Led Lab Report Essay

Led Lab Report Essay
When LED & CO., an extremely interactive business on both social media and through their
cooperation with the press, became inactive, many were shocked. Just days after announcing their
newest project which would allow them to learn a lot more about LEDs, they refused to talk about
the results of the experiment. However, after six months of secrecy, the head researcher at LED &
CO. , Dr. Lucy Hales, finally sat down with us to explain what exactly occurred. Q: To clear our
doubts, our first question has to be why were there no updates on the company or the project? A:
During our research and experiments, we found a lot more than we had originally expected, such as
new formulas and theories. Although we were extremely excited to share this information with the
public, we had to run many other tests and experiments to be assured that the data we would present
would be precise. Q: The months you spent testing your predictions must have been exhausting, but
was your discovery worth it? A: I have dedicated a lot of time towards the experiment, however, the
findings my team and I identified will be extremely valuable. Although we had started this project to
find out how the resistance of an LED is found, so that we can build a tool which ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This one had red wires which transmitted current to two LEDs in parallel in order to light them up.
Each LED had two 220Ω resistors through which the current exited the LED and green wires that
led the current to ground. After calculating this circuit's values, we used both the resistance equation
and Ohm's Law the same way we had for the first circuit (separating the two LEDs into different
circuits and for Ohm's Law using only the current which passed through the branch). This gave us
106Ω as the resistance of the red LED and 107Ω as the resistance of the green
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Joseph Henry Research Paper
Joseph Henry was a researcher in the field of electricity whose work inspired many inventors.
Joseph Henry's first discovery was that the power of a magnet could be immensely strengthened by
winding it with insulated wire. He was the first person to make a magnet that could lift 3,500 pounds
of weight. Joseph Henry showed the difference between "quantity" magnets composed of short
lengths of wire connected in parallel and excited by a few large cells, and "intensity" magnets
wound with a single long wire and excited by a battery composed of cells in series. This was an
original discovery, greatly increasing both the immediate usefulness of the magnet and its
possibilities for future experiments. Michael Faraday, William Sturgeon, and other

Electric Current Lab
New York City College of Technology
Ohm's law & resistors in parallel & in series
Lab 4
Class: PHY 1434–E475
Due date: March, 13 20144
Group Names: Hisham Sageer
Objectives:
Our object is to confirm Ohm's law by analyzing the dependence of the electrical current as a
function of voltage and as a function of resistance. Also, we studied the current flow and voltage in
series and parallel. Finally, the lab determined the equivalence resistance of series and parallel
combination of resistors and compared the results with theoretical data.
Theoretical Background:
The first thing that needs to be described in this lab is what the electric current I:
I =. The electric current is defined as charge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Set the ammeter to the range of mA and the voltmeter across the resistor the range of 25V. b After
the instructor has checked the circuits, turn on the power supply. c Vary the output voltage of the
power supply from 4 V to 10 V in the increment of 1 V and record the readings of the voltage V
across the resistor and the corresponding current I through the resistor in Table 1. d Using the same
circuit setup, set resistance of the variable resistor box to R = 1200Ω and repeat the steps 2 and 3.
2 Investigate the variation of the current with resistance when the voltage is constant. a Use the
same circuit setup and set the output voltage of power supply to 12V. b By keeping the output
voltage of the power supply constant, vary the resistance of the resistor box from 700 Ω to 1700 Ω
in increments of 200 Ω. Record values of the current I through the resistor and the corresponding
resistance R in table2.
Data:
Attached to report.
Calculations:
1 Use the data from table 1 to plot a graph of current Vs. voltage for both values of the resistance.

Determine the slope of the graph. From the slope of the graph find the resistance using:
a) R = R = R =1000 Ω
% diff = = 0%
b) R = R = R =1250 Ω
c) Slope = 12.7
V = 12 v
Questions:
1. Does your resistance follow Ohm's law? Base your answer on your

Peppercorn Dining
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Ohm's law From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia This article is about the law related to electricity. For other uses, see Ohm's acoustic
law. V, I, and R, the parameters of Ohm's law. Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor
between two points is directlyproportional to the potential difference across the two points.
Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance,[1] one arrives at the usual mathematical
equation that describes this relationship:[2] where I is the current through the conductor in units of
amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the
resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This application of Ohm's law is illustrated with examples in "How To Analyze Resistive Circuits
Using Ohm's Law" on wikiHow. ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Other
versions Ohm's law, in the form above, is an extremely useful equation in the field of
electrical/electronic engineering because it describes how voltage, current and resistance are
interrelated on a "macroscopic" level, that is, commonly, as circuit elements in an electrical circuit.
Physicists who study the electrical properties of matter at the microscopic level use a closely related
and more general vector equation, sometimes also referred to as Ohm's law, having variables that are
closely related to the V, I, and R scalar variables of Ohm's law, but which are each functions of
position within the conductor. Physicists often use this continuum form of Ohm's Law:[31] where
"E" is the electric field vector with units of volts per meter (analogous to "V" of Ohm's law which
has units of volts), "J" is thecurrent density vector with units of amperes per unit area (analogous to
"I" of Ohm's law which has units of amperes), and "ρ" (Greek "rho") is the resistivity with units of
ohm·meters (analogous to "R" of Ohm's law which has units of ohms). The above equation is
sometimes written[32] as J = E where "σ" (Greek "sigma") is the conductivity which is the
reciprocal

Leep Persuasive Speech
Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP) What is a LEEP and why is it done? Let me first
explain why you should have the LEEP procedure done if you have an infection in you cervix.
When a woman gets human papillomavirus or HPV she has a high chance of getting an infection in
her virgin or cervix. This virus is extremely common worldwide, there are up to 100 types of HPV,
of which at least 13 are cancerous. This is a STD, but the two types of HPV that usually cause
cervical cancer are 16 and 18. In 2012 approximately 270,000 women died from cervical cancer.
That is why it is so important to get this LEEP procedure done. It is better to get this infection out
before it turns in to cancer. So we know that a LEEP is done when you have an ... Show more
The tissue that they have gotten will be set to a lab and studied to confirm the diagnosis. There is not
much you need to worry about after you have had the LEEP done, but the highest risk you have is
that you could have heavy bleeding after for up to 3 weeks, if it last longer than three weeks call
your doctor. You may have to have more paste applied to you cervix to stop the bleeding. This
procedure has also been known for increased risk in future pregnancy problems. Although most
women have no problems, there is a small increase in the risk of premature births and having a low
birth weight baby. In rare cases, the cervix is narrowed after the procedure, which can make it
difficult to become pregnant. After the procedure you may have a watery, pinkish discharge, mild
cramping, and a brownish–black discharge (from the paste used). It will take a few weeks for you
cervix to heal. While your cervix heals, you should not place anything in your vagina, such as
tampons. You also should not have intercourse. Your doctor will tell you when it is sake to do

