The World Political Entity Comprising The Levant Region Of...

The World Political Entity Comprising The Levant Region Of...
A myriad of factors contributed to the inauguration of Outremer (as the crusader states shall be
referred to throughout the entirety of the research paper) as the dominate political entity comprising
the Levant region of the Middle East, predominately the methodology employed for the formation
of Outremer; the reaction to religious discrepancies within the crusaders' territorial expanse and its
innovative characteristics comparative to contemporary Western Europe; the architectural
constructions utilized to consolidate presence and superiority over enemies and subordinates; and
the increased centrality provided to subjects of Outremer relative to antecedent Islamic rule.
Outremer was comprised of four regions dominate regions: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County
of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa. Though each governmental entity
proclaimed and asserted autonomy, the inextricable connection established between the crusader
states was amalgamated due to familial, religious, and aspirational similarities which increased the
probability (and necessitated as a result of their socio–political environment) of the reoccurring
amicable interpersonal and administrative relationships throughout the existence of Outremer. An
integral aspect of Outremer's successful implementation into the Levant is its inherently multi–
cultural configuration, as exhibited by the four primary constituent states displaying ethnic ratios
depending on the nationality of its
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The Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant
ISIS is a terrorist group that has just recently become well known in the past couple of years. They
have become a very large problem in today's world. Innocent civilians are being killed for almost no
reason. ISIS swiftly became a large terrorist group. They were founded in 1999, and have done
many terrible acts since then. ISIS was originally an al–Qaida group in Iraq and was known as the
ISI (Islamic State of Iraq). It later expanded to Syria in April of 2013 and then received the name of
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), with another name for the group being the Islamic State of
Iraq and the Levant. ISIS was removed from the al–Qaida group because they were too extreme for
them. "The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) is so hardline that it was disavowed by al–
Qaida 's leader, Ayman al–Zawahiri." The leader of ISIS is Abu Bakr al–Baghdadi. It is said that he
was born in Samarra in 1971. "In 2010 he emerged as the leader of al–Qaeda in Iraq, one of the
groups that later became Isis." Baghdadi is a very knowledgable individual with concerns to military
matters, and is a very skilled tactician, as well. He orchestrated the taken over and conquest of many
towns through ISIS. ISIS has performed many acts of terrorism over the years, including the taking
of towns such as Raqqa, Fallujah, Mosul, and parts of Ramadi. In addition, they also are responsible
for many deaths and assassinations, committing numerous public beheadings, as well. They have
even been

Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Terrorism, what is it and is this a new phenomenon? No, terrorism is not a new 21st century issue.
Terrorism actually dates back to biblical times and has haunted nations and their citizens much like
it has here in the United States of America. The history of terrorism is as old as humans ' willingness
to use violence to affect politics. The Sicarii were a first century Jewish group who murdered
enemies and collaborators in their campaign to oust their Roman rulers from Judea. The 21st
Century is being riddled with terrorist attack after terrorist attack. The Islamic State of Iraq and the
Levant has proven to be a very successful foreign terrorist organization that has wreaked havoc
across the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In February 2004 the group killed 150 people in simultaneous attacks in Baghdad and the Shiite
holy city of Karbala during the Ashura festival (Friedland 2015). The JTWJ in 2004 officially
became an affiliate with Al Qaeda and their well–known leader Osama Bin Laden. At this point in
time the group adopted the name Al Qaeda in the Land of the Two Rivers (the Tigris and the
Euphrates). Also known as the Al Qaeda in Iraq or AQI. The AQI and Abu Musab al–Zarqawi
developed a different technique of warfare that separated them from the Al Qaeda that fought in
Afghanistan. This Al Qaeda in Iraq was absolutely brutal and ultraviolent with their brand of Jihad.
Abu Musab al–Zarqawi used this type of Jihad to enforce Sharia law in the State of Iraq. Abu Musab
al–Zarqawi was killed in 2006 by a United States airstrike. After the death Abu Musab al–Zarqawi
in 2006 the organization adopted its third name known as Islamic State in Iraq (ISI). The ISI was led
by Abu Ayyub Al–Masri and then by Abu Omar al–Baghdadi. The two were killed by a tank shell in
2010 (Friedland 2015). Due to the brutality of ISI the local tribes in Iraq joined side by side with
United States forces and fought the ISI and eventually defeated them to the point of the organization
fleeing Iraq, or at least it seemed that way. The unfortunate thing is that those same tribes that arose
to the

Biomedical Model Essay
Despite their successes, the biomedical model and its impact on U.S. healthcare and research
(Johnson, 2012) the model's limitations were increasingly apparent (Bennett–Johnson, 2012).
Nevertheless, biomedical recognized the leading causes of deaths were no longer just infectious
diseases. Biomedical obtained information, which led to an understanding that their success was
declining, due to not addressing the chronic disease challenges in the United States today (Bennett–
Johnson, 2012). Finally, biomedical realizes the importance to address human diseases require a
broader review in healthcare and the role of behavior in disease etiology, prevention, and
management, new innovations are obviously needed. (Bennett–Johnson, 2012). Considering ...
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Although this study and its results could be creditable, how the study was conducted the obvious
limitations presented biases results (Foley & Levant, 2006). First, the small sample size, which
prohibited them from analyzing the data to determine different responses based on demographic
variables (Foley & Levant, 2006). Therefore, enabling the pilot study to engage its initial
effectiveness from the community residents (Foley & Levant, 2006). Second, the study lacked a
pretest questionnaire to illustrate each participant's relative preworkshop knowledge (Foley &
Levant, 2006). Allowing the implementing of a pretest assessment, this study could have offered
sound evidence. And third, the sample was by no means random in nature (e.g., many participants
were selected from support group centers sources only). Regardless of the research process, all the
respondents agreed that they could incorporate the information they learned into their own life and
health care practices.
Although the motives and reasons these research studies conducted and analyzed, uniquely they
have similar reasons, yet their studies produced different results. In the biomedical model study
Bennett–Johnsons' (2012) sought to enlighten their professionals with knowledge and the
understanding, that the

