Polymer as general overview

1. POLYMERS AN OVERVIEW
( How it influenced our life's )
SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. ANAS
SUBMITTED BY:
SHERIN PETER
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE

2. What is a polymer..?
Polymers are high molecular mass compound
obtained from joining of repeating structural unit
called monomer.
( Polymerization )
Monomer Polymer

3. RUBBERS
BRICK
POLYMERIC MATERIALS
INORGANIC
ORGANIC
NATURAL
SYNTHETIC
FIBRES
CLAY SAND
GLASS
CEMENT
POTTERY
NATURAL
SYNTHETIC
ADHESIVES
FIBRES
PAINTS
PLASTICS
POLYSACHARIDES
PROTEINS
POLYISOPRENE
RUBBER
ADHESIVES FIBRESADHESIVES FIBRES
POLY – MANY
MEROS – PARTS ( GREEK)

4. History of polymer evolution
1820 - mastication of NR (Hancock)
1839 - vulcanization of NR (Good year)
1865 - development of cellulose acetate
1870 - development of celluloid (cellulose nitrate and camphor)
1907 - development of Bakelite (Baekeland); first purely synthetic plastic
1920 - Birth of modern polymer science (H. STAUDINGER )


5. History of polymer evolution
1930 – Concept of polymer established
1930 - development of PS
1940 - onwards development of various rubbers, plastics, fibers.
1953 - Nobel Prize- H. Staudinger
1974 - Mechanism Of Polymerization – P.J.Flory (Nobel Prize )

6.  1930 - styrene- butadiene rubber (SBR)
 1936 - poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)
 1936 - poly chloroprene (CR)
 1936 - poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
 1936 - poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc)
 1937 - polystyrene (PS)
 1939 - nylon 66
 1941 - polytetrafluoro ethylene (PTFE)
 1942 - unsaturated polyester
 1943 - polyethylene (PE)
 1943 - butyl rubber (IIR)
 1957 - polycarbonate (PC)
 1964 - Ionomer resins
 1965 - polyimides
 1970 - thermoplastic elastomers
 1974 - aromatic polyamides
Major
polymer
discoveries

7. How Polymers Influence our daily life

8. Fields of application
 Construction
 House holds
 Transportation & Automobile
 Sports
 Agriculture
 Medicine & Cosmetics
 Toys & Other Products…

9. Polymers in constructional field
 Application of polymer in construction field mainly account for flooring,
Windows, Cladding, Pipes, Sealant, Insulators etc..
 Strong but light weight hence easy transportation and maneuver.
 durable, knock-and scratch resistant with excellent weatherability.
 easy to install; many have a snap-fit kind of jointing procedures
 limitless possibilities in design achieved by extrusion, bending, moulding etc.

10. Polymers in Households
 Polymers have great number of application in households such as mugs,
Hanker, Chair, Bottle, Toys, Plastic bags etc..
 Low cost and durability
 High temperature resistance & non-stickiness for frying pans,
 Versatility and convenience
 Easy maintenance

11. Polymers in transportation
 One of the most wide application of polymers is in automobile sector such as
tire, Mounting, Dashboard, Fiber boats, Wind panels, Hoses etc..
 Better load carrying to vibration absorption ratio.
 Light weight but high strength
 Better weather resistance & corrosion resistance.
 Better overall efficiency

12. Polymers used in sports
 Polymers have a significant role in improving athletic performances as well as
improving safety.
 Light weight with impact resistance.
 Good aesthetic appearance with flexibility.
 Improved performance of overall sports.

13. Polymers in Agriculture
 Polymeric soil conditioners improved productivity by its increased water
holding capacity, water efficiency, stopping water erosion and water run-off
etc..
 Solarisation (1970) to remove parasites from land. (later B.P were
introduced).