Ohm's Law Lab Report
Physics 132
Cassidy Grace
Section MZ– Mondays 4:40pm
DC Circuits and Ohm's Law
Abstract
Throughout this experiment we looked at basic principles of DC circuits and electrical currents by
measuring the voltages and currents in simple currents. We used Ohm's law R=V/I and R=E/I and
the values of current and voltage to find the resistance of an electric circuit. We also found that the
SI unit of volt are Joules/Coulomb and that power is measured in Watts.
Questions and Answers
1. State the equation for Ohm's law. What do the variables V, I, and R stand for, and what are the
units of each? Of the units listed, which one is equivalent to coulomb/second?
The Ohm's law is R=V/ I where R is resistance which is measured in Ohm's, V is voltage in the units
of Joules/Coulomb and I is current with a units of Amps or coulomb/second.
2. From Part 3.1.1 (Power Supply): Produce a graph of output voltage Vout as a function of the
sliding contact position x, measured from the bottom end of slide wire resistor. Verify that the data
points fall on a straight line rather than a curve (don't actually compute the slope). Did the current
change while you varied the sliding contact position x? (hint your current meter was switched off
during this part, but this question can be answered using Ohm's law and your graph).
Based on the graph, when we varied the contact position x, the current did change even as the
current meter was turned off. The voltage also changed in a linear

Electric Powered Vehicles As A Replacement For The Current...
Background
Throughout the years, vehicles have been an important part of human lives. From steam–powered,
diesel–powered and now, electric–powered vehicles. With today's ever advancing technology, the
type of technology used for vehicles are slowly evolving into something that adapts the change that
is also happening in our word. This includes climate change, population increase and many more.
Purpose
The purpose of this report is to analyze, compare, and determine the capability of electric–powered
vehicles as a replacement for the current diesel–powered vehicles.
Scope
This report will tackle the following question:
Costs
Efficiency
Reliability
Economic Impact
Environmental impact
Limitation
We have strictly limited with the following ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recharge Time
Fully recharging the battery pack takes 4–8 hours.
Battery Cost
The large battery packs are expensive and may need to be replaced from time to time.
Bulk and Weight
Battery packs are heavy and take up weight.
Table 5: Features
Energy Efficient
EVs convert about 59%–62% of the electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels –
conventional gasoline vehicles convert about 17%–21% of the energy stored in gasoline to power at
the wheels.
Environmental Friendly
EVs emit no tailpipe pollutants, although the power plant producing the electricity may emit them.
Performance Benefits
Electric motors provide quiet, smooth operation and stronger acceleration and require less
maintenance than diesel ones.

Reduce Energy Dependence
Electricity is a domestic energy source
Table 6: Average Estimated Cost
Vehicle:
Honda Civic
Nissan Leaf
Bmw Gran coupe
Tesla model S
Price:
$18,000–$24,000
$29, 800–$31,798
$78,300–$83,00
$87,400–$94,000
Chart 1: Environmental Impact
Environmental Impact Despite the costs savings for electric cars, the environmental impact of
electric cars are still being debated. In the first comparison of the two vehicles we shall look at their
environmental impacts. while the electric car doesn 't produce any emissions through the tailpipe
lets look at how it compare in the way of how electricity is produce in order to fuel the car. In this
annually pie chart you see that about fifty percent of the

ECT In The Film One Flew Over The Cuckoo's N
Prior to this assignment, my feelings from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) solely came from
images in the media. Two instances that stand out to me is the portrayal of ECT in an episode of
"American Horror Story: Asylum" and from the movie "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest."
Although I realize media is not an accurate representation of reality, these scenes stood out to me
due to the intense, emotional display of ECT's effects through the patient's eyes. Despite the
unrealistic depiction of ECT, one accurate aspect of the scenes is that ECT was commonly used
during the 1960s–1970s to improve mental disturbances and a variety of psychological disorders. I
think the reason these scenes stood out to me was that ECT was implemented without the patient's
informed consent or agreement upon the treatment regimen, utilized as a way to subdue patients into
compliance. Contrary to modern use of ECT, this type of therapy was used as a form of punishment,
implemented ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I learned that often times, ECT is used along with a general anesthesia and a brief electrical current
initiated to trigger a brief seizure. Likewise, I realized that ECT is the preferred treatment when
other options are not as well tolerated. After becoming more familiar with the procedure, it seems as
though ECT may be a more desirable option than pharmacological interventions as drug
interventions may require more time to become effective. Sometimes when a patient's signs and
symptoms are overwhelming, interfering with their daily life, time is of the essence and ECT
provides a quicker relief for individuals with immediate risk. After several years and improvement
technology, ECT has become much safer in the past, presenting minimal possible risks – memory
loss, confusion, headache or muscle ache – to the

The Future Of Electric Energy
Upon the first discovery of electricity, the subjects of electricity and magnetism would go on to
revolutionize life as we know it. With the rudimentary work completed by the leaders within the
field, such as Benjamin Franklin or Nikola Tesla, these brilliant scientists laid the foundation that
would go on to become arguably one of the most important aspects of our forever–changed society.
Although we have learned to incorporate electricity, it has many uses within our lives. Electric
energy is at the forefront of our world's business, engineering, and medical sectors of the workforce.
Public transportation is rapidly getting on the radar for developing new technologies to better serve
consumers. With great emphasis being placed on living more eco–friendly lives and the increasing
costs of energy, these more efficient transportation models will change the face of history. One
major point driving this initiative is the pull back of fossil fuel consumption, and the reduction of
greenhouse gases being released into our atmosphere. Both historians and energy experts agree that
as society advances, there is a need for more concentrated, powerful forms of energy, like rocket
fuel instead of gasoline. Electric vehicles are one of these technologies to hit the consumer markets.
Companies such as Toyota and Tesla are beginning to manufacture both hybrid and electric vehicles.
Electric cars work on the basis of expending the energy stored in a battery (or series of batteries) for

Electroconvulsive Therapy: Short-Term Seizure
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a technique in which electric streams are passed through the
brain, triggering a short–term seizure. Electroconvulsive therapy causes changes in brain chemistry
that can reverse symptoms of depression and other mental illnesses. It is used as a last resort when
conventional methods are unsuccessful, or in the elderly who can't tolerate medication side effects,
or for people who chose electroconvulsive therapy over pharmaceuticals. Electro–Convulsive
Therapy Electroconvulsive therapy is done in a controlled setting. Before the procedure the nurse
does a focused assessment, the nurse inserts an intra–venous line so that fluids and medications can
be administered as needed, then the client is usually given general

