Polyethylene Glycol 3353 Lab

Polyethylene Glycol 3353 Lab
Question of the day: What factors correlate to the time it takes for polyethylene glycol 3350 to dissolve?
Hypothesis: Dissolve time has a direct negative correlation to temperature.
Experimental Method: Polyethylene glycol 3350(PEG) was placed in water in order to measure the amount of time it took for the PEG to dissolve.
The amount of both PEG and water were the same for each trial, the only changing factor was the temperature of the water. Timing started the moment
PEG was placed into water, and the timer was stopped once PEG was dissolved.
Results:
TrialTemperature(п‚°C)Time(s)PEG(g)Water(mL)
123.0135.705.001100.0
230.0138.055.003100.0
340.059.145.000100.0
450.034.585.000100.0
560.032.885.002100.0
Trial 2's data
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A Brief Note On Polyethylene : How Does The Industry Work?...
Rsm437 Assignment 3
Q1: how does the industry work?
Polyethylene is a petrochemical product that has been widely used in the plastic manufacturing, such as packaging, trash bins, and food containers. It is
produced mainly from the polymerization process of ethylene, which is an ingredient derived from cracking crude oil and natural gas. There are three
types of polyethylene: low–density polyethylene (LDPE); high density polyethylene (HDPE); and low linear density polyethylene (LLDPE), and each
of them has distinctive commercial applications.
Polyethylene industry is considered as highly capital intensive since it requires large plant size to sustain the enormous production capacity and so as
to fulfill the huge demand of the industry. Therefore, in order to be competitive and successful in this industry, the need for economies of scale is vital,
since it contributes to greater revenues and sales volume of the company with a great proportion of saving in the costs. Also, the industry's profitability
is highly correlated to the company's operating rate, which also refers to the capacity utilization rate of the company. The higher the percentage of the
company's total capacity is being used, the higher profit margins are accompanied by. However, notice that an excessive operating rate that
over–utilizes the company's available resources would lead to an oversupply of the production in the industry, which pulls down polyethylene's market
price and deteriorates the company's

Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate Essay
Recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate
In the United States, over 245 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) was produced by consumers in 2005. This is approximately 4.5 pounds of
trash per person per day.[3] This same year, 79 million tons of waste were recycled, a dramatic increase from 15 million tons in 1980.[3] Of the total
MSW in 2003,11.1% (26.7 million tons) was plastic. Although only 3.9% of plastics disposed in 2003 were recycled, PET was recovered at a rate of
25%.[4]
There are six classifications of plastics, each assigned a number. Numbers 1 and 2 are commonly recycled, 4 is recycled less, and the others are
generally not recycled. The first is polyethylene terephthalate (PET).[2] PET is commonly used in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other plastics, marked with a 7, are made of mixtures of plastics and have no recycling potential.[2]
The plastic Grace and I chose was polyethylene terephthalate. It is used for water and soft drink bottles, peanut butter jars, and other impact–resistant
bottles as well as textiles.[1] PET is a semi–crystalline, thermoplastic polyester.[6] Its mechanical properties include excellent tensile and impact
strength, chemical resistance, clarity, processability, color ability and thermal stability. PET is mechanically processed by extrusion, injection molding,
and blow molding.[1] The post consumer PET recycling industry was initiated by the fact that it is non–degradable in nature, since its molecules are
too large to decompose.[1] There are four methods of processing PET: primary, mechanical, chemical, and energy recovery.[6] Primary recycling is
the most popular, inexpensive method as it deals only with uncontaminated, clean waste PET. This ensures a quality product. Mechanical recycling of
PET consists of contamination removal and extrusion into the appropriate shape for the desired use after recycling. In contamination removal, the
PET bottles are sorted, ground into flakes, and washed. PVC must be separated from bottles in order to keep the product as pure as possible.[1] After
grinding, flakes are washed with water and detergent or a solvent. Flakes must be dried thoroughly in order to obtain a quality product. Finally, flakes
are

Macromolecules: What Is Polymers?
Polymers
Polymers are large molecules with large molar masses and are composed of many repeating subunits. Also referred to as macromolecules, polymers
both synthetic and natural have a broad range of properties which play a vital role in everyday life. Polymers range from naturally occurring
biopolymers such as DNA, proteins, cellulose and starches to synthetic plastics including polystyrene and polyethylene (Shakhashiri). Polymers are
synthesised using a chemical process known as polymerisation, where individual molecules called monomers are reacted to form chains or three
dimensional networks.
A look at the history of polymers reveals that many of the first discoveries were accidental. Since these discoveries, a whole new area of chemistry ...
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In 1839 Edwin Simon discovered a new chemical named Styrol which he had isolated from a natural resin (EPSA, 2014). Twenty–five years later it
was demonstrated that this hard material was actually a polymer, though the monomer was unstable. By the 1920s, new developments had stabilised it
with the addition of small amounts of aromatic amines and phenols. This stabilisation led to the study of polymerisation throughout the 1920s. Thus it
was not the discovery of the polymer which was important but the later development of it.
The polymerisation of polystyrene works on the same principle as that of polyethylene. The pi–bond between the carbons is broken by the free radical
which forms a sigma–bond to the ethyl group. This allows the second carbon to break another pi–bond, and so on, to form a long chain. Polystyrene is
similar to polyethylene except that it is bonded to a single benzene ring in place of a hydrogen atom, as shown in Figure 4. This benzene ring consists of
six carbon atoms with three

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Domestic Waste: Become A...
Executive Summary:
Waste has become a global problem. It has become very necessary to address this problem, so that energy problems can be solved. 50 million tonnes
of domestic waste is produced every year, and this is a health hazard. Domestic waste is nothing but paper, kitchen waste, and plastic.
Plastic is the common term for a wide range of synthetic or semi–synthetic materials used for a huge and growing range of applications. We can find
plastic in most of the items that we use today, such as our clothes, utensils, toys, bottles etc.
It is a known fact the plastic is a non–biodegradable item. Non–biodegradable means that it cannot be decomposed by natural processes. As a result,
plastic products persist and hence harm the environment. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
into the atmosphere.
ADVANTAGES OFRECYCLING PLASTIC:
Protects Environment: The most important benefit of recycling is that it helps in protecting the environment in a balanced manner. For example, by
using recycled paper, we can reduce deforestation to an extent. A number of other natural resources can be reused this way.
Reduces Energy Consumption: A large amount of energy is consumed by processing raw materials at the time of manufacture. Recycling helps to
minimize energy consumption, which is crucial for massive production, such as mining or refining. This also makes the production process very
cost–effective for manufacturers.
Reduces Pollution: Industrial waste today is the main source of all types of pollution. Recycling of plastic helps to cut down pollution levels
considerably, as these materials are re–used.
Reduces Global Warming: Recycling helps to alleviate global warming and its ill effects. Recycling ensure that the burning process is minimized and
any waste is re–generated as a useful product with minimal harmful impact on the

