5. Treaty of Versailles
• Territorial
• The following land was taken away from Germany :
• Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
• Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
• Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
• Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
• West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
• Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Some
of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. An
enlarged Poland also received some of this land
6. Treaty of Versailles
• Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not
allowed tanks
• Germany was not allowed to have an air force
• Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines
• The Rhineland was made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ)
• No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone
• The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank
of the Rhine for 15 years
7. Treaty of Versailles
• Financial
• The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to
Germany’s economy
• Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular
• Germany had to pay $33 billion to the Allies(GB/France)
8. Treaty of Versailles
• General
• 1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause
231 - the infamous "War Guilt Clause".
• 2. Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria
• 3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
9. The German Reaction to the Treaty of Versailles
• There was anger throughout Germany when the terms were
made public
• The Treaty was seen by many Germans as being forced on them
and the Germans had no choice but to sign it
• Many in Germany did not want the Treaty signed
• German representatives in Paris knew that they had no choice
as Germany was incapable of restarting the war again
• Many right wing groups such as the Nazis believed in the
Dolchstoss Theory(Stab in the Back Theory)
• Blamed the “November Criminals”(the Weimer Republic) for
accepting treaty
21. Mein Kampf(My Struggle) Excerpts
• “If, with the help of his Marxist creed, the Jew is victorious over the other peoples of the world,
his crown will be the funeral wreath of humanity and this planet will, as it did thousands of
years ago, move through the ether devoid of men.”
• “Hence today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by
defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord.”
• “Here he stops at nothing, and in his vileness he becomes so gigantic that no one need be
surprised if among our people the personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes
the living shape of the Jew.”
• “With satanic joy in his face, the black-haired Jewish youth lurks in wait for the unsuspecting
girl whom he defiles with his blood, thus stealing her from her people. With every means he
tries to destroy the racial foundations of the people he has set out to subjugate. Just as he
himself systematically ruins women and girls, he does not shrink back from pulling down the
blood barriers for others, even on a large scale. It was and it is Jews who bring the Negroes into
the Rhineland, always with the same secret thought and clear aim of ruining the hated white
race by the necessarily resulting bastardization, throwing it down from its cultural and political
height, and himself rising to be its master.”
22. Hitler Rise To Power
• Hitler is appointed
Chancellor is 1933
• President Paul von
Hindenburg dies shortly
after and Hitler dissolves
the Weimer Republic
•Early Actions of Hitler:
•Drops out of the
League of Nations
•Starts rearming
Germany
•Rearms the German
Rhineland area
28. Munich Conference--Chamberlain: “Peace for our
time”
• Hitler was given the Sudetenland
of Czechoslovakia
• Hitler promised that he was
done taking over territories
• Hitler wanted to re-unite all
German speaking people
• Became know as the “Policy of
Appeasement”
33. Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact
German Ambassador von
Ribbentrop and Soviet dictator
Stalin laugh as Molotov signs
the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression
Pact on August 23, 1939
34. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
• Russia gave raw materials to Germany in exchange for
money and weapons
• Both agreed to stay neutral if the other entered the
war
• Secretly agreed to invade and split Poland. Germany
would get the western half and USSR the eastern half
• Russia would get Finland, Estonia and Latvia and
Germany would get Lithuania
35.
36. How did the world react to this pact?
• Shock
• Poland was scared
• Hitler thought it would force Great Britain and France to back out of
their promise to help Poland if attacked
38. Blitzkrieg-Lightning War-Video
1. Airforce attacks enemy front-line and rear positions, main roads, airfields and
communication centers. At the same time, infantry attacks on the entire frontline and
engages enemy.
2. Tank(panzer) units breakthrough main lines of defense and advance deeper into enemy
territory. While following, mechanized units pursue and engage defenders preventing
them from establishing defensive positions. Infantry continues to engage enemy for the
same reason.
3. Infantry attacks enemy flanks in order to link up with other groups to complete the
attack and eventually encircle the enemy and/or capture strategic position.
4. Mechanized groups go deeper into the enemy territory outflanking the enemy
positions and preventing withdrawing troops and defenders from establishing effective
defensive positions.