Nt1310 Unit 8
1.What does the vertical axis represent? The vertical axis represents the voltage scale. (how many
volt or amp per division). 2.What does the horizontal axis represent? The Horizontal axis represents
the Time scale. (the sweep speed). 3.Altering time physically changes the horizontal axis how? It
will increase or decrease each division to the choosing time which will change the horizontal axis
per screen. 4. When using an amp clamp, what type of reading (volts, amps, ohms) appears on the
vertical axis? Explain the basic process the scope uses to obtain this type of reading. With an amp
clamp amps appear on the vertical axis. The scope obtains this type of reading from the magnitude
of AC and additionally the phase and waveform can also be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What feature may be utilized to see specific detail of an event and may also be useful for observing
intermittent issues? The reduced rearm delay which is provided by digital triggering, together with
segmented memory allows the capture of events that happen in rapid sequence. Rapid triggering can
capture a new waveform every microsecond until the buffer is full. 6. A repeat trigger is being used
to read a pattern. After the trigger is moved on the screen, the pattern disappears. What is the most
likely problem? The most likely problem for the reason the info (pattern) disappears is that your
readings are out of parameters that you have set it to. 7. What is the advantage of using the repeat
mode for a trigger vs. the automatic mode? The advantage of using Auto mode is that when you're
looking at your wavelength and readings, they are consistent. If at any time the readings go out of
parameters it will still display the readings. If this was to happen in Repeat mode... where your
readings go out of parameters the data would simply not be there it would be a blank reading on the
screen. 8. What is the term used to describe number of frames recorded. The term used to describe
the 1–1000 frames recorded is called a your Complete Record. 9. A high sample rate does what to
the

Essay on Faraday
Faraday
It is not my intention to lay before you a life of Faraday in the ordinary accepting of the term. The
duty I have to perform is to give you some notion of what he has done in the world; dwelling
incidentally on the spirit in which his work was executed, and introducing such personal traits as
may be necessary to the completion of your picture of the philosopher, though by no means
adequate to give you a complete idea of the man. Michael Faraday was born at Newington Butts, on
September 22, 1791, and he died at Hampton Court, on August 25, 1867. When thirteen years old,
that is to say in 1804, Faraday was apprenticed to a bookseller and bookbinder where he spent eight
years of his life, after which he worked as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this time he was acquiring, not producing; working hard for his master and storing and
strengthening his own mind. He assisted Mr. Brande in his lectures, and so quietly, skillfully, and
modestly was his work done, that Mr. Brande's vocation at the time was pronounced 'lecturing on
velvet.' In 1820 Faraday published a chemical paper 'on two new compounds of chlorine and carbon,
and on a new compound of iodine, carbon, and hydrogen.' This paper was read before the Royal
Society on December 21, 1820, and it was the first of his that was honored with a place in the
'Philosophical Transactions.' On June 12, 1821, he married, and obtained leave to bring his young
wife into his rooms at the Royal Institution. There for forty–six years they lived together, occupying
the suite of apartments which had been previously in the successive occupancy of Young, Davy, and
Brande. At the time of her marriage Mrs. Faraday was twenty–one years of age, he being nearly
thirty. Oersted, in 1820, discovered the action of a voltaic current on a magnetic needle; and
immediately afterwards the splendid intellect of Ampere succeeded in showing that every magnetic
phenomenon then known might be reduced to the mutual action of electric currents. This attracted
Faraday's attention to the subject. He read much about it; and in the months of July, August, and
September he wrote a 'history of the progress of electromagnetism,' which he published in
Thomson's

The Effects Of The Seebeck Effect
Introduction
1.1 Seebeck Effect
When two ends of a conductor are held at different temperatures electrons at
the hot junction at higher thermal velocities diffuse to the cold junction. Seebeck
discovered that making one end of a metal bar hotter or colder than the other produced
an EMF between the two ends. He experimented with junctions (simple mechanical
connections) made between different conducting materials. He found that if he created
a temperature difference between two electrically connected junctions (e.g., heating
one of the junctions and cooling the other) the wire connecting the two junctions
would cause a compass needle to deflect. He thought that he had discovered a way to
transform thermal energy into a magnetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
➢ TH and TC are the hot and cold thermocouple temperatures, respectively, in ok.
The reverse of the Seebeck effect is also possible: by passing a current through two
junctions, you can create a temperature difference. This process was discovered in
1834 by scientist named Peltier, and thus it is called the Peltier effect. This may sound
similar to Joule heating described above, but in fact it is not. In Joule heating the
current is only increasing the temperature in the material in which it flows. In Peltier
effect devices, a temperature difference is created: one junction becomes cooler and

one junction becomes hotter. Although Peltier coolers are not as efficient as some
other types of cooling devices, they are accurate, easy to control, and easy to adjust.
Peltier effect devices are used coolers for microelectronic devices such as
microcontrollers and computer CPU. Peltier found there was an opposite phenomenon
to the Seebeck Effect, whereby thermal energy could be absorbed at one dissimilar
metal junction and discharged at the other junction when an electric current flowed
within the closed circuit. the thermocouple circuit is modified to obtain a

The Experimenter Must Conduct Electrolysis Essay
The purpose of this experiment is to confirm Avogadro's number. To do this the experimenter must
conduct electrolysis. Electrolysis, as given to us in the experiment instructions, is where an external
power supply is used to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction. A zinc strip and a copper strip
will be used as electrodes. Electrodes are "devices that move electrons into or out of a solution by
conduction" ("Definition"). The electrodes will be placed into a beaker of sulfuric acid. By using the
copper strip as the anode and the zinc strip as the cathode, the experimenter will make the cell
electrolytic in order to oxidize a copper electrode. "The anode of a device is the terminal where
current flows in from outside" and "the cathode of a device is the terminal where current flows out"
(Denker). By measuring the amount of copper that was deposited in the electroplating process, the
experimenter will be able to determine the average current in the reaction and determine the amount
of atoms in one mole of copper. The experimenter will then compare this number to Avogadro's
number, determining how accurate Avogadro's number is. In this experiment, the experimenter will
be using a LabQuest, a Vernier Current Probe, a 1.5 volt DC power source, 2 connecting wires with
alligator clips, an ohm resistor, a copper strip, and a zinc strip to set up the experiment. The
experimenter will also need the following: sand paper to clean a strip of copper, an analytical
balance to

Hows does changing the length of wire affect resistance?
OBJECTIVE For this piece of coursework I have been asked to investigate into the resistance of
wires when the length is changed. INTRODUCTION The objective for my coursework (as already
stated above) is to investigate how changing the length of wire can affect the resistance. There are
factors which can affect how accurate our expriment is come on four levels. As in any scientific
experiment, there are always variables ( "likely to change or vary subject to variation; changeable." )
which can alter a potentially good set of results into a bad set full of anomalies. In this particular test
there are five main variables. Length affects resistant, this is the variable which we are changing. As
water in a hose pipe, the longer the pipe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In theory, if the wire is doubled, then so will the resistance. If the length is twice as much, then there
will be twice as much collisions, which would increase the resistance RESULTS The test was done
several times, I have rewritten my results into a clearer table, this can bee seen on a the next separate
sheet. The equation for finding resistance is.. Resistance = Voltage/current This was used in
calculating the