Reusing Plastic Bottles Research
Introduction:
Enough plastic is thrown away each year to circle the earth four times and 50% of the plastic we use, we only use once and is thrown away. There
is initiate ways for plastic bottles to be reused in a scientific way. We are investigating how the air pressure we can create in a bottle will affect how
high or low it travels. In the process we will be reusing plastic bottles. Will the product inside of the bottle be significant to the explosion it will make?
If a certain amount of alcohol is inserted in the bottle will the rocket malfunction?
Materials:
Description and Properties
Plastic is a material composed of a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic compounds that are malleable and be molded into solid objects. ...
Although heavy and brittle, hardened clay and glass were used for storage. Some natural substances were sticky and moldable. Rubber wasn't very
useful for storage because it eventually lost its ability to leap back into shape and became sticky when heated. The way plastics are manufactured has
evolved from the use of natural plastic materials to the use of chemically modified, natural materials and finally to completely synthetic molecules.
Early plastics were bio–derived materials, which are organic polymers. In 1600 BC, Mesoamericans used natural rubber for balls, bands, and
figurines. In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered a process in which sulfur reacted with crude rubber when heated and then cooled. The rubber became
resilient upon cooling, it could stretch, but it snapped back to its original shape. It also retained its flexibility when heated. We now know that the sulfur
forms chemical bonds between adjacent rubber polymer strands. The bonds cross–link the polymer strands, allowing them to go back to normal when
stretched. Goodyear had discovered the process now known as vulcanization, which made rubber more

The Effect Of Kaolin On The Mechanical Properties Of...
EFFECT OF KAOLIN ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE/ POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITE
MATERIAL
Samir Nassaf Mustafa
ABSTRACT :– In this work, the mechanical and water absorption properties of polymer blend polypropylene (PP) and low density polyethylene
(LDPE) at constant ratio (50/50) composites as a function of kaolin powder weight content in the grain size (100,120 Вµm) were investigated.
Polymer composite was fabricated by mixing polymer blend ( PPLDPE) with (0, 1, 3 ,5, 10, 14) wt.% of kaolin powder to obtain desirable properties.
The parameters such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break , yield stress, impact strength, shore D hardness and water absorption test
were carried out on the prepared samples. The results showed that the addition of kaolin powder to the polymer leads to increase the tensile strength,
modulus of elasticity, shore–D hardness and impact strength and it decreases the % elongation at break,. Water absorption of the composites behaves as
function of time (days) has also been investigated, and it increases by increasing immersion time for the same filler content, while the absorbed amount
of water increases, by increasing the wt% of kaolin at constant immersion time.
Keywords: mechanical properties. polypropylene, low density polyethylene, kaolin, blend, filler.
INTRODUCTION
Polypropylene was proved as one of the most interesting commodity thermoplastics in the last years. Since polypropylene (PP), are widely used in many

Synthetic Polymers Built Up From Multiple Chemical...
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Plastics are commonly used substances which play an important role in almost every aspect of our lives. The widespread generation of plastics waste
needs proper end–of–life management. The highest amount of plastics is found in containers and packaging's (i.e. bottles, packaging, cups etc.), but
they also are found in durables (e.g. tires, building materials, furniture, etc.) and disposable goods (e.g. medical devices). Diversity of plastics
applications is related with their specific properties, low density, easy processing, good mechanical properties, good chemical resistance, excellent
thermal and electrical insulating properties and low cost ( in comparison to other materials) [1].
Polyesters are a class of synthetic polymers built up from multiple chemical repeating units linked together by ester (CO–O) groups. Polyesters display
a wide array of properties and practical applications. Permanent–press fabrics, disposable soft–drink bottles, compact discs, rubber tires, and enamel
paints represent only a few of the products made from this group [2].
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is the most commonly used thermoplastic polyester. It is often called just "polyester" which often causes confusion,
because polyester resins are thermosetting materials. PET is a transparent polymer, with a good mechanical properties and good dimensional stability
under variable load. Moreover, PET has good gas barrier properties and good chemical resistance [3].

The Use Of Ester Interchange Reactions During The...
PRODUCTION OF PET
We utilize the rapidity of ester–interchange reactions during the production process. The acid (terephthalic acid) is converted to the dimethyl ester,
which is further purified by distillation or crystallization. This is then allowed to react with the glycol by ester interchange. The reaction generally is a
two–step reaction a. First, low MW polyester is made with excess of glycol to ensure that the hydroxyl end groups are formed and then the temperature
is raised and pressure is decreased to facilitate condensation of these molecules by ester interchange simultaneously with the loss of glycol. [7]
PET resins can be produced in two ways commercially. These two ways are by using one among dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) orterephthalic acid
(TPA) withEthylene Glycol (EG). These processes are generally known as the DMT Process and the TPA process. The intermediate
bis–(2–hydroxyethyl)–terephthalate monomer (BHET) is produced in both these processes. This is accompanied by methanol when using DMT and
water when using TPA. The BHET intermediate formed is polymerized with heat and catalyst to produce PET resins. The older route is the DMT
process. [8]
Process using DMT [9]
It is a two–step process. The ratio of DMT to EG is generally 2:1. There is the possibility of using either batch operation or continuous operations to
produce PET using DMT. Some basic differences between the batch operation and continuous operations:
In the continuous process the

Dow Chemical Case Study Essay
Dow Chemical Case When PetroquГmica Bahia Blanca S.A. (PBB) began the process of becoming privatized by the Argentine government, Dow
Chemicals saw the acquisition of this company as a golden opportunity to become the leading polyethylene player in Latin America. Dow Chemical's
was already a major player in the chemicals (ethylene), plastics (polyethylene), and agricultural products industries holding position as a low–cost
producer. Breaking each segment of their business down into these categories respectively, Dow Chemicals was able to generate annual revenues of
20.2 billion making them the leader in market position worldwide for some chemical product lines accounting for 7% of global capacity. Dow
embraced a strategy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Polyethylene industry is driven by demand in innovation of new packaging, raising living standards and growing populations in emerging markets.
The demand in end user markets for products that are produced for commercial use by Polyethylene. Polyethylene represented approximately 15% of
Dow's total sales and 35% of its operating profit. Dow was the worldwide leader in production accounting for 7% of the global capacity for the
production of ethylene and polyethylene. Dow Chemical was looking for expansion opportunities in the South American market. In 1995 the
opportunity arose to become apart of the regions ever growing polyethylene market with in Argentina. Argentina's economy opened up with the
elimination of all duties, Charges and other restrictions in the trade between the members of Mercosur, a trading bloc created in 1991 which included
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The petrochemical producers in Argentina will now be competing with the much larger and advanced
Brazilian petrochemical producers. This caused a big disadvantage for Argentina's largest government controlled polyethylene plant PBB(PetroquГmica
Bahia Blanca) complex whose technology and scale was no longer in line with international standards. So the Argentine government decided to
privatize the plant.
Dow chemicals vice president for business development in Latin America, watch the rapid transformation occurring in Argentina. He watched the
improved standard of living in

