Epilepsy Research Paper

Epilepsy Research Paper
Epilepsy a neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with
abnormal electrical activity in the brain. There is more than 200,000 US cases per year. This Disorder comes with seizures and anxiety. The seizures
occur because of a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain there is an overload of electrical activity in the brain. Epilepsy is caused by irregular
brain activity and can develop at any age. Some people are born with a defect in the structure of their brain. Others have had a head injury, tumor,
stroke, or an infection causing epilepsy. An epilepticseizure might not occur until years after the injury, but in all cases, a seizure is the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that can cause a variety of symptoms. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder diagnosed on the basis of
seizures, but it can also cause many of the symptoms more typically associated with schizophrenia. Both of these brain disorders are complex and can
vary in severity. Abnormal development of the brain and nervous system contributes to the development of both schizophrenia and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Focal Epilepsy Case Study
Focal Epilepsy
–Many seizure episodes
–Staring spell
–Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs
–post seizure: postictal for a few hours with increased sedated and slurred speech
–Seizures have all occurred during sleep, either upon falling to sleep or early in the morning, prior to awakening
–Seizure lasts less than one minute
–Seizures are characterized by turning towards the left with jerking throughout the body.
–Sometimes she is conscious, while other time not.
–The majority of her seizures she does not remember
–CT and MRI was negative
–Abnormal routine EEG: showing sharps and spikes at the left temporal region with extension to left frontal central region
–May include tongue bite
–May include color changes e.g. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most children with syncope do not have serious diseases and their prognosis is generally benign (Khongphatthanayothin, 2014)
History, presentation and physical exam are not consistent with syncope

Assessment:
H.R. is a 16y.o. adolescent female K/C of focal epilepsy. She is on monotherapy of Keppra XR 2000 mg nightly. Presented to the University of
Michigan Pediatric Neurology Clinic, for follow up of her epilepsy. No any new complain, she has remained seizure–free since March 2017 on her
current dose of Keppra. Vitally stable and her examinations are unremarkable. Last vitamin D result was low, so we started her on vitamin D 1000
units once daily. Her most recent EEG (Aug, 2017) was normal.
Plan:
1. Continue the same epilepsy medication regimen:
–Keppra XR 2000 mg once nightly P.O (there is room to further optimize her dose of Keppra in the future for breakthrough seizures)
–Rescue medication: Diastat 17.5 mg rectally (for seizures >5 minutes)
2. Obtain labs at the next visit: CBC, CMP AND

Informative Essay On Epilepsy
Epilepsy: What is it?
Epilepsy is classified as a chronic neurological disorder characterized by repetitive seizures. Recurring seizures are caused by disruptions in the brain's
nerve cell activity. These disruptions can result in seizures, odd behavior, strange sensations, and in some cases blackouts or loss of consciousness.
Epilepsy covers a large spectrum of brain disorders that range from benign and minor to severe and life–threatening or disabling.
Epilepsy: Statistics
It's estimated that approximately 1 in 26 people have or will develop some type of seizure disorder. Almost 10 percent of people are at risk for
experiencing a single, unfounded seizure in their lifetime. A single seizure doesn't constitute epilepsy. Some seizures occur only once in a lifetime and
can be caused by a variety of health conditions including high fever, stress, or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blank stare
Repetitive blinking
Confusion
Jerky movements, especially in the limbs
Strange sensations in various parts of the body
Auras (sensations mostly in the head)
Blackout – loss of consciousness
Guttural sounds or crying out
Rhythmic movements of the limbs
Noisy breathing or breathing sounds
Epilepsy: Most Common Types/Categories
Absence Seizures – Lack of awareness or moments of staring that are brief and often go unnoticed for months to years
Atonic Seizures – Also referred to as drop seizures or attacks where the person suddenly experiences lack of muscle strength
Clonic Seizures – Clonic seizures involve involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation – repetitive jerking
Myoclonic Seizures – Similar to clonic seizures, but lasting only a second or two

Tonic Seizures – Stiffening of the muscles lasting no more than about 20 seconds that more often occur during sleep, but can occur in a conscious state
Tonic–Clonic Seizures – An older term used for tonic–clonic seizures is grand mal seizures – a combination of tonic and clonic seizures – seizures may
last up to three

Epilepsy is the name for several neurological disorders in which people have epileptic seizures. It affects an estimated 65 million people around the
world (cureepilepilepsy.org) and varies greatly from case to case. There are several treatment options for patients as well as research for developing
better ways to diagnose and treat epilepsy. The only visible symptom of epilepsy is epileptic seizures. An epileptic seizure is "when the normal pattern
[of brain function] is interrupted by sudden and unusually intense bursts of electrical energy which may cause strange sensations, emotions, behaviors
or convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness"(cureepilepsy.org).If a person has more than two seizures that have not been provoked ...
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The goal of doctors treating epilepsy is to "stop seizures or control them as best as possible" (epilepsy.com). Treatment can include dietary therapy,
medication, vagus nerve stimulation, and several different neurosurgeries, depending on what part of the brain is affected. Some of the surgeries used
include focal resection, hemispherectomy, and corpus colostomy. A focal resection is a surgery in which the surgeon "[removes] the portion of the
brain where the seizures originate– most commonly the temporal lobe" (Hopkins.org). Electrodes may be implanted in the brain after the surgery to
localize the site. A hemispherectomy is a rare type of surgery when almost one half of the entire brain is removed to eliminate the area of the brain
responsible for causing seizures. This surgery is most common in young children, as there brain cells have the ability to regrow to replace the part of
the brain that is missing. A corpus callostomy is a procedure "designed to interrupt the pathway by which seizures spread– confining the seizure to a
smaller part of the brain" (Hopkins.org). It is important to note that a corpus callostomy does not remove parts of the brain where the seizures come
from. Vagus nerve stimulation, also known as VNS, stimulates the vagus nerve by putting a pace maker like device along the collarbone of patients 12
and over. The device then

Epilepsy: Lumbar Seizure
Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells also called neurons inside the brain signal unusually or in which case the brains neurological
pattern also called the electrical pattern is disrupted. Neurons inside the brain usually generate electrochemical impulses that communicate with other
neurons. In Epilepsy, the usual pattern of neurological activity becomes distorted, causing odd sensations such as behavioral and emotional, muscle
spasms, sometimes convulsions and loss of consciousness can occur. Seizure disorders originate from a pathogenic process, head trauma, metabolic
processes, exogenous or endogenous poisons, and a simple fever. Seizures may be a result from an exposure to many types of poisons such as lead
and carbon monoxide but it can also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
a small amount of spinal fluid can be then removed and tested to determine if there is some type of infection or other underlying medical problems.
Lumbar Puncture can also be used to measure the pressure of the spinal canal and measure the brain. Research has shown that the cell membrane that
surrounds every neuron has an important role in Epilepsy, these membranes are responsible for the neurons to generate an electrical impulse and for
some reason when the brain attempts to repair itself after head trauma, stroke, or another problem that may generate atypical nerve connections that
will lead to Epilepsy. Studies in animals have also provided that because the brain constantly adapts to changes in a small change in neurological
activity, if repeated this may increase the chances of a full blown epileptic attack. Anomalies in the brain connections that happen while the brain
develops may also disrupt neurological activity which could lead to Epilepsy. Research has also shown that the repeated attacks of the temporal lobe
can cause the hippocampus to shrink, the hippocampus is responsible for learning and memorization, but it may however take years for such a seizure
attack to do significant