ISIS is known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and was formed in 1999 by member Abu
Musab al–Zarqawi. ISIS was originally from al–Qaeda, another terrorist group, but this group
mainly was a small insurgent group in Iraq in 2006 and would help assist in the Syrian Civil War in
2013. They took Iraq in October 2006, then Levant in April 8, 2013; however, they would then be
separated from al–Qaeda because of the war between ISIS and Jabhat al Nusra. In 2015, ISIS would
then be considered as the number one most dangerous group of terrorists in history. After four ISIS
members went on a shooting rampage and blew themselves up in Paris, where over one hundred
fifty people would lose their lives; a conspiracy theory explaining that the ... Show more content on
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Two years later, the Iraq war would start in March 2003, and after eight years of fighting in Iraq the
war would end in 2011. As a result, at the end of the war, the U.S had destroyed the government,
toppled Saddam Hussein, and destroyed Iraq's governmental infrastructure. However, the most
important thing that the U.S. left behind was a power vacuum, in a political standpoint, this means
when some have lost government authority or power and no one can replace them. Which means a
new type of government can be utilized as a democracy, monarchy, or even a communist rule. So
anyone with a military and government control can take over Iraq and claim it as their territory. This
power vacuum left behind from the U.S would start the formation of ISIS, they would gain control
over Iraq as America had withdrew all military forces from the country. Lister (2014) stated that
"The aim of ISIS is to create an Islamic state across Sunni areas of Iraq and in Syria."(para.4).
Before the war, people suspected Iraq was just another corrupted country, but it was not because it
had a decent functioning government, and many average people in Iraq were able to live an ordinary
life in the country; although, conditions for minority religious people were somewhat bad in Iraq. It
was probably the only bad part about Iraq, but it's mainly a social issue in Iraq's

In the horror novel, Supernatural Horror in Literature, the author, H.P. Lovecraft starts off by stating
the following: "The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest
kind of fear is fear of the unknown." Choosing the topic of ISIS/ISIL, which are the Islamic State of
Iraq & Syria / the Islamic State of Iraq & the Levant, was an easy choice because in truth, I know
very little about the terrorist groups within these Islamic States. I, along with seventy percent of
Americans, fear the rise of the IS and would consider them the number one threat to American
interests (Telhami). Through further studying this topic, I have been able to better understand how
ISIS/ISIL was created, along with understanding International Law's ambiguous confrontation of the
issue regarding the use of force. The fact of the matter is that ISIS/ISIL is a real threat, but the
debate lies within how to deal with said threat since it is on an international playing field. This threat
has been at our doorsteps for years now and the United Nations Security Council has made several
resolutions under different articles, leaving a somewhat ambiguous message to the international state
actors on how to react to ISIS/ISIL. It is under my interpretation, however, that the United Nations
Security Council finds legitimacy within the United States– lead coalition and that the use of force
towards this terrorist organization is necessary for making the international community a

Delegation : Democratic Republic Of The Congo Essay
Committee: Moscow Conference
Topic: Peace Efforts in Eastern Europe
Delegation: Democratic Republic of the Congo
Delegates: Maria Lama, Maria Polanco General Russia has agreed to discuss peace efforts and had
formed the present War Cabinet, to address the problems that disturb the peace and stability in the
said place, and as to accomplish this, military proposal are to be presented that gives reliable
measures to confirm the accomplishment of the general objective of the committee. On present
moments an alliance between Russia, China, and the Security Council of the
United Nations has been formed, in the year of 2015. As a consequence to this alliance, it was
permitted that The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, or also known as the North
Atlantic Alliance, to take place and advance on the counteraction towards the Islamic State of
Iraq and the Levant, ISIS, an extremist military group, or a terrorist group. After the intent of
assassination of the president Bashar al–Assad of Syria, the ISIS advanced on the territory taking
possession of the city of Homs due to the inconsiderable high opposition of the military forces of
Syria and the Free Syrian Army, founded during the Syrian
Civil War on 29 of July 2011. To address this, the United States had come to the agreement to be
involved in the counteractions made towards ISIS. In June 2015, the Islamic State starts offensive
actions against the Iraqi capital. Haider
Al–Abadi, an Iraqi politician, president, calls

Over the past few years the world has witnessed the rapid emergence of one of the most dangerous
and violent terrorist organizations in history. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, better known
as ISIL or ISIS and formerly known as al–Qaeda in Iraq, is an Islamic extremist group that has
caught the attention of the world because of the swift and ferocious way that the group has been able
to seize large portions of Iraq and Syria. ISIS has displayed such brutality in its attacks, with mass
executions, beheadings, and crucifixions becoming the norm, that even Osama bin Laden, the now
deceased founder of the infamous militant Islamic organization, al–Qaeda, eventually chose to
dissociate from them (Saletan, 2014). Although the Middle East is no stranger to religious
extremism and political unrest, the ferocity and speed at which ISIS was able to gain control is
unprecedented. As the atrocities of the group's rampage through Iraq and Syria came to light, the
world was left scratching its head wondering how ISIS was so quickly able to gain power and
control over such a large territory. The answer lies in a look back at the poor decisions made by the
Bush Administration after the invasion of Iraq in 2003. It was the desire of the United States to
withdraw from Iraq too quickly, their appointment of inept leadership, and a series of careless
decisions that allowed ISIS to take advantage of an unstable government left behind by the United
States after the Iraq War.
On March

Traditional Gender Roles In Society
Imagine a world that's been evolved enough to forget traditional gender roles. A world where people
break from the molds and liberate themselves. That would be progressive and productive. That is the
kind of world that the future of our people should strive for. Maybe there was a time that the human
race needed these roles to establish themselves, but now the times have changed. One by one, the
stigmas are breaking. Despite this, some molds are harder to break and need a little more cracking to
release the people from that specific roles. There are many categories of which gender and culture
can be dissected and redirected to a more progressive outlook. (may have to take that out) To go into
specifics, traditional gender roles in the United States are inhibiting the progression of equal wages,
social expectations, and self–acceptance. For decades, America has upkept traditional gender roles.
For example, one would have seen a family consisting of a man and woman and a child or two. The
man would go to work and ultimately be the sole breadwinner of the family whilst the woman
would take care of the children. Her job would also entail cleaning the home and providing supper
for her family when her husband arrived home. Men would be thought to fix cars and build things
whilst females were given baby dolls and taught how to become a good mom. Men are taught to
toughen up and to stop crying. Often times, they aren't consoled properly if they do happen to show
any emotion that

The Importance Of The Levant In The World Economy By...
The first chapeter of the book is an introduction given by Mehmet Bulut. Main issues and arguments
will start from the second chapter which has been written by Mehmet Bulut and titled: "The
Importance of the Levant in the World Economy during the Early Modern Times". In this chapter
author mainly explains most important factors of the Turkish relations with European and Middle
Eastern countries in the period of Ottoman reign. As author describes Ottoman Empire and
European countries had close relation economically. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries many
merchants were active in the trade of both bulky good and luxury commodities. The Ottoman
exports mostly consisted of raw materials for textile production and imports consisted of raw
materials used in war and weapons from the Western Europe. Ottomans opened their markets to
French, English, and Dutch merchant who were the most active in Europe. The most important were
Levant and the Silk Route in the trade between the Asia and Europe. Silk Route started from China
and India and continued till Europe, passing through Central Asia, Levant, and Anatolia. ... Show
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A GCE Analysis for Free Trade in the D8" written by Mustafa Acar agues about free trade between
the OIC countries. OIC is the second inter–governmental organization in the world after the United
Nations. Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) includes 22.5 percent of world population,
6.6 percent of world GDP, and 9.1 percent of world trade, more than 70 percent of oil and nearly 50
percent of natural gas reserves of the world. Turkey, Iran, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia, Egypt,
Pakistan, and Bangladesh are the members of D8 (Developing 8) countries. Free trade between these
countries will be beneficial and it will increase the trade volume and will bring welfare gains to each