Polyethylene Essay
advantages, such as light weight, high specific strength and stiffness, excellent energy absorption, good heat and sound insulation and damping
properties [1]. Besides, the polymeric foams are also characterized by the rich variety of products, being liable to improve their physical and chemistry
properties and easiness of controlling the cellularstructures. It is much easier to obtain their products with high performance. As one of the most
popular foams, polypropylene (PP) foam has attracted great interest from researchers during the recent decades. PP foam becomes a kind of important
product that is applied widely in vehicle, construction, aviation, packaging, industry and agriculture, because... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fractured surfaces of sample from impact test were selected for observation in SEM with the accelerating voltage of 15 kV. Before examination,
the non–conductive samples were sputter coated with a thin layer of cold. 2.3.3 Characterization of cellular structure of samples With the SEM
picture of cell morphology, an Image Pro Plus software was applied to analyze and count the diameter (d i) of each cell. Then, the average cell
diameter (d ave) and the variance (D) of cells were obtained according to equations (1) and (2), respectively. The D value represented the uniformity of
cells. The lower Dwas, the more homogenous the distribution of cell diameter became. Then, the cell density (N), which was calculated by equation
(3), was given as the most key parameter to characterizing the foaming qualities. 0represented the apparent density of foamed and un–foamed materials,
respectively. 2.3.4 Determination of interfacial

Disadvantages Of Drinking Water Bottles
Littering is another problem with these bottles. When people get done using them they just throw them on the ground, for example, if you go to a ball
game and you see everyone drinking Gatorade, soda, or water and then stay after and you will see all those bottles in the bleachers and on the field
from the players. You start to realize that know one really cares about the environment anyone. Water bottles or just bottles in general are a big cause on
the environment. Although many people do not care, littering causes a lot of harm to the environment and not many people realize it. Even though
drinking bottle water is widely known as a good choice for your health it comes with great conflicts. Many schools all around sell bottles of water out
of vending machines, although this can be a bad thing for the environment, but it also helps students from drinking sugary soda. Even though there are
benefits to drinking and using bottled water, there are also many drawbacks. Bottled water can be healthy, but also just drinking from a water fountain
can help yourself and the environment. Not many people want to drink community fountains because of the germs and all the people that use them.
Even though water is a great need for humans, they normally want to go the easy way; the bottled water way. Water fountains do have many causes of
them, germs that it collects, and some even lack filtration systems. Bottled water and other plastics can have many effects, although people have

Synthesis Of Polyethylene Lab Report
Introduction
In the modern world, it is near impossible to live in an environment where one is not exposed and reliant upon the use of polymers. From credit cards
to nappies; plastic bottles to prescription glasses, the applications of polymers encompass an endless range of everyday necessities. However, the
significance of synthetic polymers was not universally recognised until its initial introduction as polyethylene during World War II. During the combat,
they served as a critical material for insulated radar electronics (ACC, 2005).
The basic principles of polymers originate from organic chemistry. Organic chemistry is the field of science associated with the structure, properties,
and reactions of compounds that contain carbon. The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons, consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms joined
together by molecular covalent bonds. Within this category is a subdivision of saturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bonds, specifically
identified as alkenes. The presence of a double bond allows alkenes to react in ways similar to that of a monomer. A monomer is a small, singular
molecule which, through chemical means, may combine to form a larger molecule (See Fig 1). The resultant larger molecule is a polymer, comprised of
long, repeated chains of identical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Initially, Nafion is a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) that conducts ions and water through its nanostructure, making it important for many
energy–related industrial applications (Virginia Tech, 2011). Examples include organic batteries, fuel cells and reverse
–osmosis water purification. It is
composed of molecules featuring the conductive nature of acids, in addition to the non–stick, tough characteristics of Teflon. Furthermore, Nafion
consists of ionic nanochannels which swiftly transmit water throughout the

School Of Pharmacy : Memo
TTUHSC School of Pharmacy
Memo
To:John Zoidberg
From:Tuong Nguyen
Date:December 4, 2015
Re:Information on Pradaxa Dr. Zoidberg,
Thank you for your request for information regarding Pradaxa (dabigatran etexilate). As you stated, you have a patient named PF, who is planned to
have hip arthroplasty in 2–4 weeks due to degenerative joint disease that is unresponsive to either physical therapy or simple pain relievers. Mr. PF is a
79 year–old male with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. His current medications include naproxen 220 mg po bid, tramadol 50 mg po tid, and
enalapril 10 mg po qd. In addition, Mr. PF has the codeine allergy. Because of Mr. PF's severe fear of giving himself shots, your concern is whether or
not Mr. PF can have Pradaxa orally instead of enoxaparin 40mg subcutaneously for DVT prophylaxis and still receives the similar efficacy and safety.
The dabigatran etexilate (DE) is a prodrug that directly competes for the active site of thrombin.1 This direct inhibition inactivates both fibrin–bound
and free form of thrombin. Because of its rapid onset and offset of action, there is no need for the initial parenteral anticoagulant treatment in patients
with acute thrombosis.1 On the other hand, the enoxaparin indirectly inhibits factor Xa.2 It has a shorter duration of action (12h vs 24h) and a shorter
half–life (4.5–7h vs 12–14h) in comparison to DE. The DE and the enoxaparin have no interaction with diet and alcohol. There is no routine monitoring
required

Winsome Manuacturing Company
Winsome Manufacturing Company
A company that produces plastic storage containers and sells them to the home consumer through home sales events; Winsome provides low cost,
tight–tolerance, precisely engineered products closer to home here in the United States. WMC includes a fully automated production facility which
eradicates human involvement in the molding process. The potentials of our plastic manufacturing company allow the customers to do business in the
US instead of moving to other places.
Introduction:
In the past 25 years, the packaging industry has undergone a spectacular development. The development of a wide range of polymers has brought about
the form of plastic containers of all descriptions, replacing the traditional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will provide us with a fallback position in the unlikely event of interruption of our primary source.
Cost variation: Polyethylene resins are closely tied to the oil market and have been known to rise and fall as a result of changes in price of crude.
Winsome plastics consider we have planned successfully for this possibility, both as a buyer and as a seller.
Economic Influences: The variety of the regional market of Winsome containers includes a wide collection of separate industries that are not normally
interdependent. In their order of importance, Winsome ranks our target industries as follows: Agro–Chemical, Industrial Chemical, Food, Paint, Ink,
and Varnish, Soaps and Industrial Cleaners, Lube–Oil (potential)
Due to the diversification of company's target market, Winsome plastic's feels that risks inherent of an economic decline are rounded by the scattering
of our projected customer base. (Replay Plastics, 2011)
Points to discuss with the manager;
What detailed products or services will be provided?
The product will be a room–sized plastic storage unit suitable to the outside of the home; it is comparable to a competitor 's product but will have