Pathophysiology Of Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a disorder caused by reoccurring seizures. This occurs because of excessive firing of the neurons and fast spread of these impulses over the
brain. There are two pathophysiology phenomenon of a seizure: Hyper–excitability of a neuron and hyper synchronization (Prayson, & Jordan, 2015).
Hyper synchronization is the hyper–excitable neuron that leads to increased excitability of a large surrounding area of neurons. Basically, a large
electrical impulse is generated in one part of the brain from this excessive firing in the neurons. Seizure is defined as an "involuntary alteration of
behavior with or without loss of consciousness accompanied by an abnormal electrical discharge in the brain" (Offringa, & Moyer, 2011). The key
part of

Hugo Martinez
Psychology
23 August 2015
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder in which 65 million of human beings around the world are suffering from. Nearly 3 million of them suffer from
epilepsy in the United States. 1 out of 26 people in the United States will develop epilepsy at some point in their lifetime. One third of the people who
live with epilepsy struggle with uncontrolled seizures because the available treatment that there is does not have any affect on them. Epilepsy is
worldwide known to being an unknown cause of multiple seizures which can also later on in life affect the person in the long run. To this day there is
medical treatment available to those affected, but in some cases for some people this medication does not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Depression is a big factor on people with this disorder it is actually common with epilepsy. "This can be linked with epilepsy or the epilepsy
medication." (epilepsy.org.uk). This depression might escalate because they might have to make changes in their life that they might not want to
make. Other reasons such as that individual may be treated differently from others just because of their disorder. With education there shouldn't be a
problem with the person attending school there shouldn't be any kind of discrimination towards these individuals with epilepsy. The person would
just need extra help or support around the school or college. Also people who live with epilepsy may have trouble getting insurance if they are not
completely honest with the insurer. If not honest they may not be fully insured and this may cause problems later on in life for them if they do not
have full insurance. Work would also be a factor into why they might need to make changes. Such as they need to find a job that is understanding
with their disorder that will be at assistance when ever they need. So at the end they wont get terminated from the job. With all these factors and
problems that epilepsy patients have to face it really is a struggle for them to always be safe and not take risks that they don't necessarily have to. But
with the help and support of others around them such as

Epilepsy: Partial Onset Seizures
Epilepsy is a medical ailment in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures. Epilepsy consists of many levels of severity;
there are staring spells on the lower end, and Grand Mal seizures on the higher end. Cheyenne is on the lower end with staring spells, memory loss,
and involuntary talking it's called Partial Onset Seizures; she has the potential that it can have it turn into Grand Mal seizures at any point in her life.
On the path to discovering her epilepsy, it changed her and her family's lives forever. Cheyenne was a somewhat normal teenager, she went to high
school, tried hard to get good grades, and went home instead of going out with friends like any good teenager would. She was a good student, she
got B honor roll, and was even in band playing the clarinet. Then suddenly, there was a drop in her B grades and a drop in interest. Cheyenne was now
getting Cs or sometimes even D's on test, and her family didn't think anything of it, they just figured it was normal and that she would just try harder
next time. Then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To temporarily solve a more serious problem, they gave her medication, and we were on our way. When the time finally came to see the neurologist,
they had hooked her up to an EEG, which monitored her brain waves. They found nothing in this EEG, until a different hospital performed a 24–48
hour EEG. She was in the hospital trying to make sure she had her homework completed and was caught up, when the machine caught strange brain
waves when she was doing her math homework. This was the first time the doctor told us it wasn't seizures due to stress, but partial onset seizures. Her
brain looks normal, but when a seizure hits, it starts in the left temporal lobe and travels to the right side of her brain, lighting up like a firework. This
affects her mood and emotions, to where her brain must reboot in order for her to

Pseudo Seizure Dogs Summary
A dog's ability to predict an episode is also something profound. In fact, some have been able to predict incidents 6 to 24 hours in advance. In
Gregory L. Krauss journal, "Pseudo seizure dogs" A study involved six patients with seizure response dogs. Four of the six experienced PNES while
the other two patients had epilepsy. After the article went to press, they saw three additional patients with seizure response dogs – of whom two had
PNES and one had epilepsy. They further cited one study in which a patient was "alerted by his dog 7 minutes prior to having psychogenic seizures." (
Neurology 2007; 68:308–309). In Melissa Fay Greene's "Wonder Dog" article, published on the New York Times, Greene reports on Donnie Kanter
Winokur and her husband,

Epilepsy: Central Nervous System
Epilepsy is a disease of the central nervous system. Out of everyone in the United States, 1 in over 26 people are prone to getting this disease. Before
you really know you have epliepsy or go to the hospital you uusally have two unprovoked seziures. The sezuires that you have are caused from an
abnormal activity in your brain cells.
There are a few symptoms to having a sezuire. A few symptoms are confusion, staring randomly, jerking movements that are not under your control, and
loss of awareness. Epilepsy can have many causes. A neurologist will order tests to help determine why a child has epilepsy. Epilepsy can also be
caused by various factors. For example strokes, dementia, brain tumor, and abnormal blood vessels in the brain can all

Partial Seizure: A Case Study
Partial Seizure Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical disturbances in the brain. Partial seizures occur when the electrical activity remains in a
limited area of the brain (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2014). In partial seizures the seizure is located and limited to one part of either the
left or right hemisphere of the brain (McCance, 2014). There are some conditions that can lead to partial seizures; these are, liver or kidney failure,
very high blood pressure, use of illegal drugs, brain or head injuries, low blood sugar, and stroke, when the cause is unknown these types of seizures
are called idiopathic seizures (Ellis, 2012).
Partial seizures are the most common type of seizure and can effect anyone from 1 year of age ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In more serious cases there are additional symptoms, confusion, agitation, hallucinations, seizures, loss of sensation or paralysis in certain areas of the
face or body, muscle weakness, double vision, perception of foul smells, problems with speech of hearing, loss of consciousness, if these symptoms
occur immediate medical attention is needed (Mayo Clinic, 2014). According to the textbook, diagnosis is based on health history and clinical
presentation aided by CSF examination and culture, serologic examination, white blood cell count, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment for encephalitis vary
depending on the virus that caused the encephalitis, these treatments include, HAART and neuroprotective agents, ribavirin, interferon–alpha,
Isoprinosine, acyclovir, and ganciclovir (McCance,

