Main point of this slide 01. Introduction 02. There are some types of plastic materials such as 03. History 04. Organic Structure of Plastic 05. Mechanism of Organic Structure 06. The molecule Ethene 07. The molecule Polyvinyl chloride 08. Uses 09. Benefits 10. Uses Statistics 11. Pollutants of plastic 12. Disadvantage of plastic 13. Plastic Waste management 14. Alternative of Plastic 15. Conclusion Thank you

2. Introductio
n: Plastics are used on a daily basis throughout the world.
The word plastic is a common term that is used for many
materials of a synthetic or semi-synthetic nature. Plastics
are the most versatile materials ever invented and have
become a universal material , used for everything from
water bottles to wings on combat aircraft.
One way plastic changed the world was in cost. It was so
much cheaper to manufacture than other materials and
the various ways it could be used was staggering.
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3. There are some types of plastic materials such as:
Polyvinyl chloride
Nylon
High-density polyethylene
Polypropylene
Bakelite
Thermoplastic
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4. Histo
ry:
Parkesine(1855)
Alexander Parkes
invented Parkesine. We know it
today as celluloid.
PVC(1838-1872)
Waldo Semon and Eugen Baumann
invented polyvinyl chloride.
Bakelite (1907)
A key breakthrough came in 1907, when
Belgian-American chemist Leo Baekeland
created Bakelite, the first real synthetic,
mass-produced plastic.
Since the dawn of history, humankind has endeavoured to develop materials offering benefits not
found in natural materials. The development of plastics started with the use of natural materials
that had intrinsic plastic properties, such as shellac and chewing gum. The next step in the
evolution of plastics involved the chemical modification of natural materials such as rubber,
nitrocellulose, collagen and galalite. Finally, the wide range of completely synthetic materials that
we would recognise as modern plastics started to be developed around 100 years ago:
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5. Organic Structure of Plastic:
Plastic, A subgroup of organic polymers that can be
molded. Plastics may contain more than one organic
polymer as well as other additives.
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6. Mechanism of Organic Structure:
The role of the plasticizer is to increase the ability of a material to
change shape without breaking. Monomers can be chemically joined
together in two ways: addition polymerization or condensation
polymerization. Addition polymerization has three basic steps:
1) Initiation.
2) Propagation.
3) Termination.
In this type of polymerization the monomers join by adding on to the
end of the last “mer” in the chain, just like making a chain of paper
clips. Polyethylene, polystyrene, and acrylic are examples of plastics
formed by addition polymerization.
These polymers are often thermoplastic in nature: they can be heated
and made soft and then hardened when cooled. They are easily
processed, reprocessed, or recycled. See the attached tables, Some
Addition Polymers and Some Condensation Polymers, for examples of
each type.
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7. The
molecule
Ethene:
The structural formula of ethene is looks like organic structure. When lots
of ethene molecules bond together, then a polymer called polyethene
(commonly called polyethylene) is formed. Ethene is the unsaturated
monomer which, when joined to other ethene molecules through an
addition reaction, forms the saturated polymer polyethene. Polyethene is
the most common plastic with over 80 million metric tons produced each
year.
It is commonly known as polyethylene. It is cheap and is used to make
squeeze bottles, plastic bags, films, toys and molded objects as well as
electric insulation. It has a recycling number 4 which means that it is easy
to process, has strength, toughness, flexibility, is easy to seal and has a
barrier to moisture.
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8. The molecule Polyvinyl
chloride
• Polyvinyl chloride or PVC is formed from the monomer chloroethene, which is commonly
known as vinyl chloride. PVC is used in construction, especially plastic piping. With the
addition of a plasticizer. It is also used in clothing and upholstery and to replace rubber.
During condensation polymerization a small molecule is eliminated as the monomers
join together. Nylons, some polyesters, and urethanes are examples of condensation
polymers.
The molecule Polyvinyl
chloride
A class of hydrocarbons whose molecules contain a
single pair of carbon atoms linked by a double bond. The
chemical structure of the propylene molecule is
CH2=CHCH3.
