
records and are replicated at three different places. After the job tracker receives the job to be performed it will locate where the information is
and then allots a task to the task tracker in the slave node then the mapping will be performed first and it produces the key, value pairs which is
given as input to the reduce. In between the map and reduce shuffling/sorting will be done where similar data will be gathered together and sorted.
Now the structure information ie key, value pairs are given as input to reduce and then it will generate set of key, value pairs as output for the given
key value pairs. Here deciding what will be the key and what will be value is developer's responsibility. A simple map–reduce example which explains
the method more elaborately is as follows: (Toronto, 20) (Texas, 30) (New York, 22) (Rome, 33) (Toronto, 18) (Texas, 35) (New York, 27) (Rome, 38)
(Toronto, 32) (Texas, 37) (New York, 20) (Rome, 31) (Toronto, 31) (Texas, 33) (New York, 19) (Rome, 30) (Toronto, 30) (Texas, 32) (New York, 25)
(Rome, 32)

Questions On Google File System
4Modern Distributed File System
4.1GFS (Google File System)
Google File System (GFS) as a proprietary file system was first published by ACM 2003 Article, and was developed by Google for its own use. Its
design goal was to provide efficient, reliable access to a large amount of data using clusters of commodity hardware. Those cheap "commodity"
computers will bring the high failure rate of individual nodes and the subsequent data loss. So GFS has some strategies to deal with the system failure.
GFS also supports for high data throughputs, even when it comes at the cost of latency.
In GFS, files are extremely rarely overwritten, or shrunk. When these files need to be modified, it only adds append to those files.
A GFS cluster consists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only when all chunk servers send back acknowledge, the changes can be saved on the system. This strategy guarantees the completion and atomicity of
the operation.
Client application accesses the files by first querying the Master server for the locations of the desired chunks; with these information the client can
contact with the chunk servers directly for further operations. But if the chunks are being operated on (i.e. there are outstanding leases exist), the client
cannot access those files at this time.
GFS is not implemented in the kernel of an operating system, but is instead provided as a user space library.
4.2HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System)
Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is developed from GFS, so it has almost the same architecture with GFS, master/slave architecture. HDFS is
designed to hold large amount of data (terabytes or even petabytes) and distributes the data in a cluster of connected computers. HDFS, as the
important part of Hadoop, usually handles those data with large size. It puts the large data into small chunks, which is usually 64 megabytes, and
stores three copies of each chunk into different data nodes (chunk servers). By fragmenting the large data and distributing them into different
datanodes allow client application to read data from distributed files and perform operations by using MapReduce. but is an open source system
developed using GFS as a

Is Hadoop A Great Data Storage Choice And Hadoop...
Hadoop is a great data storage choice and Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) or Hive is often used to store transactional data in its raw state.
The map–reduce processing supported by these Hadoop frameworks can deliver great performance, but it does not support the same specialized query
optimization that mature relational database technologies do. Improving query performance, at this time, requires acquiring query accelerators or
writing code. Every company who chose to use Hadoop needs to optimize their architecture in a way compatible to Hadoop.
For example using Hadoop in the architecture would be able process large data sets and if the query performance is not optimized or if the query is
not able to accept the data given, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hadoop excels with managing and processing file–based data, especially when the data is voluminous in the extreme and the data would not benefit
from transformation and loading into a DBMS. In fact, for the kinds of discovery analytics involved with Hadoop, it's best to keep the data in its raw,
source form. This is why Hadoop has such a well–deserved reputation with big data analytics.
Using the right combination of Hadoop products and the other platforms can be sensational in terms of analytics because it has the capacity to analyze
analysis of petabytes of Web log data in large Internet firms, and now is being applied to similar analytic applications involving call detail records in
telecommunications, XML documents in supply chain industries (retail and manufacturing), unstructured claims documents in insurance, sessionized
spatial data in logistics, and a wide variety of log data from machines and sensors. Hadoop–enabled analytics are sometimes deployed in silos, but the

