BVDV Subclinical Infection

BVDV Subclinical Infection
2.3. Pathogenesis and clinical signs There are many factors that affect clinical signs and fate of BVDV infection that consequently resulting in highly
variable clinical signs, some of those factors are virulence of the viral strain, age susceptibility, immune status, stage of pregnancy and complication by
other pathogens (Liebler–Tenorio 2005). 2.3.1. Infection in non–pregnant seronegative animals 2.3.1.1. Subclinical infection It has been previously
reported that BVDV subclinical infection is the most prevalent form (70–90%) which explains high level of neutralizing antibodies titer in
non–vaccinated herds (Ames 1986). In BVDV subclinical form, the virus replicates in upper respiratory tract and lymphoid tissues resulting in
unnoticed... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hypothesis stated that mucosal disease occur only in PI animals contained NCP strains as a result of superinfection by homologus CP strains
(McClurkin et al. 1984; McClurkin et al. 1985; Liebler et al. 1991). The source of homologus CP strains may be from mutation of NCP biotypes
(Brownlie et al., 2000). It is postulated that immunotolerance induced by NCP BVDV in PI animals may have a synergestic effect that facilitate
destruction of lymphoid tissues by homologus CP strains which consequently resulted in development of highly fatal mucosal disease (Brownlie et al.,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections As Stated By Reissig Et...
Pulmonary Case Study and Plan of Care Lower respiratory tract infections as stated by Reissig et al. (2013) account for a large number of deaths
worldwide and when present in individuals with comorbidities like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) create a greater impact for the risk
of morbidity. Mrs. A. A. is a 65–year–old Caucasian female with a dry cough present times 2 weeks with low grade fevers and a history of
emphysema. She presents to the clinic today worried about the duration of her illness. Subjective Date: Client Complaint "I've had a cough for two
weeks now and a little fever. My throat is also hurting and I'm worried I may have pneumonia or even lung cancer." History of Present Illness Mrs.
A. is complaining of a dry cough for 2 weeks with exertional shortness of breath including, a low grade fever and a sore throat present in the morning.
She reports she has orthopnea with the need to sit up right to breathe easier. Mrs. A. explains she had a similar episode 3 months ago in which she was
treated with inhalers and antibiotics but refused hospitalization. Past Medical History Mrs. A.'s medical history includes, a diagnosis of emphysema
and asthma as a child. Drug allergies include, Sulfa medications causing a rash. The client denies taking any prescription medications but reports taking
over–the–counter Tylenol as needed for pain. Reports surgical history of hysterectomy in "1970's." Significant Family History The client has two living

RSV Ventilation
Introduction Gas exchange is defined as "the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from cells (Giddens, p.
161, 2013)." This all–encompassing concept includes ventilation, transport and perfusion. Ventilation is the inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of
carbon dioxide. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the erythrocytes in the pulmonary capillary to be perfused (transported) to cells. Carbon dioxide
moves from cells to the erythrocytes for perfusion (transport) back to the alveoli to be exhaled. Ventilation may be impaired by the unavailability of
oxygen, as well as by any disorder affecting the nasopharynx and lungs (Giddens, p. 161, 2013). Ventilation is a precise process requiring specific...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this stage, infants are uncertain about the environment around them, so they look to their primary caregiver for protection and stability of care.
If the infant receives consistent, loving care, a sense of trust will develop toward the primary caregiver (McLeod, 2008). Developmental Milestones
include both physical and psychosocial. Physical milestones for the patient include, but not limited to: ability to make smooth movements with arms
and legs, coos and make gurgling noises, turns head towards noises, follows things with eyes. Psychosocial milestones: smiling at people, able to calm
self by bringing hands to mouth and suck on hand, can look and focus on

Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Running Head: RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
Breanna Kennelly
Apollo College
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) causes acute respiratory tract infection in patients of all ages and is one of the most popular diseases of childhood.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, which manifests primarily as bronchiolitis and/or viral pneumonia, is the leading cause of lower respiratory
tract (LRT) infection in infants and young children. RSV is the most common cause of bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lungs)
and pneumonia in children under one year of age in the United States. During the first year of life, most infants are infected with the virus. Most RSV
infected children encounter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RSV is more prevalent during winter and early spring in temperate climates, although timing may differ among locations. In most cases, healthy infants
infected with RSV do not need to be hospitalized, recovery from illness usually occurs in about one to two weeks. Adults with compromised immune
systems and premature infants and children with congenital heart and lung defects are at a higher risk for severe disease and hospitalization
(www.aapredbook.com). RSV infection is limited to the respiratory tract. Respiratory Syncytial Virus affects therespiratory system causing an
interruption of the normal physiology of the lungs which are the main organs affected. The lungs are a pair of cone–shaped bodies that occupy the
thorax. The lungs have two vital functions air distribution and gas exchange. In addition to attending as an air distribution pathway and gas exchange
surface the components of the respiratory tract cleanse, warm and humidify inspired air. RSV affects the lungs by inflaming the small airways and
decreasing the oxygen flow in and out, thereby affecting the capacity for normal oxygen exchange. Initial infection in young infants or children
frequently involves the LRT and most often manifests as the clinical entity of bronchiolitis. Inoculation of the virus occurs in the URT in respiratory
epithelial cells [ (Leonard R Krilov, 2010) ]. Spread of the virus down the respiratory tract occurs by

Essay On Respiratory Infection
Respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of death worldwide (Ferkol and Schraufnagel, 2014). Each year, more than three million children
under 5 years of age die from pneumonia and lower respiratory tract infections and in 2015, tuberculosis killed 1.5 million people (Wardlaw, 2006;
WHO, 2016). The emergence and spread of antibiotic–resistant respiratory tract pathogens have aggravated the current situation by limiting the
treatment options (Zumla et al., 2014). A recent report stated that in the USA in 2013, at least 2 million illnesses and 23,000 deaths were caused by
antibiotic–resistance infections (CDC, 2013). The emergence of antibiotic–resistance is related to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics (Ventola, 2015).
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hygroscopic nature of a drug is a risk for good aerosolization since moisture uptake can result in agglomeration (Hoppentocht et al., 2015). On the
other hand, hydrophobic coating improves the flowability of cohesive powders (Hickey et al., 1990; Yang et al., 2005).
Kanamycin, an aminoglycoside, is currently administered by injection for treating drug–resistant tuberculosis (WHO, 2010). High doses of injected
kanamycin can cause serious side effects but respiratory delivery of kanamycin could potentially reduce these side effects and improve the
therapeutic activity by providing high concentrations of drug in the infected lung (Pham et al., 2015). However, respiratory delivery of kanamycin
alone is problematic because it shows poor aerosolization efficiency (Momin et al., 2017). To improve the aerosolization efficiency of kanamycin, a
modification of the inhaler device design has been reported and formulation approaches have used drug excipient combinations (Hoppentocht et al.,
2015; Momin et al., 2017). However, adding excipients creates its own problems since it results in the need to deliver a larger mass of powder to the
lung. This is a particular issue for kanamycin since its dose is substantial, so a drug–only formulation