Primary Care Pros And Cons
Despite, alienating the practice of psychology, over the years (Bennett–Johnson 2012) the
biomedical now understands that a relationship between physical healthcare and mental healthcare
involves a major development, with valid points and views in accessing the world towards greater
healthcare expectations in physical healthcare and mental healthcare health. While, in the Foley &
Levant's (2006) research study their motives involved the views of individuals in a community base
outreach program. Although, the tools they use for their research was appropriate, the participants'
selections caused flaws in the returned results, however, their motives to find the answer "if primary
care and psychologist working together would be a greater benefit to the healthcare world valid? In
the study of Foley & Levant's (2006) their research process and results were deemed, due to the
unethical restrictions pose by them. Finally, the research study of Fisher & Dickinson (2014)
motives were to point out the pros and cons between primary care and psychology physicians,
whose distinctive qualities: differed from: education, culture, practice styles, reimbursement, and
roles related to some of the primary care and psychologist collaborations that are already in ... Show
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Even though, Foley & Levant (2006) could have broaden their pilot study removing the limitations
and enhancing the studies advertising tools, directed to all participants over 21 regardless of their
health issues, the study could have gained reliable and credible results. On the other hand, the
studies of Bennett–Johnson (2012) and Fisher, et, al (2014) research resources analyzed, had no
ethical issue to report or address within their relevant studies performed. Yet in their conclusion,
both Bennett–Johnson & Fisher, et al (2014) studies advise further research to be conducted to
clarify their

The Bible Is True And Not Myths
Archaeology has verified that the bible is true but how? First, archeology has confirmed the biblical
stories are true and not myths, as the world believed, because of ancient sites and civilizations
discovered. Second, manuscripts that were found and translated has shown people today how the
people back in the bible lived and worked. Last but not least, archeology has shown where major
events, like battles, have gone on and during what year, they happened. According to Archeology
and the Old Testament, the book of Judges took place around the Iron Age period, which was 1200 –
586 BC. Excavations have provided some useful information about daily life in ancient Israel during
Judges, including the land, climate and people. However, before we learn about how people lived
their daily lives in Israel during the Iron Ages, we should learn about the geography of Israel. The
land of Israel stretches from Dan in the North to Beersheba in the South and from the Mediterranean
Sea in the west to the Transjordan in the east. Israel 's landscape is divided into five main regions
and even though the regions are in the same place they all receive different amounts of rain, which
produce different crops. The first region, the coastal plain, goes along the Mediterranean coast to
Rosh HaNiqura, receives about 25 to 16 inches of rain which is a great place to grow grain. The
second region, is the central mountain range that goes from Galilee to Negev Highlands; this region
receives from 20 to

The Global Threat As A Global Movement Of Iraq And Syria /...
There is a radical emergent militant Islamic revolution manifesting in different forms around the
globe. Why is this phenomenon occurring and what are the best options available for the operational
artist to counter it where it occurs? This paper examines the global jihadist threat as currently
manifesting itself through groups such as Al Qaeda and Islamic State of Iraq and Syria/Levant
(ISIS/ISIL). There are several arguments furthered by this paper building on the works of other
scholars and analysts. Primarily that the current jihadists threat is actually a global revolutionary
movement against the established world order following Mao's three phases of protracted war.
Second, that the fractures within the jihadist movement constitute an internal nascent civil war
presenting seams that can be exploited. Third, that to exploit the seams presented a global coalition
is required to maximize capabilities and minimize hurdles within the global system to address the
transnational threat.
The working hypothesis is that there is a global insurgency consisting of currently disparate and
dispersed radical militant Islamic groups that has not yet coalesced into a coherent whole.
The path of humanity is a continuum. Historical events at once inform as well as shape current and
future events. Only through analysis of past and current variables can comprehensive understanding
inform the future. The focus of this paper is on the jihadist threat, but this threat does not operate or

The Political And Economic Causes Of The Crusades
Everyone knows the story of the Crusades. Two centuries of wanton slaughter, pillaging and
destruction, all born of misguided religious fervor. However, the truth is a very different story. The
truth is that religious fervor, while definitely one of the causes of the Crusades, was not the
predominant one. Rather, political and economic reasons contributed far more to the continuation of
the Crusades than religion ever did, especially during the later wars. To understand this idea, one
must first understand how this situation occurred. The Crusades were a series of papally approved
wars that spanned over two centuries. The traditional viewpoint is that the Crusades started in 1095
when Pope Urban II spoke in France at the Council of Clermont. ... Show more content on
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Many maritime trade empires, such as those of the Venetians, Genoese, and Florentines, coveted
these trade routes, and thus supported the Crusades in order to secure their access to them. These
trade empires became extremely wealthy through its control of trade between Europe and the Levant
and it eventually began to spread eastward as well. Venice, in particular, was involved in the
Crusades almost from the very beginning. A large part of their participation involved war
profiteering, selling food, supplies, and weapons to warriors on their way to the Holy Land. The
Venetians also took an active role in the fighting, as seen when two hundred Venetian ships assisted
in capturing the coastal Arab territories after the First Crusade. The Venetians especially profited
during the so–called "Venetian Crusade", in which the Crusaders In 1123 they were granted effective
control of the Crusader state of the Kingdom of Jerusalem through a deal called the Pactum
Warmundi. This immensely profited the Venetians, who immediately took advantage of the
situation, importing silk, exotic spices, valuable gemstones, and other items from the kingdoms of
the Far East. In addition, they raided Byzantine territories both on the way to and on the way back
from the Holy Land, forcing the empire to extend trading privileges for the Venetians. This, along
with the aforementioned Fourth Crusade, was the height of the monetization of the wars, and
another reason why the Crusaders refused to surrender their hold in the Levant despite being
defeated multiple