Polyethylene Glycol Research Paper
The polymer that I choose is polyethylene glycol (PEG). Polyethylene glycol is produced because of the interaction with ethylene oxide with water,
ethylene glycol or ethylene glycol oligomers. Some cons of using polyethylene glycol are hypersensitivity, unexpected change in pharmacokinetic
behavior, and toxic side products. PEG is also a laxative that can also be used to prepare the bowels before surgery. PEG is also used to slow the
clearing of protein from the blood. This makes medicine last longer in the body. Polyethylene glycol has also been used to help the healing of the
spine inn dogs and PEG can also help with nerve damage. PEG is most commonly used with the skin because it has maintains it shape well, it is also
pliable so doctors can put it in place before setting it with a green LED light.
Density is how compact an object is. Density is the mass of the object divided by the volume. The higher the density the more weight and pressure the
object can withstand. One example of this is with bulletproof glass. Bulletproof glass has a very high density, which make it withstand the impact of
the bullet. Density is important to biomedical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The density of PEG 35000 is 1.2 grams per cm^3 at 20 degrees Celsius. The melting point of PEG 35000 is 60 degrees Celsius. The ultimate tensile
strength was 1.6 mega Pascal. The modulus of elasticity of PEG is 750 pN. This is very high which means that PEG is a very elastic material.
These are the properties of PEG. Now the density of PGA is 1.53 grams per cm^3. Which is higher than PEG's. The melting point of PGA is anywhere
from 225–230 degrees Celsius. This is much higher than PEG's melting point. The ultimate tensile strength is 55Mpa, which is again much higher than
PEG's. Lastly the modulus of elasticity is 8.40 GPa. Based on the number PGA is a much better polymer because it can withstand munch more than

Polyethylene Terephthalate Vs. PLA
PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) vs PLA(Polylactide), which one is better or worse than the other? Both of these polymer is used in the world
today. PET is perhaps the more famous one because of its cheap prices and many uses. 30 % of the global demand for PET happens to be plastic
bottles. PLA the other type of polymer is just now gaining momentum being used as a bottle in the market today. It is derived from renewable
resources (corn) that we can regrow a lot easier than the polymer that we harvest from trees. In my opinion I think there are a few more pros for
PET then there are for PLA. We use some sort of PET merchandise every day. "Polyethylene Terephthalate is a strong, lightweight plastic resin and
form of polyester that closely resembles glass in clarity .... PET is commonly used in food packaging due to its strong barrier properties against water
vapor... PET is also shatter–resistant, slightly flexible and easy to recycle" (Alpha). As stated above we use PET in everything that you can think of. If
you have a bottle around you, look at the bottom, if it says 1 in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are made by "Fermenting corn to produce lactic acid, which is then polymerized to make polylactic acid" (Hitachi). It can be made into almost
anything that PET can be made into. It also does it with about 68 percent less fossil fuel resources. Making it one of the few green material. PLA also
shares a lot of the same characteristics as PET. One that only PLA has is that it is bio–degradable. The con of PLA is that it is not recyclable
everywhere. There are only a few places that are capable of breaking down the polymer. One would think that it can just degrade anywhere; however,
they require special chemicals to allow it to break down. So you cannot just throw it out in your yard and expect it to be gone within weeks or months.
Being bio–degradable still makes it better for the environment then PET. Especially if both the PET and PLA are not

The Pros And Cons Of Plastics In Sri Lanka
3
The consumption of plastic increase because there are many development project and population rising. Plastic material growth is the innovation of
newer areas that have development such as increasing plastics applications in automobile, transportation, defense and aerospace, medical and
healthcare,electronic devices, construction and furniture.(Tandel 2015).
In Sri Lanka, manufacturing of plastic consumer products and packages and industrial polymers is a growing industry that developed over 45 years.
Currently there are about 400 companies in Sri Lanka involved in plastic industry. In addition, significant amount of plastic enters to Sri Lanka as
imported plastic products and goods. Sri Lanka imports about 500,000 metric tons of virgin plastic in every year according to Central Environmental
Authority (CEA). Per capita consumption of plastic is about 6 kg per annum in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, the waste composition data showed that plastic
waste in municipal solid waste stream is about 5 to 15% which often ended up in dumpsite (Gunarathna 2010). etion coding system was developed to
allow recyclers to efficiently ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plastic pollution has directlyor indirectly caused injuries and deaths ,that scientists have documented. These problems are because of various reasons
which include poisoning due to consumption of plastics, suffocation due to entanglement in plastic nets etc. The millions of tons of plastic bottles,
bags, and garbage in the world's oceans are breaking down and leaching toxins posing a threat to marine life and humans. Some marine species, such
as sea turtles, have been found to contain large proportions of plastics in their stomach.. Income cases small bits of plastics are accidently consumed
by animals. by another will cause the plastics to travel up the food chain. This may cause serious health hazards in a wide array of creature(Michelle
Allsopp, Adam Walters, David Santillo

Nail Polish Observation Essay
Observation: One day my mom was doing my sister's nails and decided to do nail art and poured some nail polish onto a styrofoam plate and
before she could put it on the brush it burned a hole through the plate. After I saw that I decided that when I had to do a science fair project that's
what I would do and here we are. I got the information to do this (like the procedure) from a website called education.com. I found out chemical
name nail polish and styrofoam on sciencefix.com and gal science.com. Then I asked my Aunt , who is a chemist, would this be a on or above grade
level project she said that it would be appropriate for 7–9 grade chemistry projects. I found out that the The main ingredient in nail polish is
nitrocellulose, which creates

Polyethylene Research Paper
Around 150 years ago, there was no such thing as plastic or any synthetic materials that were widely used. The invention of plastic gave us the ability
to produce materials that cannot be made from natural substances alone. At first the benefit of creating synthetic materials was greatly overlooked for
many years, but over time the benefits became more evident. Polyethylene's first discovery was actually made on accident. In 1899, Hans von
Pechmann discovered polyethylene at the bottom of a test tube in his laboratory (Sharp 18). He was convinced that this chemical was a waste product
that could be found after chemical reactions had taken place. Making this assumption, he disregarded the chemical for what seemed to be practical
reasons at the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact the 1950's and 1960's showed a time of great expansion for the uses of plastic materials. So much so that in 1976, "plastic surpassed steel in
becoming the most widely used material" (Greer A.25.). With the major technological advancements that occurred around this time in the 1970's,
many technological products today now contain polyethylene or other plastic materials. Some examples of current technological products that are
composed of polyethylene include DVDs, computer and video games and CDs (Bell 17). It has been proven that the use of polyethylene in these
products has also increased the audio and video capabilities of these products greatly (Bell 17). CDs made in the last several decades are made from an
"injection–molded [form of] polyethylene" and this material makes the CD less likely to wear down over time (Bell 17). Our entertainment would be
of a much lower quality if polyethylene wasn't used in making CDs and we might have to rely on other forms of