Lyt2 Simple GetawaysOVERVIEW Due To Several Essay
Lyt2 – Simple Getaways
OVERVIEW
Due to several years of growth, Simple Getaways, Inc. (SGI) has expanded from a single California office to twelve offices distributed throughout the
western United States with approximately 270 employees. Methods of communication and data storage that are currently being used were adequate for
a single office but are no longer sufficient to meet the needs of Simple Getaways, Inc. This proposal will address the requirements for file storage and
management, collaborative communication, information sharing within and between offices and the automation of administrative workflow.
CHALLENGES AFFECTING KEY STAKEHOLDERS
The processes currently being used at Simple Getaways for communication and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The file being accessed should always be the most current version of the document within the organization.
At present, each SGI office location stores its electronic files on a Windows server located at that office. This makes accessing the files difficult for
other offices. The goal is to make all SGI files equally accessible to all SGI locations. When an employee wants to access a document, they shouldn't
need to worry about the location where the file is stored or have to involve other employees in the process of obtaining the document.
Presently Simple Getaways uses paper–based workflow in order to process standard administrative tasks, such as vacation requests, sick leave and
employee records. The desired process involves this workflow taking place electronically. Rather than filling out a paper forms and physically
delivering them to the appropriate party, computerized forms should be made available with the option to be delivered immediately.
TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION
There are a variety of hosted "cloud–based" services that can fulfil the document management and communication needs of Simple Getaways. The
recommendation for Simple Getaways is to use a service called TeamLab Office. This service was chosen for its numerous features, ease of use, quick
implementation and reasonable pricing.

TeamLab Office will be used for document storage instead of the individual file servers located at each

Q1. a) What does a system Analyst do? What Skills are...
Q1. a) What does a system Analyst do? What Skills are required to be a good system analyst?
Ans. A systems analyst researches the problems and plans solutions for these problems. He also recommends systems and software at the functional
level and also coordinates the development in order to meet the business or other requirements.
For good system analyst skills required are
1.The ability to learn quickly.
2.Logical approach to problem solving.
3.Knowledge of Visual Basics, C++ and Java.
b) Define Information System. What are the different types of Information Systems?
Ans. It is defined as the study of various software and hardware networks that are used by people and organizations to collect the data filter it, process it,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5.Relationship – It is the way in which two systems are related to each other and their procedures.
6.Cardinality – It is defined as the number of elements present in a set.
7.Foreign Keys– It is defined as the column in a relational database which provide the link between data in two different tables.
8.Hierarchical Codes – These are the codes that can reduce the repair traffic by reducing various number of nodes that are participating in the repair.
Q4. A) What is a process model and distributed computing?
Ans. Process model is defined as the set of operations which tests the various processes for a test executive. Distributed Computing is the process that
studies the distributed systems which are the software in which communication and coordination of network components takes place.
b) Define Object modeling – It is defined as the properties of an object in some computer programming language or technology that uses them. Specific
words of the programs can be examined by this.
Q5. A) Define Joint application development and rapid application development?
Ans. Joint Application Development– It is the process that is used in some area of prototyping life cycle of the development methods of the dynamic
systems. It is used for designing the computer based systems.
Rapid Application development– It is a methodology of software development that uses very less planning in the favor of rapid prototyping. It