Introduction Terrorist organizations continue to develop around the world and carry out attacks to
instill fear, hurt, and kill thousands of people. Despite anti–terrorism efforts, known terror groups
continue to conduct terror attacks globally. Of the known terrorist organizations that are listed by the
U.S. Department of State, the one most likely to conduct an attack in the United States would be the
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and Islamic State (IS) otherwise known as ISIS. Due to
the complex capabilities of ISIS ideology, leadership, and distinct global threat; ISIS has become the
greatest known threat to the U.S. Homeland.
Description of the Organization Prior to August 2014, known splinter cells of the organization have
conducted attacks in cities such as Orlando, Florida where an individual conducted a mass shooting
at a night club, killing 50 people and injuring just as many then he pledged his allegiance to ISIS.
Furthermore, individuals have conducted attacks in San Bernardino, California killing 14 people and
injuring more than 20 individuals not necessarily an ISIS–related individual but these attackers were
defiantly inspired by the Islamic State. On November 13, 2015, individuals from ISIS claimed
horrific attacks that killed over 130 people and injured more than 368 when three suicide bombers
detonated themselves during a football game in Paris France, while armed gunmen took hostages in
a theater nearby. As a result of these attacks, ISIS

Islamic State Of Iraq And Al Sham
The Islamic State of Iraq and Al–Sham is a terrorist organization that began as Al–Qaeda in Iraq.
Since Al–Sham can mean Syria or the Levant, media and governments usually refer to them as the
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL); some use
the derogatory name Daesh in order to avoid recognizing the group's claims. The Islamic State
declared themselves a caliphate with Abu Bakr Al–Baghdadi becoming Caliph Ibrahim. He claims
authority over all loyal Muslims worldwide, and uses extreme violence in an attempt to spread their
extreme ideology. They pose a great threat to the Middle East and the West as long as they continue
to exist and hold power in the region. In order to limit the radical long–term effect they could have
on the world, the nations of the Coalition against them must devote all available resources to
destroying the organization rather than many devoting some resources to containing them.
Although the Islamic State's main area of operation is in Iraq and Syria, they have affiliates in
Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of Africa. Much of this support comes from members of the Taliban
defecting, and Boko Haram committing itself to support the Islamic State. As a whole, 1,000
terrorists from various locations across the globe join each month. The group has convinced several
teenagers to leave their homes and join; if they become disillusioned and attempt to leave, the group
kills them. The more territory

An Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant
ISIS is known as the Isalamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Its goal is to create an Islamic state
across Sunni areas of Iraq and in Syria. ISIS is notoriously known for holding public executions and
committing large–scale attacks to capture and maintain conquered territory. The leader is Abu Bakr
al–Baghdadi, but little is known about him. However, it is known that before he joined Al Qaeda in
Iraq, he had formed a militant group in Salaheddin and Diyala provinces north of the Iraq capital.
Al–Baghdadi wanted to gain more power and expand his group's operations on a wider scale. On
April 8, 2013, Al–Baghdadi stated that his group, formerly known as ISI, would be known as ISIS.
Al–Baghdadi believes that all Muslims should live by sharia law under a single Islamic state. Based
on its forced violence, ISIS presents itself as the alternative to Al–Qaeda within the jihadi
community.
Since the establishment of the group's new name, ISIS has been becoming a rising threat to all
countries. As of 2014, ISIS has been gaining control of many territories, and has shown constant
refusal to acknowledge state borders. ISIS gained the public media's attention when they posted a
YouTube video of the decapitation of James Foley, and threatened to kill other U.S. citizens. In less
than a month later, the same group revealed a video of the beheading of Steven Sotloff. The third
circulated public execution is of David Haines, a British aid worker. ISIS's first two posted killings
were American

The Art And Formal Analysis Of Oscar-Claude Monet
Introduction
The analyzed work was created by French painter Oscar–Claude Monet in 1872. This highly
recognized work of art illustrates the morning view of the port of Le Havre in northwestern France.
Monet's masterpiece Soleil Levant also known as Impression Sunrise, gave birth to a new
movement, Impressionism, straying away from many traditions, creating a new method of painting–
and of seeing the world around us. It is considered to be one of Monet's most poetic expressions of
his engagement with France's revival after the Franco–Prussian War, and is unlike any other
artworks of its time, the subject and techniques achieve to unravel a visual experience and feeling.
Formal Analysis Unlike other styles of painting in the 19th century ... Show more content on
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The most significant aspect of the painting is its tribute to the Impressionist Movement. This
painting was hardly recognized when it was first shown to the public in the L'Exposition des
Révoltés – the exhibition independent of the Salon, of which was created by Monet himself among
other artists – many critics were extremely disapproving of the rebel's works, especially that of
Monet's. Another significant attribute of the painting is its variety in technique: short, broken
brushstrokes that convey loose forms, pure vibrant colors, and of course, an emphasis on the effects
of light. In addition to these unaccustomed techniques, the bright colors of Soleil Levant and other
Impressionist canvases were shocking for eyes accustomed to the more sombre colors of Academic
paintings. Rather than neutral white, grays, and blacks, Impressionists often rendered shadows and
highlights in color. Many of the independent artists of this time and movement used more vivid
paints and chose not to apply the thick varnish that painters customarily used to tone down their
works. The nineteenth century saw the development of synthetic pigments for artists' paints,
providing vibrant shades of blue, green, and yellow that painters had never used before. For instance
"Edouard Manet, Boating 1874. Oil on canvas. 97cm x 130cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
York" highlights a big portion of the scene with a span of cerulean blue. The composition is
illustrated as drastically cropped, the modern boater and his companion personify modernity in their
form, their subject matter, and the very materials used to paint

Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant Red Cell Analysis
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Red Cell Analysis
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has single handedly furthered the evolution of terrorism.
This is a new type of terrorism that is not easily defined or visible. The Islamic States new form of
terrorism has developed social unrest across the world and has undoubtedly inspired a new
generation of extreme Islamic sympathizers to join the their cause and fight to accomplish their
agenda of cultural cleansing. In order to repel the Islamic State, one has to identify their
vulnerability's and exploit them. This red cell analysis will exploit those vulnerability's by looking
from the inside out. The following topics will be discussed.
1) Organizations Origins & Leadership
2) Ideology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The leader or "caliph" is Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim Ali al–Badri al–Samarrai, better known as Abu Bakr
al–Baghdadi. He sits at the top of a structure of advisory councils and administrative departments
that are replicated at regional and local levels. These oversee a range of functions and services that
include security and intelligence, finance, media, health provision, and family or legal disputes
(Lewis 2015). However, the difference between an actual military power and the Islamic State is
what is key to why they are so successful. ISIL talks very little about its leadership, and beyond Abu
Bakr al–Baghdadi and the group 's spokesman Abu Mohammed al–Adnani, little is clear about the
identity and roles of senior figures. It is said that the leaders are designed to be replaceable (Lewis
2015).
When an organization like the ISIL is so secretive and discreet, it makes it difficult to gather
intelligence on them. The key to infiltrate their terrorist network would be through the efforts of
HUMINT gathering. The terrorist network is very close hold with information and an organization
like the Central Intelligence Agency would be well suited to gain access to their ranks through
HUMINT operators. HUMINT operators are the front lines of intelligence operations. They often
collect information directly from the threat (DeGiovine 2015). The Central Intelligence Agency has
dedicated its service since the attacks