Pneumonia Injury Paper
Mathew S. 53 year old Hispanic male who complaints of moist cough, green colored phlegm, shortness of breath, chest pain while coughing, fevers and
chills.
Assessment: One of the most common symptoms why outpatients seek medical health is cough. According to Dains et.al. (2016), cough is a common
symptom of minor upper respiratory infections, however if a patient complaints of cough and seems in an acute distress, and presents with associated
worrisome symptoms may indicate a life threatening condition. It is imperative for the right diagnosis to be identified in order select the appropriate
treatment to help the patient to a full health recovery.
Differential Diagnosis:
1. Pneumonia: According to Brashers & Huether (2014), pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Pneumonia is a lower
respiratory tract infection caused by viruses, bacteria, protozoas, parasites, or fungi. Most cases of pneumonia result from an upper respiratory tract
infection. Common symptoms of Pneumonia include, cough with rust or green colored sputum, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Viral Upper Respiratory infection: Respiratory tract infections are responsible for most short–term disability in the United States (Brashers & Huether,
2014). Upper respiratory infections include common cold, pharyngitis, and laryngitis (Brashers & Huether, 2014). URIs may be caused by a numerous
pathogens causing an inflammation response from toxins. The infections can start as a nosopharyngeal infection but it can spread to the sinus, ears,
epiglottis, larynx and in complicated cases it could progress to a pneumonia (Dains, et. al., 2016). The most common symptoms include nasal
congestion, cough, sore throat, chills, fever, and myalgias. Viruses such as theinfluenza may present with severe symptoms such as a higher fever,
sneezing, and stuffy nose. Since the flu and URI have similar symptoms, a rapid flu testing can help during the flu season to rule out or confirm flu
outbreaks (Dains, et. al.,

Generic Name : Anticoagulant And Antithrombotic Agent
Warfarin
GENERIC NAME: Warfarin sodium
BRAND NAME: Coumadin
CLASS: Anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent
DOSAGE: 1mg, 2mg, 3mg, 5mg, and 10mg oral initially 10mg orally daily for 2–4 days then maintenance dose of 2–10 dosage daily
WHAT IS IT USED FOR: warfarin is a blood thinner, which reduces the formation of blood clot.Warfarin is used to treat or prevent blood clots in
veins or arteries which can be reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: In a heart attack, the blood clots can form at the site of the rupture, if the blood clots get larger; the blood clots get in the
way and block the blood flow through the coronary artery. Warfarin helps by not allowing blood clots to be formed. This helps because it... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: irritants do enter the airways, causing inflammation of the mucosa and excess mucus production. Inflammation can be caused
by a sudden and rapid attack by infectious, physical, or chemical agents, resulting in bronchitis. With amoxycillin it works by killing the bacteria by
preventing them from forming which eventually eliminates the infection
ADVERSE EFFECT: dark urine, allergic reaction, unusually weak or tired, trouble passing urine or change in amount of urine dizziness, diarrhea
INTERACTION: incidence of skin rash with amoxycillin is increased when combined with allopurinol may cause false–positive result on urine glucose
testing with some re–agents
NURSING CONSIDERATION: oral drugs to be taken before meals. Avoid taking the drug with acidic fruit juices because they may accelerate drug
decomposition. Discourage keeping any antibacterial agents and self–medicating if symptoms recur. Patient to be advised to seek medical support
when any of the adverse effect occurs. Ensure patient understands when to take oral preparation in relation to food.
Esomeprazole
GENERIC NAME: esomeprazole
BRAND NAME: Nexium
CLASS: antiulcer agents
DOSAGE: (Gord with oesophagitis) 40mg orally or IV for weeks, maybe repeated for a further 4 weeks for patients who have persistent symptoms or
if oesophagitis not healed
(healed oesophagitits) 20mg orally or IV

(GORD without oesophagitits) 20mg for 4 weeks daily

Characteristics Of The Infectious Agent
Characteristics Morphology of the infectious agent
Rubella virus is a member of the Togaviridae family though is its own genus, Rubivirus. Rubella is caused by the Rubella virus which can be found in
the blood, stool, or throat of an infected individual (change). There is currently only one genetically stable serotype of Rubella, however a phylogenetic
tree analysis of nine virus strains confirms the existence of a minimum of three distinct genetic lineages (Parkman, 1996). The virus is spherical in
shape with a diameter of 50–80nm and is a 20–faced nucleocapsid. The core surrounding the single–stranded, positive–sense RNA genome has
hemagglutinin–containing surface projections and is also surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope. There are three major structural polypeptides: E1 and
E2 membrane glycoproteins, and a single nonglycosylated capsid protein associated with RNA. The first envelope protein, E1, is responsible for viral
hemagglutinination and neutralization while E2 is categorized into two forms: E2a and E2b. There are two forms because of the differences in
glycosylation and these differences indicate different strains of Rubella (Parkman, 1996).
Rubella has four stages in its infection, some subclinical and other asymptomatic (Table 1, Appendix 1). These stages are the incubation period,
prodromal period, exanthema period and the convalescent period. The incubation period lasts approximately 16–18 days however may also last
between 14 and 23 days. This asymptomatic