Absence Seizure Research Paper
Abstract
Several people suffer from grand mal seizures but what if you suffered from another seizure and never knew anything was happening, this is called
an absence seizure. When a absent seizure occurs the regular electricity of the brain is interrupted. although absent seizures do not look like much
when they occur they still can be as dangerous as grand mal seizures. These absent seizures, formerly called petit mal, have impacted my life and I
have several gaps of time missing from me. Absence seizures most likely occur at a young age but are often outgrown by 18. With later onset of
absence seizures there is a higher chance that they will stay into adulthood. The signs that someone is having a seizure are very subtle and happen only
for a few seconds at a time, so the chances of catching one is small.
The brain
In the brain there is a irregular electricity that causes absence seizures. The main way to see is someone is having an absence seizure is to put them
through an Electroencephalography or EEG for short. This monitors the brain waves through various wave lengths but in the case of absence seizures
we are looking for a 3–Hz spike in the brain waves. This tells us if they are having an absence seizure in some other ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The only danger is doing an activity and the risk of having one at the same time. This is why if you have absence seizures then you should not
drive. Once i thought i had an episode while driving and i didn't drive for 2 months while I got retested to see if they came back. there is no need to put
your life at risk as well as others just to drive. Nothing really changes in your life it you don't let it. Absence seizures need to be taken care of by meds
but since it mainly occurs in adolescence there is no real risk for the future. There are a wide range of medication to help absence seizures all with
some draw backs but worth it in the long run. missing gaps of time is a real

Essay On Epilepsy
Sixty–five million people around the world have epilepsy, three million of those alone are in the United States. (Joseph I. Sirven MD and Patricia O.
Shafer RN, 2014) What is epilepsy? According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, epilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of
paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. The classification system forepilepsy is usually based
upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes, (2) etiology, (3) anatomic site of seizure origin, (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain,
and (5) temporal patterns.
What happens to the body when you have epilepsy? Your body starts having seizures, affecting any part of the body and the... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
First and foremost, you have a medical team that will conduct diagnostic testing to find out the which area of the brain where your seizures start. Once
the diagnostic testing is done the patient goes to the next phase, the procedure. The trained neurosurgeon positions the leads at the seizure source and
places the neurostimulator in the patient's skull. Once the RNS System has been implanted in the brain the device is hidden under your scalp, most
patients go home the next day after the surgery. So how do you become a possible contender for the RNS System? Well you must be eighteen years
old or older, who has tried at least two anti–seizure medications, but unfortunately still suffer from frequent and disabling partial onset seizures that
come from one or two areas of your brain. (How the RNSВ® System Works | NeuroPace, Inc.,

Pharmacological Plan Of Epilepsy: A Case Study
Pharmacological Plan of Epilepsy In choosing a pharmacological plan for a patient with epilepsy, information is needed to determine what type of
seizure the individual is experiencing (Lewis, Heitkemper, Dirksen, & Bucher, 2014). If the patient experiences generalized tonic–clonic or partial
seizures, there is a list of drugs that are prescribed and if the seizures are absence, akinetic, and/or myoclonic, then there is a different type of
medication regimen (Lewis et al., 2014).
Class of Drugs
Traditional Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) (Lehne, 2013)
Dilantin (Phenytoin)
Tegretol (Carbamazepine)
Depakene (Valproic Acid)
Phenobarbital
Newer AEDs (Lehne, 2013)
Trileptal (Oxcarbazepine)
Neurontin (Gabapentin)
Lamictal (Lamotrigine) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a patient that has epilepsy starts to have a seizure, airway management is crucial (Lewis et al., 2014). First, you make sure that nothing is in the
mouth, which may cause any obstruction of the airway, and then place the individual on its side (Lewis et al., 2014). Once a physician has arrived, he
/she will determine if the individual will need to be intubated (Lewis et al., 2014).
Seizure Precautions As a nurse, an individual's safety is top of the list (Lewis et al., 2014). Make sure that any type of sharp objects or items that
may injure an individual is out of reach (Lewis et al., 2014). Make sure that the rails are padded and that suction supplies are at the bedside in case
they are needed (Lewis et al., 2014). Monitor the individual to make sure they are compliant with medication therapy (Lewis et al.,

Informative Speech On Epilepsy In Australians
Good morning/afternoon class and Mrs Carr today I'll be talking to you about Epilepsy.
Epilepsy is when a sequence of seizures (brain and nerve interruptions occur making senses and body movements impossible) occur. A seizure lasts for
normally 1–3 minutes any longer are fatal. Not all seizures are from epilepsy, some are only once, or a sign of other health issues. This is such as fever,
diabetes, heart conditions and alcohol starvation. Epilepsy was found in the East in the medieval times but others were found in the 19th and 20th
century.
(Change slide)
Who it targets
65 million people worldwide have epilepsy
80% of those live in developing countries.
Epilepsy affects 3% of Australians and between 0.4% and 1.7% worldwide.
Epilepsy is an issue for today's society because many people have it, it can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vagal nerve stimulator is a device the size of a stopwatch that is implanted into your side and connects to the chest muscle on the left hand side of your
chest. This connects also to your neck by tentacle like leads that stimulates pulses that reduces the brains ability to spread and generate seizure activity.
A strict diet used on children who cannot control it, the diet is called ketogenic. Ketogenic is food based around fat so fat has to do with balancing
hormones and supporting the nerve.
(Change slide)
The future of epilepsy is:
More effective treatment which is easy and reliable so that the seizure activity doesn't spread. Hopefully containing it making this disease would be
controlled well so no further generations have to deal with epilepsy.
The technology used could be implemented to:
Find a cure would be used but in the meantime a device smaller, efficient and long lasting can be implanted at a young age so it doesn't affect the
child's schooling life and put the child's life at risk.