ISIS Oil Drilling
Around the world, countries are reeling with the losses caused by the increasingly more powerful
terrorist organization, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). While undoubtedly other countries
are experiencing greater losses than the U.S., especially those affected financially by the costs of
taking in Syrian refugees or those closer to the conflict, such as those in the Levant area that have
been forcefully taken over by ISIS or robbed by it, the U.S. is already opening its purse in an effort
to find a solution to the problem of ISIS. It has begun coordinating with other countries to find a
way to constrict ISIS's inflow of money; bombing ISIS oil infrastructure and shutting down banks
operating in territory controlled by ISIS are two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The arise of ISIS has much deeper roots that reach further back than even the creation of ISIS itself.
Previous conflicts in the area have been dealt with poorly in the past, leaving a perfect situation to
kindle a future conflict of a larger scale, which is visible now in the form of ISIS. If matters are
handled the same way as before, conflict will only worsen in the future and a full scale war will be
inevitable. Various organizations like the U.S. Institute of Peace, the Bureau of Population,
Refugees, and Migration, and the Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs need to truly reach out
to better the economic and social opportunities of the people in the Levant area to truly ameliorate
the

The Athabasca Tar Sands Has Caused Great Environmental Damage
The Athabasca tar sands are the 2nd largest tar sands in the world, covering an area over the size of
the state of Florida. The tar sands are estimated to have enough oil to produce 1.7–2.5 trillion barrels
of oil (Levant 4), and this large supply of oil has made Canada the #1 supplier of oil to America. The
oil in Athabasca is originally Bitumen, which has a thick texture, almost like peanut butter, and
plasters sand and minerals, which makes it very difficult to remove and produce. 80% of the oil is
over 75 meters underneath the surface (Riebeek), and can only be removed by depositing hot water
into the mine so that the oil can condense and be extracted. This process is not only very expensive,
but also has devastating environmental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These tailings ponds leak 67 litres of the toxic water into the Athabasca River every second (*2).
This has caused the levels of toxic hydrocarbons in the nearby lakes and rivers to become 2.5–23
times what it was before the development (Cotter). The Athabasca river has also become extremely
low, and the Athabasca glacier has receded 1.5km since the tar sands expanded. The Alberta
government is aware of the growing water subject, and is trying to alleviate this impact by putting
water limits and weekly limits on how much water the oil companies can use (Alberta's Oil Sands
5). They are also attempting to recycle the toxic water to moderate the environmental impact.
Alberta Premier, Ed Stelmach, says, There has been a lot of talk lately about whose targets are
toughest, or whose plan is better. While others are talking, Alberta is acting. Our climate change
plan ensures environmental protection while allowing for continued economic growth. It is practical
and achievable (Alberta's Oil Sands 10).
Although the government is trying to lessen the water impact, they are quite late, and some of the
impacts are not possible to be fixed at this point. Another affect of the toxic water seeping into the
river is the impacts it has on the nearby First Nations communities. The First Nations people in Fort
Chipewyan are so concerned about the affects the are begin forced to consider leaving the town built
by their ancestors (*2). The once

Gender Differences In Video Games
Aggression is behavior intended to harm another individual who is motivated to avoid that harm.
(Anderson and Bushman 354). Being that a connection between aggression and violent video games
makes the statement, males have more aggression after exposure to violent video games than
females true in every aspect. Identifying the absolute fact behind the claim defines the clear purpose
of the argument. With connecting school shootings, different types of video games, and overall
statistics of the male verse female relation, will make the conclusion stomp on all beliefs as well as
only provide the upmost reliable truth to the claim. Leading in with school shootings forms the
starting point.
While examining all information on violent video games ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
More than half of the video games purchased are from underage children. The sheer scope of media
choices renders futile any effort to rein in content through regulations. Regulations which nobody
seemed to follow or obey. Occasional pixilated displays of violence or sex can be found in some
games that are sometimes sold to children. These comprise a tiny part of the total array of media
content freely available to anyone. (Koffler 51). Further, hearing from Mark and Keisha Hoerrner,
parents allow the exposure to violent video games, without even checking the industry ratings.
Victims susceptible to increased aggression learn that violence is acceptable to solve problems, and
they perfect the art of shooting as though the virtual gun was a real weapon (39). Hoerrners' concede
that parents need to be aware of the inappropriate content that is viewed, as well as inform the
players reality to socially acceptable behavior in the real world. The Hoerrners and Koffler agree to
such statement that violent video games don't have any further effect on aggression, due to the fault
of parents and the video games stores themselves. Even though such belief is valid in the sense that
parents have to have a watchful eye, but in order to make the statement true, more information must
be

Are We At War With Terrorists?
Are we at war with terrorists? What about the "Global War on Terrorism"? That sure was a catch
phrase in the early 2000s. Don't we currently have troops in Iraq and Syria? Aren't we at war with
ISIL? All of the answers to these questions are very complicated. We are not currently, legally, at
war with ISIL. But why aren't we? I thought we were dropping tens of thousands of bombs on
Raqqa? On September 18th, 2001, Congress enacted the "AUMF", Authorization for the use of
Military Force. The AUMF was at the request of President Bush, in response to the September 11th,
2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center buildings in New York City. The AUMF granted
the President the authority "to use all necessary and appropriate force against those... he determines
planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11th,
2001, or harbored [those who did]." (www.acslaw.org) Al Qaeda was identified as the terrorist group
that was responsible for the attack and thus was targeted by the United States Military for the next
fourteen years. The AUMF has been referred to as the global war on terror, but that would be an
untrue nickname, as the AUMF only authorizes force against those responsible for the September
11th attacks. Osama Bin Laden was identified as the leader of Al Qaeda and subsequently was killed
in a raid in Abbottabad, Pakistan on May 2nd, 2011. So far, conflict in the Philippines, Afghanistan,
Pakistan, Iraq and Djibouti