Conductivity In Ivy Creek
Conductivity is the measure of how well water can conduct an electrical current (Shahady, 2010). At
each creek cite the conductivity varied, at Claytor – Big Otter was record to be at 57.5 µs/cm,
making it the lowest record for the whole study. Peaksview – Ivy Creek was record at 108 µs/cm
and Target – Rock Castle Creek at 285 µs/cm, the highest recorded. The term pH is used to indicate
how alkaline or acidic water is determined on a scale from 1.0 to 14.0 (Shahady, 2010). The pH at
each different creek seemed to be around the number. At Claytor – Big Otter it was record to be 7.0
and at Target – Rock Castle Creek was 7.65, this means that the water is alkaline, meaning there are
more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. Claytor – Big Otter

Measure The Potential Difference ( V ) And Current ( A )...
Physics Lab Report SIXTO LEONEL GUANO ROBAYO [ Group S–13] 05/12/2015 MEASURE
THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (V) AND CURRENT (A) VALUES BY USING A VARIETY OF
RESISTORS, REMAINING CONSTANT EMF TO FIND OUT ITS INTERNAL RESISTANCE.
Academic year: 2015–16 Title Measure the potential difference (V) and current (A) values by using
a variety of resistors, remaining constant EMF to find out its internal resistance. Introduction
"Batteries and cells have an internal resistance (r) which is measures in ohm's (W). When electricity
flows round a circuit the internal resistance of the cell itself resists the flow of current and so
thermal (heat) energy is wasted in the cell itself." (physicsnet.co.uk,2010).  = electromotive force
in volts, V I = current in amperes, A R = resistance of the load in the circuit in ohms, Ω r = internal
resistance of the cell in ohms, Ω  I Based in the previous statement we can establish that in the real
world the EMF of a battery or any other power supply, considered as the maximum potential
difference, actually is not the same potential difference we measure across the external circuit, this is
due to the presence of an internal resistance in our power supply. Plotting the data we collect about
the potential difference and current

Hrm/531 Week 5 Learning Report
Last week, I had the opportunity to visit Extrem Schön Fit & Med Lounge, where you can find EMS
training, Lipo–massage, skin care and much more. I f you are looking to start training for 20 min
with EMS stimulation, this is your place. Electrical stimulation acts on the muscle provoking muscle
to work, and the muscle progress is nothing but the result of that work. Having the electro
stimulation meanwhile you training, give the order to the muscle to make the maximum number of
muscle fiber to work, therefore the amount of time you require to train is relatively short as a normal
training. The EMS increase also the strength ans muscular mass, and you can elevate the intensity of
your training, means more and more fibres are recruited in the

Electroneurodiagnostic Technology Essay
Electroneurodiagnostic Tech is a great job to get into, but before you think you want to do it there
are some things you should know. You should know what exactly ENDT's do. ENDT's record
electrical activity occurring from the brain, peripheral nerves, and spinal cord using a variety of
instruments and techniques. You may be preparing patients for procedures or obtaining medical
histories, and recording electrical potentials. Also, you might calculate results or help maintain
equipment. You could be comforting a patient during the procedure, which could last 25 minutes or
8 hours. When you're a Electroneurodiagnostic Tech you act as the eyes and ears for trained doctors.
Then, the doctor's later review and interpret the data. There ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The most familiar procedure is electroencephalogram. The EEG is the most completed procedure.
EEG's help with a lot of symptoms. They are used to help in the diagnosis of epilepsy and variation
of neurological symptoms. People with head trauma or severe disease are evaluated with EEG's.
EEG monitoring is done during surgeries in the neck or around heart. This helps offer more
information about brain function. EEG's normally take about 90 minutes. Another procedure is PSG,
which stands for Polysomnograms. This is a recording during sleep that uses physiologic monitors
to evaluate sleep, and sleep disorders. It monitors load snoring, struggle to stay awake during the
day, falling asleep at unsuitable times, and insomnia. Physician's use Polysomnograms to recognize
dysfunction in wake and sleep cycles, and breathing disorders. Evoked potentials and Nerve
Conduction Studies are two other procedures ENDT's perform. Evoked potentials are extremely
helpful evalulating spinal cord injuries, hearing loss, blurred vison, acoustic neuroma, and blind
spots. Nerve Conduction evaluate potentials from peripheral nerves. This test is for patients
suffering from nerves that produce tingling, muscle pain, muscle cramping, muscle

Major Discoveries in Electrical Communication in the 1800’s
The nineteenth century was a very prolific era of discovery in electrical knowledge and technologies
that laid the foundation for modern electrical communication. During this period of time the
foundations of modern electrically based technologies were discovered. The nineteenth century
began with a debate between Luigi Galvani, and Alessandro Volta regarding the source of electricity
in Galvani's famous frog experiment. These debates lead to the invention of the battery by Volta, and
the invention of Volta's. Volta's discoveries would lead the way for Ohm's law several years later.
However, before that discovery was made Hans Christian Ørstead discovered electromagnetism,
which was then used by André Marie Amperè to show that magnetism ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Galvani noticed that when a metal scalpel was brought close one of the nerves in the frog that the
frog's leg would move. Galvani stated that the electricity observed in the frogs was intrinsic the
nerves of the frog. Galvani used multiple different metals combinations to demonstrate the electric
phenomenon. He would further demonstrate that metals were seemingly unneeded. He did this by
manipulating the nerves and muscles of the frogs in such way that caused the same twitch, as when
a metal object was brought near. The publication of his research in 1791 would peak the interest of
Alessandro Volta. Volta was convinced that Galvani's animal electricity was not the result of the
animal tissues, but the metals within those tissues. In an effort to prove this Volta invented the
battery . Volta's battery was built out of alternating zinc and copper disks with cloth (or a similar
medium) soaked in salt water [10]. Volta stated the following regarding the nature of electricity with
respect to Galvani's animal electricity: "Herein lies the whole secret, the whole magic of Galvanism.
It is simply an artificial electricity, which acts under the impulse of contacts between different
conductors" [9]. At this point Volta's theory of electricity by contact was fully accepted. Just after
Volta's greatest discovery and before that of Ohm, Hans Christian Ørstead discovered magnetism.
Ørstead conducted a series of experiments that