Psychoanalysis Lab Report
Bacteria can be found on numerous locations of the human body, while some are beneficial to human health others are not. Upper respiratory tract
infections for example can be cause by pathogenic bacteria. Left untreated, respiratory infections can be harmful or even fatal in some cases. Therefore,
identifying the cause of the infection is paramount. Knowing the target would allow the correct treatment methods to be utilized, such as the use of an
effective antibiotic. The purpose of the experiment was to identify a bacteria of interest that has presumably caused an upper respiratory tract infection.
Furthermore, the goal was to use as few test as possible to produce quick yet accurate results which could be vital in a real world situation ... Show more
The only test available that was applicable for the beta hemolysis bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus
agalactiae, was the catalase assay. The catalase test for the enzyme catalase that is produced by bacteria that undergo usually aerobic respiration.
The enzyme specifically catalyzes a reaction that breaks down hydrogen peroxide, which would be cidal to anaerobic bacteria that do not produce
the enzyme. Taking a sample from an isolated colony and placing it on a slide, a drop of hydrogen peroxide is added to determine whether the
bacteria is positive or negative for the enzyme. The colony produced no bubbling, which would account for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into
water and oxygen, therefore the bacteria is catalase negative. From this test one could assume the bacteria would not be aerobic since it was negative
for catalase, however, there are species of bacteria that use other enzymes to tolerate oxygen like certain Streptococci. Therefore, the negative result
reduced the bacteria to two possible suspects Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae; both of which can grow in aerobic environments
which makes them likely candidates for a respiratory infection which is presumably located in an area of high

Quitting Smoking : The Hardest Thing
Quitting smoking may be the hardest thing to do. Some patients are aware smoking is bad for their own health, but may not know exactly what they
could be doing to others around them. The second hand smoke, especially for a newborn, can be detrimental to health causing respiratory problems, ear
infections, neuro–behavioral deficits, neuro–developmental deficits, cancer, and death (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2006). It is
important to teach patients at any opportunity about the risks smoking.
Patient Information
The patient in this scenario was a 23–year–old female at 34 weeks gestation who was being admitted to the Labor and Delivery Unit simulation lab for
emergency care. She was being prepared for an emergency cesarean section following a diagnosis of abruption placentae. She had cigarettes in her
pocket and smelled of cigarette smoke. Patient admitted to feeling guilty about hearing recently that smoking could cause her to go into premature
labor. She felt is was too late to stop smoking now that the baby was coming and was unaware of future second hand smoke exposure to self and
baby. This was a great opportunity to teach both patient and significant other by her side second hand smoke risks, and to teach on resources to help
quit smoking to prevent second hand smoke to the child. The patient verbalized that she knew smoking could be bad while pregnant, but had little
knowledge on the risks of second hand smoke. It was assumed that she would

The Pathological Conditions That May Need Oxygen Tank
Parth Thakkar
1. We know some patients need oxygen tank
1a. List the pathological conditions that may need oxygen tank (2 points).
Oxygen treatment is recommended for individuals who can 't get enough oxygen all alone. This is regularly as a result of a lung condition that keeps
the lungs from retaining oxygen, including:
COPD, pneumonia, asthma ,dysplasia or immature lungs in infants,heart disappointment,cystic fibrosis,lung disease, injury to the respiratory
framework. To figure out if a patient will profit by oxygen treatment, specialists will test the measure of oxygen in his or her blood. Low levels imply
that a man might be a decent contender for supplemental oxygen.
1b. Explain how the oxygen tank help the patients (4 points).
The requirement for oxygen is found by measuring the measure of oxygen in your circulatory system. In the event that your oxygen level is
underneath a basic level very still, then you require oxygen near 24 hours a day. A few people with COPD needn 't bother with oxygen when they are
latent, for example, when sitting, yet require oxygen when working out, for example, strolling, or with eating and/or resting. Shortness of breath is not
a solid method for figuring out whether you require oxygen. Some of the time, you can be shy of breath and not require oxygen; different times your
breathing may feel OK, yet you are not getting enough oxygen. Oxygen is not given to treat shortness of breath. Albeit a few patients feel some
alleviation in

Poisoning by Ingestion of Corrosive Chemicals
Introduction: Acute corrosive poisonings are caused by ingestion of corrosive chemicals which are most commonly used as household agents.
Intoxications with these kind of agents produce numerous and severe post–corrosive complications of the upper gastrointestinal tract. On the other
hand, our experience showed that corrosive agents may also cause injuries of the respiratory system, which makes the treatment very hard and
additionally complicates the severe clinical condition of the patient.
Objective: The aim of the study is to show the incidence of respiratory complications in acute corrosive poisonings, the need of various clinical
investigations and also the treatment and final outcome of these kind of poisoning.
Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical records of 415 patients hospitalized and treated at the University clinic for toxicology and urgent internal
medicine, in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, in the period between 2007 and 2011. The protocol consisted of methods for analyzing the systemic
complications, with an accent on the post–corrosive respiratory complications.
Results: From the total number of patients even 98 (23.61%) exhibited systemic complications, from which 51 (52.04%) are respiratory complications.
The majority of patients are female (n=40, 78.43%) and the most common complication is pneumonia (n=47). The youngest patient in this study was
14 and the oldest was 87 years old.
Conclusion: Besides the gastrointestinal complications in the

The Anthrax Of The 1900 ' Two Scientists, Jules Bordet And...
Arkansas Northeastern College
Bordetella
Lynn Lisk
Mr. Morris
BI24043A Microbiology
28 March 2017
In the early 1900's two scientists, Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou, discovered the first bacterium in the Bordetella genus. The genus was named after
Bordet. The bacteria within the Bordetella genus are Gram–negative and rod–shaped. These bacteria are typically coccobacilli (coccoid) (Finger).
These bacteria usually occur either in pairs or are single. They have a thin murein layer surrounded by an outer membrane containing
lipopolysaccharide and phospholipids, and they do produce a capsule (Bordetella, 2010). All the species apart from B. petrii are obligate aerobes as
well as highly fastidious. The Bordetella bacteria are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bacteria can immobilize the cilia. These ciliated cells increasingly are destroyed, the lack of cilia allows foreign matter to build in the lower
airways, and coughing and inflammation results (Bordetella, 2010) .
B. pertussis is the causative agent for whooping cough, an acute respiratory infection marked by severe, spasmodic coughing episodes (Bordetella
Species, 2004). B. pertussis is spread by direct contact with droplets from coughing by an infected person. It can continue to transmit the bacteria three
weeks after coughing spells have stopped. Whooping cough can be carried by individuals who are immune and transmitted to those who are not. The
epidemic cycles in most countries is every few years (Bordetella pertussis, 2007).
The species B. pertussis, whooping cough, is the respiratory disease in humans. A person infected with this disease usually first shows symptoms such
as runny noses, sneezing, fever, and mild coughing. The coughing then worsens and comes in bursts. At the end of cough, the infected person takes in
air with a high–pitched "whoop" from which the infection gets its name (Tortora 681). Complications of whooping cough can lead to convulsions,
dehydration, inflammation of the middle ear, a loss of appetite, as well as seizures, and in a worst–case scenario this can cause death in infants.
Treatment of whooping cough can include an antibiotic treatment usually with erythromycin, increased fluids, as well as