Oracle Technology
Objects are checked out for editing and checked in for loading in the server memory in which of the following mode: Mark for Review (1) Points
Both A and B. Neither A nor B. Online (*) Offline IncorrectIncorrect. Objects are checked out for editing and checked in for loading in the server
memory in the online mode. 2. Oracle Application Server is required in order to run OBIEE. Mark for Review (1) Points True False (*)
CorrectCorrect. The Oracle Application Server is not required in order to run OBIEE. 3. What are the levels of building a BI business case (from
lowest to highest)? Mark for Review (1) Points Data and Infrastructure ––> BI Foundation and PM Applications ––> Use, Governance and...
Dashboard layout and default look and feel can be modified using Custom Style Sheets (CSS). 18. Default look and feel of dashboards can be
modified. Mark for Review (1) Points True (*) False CorrectCorrect. Default look and feel of dashboards can be modified. 19. Which of the
following types of BI Business cases focuses on helping customers do the right things? Mark for Review (1) Points IT Alignment Effectiveness (*)
Efficiency Transformational CorrectCorrect. Effectiveness focuses on helping customers do the right things. 20. Which of the following statements is
TRUE? Mark for Review (1) Points An organization can best achieve significant competitive advantage by focusing on management excellence, which
can be described as having "lean and mean" business processes. An organization can best achieve significant competitive advantage by focusing on
management excellence, which can be described as being smart, agile and aligned. (*) An organization can best achieve significant competitive
advantage by focusing on operational excellence, which can be described as smart, agile and aligned. An organization can best achieve significant
competitive advantage by focusing on operational excellence, which can be described as having "lean and mean" business processes.

Architecture of a Network Layout
1. A description of the fundamental configuration of the network Architecture.
The architecture of a network layout shows a detailed view of resources and a across–the–board framework of all the resources accessible to the
organization. The networks physical layout is influenced with security in mind. Things to be considered are, where the servers are to be placed,
firewalls and other hardware components. This includes the types of devices, printers, routers and other peripherals, including table decisions and other
hardware component parts useful communication. The access method topology you use determines how and where the physical wireless connections
need to be placed as well as what protocols and software rules will be used to regulate the network architecture. Network architecture in most scenarios
is developed and organized by a network administrator. A larger network would require coordination with network design engineer. A network
architect needs many areas of experience to determine will the network be wired or wireless. Other areas to consider are,will the network be
classified as a LAN, MAN or WAN. The best topology needs to be decided based on the equipment layout, such as star, loop, bus, mesh, etc; .The
network architect needs to put direct rules for security, recognize and prevent potential problems, and document everything done. The first and most
important item to be addressed is to set goals to work within a given budget while designing the most

Application Software And File Management System
input or retrieval of the data would be required, as the student can then access the data and retrieve it from a school computer for use. The
compatibility of a wide range of devices connected to the network needs to be taken into consideration due to the broad range of operating systems,
application software and file management systems available. For instance, a word processed document generated on a MacBook laptop running a
variant of Mac OS X would need to be compatible with word processing applications used on the school network system that runs on Microsoft
Windows. In the event which it is not, the file would need to be converted into a compatible file type in order to be accessed on school devices.
Access to a file management system that is linked to the student's school login would also be crucial, as the documents can then be manipulated,
whether they are uploaded, retrieved or stored. This offers the student a wide range of options in which they can access their own files, as well as
many forms of shared information placed on the system that include school research resources. The usage of cloud services such as Google Drive or
Microsoft OneDrive would need to be universal for all platforms connected to the server for file management.
There are also many risks to be had with implementing the BYOD system in our school. One of which is with the volume of students at the school at
present, there is a risk to be had in which the school server system could not physically

Essay on UNIX&Linux
UNIX AND LINUX
Two Powerful Systems That Are Often Misunderstood
Unix and Linux
There have been many–recorded eras throughout man's history. There was the Ice Age (BURR), the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Industrial Age
(revolution) just to name a few. Each of these eras marks pivotal advances in humankind. Here are some examples of our advancements, during the Ice
Age, one of nature's first demonstrations of her power in population control, man presents his first fashion show focusing on the elegant features of Fur
clothing and accessories. The Industrial Revolution mans first experience with assembly line manufacturing. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There are many operating systems in use today, a few examples are Windows 95/98, Windows NT, MS
–DOS, UNIX and one you may not have heard
of, LINUX. The focuses of this report are the operating systems UNIX and LINUX, two very interesting and powerful systems. The first is often
labeled as too confusing and unfriendly, the later is relatively unknown to the novice user, but surprisingly they are very similar in design. A short
history of the two operating systems may explain why they are so similar.
UNIX is a creation out of Bell Labs in the 1960's, in a project headed by Stephen Bourne. The idea was to create an operating system whose kernel
(core part) was as tiny as possible. The main driving force, the small UNIX kernel, was that the developers were doing their work on what were
considered in that day to be tiny computers. The severe limitation on RAM resulted in a small kernel with all the utilities implemented as separate,
stand–alone programs. Each was itself tiny, and designed to accept input from the preceding program as well as provide output to succeeding
programs. This process of using output from one program as input into another is referred to as piping and is central to UNIX operating systems today
(UNIX & LINUX Answers! Certified Tech Support © 1998).
LINUX is a creation of Linus