What Was The Use Of Electric Currents In The 1800's
The basis of modern day electrical systems were all derived over a quarrel involving the light bulb,
the electric chair, and a 28–year old Croatian immigrant.This dispute involved three of the biggest
and most prominent names in the history of electrical engineering: Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla,
and George Westinghouse, who were all scientists and innovators who lived during the late 1800s.
Edison and Tesla would get into a quite large argument over the best and most efficient kind of
electrical currents. It would be Edison's direct currents against Tesla's alternating ones. This
disagreement would go on to shape the course of electricity across the country. It would later be
known as the War of Currents. The War of Currents had a great impact ... Show more content on
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He took the profits from his inventions and put them towards a company where he could sell
electricity to America (King). Before long, Edison had become a large business mogul with the only
large electric company in the nation. He was popular with the public, unlike his rival Nikola Tesla
and used this to his advantage during the 'war'. He used this popularity to promote DC over AC and
spread propaganda about Tesla and his ideas (Lantero). Edison spread rumors such as that Tesla was
working for a secret German agency, or that he had killed his own mother (Willis). Most of these
rumors were dismissed as false, but a suspicion of Tesla still grew. Edison also tried to sabotage
Westinghouse, Tesla's ally, as well. Westinghouse had a firm and public belief that alternating
currents were better than direct currents, so Edison used that against him. Edison created a chair that
alternating currents could flow through and into the person sitting in it: the first electric chair
(King). He stated that AC was dangerous and should be discontinued (King). Edison even
electrocuted a circus elephant named Topsy to show how fatal it could be (Willis). He then created a
term that described death by electric chair. The term 'Westinghousing' came to mean dying or killing
by electrocution, especially in the electric chair. This furthered the dislike of both Tesla and
Westinghouse, and made Edison's DC systems

Physics Of Semiconductors Essay
The Physics of Semiconductor Devices The purpose of this paper is to give a greater understanding
of the semiconductor world, for Physics 100 students who have a little knowledge of electronics. I
will cover conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and the operation of a diode and a transistor. The
reason that it is important to understand these devices is the vast effect that they have had on our
modern world. Our lives are filled by electronics, especially in this computerized age that we live in,
and I have found that a knowledge of some electronics has greatly helped my understanding of the
many electronic devices that we deal with on a daily basis.
To understand the physics of a semiconductor device it is first necessary to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The outer shell of electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom is called the valance shell. This is what
makes a copper atom conduct. For a copper atom the number of electrons is one. When a charge of
electricity is placed in the end of a wire the electrons move into the wire. Since there is only one
electron in the valance shell of a copper atom it can be easily dislodged with a small amount of
energy causing it to jump to the next atom. This will then cause the valance electron of that atom to
jump to the next atom and so forth. This movement happens very fast making it possible for a large
number of electrons to move through the wire. An example of a conductive atom is shown figure 1.
Now we will move onto other materials that are involved with electronics. The next group of
materials that will be discussed are insulators. An insulator is a material that does not conduct
electricity at all but will resist or stop it from traveling further. An insulating atom has eight
electrons in its valance shell which makes this shell complete. Eight is the most electrons that any
atoms can have in their valance shell this is why these are called insulators, no more electrons can fit
in the valance shell of these atoms.
We have now discussed the two extremes in electronic materials; a conductor, and an insulator we
will now move to a material that lies in between these two, a semiconductor. The

Bowflex Research Paper
Performance The Power Rod learning curve. The Bowflex Power Rod resistance system takes
certain getting used to, users say. The resistance provided via rods connected to pulleys that flex
then return to their original position. Resistance is progressive –– the farther you take the range of
motion, the harder it becomes. Not everybody is a fan, among some saying that they drastically
prefer the more conventional weight stacked resistance. Still, others prefer the Power Rods, claiming
it's easier on their joints. Many reviewers warn if you're taller than about 6 feet, 4 inches, that the
Bowflex Blaze's cable connections and seat rail may possibly be a bit too short for you. In general,
however, consumers say that they find the best good, full–body workout with the Blaze. Versatility
More than 50 exercise choices. One of the most favored attributes of the Bowflex Blaze is its
capability of converting to a rowing machine, which users say provides a great cardiovascular
workout in addition to the Blaze's strength training functionality. The Blaze's strength training
features are vast, including nine back exercises, 16 arm exercises, 5 for the abdominal muscles, 13
leg exercises, eight for the upper body and 14 for the shoulders. The upper resistance level out of the
box is 210 lbs, but it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though there tend to be a few people who struggled, most declare that the Bowflex Blaze's
installation instructions are very clear and easy to follow. The general consensus is that it can take
about 2 to three hours for a single person operating alone to complete the job. It will go more
quickly if you have help; they also recommend having both a wrench set and screwdriver on–hand
for assembly. Consumers say it can be frustrating to disconnect the cable connections to swap
between the pulleys, although it's not complicated to do. Countless keepers state that they appreciate
the pull–out workout placard that helps assist them in the correct form while

Coursework Analysis Lab
REMARKS/ ANALYSIS
In the 1st part of the experiment, Magnetics fields of Magnets with different orientations were
observed. For its first subpart A. Like poles of bar Magnets, the magnetic fields are attracted to their
opposite poles, thus it is shown that the magnets repel each other. For the next subpart B. Unlike
poles of bar Magnets. The magnetic field lines of the North–pole is attracted to the South–pole. This
is why in the figure, it can be seen that the two magnets are seeking each other. For subpart C. Two
U–magnets with their unlike poles facing each other, it can be observed that the magnetic field lines
are thicker because the poles of a U–magnet are closer to each other than a bar magnet. For the last
subpart D of the first experiment, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is usually represented by a combination of loops that leave the N–pole and enter the S–pole. These
loops are called the magnetic flux. When a charge moves in an electric field, it will experience an
electrostatic force given by an equation F=qE. Also, when a charge enters a magnetic field B, a
magnetic force is exerted. F=qv*B. If the charge moves in a wire, with length L, the force can be
represented as F=ILBsin(theta). In the experiment, we were able to study the nature of the magnetic
fields around the poles of magnets which helps me understand more about the concept of magnetic
fields. We also determined the magnitude of magnetic force on a current–carrying wire. We found
out that these variables are directly proportional to each other. Lastly, we also study the nature of the
relationships between magnetic force and magnetic field, current, length and orientation of current
carrying wires. After the experiment, we were able to fully grasp the theories, concepts and
principles relating to magnetism. As an application of the experiment, magnets in medicinal area is
used and somehow very effective. It is used without any medicines. It can stimulate the nerves in the
body to increase the circulation of blood. Doctors frequently use this to cure ailments such as gout,
arthritis and other pains with respect to the nervous

Sliver Removal Research Paper
Sliver Removal You have had a sliver (splinter) removed. This has caused a wound that extends
through some or all layers of the skin and possibly into the subcutaneous tissue. This is the tissue
just beneath the skin. Because these wounds can not be cleaned well, it is necessary to watch closely
for infection. AFTER THE PROCEDURE If a cut (incision) was necessary to remove this, it may
have been repaired for you by your caregiver either with suturing, stapling, or adhesive strips. These
keep together the skin edges and allow better and faster healing. HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS A
dressing may have been applied. This may be changed once per day or as instructed. If the dressing
sticks, it may be soaked off with a gauze pad or clean cloth