Upper And Lower Respiratory Tract
What is the difference between the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
According to the e–book and what I read "The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and the upper portion of
the trachea. The lower respiratory tract consists of the lower portion of the trachea, the bronchial tree, and the lungs."
The e–book stated in page 151 that "The lower respiratory tract is essential for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. As the bronchi enter the
lungs, they subdivide into bronchial tubes and small bronchioles (which are 1 mm or less in diameter and have abundant smooth muscle and elastic
fibers). At the end of each bronchiole is an alveolar duct. These ducts lead to thin–walled outpouchings ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How does this type of steroid work? Who should NOT take this type of drug and why?
For example " Asthma is frequently classified according to its cause: allergy, exercise induced, or infections of the respiratory tract. Symptoms include
breathlessness, cough, wheezing, and chest tightness. The airway becomes inflamed with edema (abnormal accumulation of fluid) and mucous plugs;
hyperactivity of the bronchial tree adds to the symptoms. During asthmatic attacks, when bronchiole constriction and increased secretions are present,
bronchodilators are used for relief. "
On page 158 in the e–book " Corticosteroids, such as prednisone (Deltasone), are steroid hormones used to treat a wide variety of inflammatory
diseases. Inhaled corticosteroids helps prevent asthmatic attacks. Oral corticosteroids are used for the short–term management of acute severe asthma .
How do they works?
Base on what i read in the book, and how prednisone works " The precise mechanism of action of corticosteroids is not known. It is thought that they
diminish the activation of inflammatory cells and increase the production of anti–flammatory mediators, which in turn reduces mucus production and
edema and decrease airway

Literature Review Of Literature On Influenza
Review of literature: Acute respiratory infections are a major cause of human disease and are one of the most important causes of child mortality
throughout the globe. Though there are considerable variations in infantile mortality, according to World Health Organization, the lower respiratory
tract infections are the second most important cause of death among children < 5 years of age. (Carolina et al., 2012)
Respiratory syncytial virus is most frequently detected in childhood illness. Factors predisposing to severe ARI caused by RSV are well known in
industrialized countries but little information exists for developing countries. Infection with human metapneumovirus (HMPV) presents similar clinical
symptoms to that of RSV . Despite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The multiplication of the virus occurs in the respiratory tract and the main site of infection occurs in the ciliated columnar epithelial cell. Crowded
areas and cold climate favours the spread of the virus. Highest incidence of influenza infection is seen in young population which may be due to lack of
exposure to different strains. Children are mainly affected during epidemics (Rao, 2003). The influenza virus triggers pulmonary inflammation
resulting in infiltration of inflammatory cells and an immune response. The primary target and the principal host for the virus are Bronchial epithelial
cells. Generally influenza viruses are recognized and destroyed by innate immune mechanisms which includes macrophages, interferon (IFN) a, b and
other cytokines, natural killer (NK) cells and complement. If influenza viruses escape from these early defense mechanisms, they are captured and
destroyed by adaptive immune mechanisms, where T and B cells and their antigen–specific effectors (cytotoxic T lymphocytes, cytokines such as IFNc
and antibodies) target the virus. subsequent viral infection is prevented by Antigen–specific memory cells (T and B cells) (Capelozzi et al.,

Viral Respiratory Tract Infections ( Vrtis )
Introduction
Viral respiratory tract infections (VRTIs) are the most common illness in humans according to Fendrick (2004). Acute respiratory infections kill
approximately 4 million people per year. Approximately half of these respiratory infections are due to viruses. Respiratory infections are one of the top
causes of mortality throughout the world. In many developing nations they are the major cause of death in young children (WHO 2013). Often referred
to as the common cold, the term upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is used to describe acute viral infections involving upper airway structures
including the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi. Viruses cause most URIs, with rhinovirus, parainfluenza ... Show more
Because URTIs are primarily viral use of antibiotics is not recommended.
According to Fendrick (2004) there are 110 million physician visits and 23.2 million physician telephone calls in the United States yearly regarding
VRTI and an estimated 6 million emergency department visits for the cold occur annually. 69% of those with colds will self medicate with an
over–the–counter (OTC) product, they receive an estimated 41 million unnecessary prescriptions for antibiotics at a cost of 1.1 billion dollars annually
and spend 400 million on prescriptions for symptomatic therapies annually. Additionally Americans spend almost 3 billion annually on OTC
medications for relief of symptoms related to URIs.
According to WHO (2010) up to 60% of people with viral upper respiratory tract infections receive antibiotics inappropriately and the overuse of
antibiotics increases antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance may extend illnesses and also increase the length of stay and number of
hospital admissions. The associated costs of this resistance is estimated to be approximately 4 to 5 billion dollars in the United States each year and
approximately 9 billion euros per year in Europe.
Peterson (2007) states that one possible reason for continued high rates of antibiotic prescribing for viral illness is patient expectation of receiving a
prescription for antibiotics and fears that complications will

Jose Rodriguez Gonzales : The Spanish And Is From Spain
The person I interviewed name is Javier Gonzales. He is his Hispanic and is from Spain. He has been living here in America for 30+ years. He states
"he feels more like an American than his own culture". He is now 49 years old. He goes back to visit his family yearly because he still have brothers
and sisters that lives in Spain.
Values Orientation
His view of death is a time where family comes together to support the ill family member, he does not believe in sending his family member to a
nursing home to have outsiders care for them. The immediate family provides care for that individual. His family looks to each other for support,
when one of their relatives becomes ill. His older sister provided the bulk of care, when his parents became ill and passed away. They wash the body
before the body is taken to the morgue. They use to always depend on the father for health–related issues because he is considered the head of
household. Education is very important to him. He came to America when he was a teenager, so he can get a better education. He is a very hard
worker. His father used to work on a farm, when he was going up and saw how hard his father would work in the fields to provide for him and his
family. He is very open to change, especially if it is improving the individual quality of life.
Communication
When he is at home, the primary language spoken is English, but when he goes back to his country. He speaks Spanish. He is married to an American
with two children and