The impact is that less school children would have to go through the embarrassment of a

Seizures Essay
The Care of Seizure Patients Many people who have had a seizure disorders can have an ordinary life while others may need the help of an aide. In
an article by the Epilepsy Foundation of Michigan, they state, "Living with epilepsy is often associated with fear: fear of having a seizure in public,
fear of injury, fear of losing one's job, fear of dying, and many other legitimate fears." With the help of an aide, the patient may be able to overcome
some fears associated with the seizure disorder. There is a process of taking care of someone with a seizure disorder, which can improve their quality
of life and provide them with the support they need. The first step in taking care of a person with a seizure disorder is to identify the type ... Show more
The Epilepsy Foundation of Connecticut states, "Seizure drugs could effectively be withdrawn in 24–60% of patients with epilepsy who are seizure
free for a minimum of 2 years." Taking their pills at a specific time each day is essential to their health because it can help them have a better life
and be seizure free. Next, it is important for the caregiver to protect the patient from injury during a seizure episode. This protection will help to
ensure that the person having the seizure will fall and be guided gently to the floor. It is essential to move anything that might cause further injury
to the person during the seizure. If the patient is already on the floor, do not try to hold the person down or move the person because that can cause
further injuries. Turning the patient on their side during a seizure will help keep their airway clear of any fluids that they may produce during the
seizure. After a seizure episode, the aide will check to see if the person has any injuries or if the person is having trouble breathing. If there is an
obstruction in the airway they can use their fingers to clear the mouth of vomit or saliva. It is possible that the person may be sleepy or confused about
where they are once they come out of the seizure, but the caretaker will need to stay with the

Neurons In The Brain
Neurons in the brain are extremely busy sending electrical signals from cell to cell telling the brain what to do. If these electrical signals are
interrupted or abnormal, a seizure will occur. If it occurs throughout the brain, it is considered a generalized seizure (Grand Mal), and if it occurs in a
localized area, it is called a partial seizure. If someone experiences more than two seizures, it is then considered epilepsy (AKA: Seizure Disorder). A
seizure will begin and end unannounced and abruptly, and cause unconsciousness (partial seizure) or complete unconsciousness (Grand Mal seizure).
The seizure will last from one to two minutes leaving the affected person confused or sleepy when the seizure subsides. A person may be sore and

Stress In Epilepsy Essay
STUDY OF STRESS IN EPILEPSY
INTRODUCTION:
Epilepsy is a disorder of brain dysfunction stressing the role of heredity in the disease. It is a condition or state in which recurrent spontaneous
unprovoked seizures occur, which are convulsive or non– convulsive episodes. Stress is a condition of emotional strain and tension where in some
epilepsy people can lead to increased trigger on seizure generation. It is a non–specific response of the body to any noxious stimulus (1). Most of the
participants of epilepsy reported stress induced seizures but, the proper relation between these two factors was not clear. The objective measures of
stress and other factors like sleep deprivation, fever, Irritability, Poor concentration, Poor memory, Sweating,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Science 1983; 221: 875?7
Baram TZ, Schultz L. (1991) Corticotropin–releasing hormone is a rapid and potent convulsant in the infant rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 61: 97?101.
Hollrigel GS, Chen K, Baram TZ, Soltesz I (1998). The pro–convulsant actions of corticotropin–releasing hormone in the hippocampus of infant rats.
Neuroscience. 84: 71?9.
D. L. Bellinger, C. Lubahn, and D. Lorton (2008) ?Maternal and early life stress e?ects on immune function: relevance to immunotoxicology,? Journal
of Immunotoxicology. (4): 419?444.
A.Danese, C.M.Pariante, A.Caspi, A.Taylor, and R.Poulton (2007) ?Childhood maltreatment predicts adult in?ammation in a life
–course study,?
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104(4):1319?1324.
K. Dinkel, A. MacPherson, and R. M. Sapolsky (2003). ?Novel glucocorticoid e?ects on acute in?ammation in the CNS,? Journal of Neurochemistry
84(4):705?716.
S. F. Sorrells, J. R. Caso, C. D. Munhoz, and R. M. Sapolsky (2009) ?The stressed CNS: when glucocorticoids aggravate in?ammation,? Neuron, vol. 64

Idiopathic Epilepsy Research Paper
Epilepsy is a disorder where nerve cell activity in the brain becomes disturbed. This activity causes sporadic electrical "storms" in the brain called
seizures. During seizures, people experience unusual behavior and symptoms. There are two major types of epilepsy, idiopathic/cryptogenic,
symptomatic. Both of these have different causes and affect the body and mind in particular ways.
Idiopathic epilepsy is commonly associated with cryptogenic because they are very similar. However, there are some main differences between the two.
Idiopathic epilepsy means that there is no cause for the abnormal activity occurring in the brain. Cryptogenic epilepsy is when there is a likely cause,
but doctors and specialists can't say that is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A CBC helps the doctor identify infections, allergies, and other abnormalities to choose the right anticonvulsant medication. CBC's measure the
number of red blood cells, the number of white blood cells, platelets(help the blood clot in case of an injury or bleeding), hemoglobin(the substance in
red blood cells that carry oxygen), hematocrit(the percentage of blood made up of red blood cells), and mean corpuscular volume(the size of the red
blood cells).
In some cases, epilepsy can be prevented. However, most of the time, this isn't the case. Usually, epilepsy is genetic. Another common cause is
traumatic head injury from an accident. Preventing falls can lower your risk of getting epilepsy. In most cases, though, it is hereditary. Normally,
epilepsy occurs in someone who has a family history of seizures.
Right now, there is no cure for epilepsy. There are, however, treatments that people find helpful. Traditional treatments include prescription medications
like Lyrica or Zarontin for symptom control. Most of these prescriptions are to control seizures and depending on what type of seizure a person has, they
may take different medications to regulate symptoms. Another traditional treatment is surgery. The most common one is corpus callosotomy. This is
when a person with extreme seizures has split–brain surgery so that seizures don't spread from one hemisphere of the brain to

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that can affect individuals off all age ranges. Also known as "seizure disorder", epilepsy takes place when there is
an electrical misfire that occurs within the brain causing reoccurring seizures to happen. Most individuals are tested with an electroencephalogram or
EEG to properly diagnose the disorder such as epilepsy. There are two main types of seizures known as partial seizures or generalized seizures. Partial
seizures occur within just one portion of the brain whereas generalized seizures occur when the electrical discharge affects the whole entire brain.
Although currently there are no cures for the neurological disorder known as epilepsy, there are three main treatment options such as medication, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A surgery is an option for individuals that has been through a massive amount of treatment with anti–epileptic medication and have proven the
medication to be unsuccessful in their individuals. This type of surgery is known as Resection Surgery and only for individuals that encounter partial
seizures. In this treatment option, the neurologist begins with an EEG and pinpoints the location that the seizures occur from. Then the neurologist
will begin brain surgery and remove the portion of the brain that is the problem so that the seizures that individual is going through will be controlled
or stop altogether. Although this is not a cure for epilepsy it is a beginning for individuals to have some relief and live a more normal life. Even
though the surgery is a relief most individuals are required to remain on anti–epileptic medication to help with controlling or stopping the seizures, but
they are most likely on a reduced dosage of the