Architecture Of Glusterfs As A Scalable File System
GlusterFS is scalable file system which is implemented in C language. Since it is an open source its features can be extended [8]. Architecture of
GlusterFS is a powerful network written in user space which uses FUSE to connect itself with virtual file system layer [9].
Features in GlusterFS can be easily added or removed [8]. GlusterFS has following components:
GlusterFs server storage pool – it is created of storage nodes to make a single global namespace. Members can be dynamically added and removed
from the pool.
GlusterFs storage client – client can connect with any Linux file system with any of NFS, CFS, HTTP and FTP protocols. Fuse – fully functional Fs can
be designed using Fuse and it will include features like: simple ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That somehow defeats the purpose of a high–availability storage cluster, must synchronize the system time of all bricks, clearly the lack of accessible
disk space wasn't GlusterFS's fault, and is probably not a common scenario either, but it should spit out at least an error message.
2.4. HDFS File System
Hadoop distributed file system is written in Java for Hadoop framework, it is scalable and portable FS. HDFS provide shell commands and Java
application programming interface (API). [12] Data in a Hadoop cluster is broken down into smaller pieces (called blocks) and distributed
throughout the cluster. In this way, the map and reduce functions can be executed on smaller subsets of larger data sets, and this provides the
scalability that is needed for big data processing. [12] A Hadoop cluster has nominally a single namenode plus a cluster of datanodes, although
redundancy options are available for the namenode due to its criticality. Each datanode serves up blocks of data over the network using a block
protocol specific to HDFS. The file system uses TCP/IP sockets for communication. Clients use remote procedure calls (RPC) to communicate with
each other.
Fig 5. HDFS Architecture [19]
HDFS stores large files across multiple machines. It achieves reliability by replicating the data across multiple hosts, and hence theoretically does not
require redundant array of independent disks (RAID) storage on

File Management Paper
File Management Paper – UnixВ® File Permissions Joe Guckiean POS/355 April 15, 2013 Bob O'Connor File Management Paper – UnixВ® File
Permissions The name UnixВ® refers to a play on words rather than being an acronym. During the mid–1960 an operating system was developed at
MIT that allowed multiple users to work on a system at any one time. It was called Multiplexed Information and Computing System (MULTICS). In
the late 1960s, closer to 1970, a couple programmers at Bell Laboratories wrote an assembler to interface with a DEC PDP–7. Unlike MULTICS, this
version allowed only one user to access it at a time. One of the programmers kiddingly called it Uniplexed Information and Computing System (UNICS)
pronounced Unix. In the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In UnixВ® there are three sets of permissions that can be modified at the folder and file level; user, group, and the world. In this illustration, user and
group permissions will be discussed. To begin, a command at the console must be executed to create the user group. The syntax is: groupadd [g– gid
[–o]] [–r] [–f] groupname. Simply typing in: groupadd group_name will suffice. Groupname is where you put in the specific name of the group. If you
don't specify additional parameters, the system will use the defaults. Following the creation of the group, the users must be added into it. Execute this
command to add the existing users to the new group, Usermod –G <newgroup> <user>. Since there are 4990 user, a script would come in
handy adding the users to the group. The VI editor is a built in tool that allows the building of scripts. Now the real work begins, defining the
permissions for the file. From the console, navigate to the directory that contains the file that is to be shared. Type in this command to view the current
permissions on the file, ls –l (those are lowercase L's). This command will allow the changing of permissions either at a user, group or global level.
Chmod {a,u,g,o} {+,–} {r,w,x} files a = all user u = the owner g = group o = others (neither u or g)| Plus (+) =give permissionMinus(–) = remove
permission| r = Read–onlyw = Read/Writex = Execute| Files = single or multiple files|