Symptoms And Treatment Of Acute Pharyngitis
Introduction
According to American Family Physician (2009), acute pharyngitis is a common upper respiratory tract infection seen in the pediatric population, with
most children averaging five sore throats within a year in the United States. "Pharyngitis is the inflammation of the mucosa lining the structure of the
throat including the tonsils, pharynx, uvula, soft palate, and nasopharynx" (Burns, Dunn, Brady, Starr, & Blosser, p. 715, 2013). Acute pharyngitis can
be caused by both virus and bacteria microorganisms. About 40 to 60% of acute pharyngitis is of a viral origin (Burns et al., 2013). Adenovirus is the
most common virus associated with acute pharyngitis. Although, there are other associated viruses, which includes Epstein–Barr virus (EBV),
cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza, herpes simplex virus, enterovirus, and human immunodeficiency virus (Burns et al., 2013). There are
some common bacterial organisms that are associated with pharyngitis which includes Streptococcus pyogens (group A streptococcus), Corynbacterium
diphtheria, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Neisseria gonorrhoeare, group C and group G streptocococci, and Mycoplasma pneumonia (Burns et al.,
2013). Streptococcus pyogens accounts for 15 to 30 percent of pharyngitis in children, with group A beta–hemolytic streptococcus being the most
common cause in children (Burns et. al., 2013). The bacteria is mostly transmitted through the respiratory route with a 2–5day incubation period, which
has

Anatomy And Physiology Of The Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Bailey Kundinger
Anatomy and Physiology II
Friday February 17, 2017
A mother brings their toddler in to the clinic, with what they think is a cold but a nurse wonders if the child could possibly have respiratory syncytial
virus (RSV). A cold and RSV are a lot alike, in the way that they both may come across as "cold–like symptoms," but this is not the case. Throughout
this report one will find out what the differences between a common cold and RSV are, the signs and symptoms a toddler may have with this virus, the
treatments one may face and ways to prevent this awful and dangerous virus. The purpose of this report is to deepen one's understanding of the
respiratory syncytial virus and explain the dangerous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RSV will usually affect one's upper respiratory tract first before affecting the lower. It is also more common that this virus will affect someone's upper
respiratory rather than the lower respiratory. Someone with an upper respiratory infection may come across as having the common cold, tonsillitis, the
flu, and etc. The flu is also able to occur in someone who has a lower respiratory tract infection, as well as, bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and
tuberculosis ("Respiratory Tract Infections," 2014).
RSV is a virus that is hard to diagnosis because the signs and symptoms are a lot like the common cold. One may start to develop a runny nose or
decrease in appetite the first couple of days when having this virus; but coughing, sneezing, and wheezing may also occur. In young infants, they may
experience irritability or difficulties with breathing ("CDC," 2014). One may have this virus before realizing the symptoms like a dry cough, low
grade fever, sore throat or headache (Mayo Clinic, 1998). Someone with an upper respiratory tract infection may have a fever, headache, sore throat or
wheezing; whereas someone with a lower respiratory tract infection may have a cough, increased breathing rate, tightness in the chest. While both tract
infections should be taken seriously, they both can lead to RSV.
Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis are also two very serious infections that may lead to RSV.

A Case Study : Jenny Coste
Introduction
This assignment focuses on a case study; Jenny Coste. She is a nine–year–old girl who is in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (School of
Nursing and Midwifery 2014). She has been diagnosed with community acquired right middle lobe pneumonia (School of Nursing and Midwifery
2014). To integrate theory and practise, a sim scenario occurred where Jenny Coste developed an adverse drug reaction to her antibiotic, cefotaxime.
The antibiotic was stopped immediately and a number of events occurred during the session to care for Jenny. A discussion of the care given to Jenny
will be provided with recommendations for more care. Objective and subjective data from Jenny's case will be analysed. Additionally, the antibiotic,...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subjective data is confirmed by the person experiencing the symptoms such as feelings, sensations, values, beliefs and perceptions (Luxford 2015, p.
219). Jenny continues to state how she was feeling throughout her journey. Before she had tests done, she told her mum she was scared (School of
Nursing and Midwifery 2014). Jenny remains very tired, weak and in pain (School of Nursing and Midwifery 2014). A regular position changes can
provide comfort for someone with pneumonia (Swearingen 2016, p. 118). Common nursing interventions for fatigue and activity intolerance is to set
mutually agreed goals for the patient so they can begin to tolerate activities, stress the importance of good nutrition to help with their energy levels,
provide rest periods for the patient to regain energy stores and decreases the risk of the patient becoming emotionally exhausted (Swearingen 2016, p.
19). Developing a plan of care is important to provide continuity of care (Ingham–Broomfield 2015, p. 249).
Medication
Pneumonia is the inflammation of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli (Hales 2014, p. 1251). This can be caused by pathogens entering into the
lung through coughs, aspirations, talk, sneezing or the bloodstream and develop an infection (Hales 2014, p. 1252).
During the sim scenario, Jenny was due for her next dose of cefotaxime. She was ordered 100mg/25kg /day in 4 equal doses. Cefotaxime is a
third–generation cephalosporin which is a group of antibiotics that are effective

Respiratory Tract Infection
Respiratory tract infection refers to infectious diseases of the sinuses, throat, airways or lungs. Respiratory infections are caused by viruses and
bacteria. Respiratory infections are:
Infections of the upper respiratory tract, affecting the nose, sinuses and throat. It includes common cold, tonsillitis (infection of the tonsils and tissues
at the back of the throat), sinusitis (infection of the sinuses), laryngitis (infection of the larynx, or voice box) and flu
Infections of the lower respiratory tract, affecting the airways and lungs. It includes flu (this can affect either the upper or lower respiratory tract),
bronchitis (infection of the airways), pneumonia (infection of the lungs), bronchiolitis (an infection of the small airways that affects infants and
children younger than two) , tuberculosis (persistent bacterial infection of the lungs).
Children are more prone to respiratory infections than adults because they do not have the immunity to these infections.
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the third largest cause of mortality throughout the world. It is among the most important cause of mortality in
low– and middle–income countries. Morbidity and mortality due to ARIs utilizes a fraction of governmental resources.
Peter Baldini, Chief Executive Officer, World Lung Foundation said, "We know that at least four million people die from ARIs, yet the global health
community does not even recognize them as a distinct disease group,"
During 2000 to 2003,