5. Main force links up with other units encircling and cutting off the enemy.
6. Goal was to achieve victory as quickly as possible
64. "What General Weygand called the Battle of France is over. I expect that
the Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the
survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life and
the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and
might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us now. Hitler knows
that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand
up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move
forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world,
including the United States, including all that we have known and cared
for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age, made more sinister, and
perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us
therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the
British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will
say, "This was their finest hour."
Winston Churchill
65. Nazi Goals
1. Destroy the Royal Air Force(before invasion was
possible-hopefully by 9-15)
2. Attack and destroy the British Navy
3. Attack British troops
4. Once air control was gained, the invasion of Great
Britain would begin
**Germany never succeeded in achieving #1
**German bombers did so poorly against the RAF that they
started bombing at night only
**Great Britain was aided heavily by the radar and Ultra
70. German Invasion of USSR-June, 1941
• Final Plan for Operation
Barbarossa
71. Scorched Earth Policy
• Stalin demanded this of the Soviet
troops as they retreated
• What is this?
72. Battle for Moscow
• The Soviet Winter
Counteroffensive
December 6, 1941 -
April 30, 1942
• The Russian winter sets
in and make is a huge
turning point in the war
73. Battle of Stalingrad:
Winter of 1942-1943
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns 13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks 894 tanks
1,216 planes 1,115 planes
• Around two million total casualties
74. Siege of Leningrad
• On August 30th 1941, the Germans took over Leningrad's railroads,
cutting them off from the rest of Russia and the world.
• Unlike the Battle of Stalingrad, the Germans surrounded the city to
starve the city into submission
• Between November 1941 and October 1942, 641,000 people died of
starvation
• People resorted to eating rats, wallpaper paste and some resorted to
cannibalism
• Finally, a successful Russian counter-offensive at Stalingrad, drained
necessary resources the Germans needed to continue the blockade,
and eventually, it failed
• The Germans never took Leningrad, but it was one of the most costly
conflicts Russia had ever faced-over one million died
75. The North Africa Campaign:
The Battle of El Alamein, 1942
Gen. Ernst Rommel,
The “Desert Fox”
Gen. Bernard
Law
Montgomery
(“Monty”)
76.
77. The Italian Campaign
[“Operation Torch”] :
Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”
Allies plan assault on
weakest Axis area -
North Africa - Nov.
1942-May 1943
George S. Patton leads
American troops
Germans trapped in
Tunisia - surrender
over 275,000 troops.
78. The Battle for Sicily:
June, 1943
General
George S. Patton
88. July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
Major Claus von
Stauffenberg
89. July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
1. Adolf Hitler
2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel
3. Gen Alfred von Jodl
4. Gen Walter Warlimont
5. Franz von Sonnleithner
6. Maj Herbert Buchs
7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz
8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein
9. Col Nikolaus von Below
10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss
11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant
12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured)
13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend
14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured)
95. Nazi Propaganda
• "All propaganda must be so popular and on such an
intellectual level, that even the most stupid of those
toward whom it is directed will understand
it... Through clever and constant application of
propaganda, people can be made to see paradise as
hell, and also the other way around, to consider the
most wretched sort of life as paradise."