Case Study Of Wei Lee Polythene
Wei Lee Polythene started its humble beginning long year ago to establish a great name in providing outstanding plastic products in the market and
our company is well known in providing excellent products that satisfies the customer's requirements. Our company has a wide range of plastic
products such as Clear LDPE Bags, Clear HDPE Bags, Clear, Zipper Bags, Clear Polypropylene Bags, Amide & Silicon Oil Free Bags, Anti– Static
Bags and Garbage & Grocery Bags. Wei Lee Polythene makes sure that every details and design of our products are precise and no damage, we
guarantee that all of our products are tested and safe to use. We provide business in different industries which are in needs of plastic products like
supermarkets, commercial, industrial,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These HDPE Plastic Bags which we provide are lightweight and easy to use for packing and storing of objects. Our Clear HDPE Bags which is
designed with a high tensile strength to ensure the quality of the plastic and to guarantee that this HDPE Bags is not easy to worn out and break.
We offer this Transparent HDPE Bags that are safe to use, it doesn't contain any harmful substances that can affect the health or contaminate any
food and products. We offer varieties of Clear Zipper Bag that are durable and usable in a wide range of applications and it is made from the finest
plastic material for the assurance of its quality. Our Zipper Bags will help you to store your valuable materials without the necessity of providing
bigger space and also provide well organize and clean storage for your materials. This Clear Zipper Bag which Wei Lee Polythene offers are very
convenient to use, it is lightweight, handy and durable, and will surely secure anything and everything that will be put on

Thermo Catalytic Degradation Of Waste Polythene Into...
Thermo catalytic Degradation of Waste Polythene into lubricants using Zeolite
Mr. Amol Vagad Department of Instrumentation Engineering,
MCT's Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology,
Mumbai, India amolvagad@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Waste polythene primarily in the form of used polythene bags, comprises of most of the plastic
pollution caused in India. Many processes have been developed to combat this issue which includes pyrolysis and catalytic cracking. This paper states
an experiment that was carried out using catalytic cracking using Zeolite (ZSM–5). The catalyst in presence of heat helped to break down the polymer
molecules. The experiment gave a product which consisted of 80% grease. The obtained product can be used for various industrial and domestic
applications where lubrication is required. The recyclable nature of the catalyst makes this process efficient, affordable as well as environment friendly.
KEYWORDS: polythene, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, Zeolite, grease.
I.INTRODUCTION
Pollution due to waste plastic has been a very largeissue in countries like India and China in the Asian region. India generates 5.6 million tones of
plastic waste annually. In this large plastic waste there is a large share of the metro cities [4].
Table1.1: Plastic Consumption In India (ASSESSMENT OF PLASTIC WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT AT AIRPORTS AND RAILWAY
STATIONS IN DELHI, CBFC, 2009)
Indian capital New Delhi generates almost 690 tonnes of plastic everyday of which only 40

Soda Bottle Research Paper
The soda bottle is all to common today. It is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a durable yet a feather light product. PET is used in many
diverse products, such as polyester fabric, cable wraps, films, transformer insulation, generator parts, and packaging. It contributes to about 6.4 percent
of the packaging industry and 14 percent of plastic containers, including but not at all limited to the common soft drink bottle. Making up for 43
percent of those sold, PET is the mostly used soda drink container. Aluminum, comes in second with 34 percent, while glass, which used to be the sole
and only contender, is now only a petite percentage of the material used for bottling.
Plastics were first made in the 1800s from natural substances ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this process, a polymer is formed while another molecule is released, or "falls out." The condensation polymerization of bis 2–hydroxyethyl
terephthalate is carried out in a vacuum at 530 degrees Fahrenheit (275 degrees Celsius) and results in chains of PET and ethylene glycol (see step #1
above); the latter substance is continuously removed during polymerization and used to make more PET. After the PET mixture reaches the required
viscosity (thickness), it is cooled to avoid degradation and discoloration. Later, it can be reheated for its various

The Benefits Of Bottled Water
Evian, Volvic, Aquafina, Hawaiian Springs, or Fiji, ring a bell? These are the names of famous bottled water brands. Nowadays, bottled water is
extremely popular in America. "Approximately, 85 million bottles of water are consumed every day in the United States" (Gleick). The reason being
that bottled water is convenient, reasonable, and seems healthy. However, the disadvantages of usingbottled water outweigh its benefits; therefore
consumers should refrain from buying bottled water. Bottled water is convenient and reasonable. Today, bottled water is available at a variety of
stores, such as grocery stores and 7 eleven. Moreover, many vending machines throughout the country carry bottled water. Usually a bottle of water
costs around ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tap water is regulated by the EPA, which requires municipalities to have their water quality tested annually by certified laboratories, and then provide
the results to the public. Bottled water, on the other hand, is regulated by the FDA, which does not have the regulatory power to require bottled water
companies to test water using certified labs or to provide the results of any testing to the public. Even if high levels of contaminants are found in the
water, companies do not need to report the test results" (Why bottled water is unhealthy). Several bottled water companies accept the fact that they use
the same water as tap water (Blue Gold). Moreover, health experts have expressed concern that bottled water might contain chemicals that cause serious
health problems. According to Professor Salzman of Duke University, several studies of bottled water from various brands have found to contain
dangerous chemicals, such as arsenic, benzene, and chloroform (185).These chemicals are poisonous, and thus consumption of these chemicals can be
fatal. Hence, there is little doubt that drinking bottled water carries risks to human health. Apparently, bottled water is clean and healthy, but have you
ever thought where the water in the bottles came from? Or how the water is processed before it makes to the shelves? Knowing the answers to these
questions is key to understanding how drinking bottled water affects our

Negative Effects Of Pollution
Pollution is a serious global issue that has occurred for as long as humans have inhabited the planet. There are several different varieties of pollution,
as well as an abundance of materials, both natural and synthetic, that the earth is contaminated with. Shifrin (2005) states: "To date, wastes remain a
fact of life and there are only three places to dispose of wastes–air, water, or land. Waste management always involves tradeoffs" (p. 676). Even though
Shifrin is correct in his analysis, it does not excuse the amount of environmental poison that continues to exist today, nor the amount of environmental
problems that it has caused throughout history. The "tradeoffs" of pollution have devastated entire communities, causing waves of... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
952). Low–density polyethylene is very thin and stretchy, while high–density polyethylene is stiffer, more durable and has a higher melting point than
its low–density counterpart. Both of these types of polyethylene are used to create many different items of plastic, including pipes, toys, and the one
that consumers use every day in grocery stores: the plastic bag.
Issue of Concern
Plastic bags can be found by the hundreds in stores all across the country and in many parts of the world, but what exactly is a plastic bag? According
to Rujnic–Sokele and Baric (2014): "A plastic shopping bag is a polymer carry bag provided or utilised at the retail point of sale for carrying and
transporting retail goods and which is only
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR POLLUTION 3 intended for one way use" (p. 41). Therein lies the concern: while they are convenient
because of their lightness and durability, when the consumer no longer has need of them, they are cast aside without a second thought. Littering is very
common, and many individuals simply don't care that they aren't being good stewards of the earth; this in turn can have a disastrous impact on the
environment as it can lead to potential cases of large–scale buildup in an emergency situation. In an article on plastic waste in the country of Jordan,
M. Saidan, H. Saidan and Ansour (2017) reveal:
In 2012 Amman's tunnels and streets were flooded by rainfall water within a few