Symptoms And Treatment Of Kartagener 's Syndrome
Kartagener's syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting the cilia within the body. Autosomal recessive means that one or more of both the
parent's genes responsible for encoding the cilia's structure are mutated. This essay will focus on the etiology, clinical manifestations and anatomic
alterations while also exploring diagnostic and treatment modalities. Cilia are the tiny hair–like structures found in many organ systems including the
respiratory and reproductive systems. It was diagnosed by a Swedish physician Manes Kartagener in 1933 (). Since Kartegner's syndrome is a
autosomal recessive disorder each child of the affected parents have a twenty five percent chance of developing the syndrome. According to
Zariwala,"it is estimated that in the United States, there are 12,000 to 17,000 people who have the condition" (Zariwala). Kartagener's syndrome often
presents as a newborn suffering from mild to moderate respiratory distress. As the neonate transitions into extrauterine life, tachypnea and the need for
supplemental oxygen is often apparent. Many babies affected by the disease also have persistent crackles or rhonchi when auscultating their chest.
Some patients may also have an wheezes similar to patient's with asthma(BergstrГ¶m, Sten–Erik). This is caused by the inability for the neonate to
clear the secretions from their airway. When performing a physical assessment of the chest you will often find that there is a hyper resonant percussion
note, as well

Parental Knowledge and Attitude Towards Antibiotic Usage...
Antibiotics are the most frequently prescribed and misused drugs and there are reported concerns about the continuous indiscriminate and excessive
use of antibiotics leading to emergence of antibiotic–resistant organisms (McLellan and Gray 2001; Krivoy et al. 2007). The use of antimicrobial
agents, especially antibiotics has become a routine practice for the treatment of pediatric illnesses (Ghai and Paul 1988; Summers and Summers B
1986). According to Dowell et al. (1998); Nyquist et al. (1998); Nash et al. (2002) a substantial portion of prescribed antibiotics is considered
nonessential, and such prescribing may be due to reasons related to: patients, parents or guardians, or the physicians.
Knowledge and beliefs are social cognitive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Materials and Methods
Study design and population A cross–sectional survey was conducted from October 2013 to January 2014 among 500 parents using the validated
questionnaire. Parents were attending most frequented pharmacies in Tetovo, Republic of Macedonia. The inclusion criteria were: (1) Adults aged 18
years and over; (2) Parents of children younger than 14 years; (3) aware of the term 'Antibiotics'. Verbal consent was obtained from all study
participants before administering the questionnaire. No personal identifiers were included in the form.
Questionnaire development and structure This self–administered questionnaire was developed by reviewing relevant literature and questionnaires used
previously in similar studies (Panagakou et al. 2009; McNulty et al. 2007; Shehadeh et al. 2012; Ling et al. 2011; Alzoubi et al. 2013; Lim et al.
2012). In the first part of the questionnaire, information about the parents' sex, age, education level, number of children aged 1 week and 14 years and
experience of antibiotic use was noted. The second part was made up of ten knowledge statements covering aspects including: role of antibiotics,
identification of antibiotics, dangers of using antibiotics (antibiotic resistance, allergy reaction) and antibiotic efficacy. Parents were asked to respond
with either "Yes", "No" or "Not Sure". The third part contained ten attitude statements

A Brief Note On Children With Down 's Syndrome
Shanleigh Blackburn – 670207Paediatrics Assignment: Down's Syndrome I believe that children with Down's Syndrome can benefit greatly from
Physiotherapy, due to the physical impairments often associated with their condition. What is Down's Syndrome?: Down's Syndrome is a genetic
condition affecting one in every 1000 births world wide. It is estimated that 700 babies are born with Down's Syndrome annually. (Robertson, 2016)
Typically, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes in a normal, healthy human being. One pair from the mother, one from the father. Chromosomes are
found in every cell of the human body, they carry a genetic code that determines specific traits in every human being. (Park 625 – 627, 2014)
Occasionally, one of the chromosomes may be missing or an extra copy of a chromosome forms. When this happens, it results in a multitude of
genetic abnormalities. These abnormalities are classified as syndromes. (ndds.org/DownsSyndrome, 2016) Downs Syndrome (Trisomy 21) is a
genetic disorder caused by a third copy of chromosome 21. (Park 625 – 627, 2014) There are three different types of Down's Syndrome; Trisomy 21,
the most common form of Down's Syndrome, where an extra copy of chromosome 21 exists in every cell. In Mosaicism, there is an extra copy of
chromosome in some of the cells, these children often present with fewer symptoms. And lastly, Translocation, where there is an extra segment
attached to chromosome 21 itself, often only affects one set of chromosomes.

Environmental Toxicology Essay
Toxicology
Name
April 9th, 2012
Env/410
Jennifer Ott
Environmental toxicology refers to specific organs as target organs. This is an organ that has the highest probability of being affected by exposure to a
specific substance. Target organ toxicity refers to the negative effects a chemical has on that target organ after entry into the body (Hodgson, 2010).
There are multiple organs such as the liver which are targeted simply because of ease of access. Any organ that can be accessed through less guarded
cell walls or higher levels of lipids are more susceptible to entry by toxicants. High traffic organs like the kidneys and liver make it easy as they receive
and filter all blood therefore taking the toxin in large doses to cleanse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With all of this toxic intervention the liver can be overworked and disease can overcome, such as chronic liver disease (Lucile Packard Children's
Hospital, 2012).
The conditions that lead to chronic liver disease are vast but they fall into five groups (Chronic liver, 2011). The first group is the viral group
classification which includes conditions such as hepatitis B and C (Chronic liver, 2011). The second group is the metabolic group which includes
diseases such as Wilson's disease (Chronic liver, 2011). The third group is the autoimmune response group which includes primary biliarycirrhosis
sufferers (Chronic liver, 2011). The fourth group is the toxin–related group which includes alcoholism and the last is the miscellaneous group with
ailments such as right heart failure (Chronic liver, 2011). Within these groups there is a silent killer though which raises the risk for that group. That is
the toxin–related group because alcoholism leads to cirrhosis and then to hepatitis (Chronic liver, 2011). That group alone takes a person through three
groups in one shot.
While researching toxicants and reactions there have been some similarities found. Many toxicants affect the lungs, skin, and eyes. Take for instance
Sulfur Dioxide, Asbestos, and gasoline. Sulfur Dioxide is a colorless gas with a choking odor and suffocating qualities (Air Gas, 2012). It is toxic to
humans even at low concentrations. The