Trade in the Iron Age Essay
Distinguishing between the many diverse archaeological periods is typically done in two ways. The
first way to differentiate between two periods is to notice if there is a clear boundary or separation
among the archaeological remains. The second way is by looking at the periods from a historical
standpoint, and noting any major historical event that led to a significant social and/or political
change. Though there are other ways to do this, these are the two most common and useful methods.
Both of these techniques make it possible to recognize the differences in archaeological time
periods.
In Palestine, the transition from the Late Bronze to the Iron I period is marked by a noticeable
"widespread destruction of the Canaanite city–states ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Iron Age was heavily influenced by the cultures of Egypt, which was seen through the pottery
and building styles found during that time. Egyptian culture and Canaanite culture played a large
role in the creation of pottery and architecture, as well as the formation of cities, during the Iron Age
and beyond.
The area now known as the Levant is a region consisting of Canaan, Transjordan, and Syria–
Lebanon. International routes connecting Mesopotamia, Egypt, Asia Minor, and the Aegean ran
straight through this area. As a result of the ideal geographic location, the Levant served as a
crossroads for trade and exchange throughout a great deal of antiquity. This area was repeatedly
under the control of hostile dictators, and it played host to foreign merchants as well as "giving birth
to native traders who journeyed to far–flung destination and returned with exotic goods" (Cline
360). Although international exchanges of everyday and exotic materials had been going on for
hundreds of years before the reign of King Solomon, the most well known period of trade and
exchange is the period during the time of his reign. These international exchanges continued for
more than a millennium after his reign as well (Cline 360).
Really significant international relations between the Levant and the outside world began in the
second millennium BCE. Some epigraphic and textual documentation exists that complements the
material goods and evidence from this period.

Turks Moors And Englishmen During The Age Of Discovery By...
Turks Moors and Englishmen during the age of discovery, by Nabil Matar, presents the complex
interactions between Muslims and Englishmen. To examine these interactions, Nabil Matar uses a
variety of resources such as memoirs of captives, Arabic Chronicles, North African history, and the
writings of Englishmen whom were living in Morocco and Egypt. Majority of these resources depict
the negative conceptions of Native Americans that were implied on the Turks and Moors by the
Englishmen. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Englishmen were portraying the Native
Americans as homosexuals, vile, and atrocious people. This negative perception made them believe
that it was their moral duty to conquer and civilize these people. In order to conquer and rule over
the Muslims in North Africa and Middle East, they adopted the same strategy. Matar is able to show
the shifting attitude and attributes of the English in dehumanizing the once dominant Muslims of
North Africa and Levant. Matar considers the importance of the English–Muslim–American triangle
was in setting the platform for colonialism and racism through the writings and practices that were
produced during the English Renaissance.
Turks Moors and Englishmen during the age of discovery gives is an insightful narration on how
Muslims were treated as they visited England during the Elizabethan and Stuart periods. The
Muslims were not refugees that were looking for work opportunities, unlike the Jews, neither were
they

ISIS Research Paper
One international terrorist organization likely to conduct a terrorist attack in the United States is the
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, also known as ISIL or ISIS. ISIS isn't just an organization
likely to conduct a terrorist attack in the United States, but a terrorist organization who has already
done so and won't continue to stop. It seems recently that ISIS has been claiming public attacks and
attack attempts. For example, just recently a terrorist attack was thwarted on a train to Paris, where
military members stopped a gunman before they were able to kill anyone. The Islamic State of Iraq
and the Levant has been around since approximately 2004 and has gone by many other names since
then. ISIS is a well–organized group and uses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant are more commonly known to the public as ISIS, they also
referred to ISIS by media corporations as well. ISIS has combined with a few terrorist groups in the
past but has also not made friends with other groups. "Finally, in April 2013, the leader of the ISI,
Abu Bakr al–Baghdadi, announced in an audio message that his group merged with Jabhat al–Nusra
(JN) in Syria to form the "Islamic State in Iraq and al–Sham.""(Price, 2014). It was also noted in the
same article that because they merged with another group that it did not sit well with other people
and groups. ISIS appears to have a history with groups coming and going into the mix. While it's not
very known what their ideology is, you can very well establish your own perception based off their
actions. Just based off incidents I have seen in the past and recently, they are very violent and will
attack anyone who isn't on their side from civilians to military personnel. "ISIL's goal is to solidify
and expand its control of territory and govern by implementing its violent interpretation of sharia
law. The group aspires to overthrow governments in the

Ritual Practices in Neolithic Levant, Mesopotamia, Near East
Changes of Ritual Practices in Neolithic Levant Throughout Mesopotamian history humans found
ways of relating to the world through the environment and supernatural entities. When we study the
relationship Mesopotamians had with their world, we see a symbolic system of communication that
developed from ideology and belief systems. These symbolic systems of communication can be
called "rituals", which were created differently in different areas and time periods, and which were
always changing. As defined by Firth (1951), ritual is "a kind of patterned activity oriented towards
the control of human affairs, primarily symbolic in character with a non–empirical referent, and as a
rule socially sanctioned" (p. 222). Using archeological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New evidence of ritual activity in the PPNB comes from the cult buildings/shrines and
temple/sanctuary structures. Specifically, the circular cult buildings were small, suggesting they
were not available for everyone's use. And the temple/sanctuary may have been for use by most, if
not all, of 'Ain Ghazal residents–represented by its large terrace wall and the large amount of labor
needed for its construction (Rollefson, 2000, p. 175). Ritual traditions are evidenced to have
changed quite dramatically from PPNB to PPNC through burial practices. Five prominent changes
occurred: 1) decapitation of the deceased no longer occurred; 2) subfloor burials did not occur past
the early PPNC, and instead burials were in courtyards; 3) there was a nearly equal number of
primary and secondary burials which Rollefson says is suggestive of a large part of the village
population as only part–time residents; 4) the production and use of figurines decreased
dramatically, possibly indicating that individual levels of interactions with spirits decreased as a
ritual practice; and 5) the pig bones found in (mostly secondary) burials may represent of the
relationship the person had with animals such as full–time 'Ain Ghazal resident farmers and
pastoralists (Rollefson, 2000, p. 178–9). The last period that occurred in 'Ain Ghazal was the
Yarmukian, which had the lowest population level in over 2,000 years. Only

Boys And Violence: A Gender-Informed Analysis
Violence is a situation that believes to be growing bigger in man places around the world. In the
sample research paper Boys and Violence: A Gender–Informed Analysis by June Feder, Ronald F.
Levant, and James Dean; what caught my attention was the topic itself, reading about the violence
and what conducts is, has me relate it to the violence that's taking place all around the world today.
The title of the article itself got me asking questions about violence because I can relate to it because
I'm a male and the article is about males. The article started off with summarizing the main points of
the article, which made it easier to determine what the article will consist of. Due to this writing
technique the paper got my attention and wanted