The Pros And Cons Of Pollution
Pollution is a serious global issue that has been occurring for as long as humans have inhabited the planet. There are many different varieties of
pollution, as well as an abundance of materials, both natural and synthetic, that the earth has been contaiminated with. Shifrin ( 2005), states: "To date,
wastes remain a fact of life and there are only three places to dispose of wastes–air, water, or land. Waste management always involves tradeoffs." (p.
676). Even though Shifrin is correct in his analysis, it does not excuse the amount of environmental poison that continues to exist today, nor the amount
of environmental problems that it has caused throughout history. The "tradeoffs" ofpollution have devastated entire communities, causing waves of
sickness and death in their wake. According to Shifrin (2005):" Water–borne contagious disease still caused devastating epidemics in the early 1900s,
compounded by growing, congested populations. Air pollution also grew to a high priority by midcentury because its impact was so observable and
immediate." (p. 676). Generally, these diseases were spread through poor sanitary practices as well as the overwhelming volume of pollution that was
generated by so many indivduals with little knowledge about what the adverse effects on the overall environment would be.
A substance that is ubiquitous in many countries is plastic. Kale, Deshmukh, Dudhare, and Patil (2015) report: ".Plastic is defined as the polymer
which become mobile on

A Recent Public Health Concern Has Implicated Polyethylene...
Specific Aims A recent public health concern has implicated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics, commonly used in recyclable plastic water
bottles, as a common source of carcinogenic xenoestrogens. Xenoestrogens act as hormone disruptors, and can alter the natural homeostasis of the
human body. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals has been known to cause cancer, sexual dysfunction, and problems during puberty. Better
understanding exposure to these chemicals will help improve awareness of the issue and hopefully prevent some exposures. An experiment has been
devised to study the quantity of xenoestrogens present in two common types of water bottles, BPA free bottles and recyclable single–use plastic water
bottles. Due to the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our group of three scientists has access to Kettering University's Applied Biology laboratories equipped with the necessary instrumentation to perform
the biological assays needed to test our hypothesis. The team's combined experience and background in microbiology, chemistry, and biology will play
a key role in the process. Between us, we have participated in research through cooperative education and on campus opportunities, as well as
completed several upper–level biology and chemistry courses, including Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular/Cellular Biology and
Biological Techniques. Specific Aim 1: Quantify Any Xenoestrogens Present at Ambient Temperature (20В°C/68В°F) A yeast bioassay will be
employed to determine what quantity, if any, of xenoestrogens are present in the water samples taken from a single–use, plastic water bottle and a
BPA–free water bottle, both incubated for 24 hours at ambient temperature (20В°C/68В°F). The assay utilizes relatively inexpensive and easy to
maintain yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The yeast used will be MATa leu2–112 ura3–1 trp1–1 his3–11, 15 ade2–1 can1–100GAL SUC2 which
was cotransformed with the DSY219 plasmid containing: pSO4–123 (ER/TRP) for human estrogen receptor alpha and pSO4–124 (ERE–lacZ/URA)
for chemiluminescence (response). The response will be measured with a standard microplate microluminator for each sample against a

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bottled Water Is Better...
Your whole life has been a lie. Commercials, parents, friends, and even some of your teachers have told you that bottled water is better than tap. Well
bottle your emotions and listen to what i have to say. One can argue that bottled water is better than tap but their argument will not be as strong or
convincing as mine will be to do the opposite, to convince you that tap water is better than bottled water. The discussion has been around for a while
now and we all know that tap water is more beneficial than bottled water. First off, tap water is more regulated and checked than bottled water is
making it safer than bottled water. Tap water is also nowhere near as expensive as bottled water is and it's better for the environment too. Lastly,...
In 2013 the average cost for tap water was $2 per every thousand gallons. While bottled was $1.21 for every gallon alone. Here is another way to
look at it, if you buy a $1 bottled water everyday for a year, you end up spending $365 on water that most likely is from a tap source (Livingston).
Why spend $365 annually on bottled water when you can just use your own faucet or the nearest water fountain? People spend so much money on
bottled water that could be used for water charities across the world to help people who don't have access to a clean water supply. This would call for
everyone who does have access to a clean tap water source, to use it and take the money that they would rather spend on a bottle and put it towards a
greater cause. By choosing to drink tap water you save money daily, weekly, monthly, and annually so before you pay $2.14 for that bottle of purified
water remember you have the same, if not better, quality water at your house.
Another thing about tap water that is overlooked is how often we use it in our everyday lives. On average, an American family uses 300 gallons of
water everyday. Now there is no way one family can drink 300 gallons of water in one day so how do they use that much? The answer is because tap
water has multiple uses other than just being drinking water. Everyday when you take a shower, brush your teeth, flush the toilet, wash the dishes,

Polyethylene: Manufacturing Cycle and Environmental...
Manufacturing Cycle and Environmental Impact
The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial
applicability and are made from non–renewable resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes are
regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere (Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed
description of polyethylene's production processes will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.
First step to produce polyethylene is to obtain the ethane from the ground. Ethane can be obtained either by extraction ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are several methods by which industry converts purified ethylene gas into polyethylene; a commonly used one is by means of a fluidized reactor
bed. Before ethylene is sent to the fluidized bed, it needs to be first compressed and heated, then metallic catalyst particles are used to keep
polyethylene molecules stuck together (this is done when the ethylene enters the reactor). Lastly, polyethylene comes out of the reactor as granular
powder, which is later melted and extruded into plastic products (University of Washington).
Associated quantification of the environmental impacts
When evaluating the environmental impact of polyethylene we need to take into consideration the input materials, and the amount of energy and
emissions/wastes generated by the production processes. Although polyethylene presents fewer environmental hazards than other polymers, its
production requires both hydrocarbons and chlorine; chlorine makes plastic's impact on the environment even greater that it would if only
hydrocarbons were required (Frosch & Gallopoulos, 1989). The use of non–renewable resources, chlorine and the energy–intensive nature of the
production cycle itself together with the worldwide large–scale production of polyethylene and derivates, approximately 80 million metric tons per year
(Piringer & Baner, 2008), make the environmental and human safety impact of polyethylene significant.
As