A Brief Note On The American Health Care System Of Guatemala
WHO Scholarly Paper
Dr. Uribe
September 28, 2014
Guatemala
Guatemala is located in Central America with an estimated population of 15 million in 2012 and it is considered a lower–middle–income country
which a 48 percent of the total represents the indigenous population. According to Lao Pena (2013), after the 1996 Peace Accords the country made
progress but poverty remains high; the 2008–09 economic crises caused an increase in overall poverty from 51 percent in 2006 to 53.7 percent in
2011. In Central America Guatemala have the highest levels of inequality with poverty indicators, especially in rural and indigenous areas even though
it has the biggest economy (The World Bank, 2014). In Guatemala, 58% of the poor sector is from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ahmed, Awe, Barnes, Cropper and Kojima (2005) states that, "between 1997 to 2000 the Ministry ofPublic Health and Social Assistance estimated
that ARI was the country's single most important cause of morbidity and mortality which in this period of time the number of cases of morbidity due
to ARI grew by an average of 31 percent per year, an average of two to three time as many deaths as acute diarrhea, the second most important cause
of mortality in Guatemala" (pg. 3). As noted by Ahmed et al., (2005), "the main contributor to ARI's is the indoor air pollution (IAP), approximately
two–thirds of houses in Guatemala uses woods fires without chimneys for heating and cooking often in houses that has poor ventilation" (pg. 28, 30).
Ahmed et al., (2005) states that, "Children in these households are exposed to high levels of particulate matter" (pg. 30). Ahmed et al., (2005)
mentioned that, "the main causes of death due to respiratory complications following fires is smoke inhalation which inhaling the smoke from
combustion for a prolong time can lead to the effects of permanent lesions as bronchitis and cause infections such as pneumonia, where in the absence
of proper care can lead to death" (pg. 11). In the study of Verani, McCracken, Arvelo, Estevez, Lopez, Reyes, Moir, Bernart, Moscoso, Gray, Olsen and
Lindblade (2013) it states that, "a total of 8,914 hospitalized

Central Valley Air Pollution Essay
AIR POLLUTION
The Central Valley is one of the many sites of where air pollution is most greatly produced. This is due to the vast majority of electricity, fuels, and
transportation that people in the Central Valley utilize along with the amount of agriculture that is produced here. Many people go through their daily
activities without thinking about how they are harming not only the environment but also the health and well being of humans. The cause of air pollution
is not only due to natural events like volcanoes and wildfires but is mostly contributed to human activities. These include use of gases, the burning of
wood, power generation, driving, the use of household and farming chemicals, and more! (Lad, 2016) Air pollution is interconnected with many health
effects like upper respiratory infections and chronic respiratory diseases like asthma. (cdc.gov, 2016) However, there are many mitigation strategies that
are being implemented to help address the health effects of air pollution.
California's Central Valley includes the cities of Fresno, Visalia, Bakersfield, Modesto, Stockton, Vacaville, and Yuba City. It covers approximately
20,000 square miles while being enclosed by mountains. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011) The Central Valley experiences hot summers with
temperatures that reach 110 degrees and winters that get as cold as 30 degrees. Being that mountains fence the Valley, we are the central target for
pollutants to travel to. (Berg, 2011) A decade ago, we were

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Smokeless Chulha
In house women's activities invariably revolve around the kitchen stove into the house and any improvement in the design of the traditional chulha
(stove) will help in reducing the fuel intake and the inconvenience of smoke and soot. Smokeless chulha which is the modern chulha or stove is a
cooking stove mainly used in the village area that can be made with locally available material like cow dung, clay, soil, chimney pipe and net iron
plate. (Naeher et al., 2007; Smith, 2006; WHO, 2006).
In villages, people usually cook food inside their houses using the traditional chulha which causes the emission of smoke and soot .It causes health
impact as there is no proper ventilation and thus people started placing the chulha outside their house to cook their food. Now a ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Smokeless chulha are commonly used for the heating food and cooking in developing countries in the developing countries.
Global Scenario
Developing countries mostly consume significantly less energy than the developed nations, however, they used 50% of energy is for the cooking
food. The average rural family mostly spends 30% or more of their income on purchasing charcoal and wood for cooking. Most of the urban poor
people mostly live in a slum area also frequently spend a significant portion of their income on the purchase of wood or charcoal. (W.H.O 2006)
Cooking on an open fire can cause increased health problems brought on from the smoke, particularly lung and eye aliments, but also birth defects.
Replacing the traditional chulha with an improved one and venting the harmful smoke out of the house through ventilation can significantly well
improve a family's health.
Erosion and deforestation are the result from harvesting wood for cooking fuel. The most important goal of most improved cooking stoves (chulha) is
to reduce the pressure placed on local forests by reducing the amounts of stoves

Common Viral Cold Essay examples
My report is on the common viral cold, I would like to go talk about how it is cought, its symptoms and how to cure it as quick as possible. The
common cold is cought by coming in contact with some one who has the virus, thus the cold is cought through direct contact, from one infected person
to the next, or from, Being in side in the winter time with the heater on all the time, the lack of air flow is a great place for air born particles to sit and
rest up the heaters on only move the virus around more.
The best way to avoid catching the cold is not to shake hands with a person who has a nasty habit of picking their nose, because the virus then gets on
there hands, and is spread from them to you in all the happy hand shaking that goes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The virus had the capacity to mutate, so due to the fact that it mutates frequently our bodies find it difficult to recognize it and it takes longer to fight
the infection. Recovery from the cold is fairly simple, stay warm (not hot) Get lots of fluids and rest. Wait the cold out it should go away in 5 to 7
days, if the symptoms worsen or drag out for ever then go see a doctor, it might have turned into an upper respiratory infection, which is quite nasty
and painful. Contrary to popular believe over the counter drugs do not do much for the cold, and may only add to your misery by giving stomach
pains and drowsiness.
Cough drops may ease the coughing and sore through, but be are full, cough drops can become addictive after a few days, and hard candies do the
same thing. So use your soar throat as an example to eat your favorite hard candy. As of yet there is no cure for the common cold, due to the fact that
it is able to mutate it self when ever it sees fit. But it does provide us with some useful information. Ancient civilizations knew colds as katarrhein, from
the Greek meaning 'to flow down'. In the last century however, the term
'cold' or 'catching cold' was blamed on England's cold, damp weather, and this term is now used world wide. Now lets disprove some old wives tales
O.K.. Remember how your mother always said "Don't go