• -- Adolf Hitler
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102. The Holocaust
•The genocide of approximately six million European Jews
during World War II
• A program of systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi
Germany throughout Nazi-occupied territory
• Approximately two-thirds of the population of nine million Jews
who had lived in Europe before the Holocaust died
• Some say that the definition of the Holocaust should also include
the Nazis' killing of millions of people in other groups from
Germany and other occupied territory
• By this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims would
be between 11 million and 17 million people
103. Who was inferior according to Hitler?
1. Jews(6 million dead)
2. Gypsies(500,000 to 1.5 million)
3. mentally/physically handicapped people(75,000 to 250,000)
4. Soviet Slavs/POW’s/Troops-(16.5 million)The Russian Academy of Science in 1995 reported civilian
victims in the USSR, including Jews, at German hands totaled 13.7 million dead including 7.4 million victims of Nazi
genocide, 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease
deaths in occupied territory. German captors killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet POWs through starvation, exposure,
and execution
5. Poles(2.5 million dead)
6. Homosexuals(5-15 thousand dead)
7. communists/socialists(many but number not confirmed)
8. dark skinned people(death and forced sterilization)
9. mixed races-"The mulatto children came about through rape or the white mother
was a whore," Adolf Hitler
10. Jehovah’s Witnesses(2,500-5,000)
104. What is the Aryan Race?
•Nazis used term to refer to a so-called master
race that originated around Germany
•Perfect Aryan was blonde, blue-eyed, tall and
muscular
•The original term refers to a people speaking a
Indo-European dialect
105. Lebensborn-Fount of Life
• The program aimed to promote the growth of "superior"
Aryan populations by providing excellent health care and
living conditions to women and by restricting access to
those deemed “fit”
• Houses were set up throughout Germany and many
occupied territories
• Many Lebensborn children were born to unwed mothers
which helped lead to many rumors of rape.
• Contrary to widespread rumors, women were not forced
to have relations with Aryan Germans
106. Hitler’s Jewish Question-1933
•Nazis "temporarily" suspend civil liberties for all citizens
in 1933-Never restored.
•The Nazis set up the first concentration camp at Dachau
in 1933. The first inmates are 200 Communists.
•Jews are prohibited from working as civil servants,
doctors in the National Health Service, and teachers in
public high schools. All but few Jewish students are
banned from public high schools and colleges.
107. Nuremburg Laws 1935
1. Took away German citizenship from Jews thus making Jews second class
citizens by removing their basic civil rights.
2. Established membership in the Jewish race as being anyone who either
considered themselves Jewish or had three or four Jewish grandparents.
People with one or two Jewish grandparents were considered to be
mixed race.
- eventually anyone with at least one Jewish grandparent was at risk in
Nazi Germany
3. Jews could only marry Jews
4. No sexual relations between non-Jewish Germans and Jews
109. Kristallnacht-1938
“Night of the Broken Glass”
•On the nights of November 9 and 10, 1938, the Nazis
roamed through Jewish neighborhoods breaking windows
of Jewish businesses and homes, burning synagogues and
looting.
•In all, 101 synagogues were destroyed and almost 7,500
Jewish businesses were destroyed.
•26,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration
camps.
•Jews were physically attacked and beaten and 91 died in
the attack.
112. 1938-Cont.
• All Jewish children are expelled from public schools in
Germany and Austria.
• Nazis take control of Jewish-owned businesses.
113. 1939
•Hitler orders the systematic murder
of the mentally and physically
disabled in Germany and Austria
•Jews are required to wear
armbands or yellow stars
114. 1940
• Nazis begin deporting German
Jews to Poland
• Jews are forced into ghettos
• Nazis begin the first mass murder
of Jews in Poland
120. 1941
• Jews throughout Eastern Europe are forced into
ghettos
• In two days, German units shoot 33,771 Ukrainian
Jews at BabiYar- the largest single massacre of the
Holocaust
• The death camp at Chelmno in Poland begins
murdering Jews
121. 1942
• Nazi officials announce "Final Solution"- their plan to kill all
European Jews
• Five death camps begin operation in Poland: Majdanek, Sobibor,
Treblinka, Belzec, and Auschwitz-Birkenau
• Ghettos of Eastern Europe are being emptied as thousands of Jews
are shipped to death camps.
• The United States, Great Britian, and the Soviet Union acknowledge
that Germans are exterminating the Jews of Europe.
122. 1943
•Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto resist as the Nazis begin new
rounds of deportations. These Jews hold out for nearly a
month before the Nazis put down the uprising.
123. 1944
•Hitler takes over Hungary and begins deporting 12,000
Hungarian Jews each day to Auschwitz where they are
murdered
124. 1945
• Hitler is defeated and World War II ends in Europe.
• The Holocaust is over and the death camps are found
emptied.
• Many survivors are placed in displaced persons camps
until they find a country willing to accept them.
125. 1947
• The United Nations establishes a Jewish homeland in
British- controlled Palestine, which becomes the State
of Israel in 1948.