A List Of Main Competitors Essay
A List of Main Competitors
Plastic Revolutions, Inc.(PRI) is headquartered in Reidsville, North Carolina and operates primarily on the east coast. The company recycles various
grades and forms of plastic scrap and post–consumer plastic, but their focus is on High Density Polyethylene(HPDE). After a basic Google search, we
found a few local competitors including Reily Recovery Systems, Inc., located in Haw River, North Carolina and New Life Plastic Recycling, Inc.,
located in Burlington, North Carolina and various other companies along the east coast. To confirm which companies were main competitors, we
contacted Ed Handy, General Manager at Plastic Revolutions, Inc. He confirmed that KW Plastics, headquartered in Troy, Alabama and Envision
Plastics, also located in Reidsville, North Carolina, were their main competitors (E. Handy, personal communication, October 14, 2016).
PRI's Strengths Compared to the Competition
Plastic Revolutions, Inc is "one of only two companies in the region that can process high molecular weight HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) and
produces extremely clean HDPE flakes and pellets (PRI, Challenge Instructions)."
Plastic Revolutions is also one of the only domestic recycling firms to hold the ISO 9001 Registration. The ISO 9001 is a standard based on quality
management principles including strong customer focus, attention of top management, and a process of continual improvement ("ISO 9000 Quality
Management," 2016). These principles ensure

Advantages Of Recycling Plastic
Science Fair Research Paper
Zachariah Alzubi and Yosef Ismael
Best Methods of Recycling Plastics
Recycling has grown rapidly over these past few decades. Almost every single household in America has a recycling bin. You can find recycling bins
anywhere like in your school or at a dumpster nearby and I'm sure there are plenty at home. You can almost recycle anything from glass, to Styrofoam,
and especially plastic. There are many things around your house that are probably made of plastic, if you're just drinking a water bottle and you finish
it toss it in the recycling bin instead of wasting it in the garbage. You never know, you might end up using that same water bottle again in the future.
Recycling plastics doesn't only benefit the wellbeing of earth itself it also benefits consumers so they can have a wide range of products made from
plastic recycling like the utensils you eat with or any kitchen gadgets or even your dinner table at home. Recycling plastic began in 1972 in
Conshohocken, Pa. They had the first mill to accept residential plastics and began their operations there. Then in the 1980s many U.S citizens began
curbside collection programs in which they recycled plastics and other materials that could be recycled. In 1984 is where recycling really started to
expand they had topped over 100 million pounds in recycled plastic for the first time in US history and from their they continued to expand and the
number in recycled plastic increased and is still increasing

Total Hip Replacement
Total hip replacement or THR is a clinically effective procedure for the treatment of pain and disability that arises due to the final stage arthritis of the
hip. THR is prescribed for the patients who do not respond to the options that are non surgical, self management, education of the patient, physical
therapy, acupuncture, and exercise. ( Pivec. et.al,2012). Numerous procedures , a range of implant designs are available and it is the surgeon who has
to decide upon as to which type of fixation technique should be used and which bearing couple should be chosen, component fixation method. Both
cementless and cemented fixation are used currently for THR surgery. Theimplants of total hip replacement consists of acetabular component, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. Comparison of (a) stiffness, (b) strength and (c) fracture toughness for metals, technical ceramics, composites and fibre reinforced plastics with
respect to those of bone
[23–31]. CF: carbon fibre, GF: glass fibre, PA12: polyamide12, PC: polycarbonate, PE: polyethylene, PEEK: poly ether ether ketone, PLGA:
poly(l–lactic–co–glycolic acid), PLLA:poly(l–lactic acid), PP: polypropylene, PSU: polysulfone, PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene, PUR: polyurethane.
References
Clarke IC, Good V, Williams P, Schroeder D, Anissian L, Stark A, et al.Ultra
–low wear rates for rigid–on–rigid bearings in total hip replacements.Proc
Inst Mech Eng H. 2000;214(4):331–47
Lui DF, Bandorf N, Riordan P, Jaweesh O, DuruB, Bennett D. Preoperative comorbidity and modesof failure in revision hip arthroplasty:a
single–surgeon series in a tertiary referral centre.
Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2013;23(3):329–333.
Philpott A,Weston–Simons JS,Grammatopoulos G, et al. Predictive outcomes of revision total hip replacement–a consecutive series of 1176 patients
with aminimum 10–year follow–up.
Maturitas. 2014;77(2):185–190.
Pivec R, Johnson A J, Mears S C, Mont M A. Hip arthroplasty. Lancet 2012; 380 (9855):

How Does A High Density Polyethylene Brick Differ From A...
Abstract:
Every year millions of tons of plastic are dumped around the world. Every year hundreds of thousands of people lose their homes due to fires or
natural disasters. 1.6 billion people in the world are homeless and have nowhere to call home but by using my idea of using/melting plastic
(high–density polyethylene) and comparing it to standard building materials that make houses , it will enable hundreds of thousands of people to have
a place that they call home and it will create jobs as well.
Investigative question:
How does a high density polyethylene brick differ from a clay bricks in different tests for construction?
Hypothesis:
The high density polyethylene brick is more resistant to the construction tests than a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hdpe brick was the better of the two bricks and is a possible substitute for construction in place of a normal clay brick.
Discussion:
The experiment could have gone wrong by burning the plastic in the oven or making a different shaped brick with different dimensions. My results are
accurate because I have

Different Properties Of Polymers That Each Reaction
Discussion The results demonstrated the various properties of polymers that each reaction produced. For the nylon polymerization, a condensation
reaction took place and produced a long, polymer string. As described in Figure 1, the product was clear and several meters long, and the fibers held
together when stretched. However, when a portion of the nylon string was heated, fibers weakened. The nylon turned a bright white, and, when the
stirring rod was used to move the piece, the string broke in half. Ultimately, the reaction presented the fact that polymers are sensitive to heat and easily
thermally decompose. In contrast, for the methyl acrylate polymerization, an addition reaction occurred and produced a soft, white flat wad of polymer
substance. The methyl acrylate polymer had the consistency of chewed gum, but tore easily when stretched. Therefore, the reaction revealed that the
type of reaction (addition or condensation) plays a key role in determining a polymer's properties.
Additionally, the cornstarch experiment also displayed a non–Newtonian fluid's features. While the polymer was subjected to many tests, its unusual
properties were observed. It acted like a liquid when left alone, but it cracked when squeezed. In conclusion, the three experiments demonstrated the
polymer's wide spectrum of properties and a variety of its subgroups. As seen in Figure 3, the percent yield exceeded one–hundred, indicating a source
of error. When weighing, the methyl acrylate

Is Bottled Water Better Than Tap Water?
Is bottled water better than tap water? Have you ever had any concerns about bottled water? Do you think that bottled water is better than tap water?
Bottled water is water packed in plastic containers and sold for human consumption (Health Canada, 2013). Currently, the amount of bottled water
consumed has increased considerably since many people feel it is safer drinking bottled water than tap water (Parent and Wrong, 2014). According to
The Statistics Portal the global sale of bottled water took a leap from 161, 589 to 181, 608 liters from 2009 to 2011. In the United States, each
American citizen consumed around 32 gallons of bottled water in 2013, thus meaning an equivalent growth of 15% over 2009 (Statistics & facts,
2014). In fact, due to good portability, bottled water has been helpful in both simple and complex situations such as daily exercises and natural
disasters. Even though having those few considerable advantages, bottled water still have been less benefits; especially due to the negative impact in
the socio–economic, health and environmental fields.
In contemporary society, bottled water consumption has become more attractive and popular. While in 2009 161,589 million liters of bottled water
were sold, in 2011 approximately 181.61 million liters were sold all over the world (Statistics & facts, 2014). In this context, attributing that significant
growth of bottled water to commercialization and successful marketing should not be considered a disposable