Febrile Epilepsy Research Paper
Each year, one in one hundred people in the United State develop epilepsy, but there is a less common type of epilepsy. It's called febrile–infection
related epileptic syndrome, more commonly known as FIRES. I happen to know one of the few people who have this type of epilepsy. Her name is
Kailee, and she goes to my brother's school. She was even in some of his classes. This type of epilepsy occurs in school–aged children between the ages
of six and seventeen ("What is FIRES?"). It starts with a mild febrile illness that lasts anywhere from four days to two weeks. Febrile illness is when
someone has a fever but they aren't sick with anything else ("Febrile Illness"). When Kaylee was at this point, her mom thought she had the flu. This is
very common, as the flu presents itself as a fever in many children. Then, the child starts to have seizures. The seizures occur very quickly, and the child
needs to be hospitalized immediately at this point. Seizures the children experience are non focal, meaning they have no consistent starting point or
ending point in the brain ("What is FIRES"). The disease is slightly more prevalent in boys than girls, but there is no known reason as ... Show more
Due to its low prevalence, they aren't able to study enough patients to get any solid results. However, there are some ideas as to what causes the
seizures. First of all, it could be genetic. The problem with this theory is that no gene has been found that could link to FIRES. Some scientists think
the disease is a result of an autoimmune response, while others think the seizures are caused by a malfunction in the metabolic process of some cells.
Both of these theories have little evidence to support them. FIRES could be a result of the febrile illness that comes before the seizures. The idea is
that the increased heat in the body results in the mutation of a pathogen. The new pathogen might attack the brain and cause the seizures (Van

Introduction
A seizure is caused by a sudden burst of abnormal electrical and chemical activity in the brain. This activity temporarily interrupts normal brain
function. A seizure can cause:
Involuntary movements.
Changes in awareness or consciousness.
Convulsions. These are episodes of uncontrollable movements caused by sudden, intense tightening (contraction) of the muscles.
Many types of seizures can affect children. The two main types are:
Generalized seizures. These involve the entire brain. Generalized seizures include:
Convulsions.
Absence seizures. These are short episodes of complete loss of attention. Your child may appear to be in a daze.
Atonic seizures. These involve the body going limp and can result in a fall.
Tonic seizures. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Your child has a seizure after a head injury.
Your child has trouble breathing or waking up after a seizure.
Your child gets a serious injury during a seizure, such as:
A head injury. If your child bumps his or her head, get help right away to determine how serious the injury is.
A bitten tongue that does not stop bleeding.
Severe pain anywhere in the body. This could be the result of a broken bone.
These symptoms may represent a serious problem that is an emergency. Do not wait to see if the symptoms will go away. Get medical help for your
child right away. Call your local emergency services (911 in the U.S.).
Summary
A seizure is caused by a sudden burst of abnormal electrical and chemical activity in the brain. This activity temporarily interrupts normal brain
function.
There are many causes of seizures in children and sometimes the cause is not known.
Seek immediate medical care if your child has a seizure for the first time or a seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes.
Keep your child safe during a seizure by protecting their head, removing loose clothing, and rolling them on their side after the seizure has ended. Do
not place anything in their mouth and do not try to hold them

Refractory Epilepsy Case Study
This article, "Specialist Management of Routine Dental Procedures in Adults with Refractory Epilepsy" from the British Dental Journal, focused on
what we can do as clinicians to manage the risk of a major seizure episode from our patients who have yet to find a medication to help them control
their seizures. Many of these patients may present with "poor oral health and traumatized teeth" (Ransford, Soryal, Mccorry, Sander, Duncan, &
Huggins, 2014, p. 403), so it is imperative they receive care.
A few characteristics of seizures were mentioned, but the randomness of the disorder was the main focus. The randomness of seizures means that it is
very rare that a patient will have a seizure in the short appointment that they are scheduled for. However, the number of seizure triggers from the
patient's point of view may be more numerous, thereby increasing the chances for an episode to occur. For example, anxiety is not uncommon among
dental patients and unfortunately also happens to be a trigger for some patients' seizures. The hygienist should refer to a patient's medical ... Show more
A patient experiencing a convulsive seizure may become 'unconscious; they may experience rigidity, convulsion of limbs, and even incontinence.
Afterwards, the patient may feel confused and drowsy' (Ransford et al., 2014, p. 404). Short appointments should not be detrimental to the patient.
However, if a longer appointment is needed and the patient is experiencing anxiety, benzodiazepines should be considered, as they possess "anxiolytic
and anticonvulsant effects" (Ransford et al., 2014, p. 404). We should be cautious when using conscious sedation or general anesthesia as there are
disadvantages, such as complications with the AED therapy the patient most likely is concurrently

The Effect Of Sleep Deprivation On Seizure
A study on the effect of sleep deprivation on seizure in epilepsy disorder and its relation to signaling bathways in the brain
People with seizure disorder usually have problems with their sleep. Daytime sleepiness, lack of energy and drowsiness are frequently seen in epileptic
patients. Baseline electrical activity has been vastly studied in epilepsy. Seizures can be either partial or generalized. Based on the area of the brain
triggered by epileptic waves, any kind of motor or sensory abnormalities can happen in partial seizure. If the whole brain cortex is triggered, generalized
tonic–clonic seizure can happen, which is the classic shaking of the body and loss of consciousness. Generalized seizures may be followed by a
post–ictal period in which the patient will be heavily drowsy and may experience memory loss for a short amount of time. It has been shown that
epileptic patients can reach threshold potentials more readily than the normal population and lack of sleep can be a trigger for causing a seizure [1]. The
circadian rhythm, synchronizing role of thalamo–cortical networks, and reduced intracortical inhibition have been suggested as underlying physiologic
factors elicited by sleep deprivation that make a patient more prone to seizure activity.
The abnormal progress from resting potential to a wild epileptic wave can be triggered by sleep deprivation as lack of sleep alters the neural resting
potential.
Seizure occurrence is found to be related to the circadian

Generalized Epilepsy Research Paper
Epilepsy is a condition/disorder that involves the nervous system, it is characterized by an abrupt, powerful bursts of electrical activity occurring in
the brain. These bursts of electrical activity cause seizures to occur which affects muscle control, vision, movements, etc. Epilepsy is characterized
into two types, one is partial epileptic seizures and the other type is generalized epileptic seizures. Partial/focal seizures are ones that start in a
particular part of the brain and they affect one part of the body, which depends on the location in the brain where the activity occur. Symptoms of this
kind of seizures include, but are not limited to
Confusion
Tingling sensation, dizziness and having a full sensation in his stomach.