The Stateless Society: The Spanish Revolution Of 1936
It is worth to know that peasants represented almost 70% of the population in Spain and that social
poverty in addition to the sense of collective solidarity led Spanish people marry with libertarian
ideas and therefore gather tightly for the common good. On one side there were the peasants, the
working class, the communist libertarians coalesced for primary necessities: hungry for food and for
land. Deployed on the other side there was the Right made up of monarchists and conservatives
holding very tight for a nationalist Spain. (Sam Dolgoff, 1974) In terms of social revolution the
Spanish Civil War was (especially for anarchists) a victorious moment for the working class for the
reason why it went closer to the ideal stateless society "then ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Visual and performing arts were certainly, interlaced with politics most of the time, taking part in
many of these other approaches or at least, without doubt, they were parallel and always present.
Such collectives are described in the volume called Collectivism after Modernism: The Art of Social
Imagination after 1945 edited by Blake Stimson and Gregory Sholette in which Jelena Stojanovic'
text explores the most influential art collectives before and after Modernism. It is also coherent,
along with what has been said so far in the chapter, saying that "The Internationaleries" (as Jelena
categorise the main art collectives in Europe) managed to spread their thoughts in a considerable
scale even though the lack of institutional bridges that would had otherwise encouraged cultural
exchange was

Merneptah Stele Research Paper
Abraham and his wife, Sarah, have a son, in 2066BC, whose named Issac. Issac and his wife,
Rebecca, have two sons named, in 2006BC, Jacob and Esau. Jacob with his two wives, Leah and
Rachel, and his wives two handmaidens Bilhah and Zilpah, fathers a total of 12 sons and one
daughter, sometime around 1921BC. Later on, his named is changed by God into Israel and the
families of his 12 children become the Twelve Tribes of Israel, which later on they became known
as the Israelites. The Old Testament mentions, in Genesis and Exodus, the details concerning the
history of the Israelites. There is, however, no recorded historical evidence written by the Egyptians
or the Greeks that confirm the existence of a large population of Israelites, from 1875 ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, recently opinions from C.F. Aling. and David Rohl has changed this opinion. During
1650BC, there was descension between Egypt's military, religious and government leaders.
Consequently this allowed a slower migration of the Hyksos into the northeastern part of the Nile
River Delta region. Upon their establishing a settlement in Avaris, the Hyksos took advantage of the
weakened conditions of Egypt's military and government by using their own military to assume
control of the

Natural Gas During The Middle East And Other Opec Members
Introduction James Buchan, renowned journalist and political pundit, stated in a 2006 edition of the
New Statesman, "A century ago, petroleum – what we call oil – was just an obscure commodity;
today it is almost as vital to human existence as water." Had Mr. Buchan been writing this article
today, it is likely that he would argue oil is more vital to human existence than water. There is no
denying the human dependence on oil, relying on it to provide us light and heat, power our
machines, and transport us throughout the globe. Almost forty years ago much of the western
discourse on oil was dedicated to forecasting the future of oil, making predictions on where it would
come from, who would control it, and how much it would cost. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Tensions between Israel and Gaza, the turbulent political make–up in Syria, and the deep–rooted
dispute between Turkey and Cyprus were initial challenges that have only intensified with continued
resource discoveries. These political constraints have profound implications on commercial
prospects for the natural gas considering they have delayed or completely called off bidding rounds
for petroleum companies. The purpose of this paper is to provide an analytical report on the
economic realities of the natural resource findings in the Eastern Mediterranean region. It will focus
on the parties involved including state and non–state actors. It will probe the potential opportunities
for extraction, looking specifically at the possibility of monetizing the resources for all players.
Finally, it will assess the challenges needed to overcome in order to make any option a viable one.
Assessment of Reserves by Country The United States Geological Survey estimated that the
Levantine Basin exceeds 3455 Billion cubic meters (Bcm) in natural gas resources. With the recent
discoveries off the coast of Cyprus and Israel, the total estimated reserves have skyrocketed. As of
2013, the discoveries for each nation are as follows:
1. Israel
By 2013, the two major Israeli discoveries consisted of the Leviathan and Tamar gas

Informative Essay : Islamic State Of Iraq And Levant
Informative Essay on Islamic State Introduction
Islamic state of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) also rendered as Islamic state of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), also
known as the Arabic phrase Da'esh and self–described as Islamic State was formed in April 2003 but
was established in 2006, growing out of al– Qaeda in Iraq. It has since been abjured by al– Qaeda.
Isis has a treasury of 2 billion making it the richest terrorist organization also it has become one of
the main jihadist groups fighting government forces in Syria and Iraq because of it vast amount of
fighters estimated from 7,000–12,000 with 3,000–5,000 being foreign fighters. The leader of ISIS is
Abu Bakr al–Baghdadi. Not many people know about but it is believed that he was born north of
Baghdad, in 1971 and joined the armed rebellion against the US that erupted in Iraq soon after the
2003 US–led invasion.
Who leads ISIS? Once a talented footballer in his local mosque Abu Bakr al–Baghdadi is now the
most wanted jihadist leader, head of Isis, is now deemed one of the most powerful jihadist leaders in
the world. He took over as leader of Al–Qaeda in Iraq in 2010 after its former leaders Abu Musab
al–Zarqawi who died in a 2006 US led airstrike and Abu Omar al–Baghdadi was killed in a 2010
attack by US and Iraqi troops. He declares himself as the "caliph" of Islam meaning an Islamic state
led by a supreme religious and political leader and the ruler of 1.3 billion Muslims. Al – Baghdadi
spent many of his formative years

Elba Tablets Research Paper
Known as the Elba Tablets, dated from 2500 to 2250BC, consisted of a collection of as many as
1,800 different clay tablets along with 4,700 fragments as well as many thousand minor chips.
Written in two different languages with clay identity tags attached to them with the first language
being Sumerian and the second language being an unknown language but similar to Sumerian which
eventually the archaeologists named "Eblaite." Most of the tablets provided information on Syria
and Canaan of the Early Bronze Age, of 3300 to 2100BC. The tablets consisted of economic records
and inventories along with commercial and political relations with other cities that existed in the
Levant at this time. At the beginning Giovanni Pettinato along with others of his group found what
they thought was references to the Old Testament. A controversy began concerning ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The monarchy of David and Solomon as described in the Old Testament as a regional power was in
reality a small tribal kingdom along with the lack of evidence that the Temple of Solomon ever
existed. Archaeologists have found no historical or archaeological evidence to back the biblical
narrative of the Exodus, the Jews' wandering in Sinai or Joshua's military conquest of Canaan.
Concerning the Temple of Solomon, it is the opinion of archaeologist and historian Israel
Finkelstein, currently there is no archaeological evidence to prove the existence of the Temple of