Essay On Distributed File System
The first deliverable is to setup the Distributed File System (DFS). The Distributed File System (DFS) will be setup on the backup, print server,
and a domain controllers having the Distributed File System (DFS) role installed on each. The Distributed File System (DFS) that will be setup is
fault tolerant. This configuration will allow Rouge One Communications to replicate to data to multiple server. In the case one server goes down the
data is still accessible. Then DFS namespace will be created with the name roc.com this will hold the actual file paths to server share. The namespace
roc.com will have subfolder named MDR (My Documents redirection). Followed by subfolders for each user. Then folder will be named after their
user for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next testing will be done the way migration and redirection is to be tested is test accounts Testy Tester, Herb Tester, and Cpt Awesome where made.
Each account had a local "My Documents" folder which was filled with data. Testy tester has one hundred megabytes of data. The test account Herb
tester has five hundred megabytes of data and Capt. awesome has one thousand megabytes of data. These test accounts will be added to the
My_Documents_Redirect–sg. Then the test accounts will be login to a test machine. The group policy will apply. It is at this time it will redirect there
"My Documents" to the Distributed File System (DFS) path roc.comMDR%username%My Documents as well as migrate their data to that
location/ during this time windows will be at the welcome screen and it will login to the desktop once the migration has been completed. Then the
two locations will be compared in size for "My Documents" as well as number of files and folders. The time it took to migrate will also be noted.
These tests will be done multiple times with each account.
Now that the testing has been completed. The Information Technology department at Rouge One Communications will gather and analyzed each user
"My Documents" folder this information will include the size in megabytes of each user "My Documents" folder as well as the number of files and
folders in their "My Documents". This analysis will be

Revenue Cycle
AUDITING THE REVENUE CYCLE
Audit procedures associated with the revenue cycle is the main point in this report. Basically, it is divided into three sections. First, it begins with a
review of alternative technologies used in both legacy and modern system. The focus is on the key operational task performed under each technological
environment. The second section discusses the revenue cycle audit objectives, controls and test of controls that an auditor would perform to gather
evidence needed to limit the scope, timing and extent of substantive tests. The last section describes revenue cycle substantive tests in relation to audit
objectives.
OVERVIEW OF REVENUE CYCLE TECHNOLOGIES
Technology and automation are integral to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In our system, the credit authorization copy of the sales order is sent to the credit department for approval. The returned approval triggers the release
of the other sales order copies simultaneously to various departments. The credit copy is filed in the customer open order file until the transaction is
complete.
3. Processing Shipping Orders The final step is the processing of shipping orders. The sales department sends the stock release copy of the sale order
to the warehouse. After picking the stock, the clerk initials the stock release copy to indicate that the order is complete and accurate. The clerk then
adjusts the stock records to reflect the reduction in inventory. Updating the inventory accounting records is an automated procedure that will be
discussed later.
Batch processing system using sequential files – Automated procedures This is an automated operation. The computer system described here is an
example of a legacy system that employs the sequential file structure for its accounting records. Both tapes and disks can be used as the physical
storage medium for such system. However the use of tapes has declined considerably in recent years. Most organizations that still use sequential files
store them on disks that are permanently connected it the computer system and require no human intervention.
The following are the main points of batch processing system using sequential files – Automated procedures:

1.