Epilepsy: A Case Study
An epileptic person experiences recurrent seizures, which are "a temporary alteration in functioning caused by an abnormal discharge of neurons in the
central nervous system" (Austin, 2011). To be diagnosed with this disorder, one must have at least two seizures. There are two main types of seizures,
which can be either primary generalized, which affect the entire brain, or partial which affects only one part of the brain. This disorder cannot be
completely treated but can be controlled, under most circumstances, by medications and other palliative treatments.
There are a wide variety of things that can trigger epilepsy. Some of these include: brain injury, tumors, infections, genetic conditions, abnormal blood
vessels in the brain, or even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some options could be medications such as anticonvulsants, a change in diet, and possibly surgery. Medication may help to alleviate the seizures, but
can be linked with side effects such as: "fatigue, dizziness, blurred vision, incoordination, and gait imbalance" (Krishnamurthy, 2016). These side effects
depend greatly on dose amount, and vary person–to–person. If medication is no longer an option, the patient may benefit from implanted devices.
Currently, there are two FDA approved devices used to treat epilepsy. One option, the vagus nerve stimulator, is implanted into the patient's chest wall
or under their arm. It can either be programmed to send electrical signals every so often, or can even be controlled with a hand–held magnet. The
second option for an epileptic patient is the responsive neuro–stimulation system. This is implanted into the skull in the region that the seizures derive
from. Like the vagus nerve simulator, this device sends electrical impulses to the brain when a seizure occurs. (Krishnamurthy,

Seizure Disorders Paper
Seizure disorders, according to the Mayo Clinic (2015), affect approximately 1 in 26 people in the United States. Persistent, or chronic, seizures result
from a condition called epilepsy, a neurological disorder of the central nervous system. It can affect anyone regardless of age, but is more common
during early childhood and after age 60. Given the number of people that seizure disorders, such as epilepsy, affect, it becomes helpful to gain a
foundational understanding of the disease, including some of the causes, symptoms, and treatments available.
A seizure is a disruption of the electrical activity between neurons in the brain. The resulting chemical changes can lead to a surge of electrical activity
causing a seizure. Aside from trauma to the brain due to injury, or... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Types of seizures vary in intensity and effect. Some seizures are hardly noticeable, while others incapacitate the patient. Mild seizures, which can last
for a few seconds, do not involve a loss of consciousness, but may change emotions or the way things look, feel, smell, taste, or sound. They may also
involve involuntary twitching of an extremity, a leg or arm, and dizziness, a tingling sensation, or flashing lights. More severe seizures can last for a
few minutes and involve a loss of awareness or consciousness. Other symptoms include repetitive movement, such as hand rubbing, chewing, blinking,
staring, or walking in circles. With tonic–clonic seizures, also known as grand mal seizures, the body initially stiffens briefly, then begins to convulse.
The teeth will clench sometimes biting the tongue, causing bleeding from the mouth. There may also be increased salivation causing foaming at the
mouth. Additionally, a loss of control of bladder or bowel functions may occur. An epilepsy patient will typically have the same type of seizure,
whether mild or severe, so symptoms will be similar from episode to

Research Paper On Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a neurological condition marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated
with abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It is the tendency to have seizures that start in the brain. The brain is made up of millions of nerve cells
that use electrical signals to control the body's functions, senses and thoughts. If the signals are disrupted, the person may have an epileptic seizure
(sometimes called a 'fit' or 'attack'). The brain is the center that controls and regulates all voluntary and involuntary responses in the body. It consists of
nerve cells that normally communicate with each other through electrical activity. A seizure occurs when part(s) of the brain receives a burst of
abnormal electrical signals that temporarily interrupts normal electrical brain function. Epilepsy varies greatly and affects everyone differently. Anyone
can develop epilepsy, at any time of life. It happens in people of all ages, races and social classes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Epilepsy has been recognized throughout history. It can be traced back to references made in literature written hundreds and hundreds of years ago.
The earliest known descriptions of epilepsy are in the writings of Hippocrates (ca. 460–ca. 377 BC), most notably in his essay titled "On the Sacred
Disease," so named because in ancient Greece, the inexplicable cause of seizures had led to the common belief that the person with epilepsy was
periodically possessed by spirits (in more recent times, demons). Hippocrates denounced such interpretations as charlatanism and argued that this was
a human disease with physical causes. Today, epilepsy and seizures are classified into many different forms, some suggests as to the origins and the
causes of the disease have been provided, and a wide range of diagnosis and treatment options are

The Bible: The Main Side Effects Of Epilepsy
Epilepsy has existed for thousands of years, yet just in the previous hundred years or thereabouts has it started to be studied and understood. The
main side effect of epilepsy is the epileptic seizure, and any individual who has encountered or seen such a seizure knows, to the point that this
experience can be terrifying and odd particularly without the learning of cutting edge science. Recordings of seizures have been recuperated as far
back as the first days of history and can even be found in the book of the Bible. These records have a tendency to be exceptionally superstitious and
religious, however a couple of scientists have given their own perceptions regarding the illness. Every one of them have endeavored to clarify and cure
this

Informative Essay On Epilepsys
Epilepsy is characterized as a brain disorder in which you have a tendency to trigger seizures. It occurs when there is a abnormal or excessive amount
of electrical activity in the brain, and is usually diagnosed after a person has two or more seizures that are not caused by medical conditions. Epilepsy
is very common in society today. 1 in 26 people will develop epilepsy in their lifetime and 65 million people already have epilepsy worldwide. After
any type of epileptic seizure episodes of sensory disturbances, loss of consciousness, convulsions, and many other symptoms can spark.
Epilepsy's first occurrence is in the earliest writings of ancient civilisations and cultures. According to Adrian Tureniec, "The oldest known document on
epilepsy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is very common in the United States affecting around 150,000 people per year. People who "suffer" from Epilepsy can still live a normal,
successful life. In most cases Epilepsy/seizures can be controlled by medication with slim to no side effects by eating healthy, and taking good care
of yourself. In order to get the best treatment and diagnosis seek help from a local doctor, because Epilepsy is more than just seizures. Having
Epilepsy and not treating it properly can be more harmful than the disorder itself. If you have Epilepsy you should talk to your friends and family
members.Epilepsy can only be treated if there is a team effort and a person is ready to accept the fact that they have it.
Works Cited
"About Epilepsy: The Basics." Epilepsy Foundation. Web. 27 Apr. 2018.
Epilepsy Ontario. Web. 31 Mar. 2018.
Epilepsy Foundation. "What Is Epilepsy?" Epilepsy Foundation, 21 Jan. 2014.
Mayo Clinic. "Epilepsy." Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 10 Mar. 2018,
"Our Work at Epilepsy Society." Epilepsy Society. 12 Jan. 2018. Web. 30 Apr. 2018.
Reynolds, E H, and J V Kinnier. "Psychoses of Epilepsy in Babylon: the Oldest Account of the Disorder." Epilepsia., U.S. National Library of Medicine,
9 Sept. 2008, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18479392.
"Seizures: Read About Symptoms and Types." MedicineNet. Web. 31 Mar. 2018.

Seizure Classification. Web. 30 Apr. 2018.
"Types of Seizures and Their Symptoms." WebMD. WebMD. Web. 31 Mar.