The Future Of Transportation, Electricity, And Energy
When Benjamin Franklin first discovered electricity, it was one of the biggest discoveries known to
mankind. Even though our dependence on electricity is enormous, it is still easy to forget just how
dependent we are on electricity. Electricity has played a huge part in our everyday lives and will
continue to do so. In fact, it is quite hard to imagine humanity without electricity. When it comes to
transportation, electricity will someday rewrite the history books. One of the most important issues
in the future of transportation is to decrease emissions. The amount of people that are driving
individual vehicles will also need to be reduced. One of the bigger problems is that we are using our
fossil fuels in a bad manner and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because they are supposed to give power during a large amount of time. In result, deep cycle
batteries are used instead of SLI batteries for these applications. Many current technologies have
much lower specific energy which impacts the maximum all electric range of the vehicles. On the
other hand, metal air batteries have high specific energy because the cathode is provided by the
surrounding oxygen in the air. One definite application of electromagnetic technology relates to a
form of transportation that might appear to be old news at first, which is trains. However, magnetic
levitation trains are as far removed from the old stream engines of the Union Pacific as the space
shuttle is from the Wright brothers' experimental airplane. Those type of engines most likely laid the
ground work for the other engines even though they are very old fashioned. Having some basic
knowledge of the various sciences as it is a starting point for Maglev would most likely be in best
interest. Having some basic knowledge on how to assign common variables to physics terms and a
brief overview of the laws of chemistry dealing with magnetism is very important. This is so
important because most of, if not all the equations used to determine how the Maglev trains move is
derived from formulas used to calculate electric current. You have to understand the use of
magnetism in

Eel Imobilize Prey
Electric eels are capable of generating powerful shocks that can immobilize prey. Discharges
emitted from volleys into the environment can cause prey in hiding to experience involuntary
muscle twitching causing it to be revealed to the eel. The revelation of hidden prey allows the eel to
continue its attack and go into predatory strike mode. This study (Catania, 2014) sets out to show
that the powerful shocks produced by eels activate motor neurons in their prey causing muscle
contractions in the prey to be temporarily halted and the eel to be able to control their target through
high–frequency volleys.
An eel was placed in a naturalistic experimental environment with other fish and the fishes' response
to high–voltage pulses was observed. If there was a strong enough discharge, the fish was unable to
move on its on accord and was captured by the eel. A pitched fish was placed behind an agar barrier,
which received the same discharge as the eel directed toward earthworms placed in the same
environment. In order to determine if the discharges induced the muscle movement by initiating
action potentials or by activating the motor neurons in the fish, two fishes were pitched; one of the
fish was injected with an AcH antagonist and the other was injected with a placebo. To test doublet
and triplet discharges ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A sharp rise in fish tension occurred after the pitched fish received a strong pulse. When the eel was
separated from the fish by an agar barrier, the eel was still able to detect the fish movements and
attack accordingly. When the two pitched fishes were compared, the results suggested that the motor
neurons were activated to cause muscle movement. In response to the artificial movements of the
fish in the plastic bags, the eels only followed a doublet if there was confirmation that there was
actual movement from the fish, so it could release the full strength

Nt1310 Unit 5 Lab Report
Link to the Task Sheet
BEFORE CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT – You should already have submitted to your
teacher an EXCELLENT Investigation Design that included:
Identification of independent variable, dependent variable, and 4 factors held constant
Aim
Hypothesis
Procedure (step by step, including safety issues)
Circuit diagrams (copied from task sheet is OK if this is what you used)
However – if anything in the list above was NOT included in your pre–prac Investigation Design (or
if there was anything you think could be improved) – include it now in your report below
How does changing the resistor size affect the amplitude of signal voltage in a receiving circuit?
Aim:
To investigate how the resistor size in a receiving circuit affects

Strongest Electromagnet
Our period five class was given the challenge of which group could make the strongest
electromagnet out of the materials we were given. We propose that in order to build the strongest
electromagnet we should, use thick copper wire with a length of two meters, an iron nail, four
batteries and the temperature will be colder than room temperature. Based on the data we collected
in our trials, we believe the materials we use will create the strongest electromagnet. We first
propose using thick copper as the material we chose for wire type. We propose using thick copper
because, in the trials, the electromagnet with string wire could only hold 0 filings, the electromagnet
with aluminum material could hold 31 filings and the electromagnet with a copper wire could hold
83 pieces of filing. The pattern shows ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We did not get to test the material for the ferromagnet, but according to an article written by
www.irm.umn.edu, "However, the versatility of iron–carbon alloys cannot be matched in any other
material." We also propose to use two meters of thick copper rather than one meter. The more
material you have the more coils you will have around the ferromagnet. When we tested the number
of coils around a ferromagnet, we found that no coils held 0 filings, fifty coils held 83 filings but
100 coils could hold 167 filings. Therefore the more wire you have, the more times you can coil the
ferromagnet, which can make the strongest electromagnet. Next, we propose to use four batteries as
our power source rather than using three, two, or one battery. When we tested the number of
batteries, we found that one battery held 14 paper clips, two batteries held 19 paper clips, but 3
batteries could hold 24 paper clips. Although we did not test using four batteries, we could predict
by using proportions that 4 batteries could hold about 32 paperclips. The pattern shows that more
batteries make a stronger

LEEPAnd Why Is It Done
What is a LEEP and why is it done? A LEEP is done when you have an abnormal cervical cancer
screening result; it is one way of removing the abnormal cells from your cervix. Your gynecologists
dose this by using a thin wire that acts like a scalpel. Electric current is passed through the loop,
which cuts away a thin layer of the cervix. How is LEEP performed? The procedure should be done
when you are not on your period so that the doctor can have a better view of your cervix. Most of
the time LEEP is done in the doctor's office, this only takes a few minutes so you should be in and
out. To have the procedure done you will be lying on you back with your legs in stirrups. Then the
doctor will insert a speculum into your vagina in the same way as for a pelvic exam. A local
anesthesia will be used so you don't feel pain. This will be given through a needle attached to a
syringe. You are most likely going to feel a slight sting, then a dull ache or cramp. Then the loop is
inserted into your vagina to the cervix. There will be different sizes and shapes of the loops that will
be used. There is a small chance that you may feel faint during the procedure. If you do feel faint tell
your doctor immediately. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Electrocautery Also may be used to control bleeding. The tissue that they have gotten will be set to a
lab and studied to confirm the