Determination Of Polyethylene Lab Report
IR SPECTROSCOPY: DETERMINATION OF XYLENES USING AN INTERNAL STANDARD
Manal Alrashidi
04/18/2018
CHEM 790.1, sec.01– spring 2018
Chemistry and Biochemistry Department Queens College– CUNY
65–30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11365
Professor Edward G. look
Abstract In this laboratory session, I determined the concentration of p–xylene and m–xylene in two unknown samples, using o–xylene as an internal
standard. The analysis was done using Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry. The peak wavelengths of the three isomers were determined, and
standard curves were constructed from the ratio of the absorbance of the characteristic peaks. The ratio of the concentrations was determined from the
Least–Square fitting of the data.
Introduction
Para–xylene belongs to a family of aromatic hydrocarbons of industrial importance and can be polymerized to obtain parylene or as a starting point to
the synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate, among other uses. The ability to measure and control its concentration in equilibrium with its o– and m–
isomers is therefore of great importance (Fig. 1).
For quantitative purposes internal standard method is of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Calibration curve has many disadvantages like we need a supply of high purity and know concentration of the analyte material to be a reference, also
the analyte and the standard will not be subjected to same matrix and same interfering compounds and same conditions. Many variables may interfere
or change during the measurement of response of standard and response of analyte. While if use an internal standard, the measurement will be done at
the same run for both the analyte and standard, thus we eliminate any potential variations between the different runs that would be needed in
calibration curve method. This results in accuracy and

The Environmental Effects Of Plastic Shopping Bags
Originally patented in 1965, the single–use plastic shopping bag has since become ubiquitous in America and around the world. Plastic bags were first
introduced in grocery stores in 1977, and by the early 2000s they constituted 80% of the market for shopping bags (Laskow). These bags caught on
because they were stronger, lighter, waterproof, and many people found them easier to carry than paper. Most importantly though, they were cheaper,
meaning retail stores had strong incentives to make them available to customers and promote their use (Petru). In other words, plastic bags became
popular, and remain so today, because they are convenient. However, this convenience does not take into account the environmental effects associated
with their production, distribution, and disposal. Once these aspects of their use are considered, it is clear that the convenience of plastic shopping
bags do not justify the harms to the ecosystem caused by their existence.
Plastic bags are usually made out of high–density polyethylene (HDPE), a strong, durable plastic made from ethylene monomers (Clark). 134 million
metric tons of ethylene are produced each year as of 2014, with 28% of that production going towards the manufacture of HDPE (Lazonby, "Ethene").
Ethylene is produced from oil and natural gas, and in the process has significant environmental consequences. According to a 2013 study by Ghanta,
Fahey, and Subramaniam published in the journal Applied Petrochemical Research, "For ethylene produced from naphtha and ethane [the two main
sources of ethylene], the energy expended during the extraction and ocean–based transportation of fossil fuel sources (crude oil and natural gas)
contributes significantly to adverse environmental impacts such as GHG [greenhouse gas] emissions, acidification, and eco–toxicity." To make
ethylene, fossil fuels must be extracted, transported, and processed (Lazonby, "Ethene"). Then the ethylene must be processed to make HDPE
(Lazonby, "Poly(Ethene)"). HDPE, in the form of plastic pellets, is then transported to the plastic bag manufacturer. The manufacturing process of
Novolex, a maker of plastic packaging products that sells bags under the brand name Hilex Poly ("Company Overview"), is described

Back in the 1800s most waste that ships carried were...
Back in the 1800s most waste that ships carried were dumped in our oceans without much thought. The difference from then to now is that the
dump 200 years ago was biodegradable dump now about 14.4 million tons of our waste is plastic which is not always biodegradable according to
the EPA and that number is rapidly increasing every year. Our oceans are massively being affected and so are we in ways unimaginable like the fact
that our fish are ingesting chemicals that is in the plastics in the sea and we are being fed these toxic chemicals. Maybe if citizens have a better
understanding of what is going on in our oceans they'll decide to do something about it. Plastic pollution is the biggest threat in our oceans as it takes
up about 90% of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another major health risk that occurs when our oceans are being polluted is that the seafood becomes contaminated with chemicals. Chemicals
are beginning to move up the food chain and soon into our plates. Research and studies show that plastic is absorbed by animals when it floats in
waters and when these innocent fish and marine life ingest these foods it is endangering the marine ecosystem as a whole. Now that we know
how it is affecting us how does it reach our oceans to start with? Some of it does come from ships that are sailing by but 80% of it comes from
land. Most storm drains have a common end point which is into our oceans. And lets say Johnny is waking down the street and eating a lollipop
and he litters the wrapper. Next thing you know it rains and that wrapper is swept away with the water and into the storm drain. That drain leads
into our ocean and that plastic wrapper is going to be floating for a very long time. These systems are all a cycle but the problem is the cycle is a
one way street and that trash you threw onto the street will never come back to the street but will stay in our oceans killing marine life. We can't
only blame the consumers for the things occurring in our world. If less plastic packaging were used and more paper or glass packaging were used it
would really benefit the world. Looking at plastic water bottles many say that they are recycled or reusable but they aren't always

The Benefits Of Physical Therapy
It is often thought that only medicine allows you to diagnose and treat diseases or problems whether physical or mental. Physical therapy isn't
classified as a medicine carrier. In physical therapy you will see how experienced therapists will diagnose minor to mayor problems or injuries and
give the best treatment to regain certain movements and mobility. It is certainly an opportunity to help others in need. It has its branches and
specialties, different opportunities and experiences. Not only athletes or fitness pros need these special treatment programs, but regular people of our
society will benefit of this great option. As a carrier, it should be taken into consideration for all the benefits you give to others yet receive as
experience and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These exercises involve constant and repetitive motion, such as "squatting" and "lifting", yet people felt great. Why not physical therapy? You'll get the
chance to fully help your clients or patients to their full potential and you will feel great by the end of the day after helping someone. The fact that
you helped that poor kid with a broken leg enjoy playing soccer again after a few months, and helped a friend's mother get her arm use back to
drink some tea with her friends, won't just give you a smile but a lasting satisfaction. The world needs people who succeed in life, but also helpers
of those who need it. Think of how would you feel if you sprain your ankle and think the world is over, but there is a nice and experienced willing
person to help you through it every step of the way. It will take patience and dedication, yet the reward is forever satisfactory. Fitness andphysical
therapy will go hand by hand. To think, we athletes will feel relieved after knowing that our therapist is specialized in the fitness area. It is an option of
anybody and everybody. If one enjoyed knowing about physical therapy, one will surely enjoy practicing as a carrier. Helping people and feeling
satisfied as a job is

Polyethylene Glycol 3353 Lab

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