Practice
Creating Data Sets 1. You have a text file called scores.txt containing information on gender (M or F) and four test scores (English, history, math, and
science). Each data value is separated from the others by one or more blanks. a. Write a DATA step to read in these values. Choose your own variable
names. Be sure that the value for Gender is stored in 1 byte and that the four test scores are numeric. b. Include an assignment statement computing the
average of the four test scores. c. Write the appropriate PROC PRINT statements to list the contents of this data set. 2. You are given a CSV file called
political.csv containing state, political party, and age. a. Write a SAS program to create a temporary SAS... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Create a temporary SAS data set called Bank using this data file. Use column input to specify the location of each value. Include in this data set a
variable called Interest computed by multiplying Balance by Rate. g. List the contents of this data set using PROC PRINT. 7. You have a text file
called geocaching.txt with data values arranged as follows: h. Create a temporary SAS data set called Cache using this data file. Use column
input to read the data values. i. List the contents of this data set using PROC PRINT. 8. Repeat Problem 6 using formatted input to read the data
values instead of column input. 9. Repeat Problem 7 using formatted input to read the data values instead of column input. 10. You are given a text
file called stockprices.txt containing information on the purchase and sale of stocks. The data layout is as follows: j. Create a SAS data set (call it
Stocks) by reading the data from this file. Use formatted input. Compute the following new variables as you are loading the data: k. Print out the
contents of this data set using PROC PRINT 11. You have a CSV file called employee.csv. This file contains the following information: l. Use list
input to read data from this file. You will need an informat to read most of these values correctly: i. Separate INFORMAT statement ii. Colon modifier
directly in the INPUT statement.

Taking a Look at the HDFS File System
Introduction Hadoop distributed file system is a highly scalable file system. It is specially designed for applications with large data sets. HDFS
supports parallel reading and processing of data. It is significantly different from other distributed file systems. Typically HDFS is designed for
streaming large files. HDFS is specially designed to run commodity hardware and deployed into low cost hardware. It has large throughput instead
of low latency. HDFS typically uses read one write many pattern. It is highly fault tolerant and easy to manage. The main feature of HDFS is built
in redundancy it typically keeps multiple replicas in the system. In HDFS cluster manages addition and removal of nodes automatically. Here an
operator can operate upto 3,000 nodes at a time. In the HDFS key areas of POSIX semantics have been traded to increase data throughput rate.
Working of HDFS Hardware In HDFS hardware failure is a norm. Hardware failure is very common in HDFS. In any instance there is thousands
of working server machines. There is huge number of components in HDFS. And each component has significant probability of failure. So there will
always be some component which will be not working in HDFS system. Data in HDFS Applications in HDFS will require streaming access to data
sets. Batch processing is done rather than interactive use by the users. HDFS is specially designed to operate large data sets. In any single instance it
supports millions of files. Model of HDFS

Hadoop Distributed File System Analysis
HADOOP DISTRIBUTED FILE SYSTEM
Abstract – Hadoop Distributed File System, a Java based file system provides reliable and scalable storage for data. It is the key component to
understand how a Hadoop cluster can be scaled over hundreds or thousands of nodes. The large amounts of data in Hadoop cluster is broken down to
smaller blocks and distributed across small inexpensive servers using HDFS. Now, MapReduce functions are executed on these smaller blocks of data
thus providing the scalability needed for big data processing. In this paper I will discuss in detail on Hadoop, the architecture of HDFS, how it
functions and the advantages.
I.INTRODUCTION
Over the years it has become very essential to process large amounts of data with high precision and speed. This large amounts of data that can no
more be processed using the Traditional Systems is called Big Data. Hadoop, a Linux based tools framework addresses three main problems faced
when processing Big Data which the Traditional Systems cannot. The first problem is the speed of the data flow, the second is the size of the data and
the last one is the format of data. Hadoop divides the data and computation into smaller pieces, sends it to different computers, then gathers the results
to combine them and sends it to the application. This is done using Map Reduce and HDFS i.e., Hadoop Distributed File System. The data node and the
name node part of the architecture fall under HDFS.
II.ARCHITECTURE
Hadoop works on

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