Design of Electronic Circuits Lab Report
ZEIT 1206 DEC1 Lab Report 1
DC Circuits – Analysis and Design
Alexander Glover, z3422512
Abstract
DC circuit analysis and design, play a massive role in electrical engineering and without the correct
application of theory and practise in unison, nothing can be achieved in a true engineering sense.
Engineering requires theory to develop and test constraints while also requiring practical application
of theory in order to determine tolerance and practical results for industry purposes. The ability to
analysis a circuit gives a potential electrical engineer the ability to learn how to problem solve in a
theoretical and practical sense which in turn develops industry skills in which will follow them for
life, and allow a solid knowledge base ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
KCL is defined as: The algebraic sum of the currents into any point of the circuit must equal the
algebraic sum of all the currents out of that point. Otherwise, charge would accumulate at the point,
instead of having a conducting path [ (Grob, 1977) ].
KVL is similarly defined as: For each mesh followed continuously in its tracing direction the
algebraic summation of all the instantaneous voltage drops is zero (Pike, 1971).
Where a mesh is defined as "a loop that does not contain any other loops" [ (Nilsson, 2011) ] and a
loop is defined as "a path whose last node is in the same as the starting node" [ (Nilsson, 2011) ] and
a node is defined as a point where two or more circuit elements join" [ (Nilsson, 2011) ].
KVL, KCL and Ohm's Law are all important tools for circuit analysis, especially using the node
voltage method. A worked example for KCL and Ohm's law is included for Figure 1 next; which can
also be directly applied to that of KVL in the same manner in place of KCL.
Figure 1: Simple dual voltage source (V1 and V2) circuit, with three resistors (R1, R2 and R3) and
four nodes (N1, N2, N3, N4).
From Figure 1, using KCL it can be said that at node two:
i1+ i2= i3 (A) (2)
Which can then be substituted for Ohm's law to give:

Va–VbR1+Vc–VbR2= VbR3 (V) (3)
When values are then substituted into equation three,

The Strength of an Electromagnet Essay
The Strength of an Electromagnet
Introduction:
[IMAGE]An electric current flowing through a wire produces a magnetic field. Coiling the wire
produces a stronger magnetic field. Coiling it around a soft iron core increases the strength effect;
raising the current or the number of coils increases it further.
I am going to investigate the raising of the current and how it affects an electromagnet.
I think the electromagnet will produce a stronger magnetic filed and pick up more iron fillings.
Aim:
To investigate factors which affect the strength of the electromagnet and make the strongest
electromagnet possible.
Apparatus:
· Iron Rod
· Leads
· Power Pack ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The higher the voltage means the size of current will increase too. The stronger the magnetic field,
the more filings will be attracted by the electromagnet. When the coils will be evenly spread across
the rod, the current across the rod and the magnetic field will be even.
Method:
The apparatus will be set up to form a circuit, as below:
I will use an iron rod and make (5) coils around the rod with a piece of wire. They will be spread as
evenly as possible across the rod. The ends of the wire will then be connected to the circuit with
crocodile clips. The voltage on the power pack will be turned onto 0.5 amps. As this is the ampere

reading from the power pack, it may not be exactly 0.5A, which is why a voltmeter has been added
so the actual number of amps could be measured each time. This will also be written in the results
table. When the current is switched on, I will hold the rod from one end and put the other end into a
beaker full of iron filings, allowing it to pick up as many filings as possible. The mass of the nails
picked up will be weighed on an electronic scale and recorded. This will be repeated 2 times so a
precise average can be taken. The same experiment will be carried out, increasing the voltage by 0.5
amps each time, up to 7 amps. All of these will be written to 1 decimal point.
Fair Test:
In order to keep the experiment a fair test I

Nt1310 Lab Report
All the data was fitted satisfactorily using the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 7. Where, Rs, CPE1
and R1 represent solution resistance, a constant– phase element corresponding to the double layer
capacitance and the charge transfer resistance, respectively. CPE2 and R2 were added to account for
the electrical elements of the outer layer. The following formula expressed the electrode impedance,
Z, as follow: Z = Rs + [Rct/ {1 +(2 π f Rct Cdl)α }] (8) Where α is an empirical parameter (0 ≤α≤1)
and f is the frequency in Hz. This formula considered the deviation from the ideal RC–behavior due
to surface inhomogeneties, roughness effects, and different compositions of surface layers 40, 41.
The first time constant at low frequency range was claimed to the presence of an inhomogeneous
passive film 42. A constant phase element (CPE) was used instead of a pure capacitance due to these
inhomogenities, which were found at the oxide/electrolyte interface and under the oxide film. CEE
can be introduced in terms of impedance from the following equation: Zw= Zo i(W)–n Where Zo is
the CPE constant, W is the angular frequency (in rad/s), i2 = –1 is the imaginary number and (n) is
the CPE exponent. Based on (n), CPE can represent resistance (n = 0, Zo = R), ... Show more
With respect to the influence of albumin, it increased the charge transfer resistance and the outer
layer resistance of titanium and copper alloy and slightly decreased the capacitance. This was
mainly due to the blocking effect of the organic molecule and the adsorption effect 48. R2 value of
Ti increased from 592.2 kΩ cm2 in SBF solution to 1080 kΩ cm2 in SBF + Albumin and from
168.5 kΩ cm2 to 292 kΩ cm2 for the copper alloy. On contrary was the effect of KF, where it
decreased significantly the impedance resistance of both samples with respect to SBF solutions (cf.
Tables 3, 4, 6 and

Baghdad Battery
Notre Dame Of Greater Manila
Madre Ignacia Avenue, Grace Park East, Caloocan City, Philippines
Investigatory Project Entitled:
Electrical Activity of Copper and Electrolytes
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Jyrus Cimatu Mrs. Maquimay
Jamil Mongcal
Wreccsor Cestina
I. Introduction
Philippines have always been a target of tropical cyclones and calamities.
And let's admit it; we are not always ready when it comes to disasters. Resources are scarce when
we need it. Fortunately, we Filipinos have a knack of being street–smart and resourceful. We can
turn any trash to treasure, we can succeed from rags to riches and we already proved that to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also a constituent on many types of alloys.
Metal – it is a good conductor of heat and electricity and forms cations and ionic bonds with non–
metals.
Clay – naturally occurring aluminum silicate composed primarily of fine– grained minerals. Clay
deposits are mostly composed of clay minerals, a subtype of phyllosilicate minerals, which impart
plasticity and harden when fired or dried; they also may contain variable amounts of water trapped
in the mineral structure by polar attraction.
CHAPTER II
Review Of Related Literature
The Baghdad battery was the foundation of this project and Baghdad batteries were built by Ancient
Parathions. There is still no exact proof on where the Parathions were able to use it since there were
no wires found for the electric current to flow. The battery is composed of a clay pot, a copper tube
enclosing a half inch metal tube and an asphalt stopper as a resistor. Inside the clay, there is a

solution which contains electrolytes such as vinegars and juice. Scholars found out that the
Parathions first ferment their wine as so that the wine will contain more free ions. And the copper
tube together with the metal tube helps the electric current flow. Recent pioneering includes
charcoal and wood sand as an alternative helping increase electric current by 2 volts. (Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Battery July 28, 2011)
Baghdad Battery
The