Non Epilepsy Research Paper
Introduction
Seizures that are not caused by epilepsy are called non–epileptic seizures. Epileptic seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Non–epileptic seizures may be caused by:
An underlying problem that disrupts the brain's electrical activity. These are called physiologic non–epileptic seizures.
Emotional stress, anxiety, or depression. These are called psychogenic non–epileptic seizures (PNES).
Non–epileptic seizures are not purposely created or faked. They happen without your control, but there are lifestyle changes that may help reduce or
eliminate your seizures. Treatment may involve relaxation techniques, stress management therapies, and medicines for underlying depression and
anxiety.
How to manage lifestyle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you experience physical problems that may be caused by stress, contact your health care provider or counselor.
Where to find support:
You can get support for coping with non–epileptic seizures from:
The Epilepsy Foundation: epilepsy.com
FND Hope: fndhope.org
Support groups, online or in–person. Your health care provider may be able to recommend a support group in your area.
Contact a health care provider if:
Your seizures change or become more frequent.
You continue to have seizures after treatment.
Get help right away if:
You injure yourself during a seizure.
You have one seizure after another.
You have trouble recovering from a seizure.
You have chest pain or trouble breathing.
You have a seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes.
Summary
Not all seizures are caused by epilepsy. Seizures that are not epilepsy are called non–epileptic seizures.
PNES is a treatable mental health disorder caused by psychological distress. It is very important to work with your mental health provider to find a

treatment that works for you.
Learning to cope with stress and anxiety is an important part of managing non–epileptic

Neurological Disorders: The Role Of Epilepsy In Children
Over 65 million people in the world today suffer from some form of epilepsy. This condition, consisting of a set of neurological illnesses that create
seizures, has never been fully cured or even understood through the course of modern medical history. The root cause of epilepsy largely remains a
mystery even today but a handful of scientific breakthroughs in recent decades have allowed for the millions of individuals who suffer from this
condition to find some relief. The abnormal nerve cell activity occurring in the cortex that leads to the seizures that represent epilepsy has not been
harnessed and controlled but it now can be manipulated and mitigated through a combination of different treatments and practices. Through a concise
review ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Older adults will find that they are more and more likely to live alone as loved ones pass on. Those who have epilepsy and are forced to live alone
while their physical condition weakens are especially at risk of injuring themselves even just when getting around the house. Epilepsy increases in
seniors for a number of physical reasons as they age and what is even more concerning is the fact that the many comorbidities they possess such as
prior medication prescriptions and conditions may make treatment difficult. Even middle–aged adults can still have complications with epilepsy, with
females in particular being vulnerable to damaging their ability to get pregnant and create hormones if treated with antiepileptic medications. As a
whole, throughout the lifespan and regardless of race or gender, it has been found that remission is the ultimate sign of someone moving on from
their condition. Remission rates involve the amount of time between seizures with 68 percent of adults going a full year, 64 percent going three
years, and 58 percent going 5 years with the number continue to decrease going forward (Moshe, 2015, p.889). Epilepsy is a difficult condition to
completely rid one's self of and impacts everyone, regardless of

Child Seizure Research Paper
Seizure, Pediatric
A seizure is a sudden burst of abnormal electrical and chemical activity in the brain. This activity temporarily interrupts normal brain function. A seizure
can cause:
Involuntary movements.
Changes in awareness or consciousness.
Convulsions. These are episodes of uncontrollable movement caused by sudden, intense tightening (contraction) of the muscles.
Many types of seizures can affect children. The two main types are:
Generalized seizures. These involve the entire brain. Generalized seizures include:
в—‹ Convulsion seizures.
в—‹ Absence seizures. These are short episodes of complete loss of attention. Your child may appear to be in a daze.
Focal seizures. These involve only one part of the brain. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Do not give your child aspirin because of the association with Reye syndrome.
Have your child return to his or her normal activities as told by his or her health care provider. Have your child avoid activities that could cause danger
to your child or others if your child would have a seizure during the activity. Ask your child's health care provider which activities your child should
avoid.
Make sure that your child gets enough rest. Lack of sleep can make seizures more likely.
If your child starts to have a seizure:
в—‹ Lay your child on the ground to prevent a fall.
в—‹ Put a cushion under your child's head.
в—‹ Loosen any tight clothing around your child's neck.
в—‹ Turn your child on his or her side.
в—‹ Stay with your child until he or she recovers.
в—‹ Do not hold your child down. Holding your child tightly will not stop the seizure.
в—‹ Do not put objects or fingers in your child's mouth.
Educate others, such as babysitters and teachers, about your child's seizures and how to care for your child if a seizure happens.
Keep all follow–up visits as told by your child's health care provider. This is

Active Epilepsy Research Paper
Epilepsy is a general term for any brain disorder that causes unpredictable regular seizures. These seizures as caused by a disturbance in the brain's
electrical activity. It is considered a chronic neurological disorder, the fourth most common in the world. There were around 3.4 million people
reported as having epilepsy in the United States in 2015 with 470,000 of those being children (CDC, 2017). This is about 1.2% of the population in
the United States (CDC, 2017). There are about 50 million people who experience epilepsy globally (WHO, 2017). In the District of Columbia there
are about 7,500 cases of active epilepsy. It's estimated that 2.4 million people per year are diagnosed with epilepsy globally (WHO, 2017).
Symptoms & Diagnoses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A child is reported as having "active epilepsy" if their guardian reports they have a history of diagnosed epilepsy or seizure disorder (CDC, 2017).
Seizures that those with epilepsy experience fall into three main categories: generalized onset seizures, focal onset seizures and unknown onset
seizures. Generalized seizures affect both sides of the brain at the same time (Type of Seizures, 2017). Focal seizures begin in only one part or
section of the brain (Type of Seizures, 2017). Focal seizures can happen while the person is aware of the seizure (called focal onset aware seizures)
or when the person's awareness is impaired (called focal onset impaired awareness) (Type of Seizures, 2017). Seizures are classified as unknown
onset when it is unclear where the seizure began (Type of Seizures, 2017). Seizure symptoms typically include loss of consciousness, jerking
movements, muscle tensing and weakness as well as spasms (Type of Seizures, 2017). Focal seizures can also include automatic movements that a
repeated in a rhythmic fashion such as clapping or lip–smacking (Type of Seizures, 2017). Often time EEG tests as well as blood tests or brain imaging
tests like MRI or CT scans can be used to help diagnose the type of epilepsy and seizures (Type of

Epilepsy!
! Epilepsy is a condition where the patient has seizures. This condition was one of the first to be diagnosed. When a seizure happens it is most likely
because the nerves in the brain are causing muscle spasms. Studys shown that over two million people in the united states have been diagnosed with
epilepsy. To be diagnosed with epilepsy, a patient would have to have two or more seizures. For some people they not only have muscle spasms but
they might urinate themselves, or bite their tounge. After a seizure, the patient will be confused and dazed as to what happened. Causes of a seizure
could be because of numerous reasons such as loss of oxygen to the brain, head injuries or even birth defects. To diagnose epilepsy, the doctor will