14. Polymers in medicine & Cosmetics
 Biodegradable Polymers as Drug Carrier Systems Eg:Lactide/ Glycolide Copolymers have
been used for the delivery of steroids, anticancer agent, antibiotics, etc.
 polyacrylate used as dental filler. PMMA is also used.
 PTFE is used in heart valve because of its high chemical stability
 UHMWPE chosen for artificial joint because of its low friction coefficient, high
resistance to wear, high impact resistance, high ductility and stability in the body
 Pressure Sensitive Adhesive polymers used in wound healing
Fig. 4b PMMA template
after polymerization,
showing molded plug

15. Polymers in toys & other products
 Commodity plastic are used for making toys day to day life products
 High performance polymers are used in Engineering application
 Low cost for commodity products and high performance in engineering
application makes its versatile.

16. Disadvantages of Polymers
 Many of the advantages of polymer later turns out to be its disadvantages ;
Such as,
 Non-Bio degradability
 Difficulties in disposal ( evolution of poison gases on burning- dioxin - PVC )
 Improper handling
 Difficulties in sorting for recycling.

17. How to overcome..???
 Use a reusable produce bag. A single plastic bag can take 1,000 years to degrade.
Purchase or make your own reusable produce bag and be sure to wash them often!
 Give up gum. Gum is made of a synthetic rubber, aka plastic.
 Buy boxes instead of bottles. Often, products like laundry detergent come in cardboard
which is more easily recycled than plastic.
 Purchase food, like cereal, pasta, and rice from bulk bins and fill a reusable bag or
container. You save money and unnecessary packaging.

18. How to overcome..???
 Pack your lunch in reusable containers and bags.
 Use a reusable product than single time use product
 Use a reusable bottle or mug for your beverages, even when ordering from a to-go shop
 Bring your own container for take-out or your restaurant doggy-bag since many
restaurants use Styrofoam.

19. How to overcome..???
 Use matches instead of disposable plastic lighters or invest in a refillable metal lighter.
 Ask your local grocer to take your plastic containers (for berries, tomatoes, etc.) back.
If you shop at a farmers market they can refill it for y
 Make fresh squeezed juice or eat fruit instead of buying juice in plastic bottles. It's
healthier and better for the environment.

20. Mass waste disposal methods…?
 Planning
 Recycling
 Chemical decomposition
 Combustion, incineration
 Decomposition

21. Planning or prevention
Decreased wall
thickness
Larger portions
Re-useable packaging
Re-fill of material
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Tömeg(g)
1977 1986 1987 1988 1990 1999
Év

22. Recycling – process, difficulties
 Difficulties
Agglomeration
Selection
Cleaning
Washing

23. Chemical decomposition
 Coking
 Cracking
 Depolymerization
 Electro kinetic deboning
 Hydrogenation
 Hydrolysis, glycolysis
 Molten metal
 Solution
 Pyrolysis
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
OH
O
HO
O
+
H2O
+

24. Incineration or burning

25. Decomposition ( Not applicable )
0 days 12 days 33 days 45 days

26. Future Solution = Biodegradable polymer
 One of the problems with traditional plastics is that they do not break down
when thrown away.
 Biodegradable plastics are plastics that can be broken down. They are
converted into carbon dioxide, water and minerals by micro-organisms.
 Biodegradable plastics are increasingly being used in carrier bags, bin bags
and food packaging.
 Biodegradable plastics, such as polylactide, are plant-based polymers.
They are often made from starch that has been modified to become more
stable.

27. Conclusion…..
 The human race is so attached with polymer and polymer product so that a sudden ignorance
is not an appropriate option.
 Biodegradable polymer can be used as a future solution
 Optimization of use is also necessary
 Proper guidance and awareness can be a great tool
POLYMER IS MANS BEST FRIEND, IF USED PROPERLY

28. Reference….
 Polymer Applications in Agriculture (L. O. Ekebafe, D. E. Ogbeifun and F. E.
Okieimen)
 The History of Plastics (Department of Plastics Engineering - Lowell )
 Wikipedia
 Polymer Science ( Gowariker )
 Plastic materials ( Brickson )