Nt1310 Unit 3 Lab Report
Introduction
In this lab we will be studying electric field plotting through the use of various apparatus. The
equipment we will be using includes a digital voltmeter, voltage probes, carbonized acetate sheets,
battery, and other tools of measurement. The goal of the lab is for us is to be able to plot lines for
charge distributions and to create electric field lines by providing an electric current through
carbonized sheets. Once we have completed constructing the electric field lines for the plate charge
distribution, we will continue to calculate for the electric field (E = Vx) and begin to plot for the
dipole charge distribution. When we have collected all the data needed, we then will finish
calculating for all the remaining variables and complete the rest of the lab report.
Procedure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After setting the voltmeter to 20 V, we were able to determine the voltage between the 2 plates to be
2.6 V. After determining the voltage between the plates, we proceeded to record voltage of the next
equipotential point per row and other points on the grid where it has no potential difference starting
at point (8,9). To figure out which points had no potential difference, the voltmeter had to equate to
~0 V in order to plot the equipotential line. My partner and I repeated this process until we have a
total of 7 equipotential line between the parallel plates. After we calculated for the electric field, we
proceeded to plot for equipotentials and field lines of the dipole arrangement. First, we determined
the voltage between the poles to be 2.87 V. Afterwards, we repeated the process as the previous
arrangement by obtaining the voltage for each equipotential line and plotting for its field lines. Once
we have obtained all the data needed, we proceeded to complete the latter portion of the lab

Circuit Analysis Using Kirchoff's Voltage Law, Kirchoff's...
Have you ever wondered how or what makes an electric circuit function? A fact that many people
don't realize is that almost every electric circuit can be analyzed with three very important laws.
Those laws are Kirchoff's Current Law, Kirchoff's Voltage Law, and Ohm's Law. With some practice
and the above stated laws in your tool bag, you can feel assured that you too can analyze electric
circuits with the best of them. However, before we get into the nitty–gritty of defining and using
these laws, I recommend that you first connect to the links that offer a little historical information
about the two men that defined these fundamental laws for electric circuit analysis. Gustav Robert
Kirchoff was a German physicist born on March 12, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using equipment of his own creation, Ohm determined that the current that flows through a wire is
proportional to its cross sectional area and inversely proportional to its length. Using the results of
his experiments, Georg Simon Ohm was able to define the fundamental relationship between
voltage, current, and resistance. These fundamental relationships are of such great importance, that
they represent the true beginning of electrical circuit analysis. Unfortunately, when Ohm published
his finding in 1827, his ideas were dismissed by his colleagues. Ohm was forced to resign from his
high–school teaching position and he lived in poverty and shame. However, his research efforts
gained allot of support outside of Germany. In 1849, Georg Simon Ohm was finally recognized for
his efforts by being appointed as a professor at the University of Munich. First Kirchoff's Current
Law. Kirchoff's Current law can be stated in words as the sum of all currents flowing into a node is
zero. Or conversely, the sum of all currents leaving a node must be zero. As the image below
demonstrates, the sum of currents Ib, Ic, and Id, must equal the total current in Ia. Current flows
through wires much like water flows through pipes. If you have a definite amount of water entering
a closed pipe system, the amount of water that enters the system must equal the amount of water that
exists the system. The number of branching pipes does not change the

RA Cooks Renovation Case Study
RA Cooks Renovation is a family owned and operated home remodeling company based in Dayton,
OH. Their dedicated team takes pride in offering high quality craftsmanship to their clients, in fact,
they're so committed to customer satisfaction that they back every single job they perform with a 5–
year warrantee.
As a true one–stop renovation and interior remodeling company, RA Cooks Renovation is capable
of taking on any job imaginable from full scale gut–remodels to purely cosmetic interior
remodeling. They can replace your old deck with a huge outdoor entertaining space, give you the
finished basement you've always wanted, or do a top to bottom remodel so you can finally have
your dream home! When you work with RA Cooks Renovation all you

Peak Power Reduction By Controlling Clock Using Path...
Peak Power Reduction by controlling clock using path clustering
Sindhu V1 and Mr.P.Nagarajan2
1PG Scholar, Dept of ECE, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women,
ssshaadhu@gmail.com
2Assistant professor,Dept of ECE, Vivekanandha college of engineering for Women
,greennagarajan@gmail.com
Abstract–Power reduction is an major challenge in the integrated circuit design since it degrades the
chip performance the reliability. Frequent transistor switching caused due to large IR–voltage drops
gives raise to timing violations and logic failures. A new clock control strategy is been introduced in
this paper such that the simultaneous switching of the combinational paths is minimized. This is
achieved by clustering the delay slacks having similar slack values. Once the paths are identified
based on the path delays and their slack values the clustering algorithm determines the path to
clusters in a load balanced manner based on the slack values and each cluster will have a phase shift
possible on its clock depending on the slack.
INTRODUCTION
Low power has emerged as a major goal in today's electronics industry. The motivations for
reducing power consumption differ from application to application. For high performance, portable
computers, such as laptop and notebook computers, the goal is to reduce the power dissipation of the
electronics portion of the system to a point that is about half of the total power dissipation (including
that of display and hard disk).
Peak

Secret of Magnetism Essay
Research, p.1
Do you want to know a secret? First, consider this: When a magician performs a magic trick, many
ask, "How did he do that?" Well...the true magician never tells because it is a secret. But when
speaking about magnetism and its use in our everyday lives, you can learn the SECRET–the secret
of magnetism! A true scientist would be glad to share his secrets through experimentation. Thus, I
will share the secret with you. It begins with science–physics, to be exact: matter and energy,
conduction and induction, magnetizing and demagnetizing. All will be explained in my science
project. More importantly, to discover through experimentation that the secret behind magnetism
could be its power! Let's start by defining an electromagnet. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Once again, the electrical current that flows through the wires produces a magnetic field. The
magnet will only move if the magnetic field is strong enough. The wire carrying the electrical
current behaves like a magnet. It either attracts or repels the magnet that is above it. If the direction
of the magnetic field changes, then the direction of the electrical current changes. Magnetic field is
formed in concentric circles around a current–carrying wire, laying the wire flat ensures that the
strongest part of the wire's magnetic field interacts with the magnet. Electricity and magnetism
cannot be separated. Remember, where there is an electric current, there is always a magnetic field!
Some examples where electromagnets are used in household items are: VCR's, tape players,
television cameras, computer disk drives, many small motors and large motors and even doorbells–
which we will learn about later in this project.
Electromagnets are also used in electric generators, to make trains move along the tracks, in
junkyards via cranes to move automobiles and to separate metal trash for recycling.
Thus, to demonstrate on a smaller scale the power of electromagnets, I chose two experiments. First,
I tested the strength of an electromagnet in three ways. The procedure demonstrated the following:
Research, p.3
The magnetic field strength produced by an

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