Epilepsy Effect
Affects of Epilepsy Epilepsy is a daily struggle for a person each and every day. People with epilepsy never know when or where they are going to
have a seizure. Some people with epilepsy can control it with medication or surgery. Others aren't so lucky and have complications finding medicines
that prevent them from having episodes. Many people with epilepsy have mental, physical, emotional, and social problems in their life. Epilepsy does
not just affect the person with it affects everyone involved. Epilepsy is a hard disease to live with; it can affect a person in a lot of ways. Over 50
million people worldwide have epilepsy (Epilepsy Most Common Brain). "Epilepsy is a neurologic disorder characterized by recurrent seizures"
Epilepsy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Studies show that the mere diagnosis of epilepsy causes the most difficult for a family" (Epilepsy Ontario). Epilepsy is a scary thing for a person,
their family and friends to deal with. Parents have to change their schedule around their child's doctor appointments and if they have a seizure.
Also, the parents have to make sure that the child is taken care of by someone who knows about their condition. Parents are not the only ones
affected by Epilepsy the siblings are also, affected. "Siblings to an epileptic person sometimes feel left out, neglected, jealous, resentful or scared"
(Epilepsy Ontario). Some siblings may provide care for their sibling with Epilepsy. "Siblings who understand seizures and are not fearful of them
can often be helpful by ensuring that other people do not overreact to a seizure and by calling a designated adult to assist a seizing child (Epilepsy
Ontario). Taking care of a person with Epilepsy isn't an easy job but someone has to do

Marijuana Stops Child's Severe Seizures: A Case Study
Eight–year old Charlotte Figi experienced her first seizure at three months old. While all test results were normal, her seizures were increasing in
length as time went on, usually lasting two to four hours. According to the CNN report, "Marijuana Stops Child's Severe Seizures," by Saundra Young,
she was on seven drugs, including addictive barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Their effects were short–lived as "the seizures always came back with
vengeance" (2013). When Charlotte was two, she was diagnosed with Dravet Syndrome: a rare genetic form of epileptic encephalopathy that begins in
infancy (Epilepsy Foundation). Individuals with this syndrome face a higher chance of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (Dravet Syndrome
Foundation). This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The last option for the hospital was to induce a coma, but Charlotte's parents were against the idea. Finally, after many therapeutic interventions, they
decided to attempt Cannabis, or marijuana. They found that researchers think cannabidiol (CBD) "quiets the excessive electrical and chemical activity
in the brain that causes seizures" (2013). A marijuana strain with high CBD and low tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which causes the psychoactive
"high", is difficult to find because of the higher demand for THC's psychoactive effects, according to the Stanley brothers, one of Colorado's largest
marijuana growers and dispensary owners (qtd. in Young 2013). Because the normal Cannabis plant is high in THC content, growers had to
cross–breed repeatedly to end up with a high CBD content. Nonetheless, after finding the strain, extracting the oil, and starting her out on a small dose,
her seizures stopped for eight days; subsequently, they occur two to three times per month. As reportedly the youngest applicant for medical marijuana,
the high CBD, low THC marijuana extract was named "Charlotte's web" after

Anti Epilepsy Research Paper
Epilepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, brought on by excessive excitability of neurons in the brain. A seizure is
divided into two broad categories: partial and generalized. Symptoms can range from brief periods of unconsciousness to violent convulsions. Epilepsy
is initiated by synchronous, high–frequency discharge from a group of hyperexcitable neurons called a focus. A focus may result from several causes,
including congenital defects, hypoxia at birth, head trauma, brain infection, stroke, cancer, and genetic disorders. The Anti–epileptic drugs can suppress
mania and/or depression and stabilize mood in a patient with BPD. Drugs including, divalproes sodium, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine ... Show more
Suppression of Calcium influx: In the axon terminal influx of calcium through voltage–gated calcium channels promotes transmitter release; hence,
drugs that block these calcium channels can suppress transmission. Several AEDs calcium channels can suppress transmission. Several AEDs including
valproic acid and ethosuximide, act by this mechanism. 3. Promotion of potassium influx: Drug (ezogabine ) act on voltage–gates potassium channels
to facilitate potassium influx. – underlie the drug's ability to slow repetitive neuronal firing thereby provide seizure control
4. Antagonism of Glutamate: is the primary excitatory transmitter in the CNS. This work through two receptors' NMDA receptors
(N–menthel–D–aspartate receptors) and AMPA receptors (Apha_amino–3–hydroxy–5–methyl_4– isoxazole propionic acidrereceptors), – This action
suppress neuronal excitation
5. Potentiation of GABA: AEDs potentiate the action of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is widely distributed through the brain. by
augmenting the action of GABA, these drugs decrease neuronal excitability, thus suppress seizure activity
The drugs produce side effects in most people, but there is a lack of evidence for most of the drugs in most types of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia.
Drugs such as lacosamide, lamotrigine, carbamazepam, clonazepam, phynytam have shown at least 50% pain intensity reduction over

Psychological Effects Of Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a neurological condition that affects the nervous system and can develop in any person at any age, although it's more common for men
than for women (Carlson, Dugan, Kirsch, & Friedman. 2014). There is a variety of seizures a person with epilepsy may experience depending on
which part(s) of the brain is affected by the electrical burst of activity in the brain and how much of the brain is affected (Petersen, Walker, Runge, &
Kessler, 1998). Seizures symptoms can range from undetectable to unconsciousness. When a person has two or more unprovoked seizures, they are
considered to have epilepsy, but the cause of the seizures is usually unknown at the time of diagnoses. Aseizure occurs when the brain's nerve cells
misfire and generate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When violent, these seizures can result in dropping or involuntarily throwing objects, which are due to rapid uncontrollable muscle movements
(Cunliffe et al. 2014). The "grand mal" is a generalized seizure that affects essentially the entire motor system. In this type of seizure, the patient
loses consciousness and usually collapses. There is a loss of consciousness then the body stiffens for about thirty to sixty seconds, then violent
jerking and then the brain usually goes into a deep sleep to rest. The grand mal involves tonic, the stiffening of muscles, and clonic, the jerking
movement of muscles. A person can just have tonic but in order to have clonic, tonic will come first. The petit mal is a generalized attack where
the brain is overwhelmed with activity, but the motor system isn't affected (Cunliffe et al. 2014). The two main types of seizures (partial and
generalized) can easily be confused depending on severity, but they are both treated differently medically. A person who has had two or more of any
type of unprovoked seizure in his/her lifetime is considered to have epilepsy. Epilepsy affects about 1% of the world's population and one out of
every twenty people will experience a seizure in their lifetime (Cunliffe et al. 2014). Each case represents itself with a unique treatment, prognosis and
combination of seizure

Epilepsy Research Paper

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