The Group Islamic State Of Iraq And Levant
The group Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) is a jihadist group predominantly active in the
Middle Eastern countries of Iraq and Syria. In addition, the (ISIL) group is also attempting to gain
authority over other countries in the neighboring region of Turkey, Jordan, Israel, and Iran. The
Islamic State of Iraq and Levant's expansion is fueled by political aspirations legitimized through
fundamentalist Sunni views of religion. They claim that they are a religious movement that will
establish once and for all, a universalist Islamic identity under the supreme leader, Al–Baghdadi
who has self–proclaimed the title of Caliph, the rightful political and religious ruler of the universal
Ummah. These actions have unleashed a wave of new violence against minority, ethnic, and
religious groups as well as the beheading of several Western journalists and citizens. Their methods
of coercion and violence are aimed at the fragmented political and religious groups trying to make
sense of a regional sectarian conflict that has claimed millions of lives and displaced millions more
into refugee sanctuaries. Furthermore, their movement is a response to Western political ideologies
that have imposed political, social, and cultural norms that are inconsistent with Islamic religious
views. First, through the Colonialist experience, and later through post–colonial, Cold War, post–
Cold War and post 9/11 events. In my opinion, the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant is trying to
accomplish

Egyptian Cattle Research Paper
The Egyptians of ancient time domesticated cattle that became known as the Egyptian Cattle.
The Fayum area is the first evidence that they ever roamed the earth dating back to the 8th
millennium BC. The domestic cattle of today are believed to be related to the ancient Egyptian
Cattle.
The ancient cattle from Egypt did not have the usual hump. They had 2 different types of horns.
Some of them had huge horns that were spread wide apart. They would arch inward and then urn
outward. Some would have shorter horns and they would have the same shape.
Egyptian art shows these cattle as being black, brown, brown and white, white spotted, black and
white and white.
No one really knows where the Egyptian Cattle originated. There are many people

Frankish Culture
There were many topics that held my interest but many have already been fully fleshed out in
academic literature. Something that has not been fully explored and still debated is the relationship
of the settled Franks and the native people of the Levant. The crusades were nothing less than a full
on invasion into a foreign and harsh landscape with minimal knowledge of the culture and
landscapes they would have soon encounter. It was incredibly important to the survival of the initial
crusaders and then the crusaders states that they had to adapt from their own European customs to
those of the native Arab populations. The Crusaders became a ruling minority, but not without the
Arabization of their own culture into something that became unique ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When researching a topic pertaining to culture it will be imperative to research from both sides of
the culture. To dissuade against bias it was be equally important to include contemporary accounts
from contemporary arabs and muslims. One important primary source is Travels by Ibn Jubayr's
who lived in the twelfth century. Ibn Jubayr was a geographer who travelled around the Levant
while recording what he saw and experienced, including references to the assimilation of the franks
into Muslim culture. For secondary sources I have requested a few books that relate to the cultures
of the crusades and the interactions between them. One such book is The crusades, christianity and
islam by Jonathan Riley–Smith is a short summary of the dynamic between the two cultures. I have
also requested a thesis by a URI graduate student about the arabization of the knights templar. The
thesis does not directly relate because it deals with the military order but it does explore the same
underlying theme of the transition of europeans into something more

John Steinbeck's East of Eden
Biblical Symbolism in East of Eden
Throughout the novel East of Eden, Steinbeck uses many biblical references to illustrate clearly the
conflict between the opposing forces of good and evil. Much of the plot of East of Eden is centered
upon the two sets of brothers representing Cain and Abel. Both pairs are similar to Cain and Abel in
the way they go about winning their fathers' favors. All four give gifts to their fathers, and the
fathers dismiss the gifts of Charles and Caleb, the Cain representations (Marks, Jay Lester. p.121).
Caleb and Charles Trask are obviously the more malignant brothers. They are also the more loving
towards their father. Steinbeck's purpose in this is to illustrate the need of the Cain character in ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cathy–Kate combines many biblical figures as well. She is not only Eve, but she is Cain's wife and
the serpent of Eden as well (Fonterose, Joseph. p.3380). Thus she is the representation of evil too.
Cathy is evil to the point where she is not human. Her presence in the novel is meant to represent
evil and all of its cruel intentions. All of her deeds are intended to show how far from the real world
Cathy actually is (Howard, Levant. p. 245). Steinbeck compares Cathy to other prostitutes in Salinas
Valley, the setting of East of Eden. She is described as the only whore who is incapable of being a
good person. She is an inhuman being whose life revolves around cruelty and wrongdoing. She is
solely satanic and destroys the innocence of man (Marks, Jay Lester. p. 126–127).
John Steinbeck includes more of the tale of Genesis: 4 than is actually told in the bible. The basis of
this is a Jewish story involving twin sisters of both Cain and Abel. The two disputed over Abel's
twin whom Abel was to marry. Cain murdered Abel and wed the twin sister of his brother
(Fonterose, Joseph. p.3380). The story differs also in that it is Abel who leaves his home instead of
Cain. Abel found his Eden, represented by Salinas Valley, but lost it after fathering a second
generation very similar to the first, Caleb representing Cain and Aron representing Abel (Fonterose,
Joseph. p.3379). The story is changed by Steinbeck to illustrate

Why Did The Hittite And Egyptian Empires Fight?
While realism is a relatively new theory in the history of human states and warfare, it is still possible
to expand it back before its birth. In the 13th century BC there were two major powers in the Middle
East, the Egyptians under Pharaoh Ramses II and the Hittites under the guidance of Kings Muwatali
II and Hattusili III. They were fighting over a stretch of land in what are now Israel, Palestine,
Southern Turkey and Syria, otherwise known as the Levant. Both rulers claimed the territory and
fought each other in the Battle of Qadesh in 1274 BC. The resulting peace treaty, the first diplomatic
agreement from the Near East, was negotiated in 1259 BC. This peace treaty has been a hotspot of
debate to this day over whether the Egyptian or Hittite narrative is more accurate. A few of the
questions that this paper will address are: Why did the Hittite and Egyptian empires fight? Who
were the main influences on foreign policy in the Ancient Near East? How did the internal
characteristics of the two states play a role in the conflict and peace treaty? How did the nascent
international system play a role in the war, stalemate, and peace treaty? The lack of any international
system at this early stage of human civilization caused the warfare, the fifteen year gap between the
battle and the peace treaty, and made it necessary for the two powers to seek peace as an alternative
to sustained war. This lack of international system, and its subsequent creation, was compounded by
the

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