The molecule consists of a backbone of carbon atoms
with attached hydrogen atoms; attached to every other
carbon atom is a pendant methyl group (CH3).
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9. Uses:
Versatile plastics inspire innovations that help make life better, healthier and safer every
day. Plastics are used to make bicycle helmets, child safety seats and airbags in
automobiles. They’re in the cell phones, televisions, computers and other electronic
equipment that makes modern life possible. They’re in the roofs, walls, flooring and
insulation that make homes and buildings energy efficient. And plastics in packaging
help keep foods safe and fresh.
Some plastics occur in nature, like tree rubber. There are “organic” plastics, which contain
carbon, and inorganic plastics, which don’t. Some plastics are hard and shatter-resistant,
others are soft and flexible. Plastics make possible many things people don’t recognize
as plastic at all – like paints, protective coatings and linings, adhesives and glues, and
sealants and insulation. Some plastics have additives that make them bacteria- or fire-
resistant; or give them a rainbow of colors; or make them flexible; or fill them with
bubbles to make them better insulators; or even add fibers to make high-tech
composites. There are tens of thousands – or more – of different kinds of plastics and
formulations.
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10. Benefits:
• Find information on the wide variety of plastics used in hundreds of household and
consumer products.
• Plastics enable sustainable, durable, long-lasting design and construction in homes,
buildings, and infrastructure like bridges.
• In automotive design, plastics have contributed to a multitude of innovations in safety,
performance and fuel efficiency.
• Plastic packaging helps protect and preserve goods, while reducing weight in
transportation, which saves fuel and reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
• From computers and cell phones to televisions and microwaves, durable, lightweight and
affordable plastics have helped revolutionize the electronics we rely on every day.
• Plastics help make sports safety gear – such as plastic helmets, mouth guards, goggles and
protective padding – lighter and stronger to help keep sports enthusiasts of all ages safe.
Molded, shock-absorbent plastic foam helps keep feet stable and supported, while rugged
plastics shells covering helmets and pads help protect heads, joints and bones
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11. 35%
1%
2%
2%
3%
3%
7%
8%
8%
8%
23%
Packaging Footwear Medical Mechanical Engineering
Toys/Sports Others Agriculture Transport
Housewear Electrical and Electronics Building and Construction
Uses Statistics:
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15. Plastic Waste management:
• Disposing of plastic waste is trickier than
dealing with traditional landfill material.
• Not only plastic take thousands of years to
break down, it can leach dangerous poison into
the environment.
• Plastic is not going away, but how plastic waste
is managed is becoming more sophisticated.
• Managing plastic waste starts at home with the
consumer but ultimately depends on
governments around the world as well.
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16. Alternative of Plastic:
Bangladesh has been producing biodegradable
packaging materials and bags from corn.
Unlike polythene bags, which survive in the soil for
several hundred years and have devastating impacts
on the environment, these bags are “compostable”
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2 Bangladeshi scientist has synthesized a
polymer from Jute fiber which can be used to create
a kind of bag that works, looks and feels like a
polythene bag but without the negative
environmental impact.
Dr Mubarak Ahmad Khan named his
discovery “jute polymer”. It is produced by extracting
cellulose from jute fiber.
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17. Jewish Woman Invents A Replacement For
Plastic
Sharon Barak is a chemical engineer from Israel
who has invented a product that could possibly be the
solution to the world’s plastic pollution crisis. “After
you finish using it and you throw it away, it will just
break down and bio-degrade in nature,” Sharon
says.
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* There are more Eco-friendly alternative can used in order to avoid plastic adverse
effects on health and environment. These alternatives include:
• Glass
• Eco-friendly beauty bars
• Reusable grocery bags
• Disposable wooden
cutlery
• Chicken Feathers
• Milk Protein
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18. Conclusion:
Even though plastic recycling and its
management has gained momentum now-a-
days, the best possible way of protecting our
environment is to alter the root cause of the
problem by reducing the usage at the
preliminary level.
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