Preventing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Children Essay
Preventing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Children
Hospitalization for any family is a hard situation to deal with, when it is a child in the hospital the situation because even tougher to handle. Because of
the delicate situation of family members in the hospital it is imperative that the patient does not obtain any hospital acccuired conditions. One of the
most common hospital acquired infections (HAI) is ventilator–assocaited pneumonia (VAP). Although it is commonly seen in the hospital setting it can
have devastating effects, especially on children. Prevention of VAP is the goal for critical care nurses in all hospitals.
Although many people have heard of or had pneumonia many people are not aware of what ventilator associated ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Younger children are more likely to acuire VAP than adults because of their decrease function of theimmune system.
Dental plaque is a main culprit of causing VAP in young patients. The mouth harbors many bacterias including gram positive and gram negative
bacterias. To prevent ventilator associated pneumonia from dental plaque guidelines have been set up to decrease the risks. For all infants and children
every two hours the oral cavity should be moistened and the lips should be coated with petroleum jelly. For children with teeth it is recommended that
the teeth be brushed every twelve hours with fluoride toothpaste, oral cavity suctioning should be done frequently but do not rinse the mouth. Daily
oral care with 0.6% chlorhexidine for children over 6 who have teeth is also indicated.
There are numerous other techniques used to prevent VAP. Like many respiratory problems the head of the bed should always be elevated to between
30 and 45 degrees to prevent aspiration of fluids and sputum. The tubing for the ventilator should only be changed on a as needed basis. The
continuous changing of tubes moves the bacteria and can introduce new bacteria into the respiratory system. Patients should also receive "sedation
vacations" and prophylaxis medications to prevent peptic ulcers. Weaning of the mechanical ventilator should also be done as soon as possible

Respiratory Tract Infections ( Rtis )
Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs)
The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and part of the larynx above the vocal cord (Porth, 2011).
Common cold (self–limiting but can lead to secondary bacterial infections), sinusitis, otitis media, croup, epiglottis, influenza and scarlet fever are the
most common complication of URI (VanMeter & Hubert, 2014). On the other hand, lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea and the lungs
(bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli (Porth, 2011). Lower respiratory tract infection includes bronchiolitis (RSVP), pneumonia, severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS), tuberculosis, histoplasmosis and anthrax (VanMeter & Hubert, 2014). Upper respiratory infection... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Practitioners are inclined to prescribe antibiotic when patients clearly requested it (Llor et al., 2014).
Antibiotics are usually prescribed for non–specific upper respiratory tract infection to avoid small risks for getting worst and becoming bacterial
infection. Patients with acute respiratory infection with antibiotic treatment were not at increased risk for severe adverse effect and had a small
decreased risk of hospitalization due to pneumonia (Meropol, Localio, & Metlay, 2013). Similarly, presence of risk factors such as age > 65, COPD,
diabetes, heart failure, atherosclerotic heart disease, asthma, smoking, etc. had similar prescription rate of 62% to those patients without risk factors
(Grover, Mookadam, Rutkowski, Cullan, Hill, Patchett & Noble, 2012).
Pathophysiology of Common Cold
The common cold is a self–limiting upper respiratory tract infection with sign and symptoms of nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, and
cough. It is a viral disease that does not respond to antibiotic (Zoorob, Sidani, Fremont & Kihlberg, 2012). The common culprits that cause the
infections are rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus or coronavirus. This virus is usually spread through droplets via inhalation, aerosol, and
secretion on hand or direct contact with contaminated object. This infection is highly contagious since it produces a large number of infected nasal
mucosa during the first few days and can live for many days outside of a body

Smog : The Greatest Ecological Issue Facing The United States
'Smog' is the outcome of the combination of the words 'smoke' and 'fog'. Photochemical smog is the most common throughout the United States in
large cities and mainly consists of ozone located in the troposphere. Photochemical smog occurs when sunlight reacts with pollutants in the air released
by factories and car exhaust emissions. Smog plays a major role in environmental and personal health issues such as low birth rate, respiratory irritation,
reduction of lung function, aggravated asthma, chronic lung diseases, reduction of immune system effectiveness, photosynthesis reduction, and the
possibility of ecosystem deterioration. Therefore, because of very high amounts of smog in major U.S. cities such as Los Angeles combined with its
harmful effects, smog is the greatest ecological issue facing the U.S. today.
The naturally created three oxygen atom layer that resides in the earth's stratosphere is called the ozone layer. The ozone layer is what protects the
biosphere, the zone consisting of all living things on earth, from ultraviolet radiation produced by the sun by reflecting it off of its surface. However,
there is also a man–made layer of ozone created in the troposphere, the lowest level in the atmosphere, when pollutants that are released into the
atmosphere from cars, power plants, industrial boilers, refineries, chemical plants, etc. react with sunlight and other compounds. This is also termed as
photochemical smog and is extremely harmful to both plants and

Speech : Speech Essay
A wise man once said, "Words are singularly the most powerful force available to humanity. We can choose to use this force constructively with words
of encouragement, or destructively using words of despair. Words have energy and power with the ability to help, to heal, to hinder, to hurt, to harm, to
humiliate and to humble." Our experiences with communication and the relationships we build because of it is due to the intricate mechanisms of
speech and how it is produced. Although the structures involved in the production of speech are designed for biological purposes, humans have learned
that speech is an overlaid function. The process of communication involves the parts of the brain accountable for speech in a receptive and expressive
manner known as the Speech Chain. There are three essential and inextricable mechanisms responsible for the production of speech: respiration,
phonation, and articulation.
First and foremost, the respiratory system's primary function is to provide the exchange of gases between humans and the environment through the
process of inspiration and expiration in order to maintain cell metabolism. The organs of the respiratory system are located in the thoracic (lower
respiratory tract) and the cranial and cervical regions (upper respiratory tract). The lower respiratory tract is comprised of the lungs and trachea. The
upper respiratory tract encompasses the nasal, oral, and pharyngeal cavities. The secondary role of the respiratory system

Adenovirus Essay
History Adenoviruses (Advs) were isolated by Rowe and colleagues for the first time in 1953, while studying the polioviruses growth in adenoidal
tissue. They identified an infectious agent which was capable of producing cytopathic effect in tissues in the absence of poliovirus. Adenoviruses were
named after adenoid, the lymphoid tissue from which they were first isolated (Hilleman and Werner, 1954; Rowe, et al., 1955). In 1980, it was
demonstrated that the enteric Advs associated with infantile diarrhea, differed from other human adenoviruses (HAdvs) by being fastidious in their in
vitro growth requirements (Wadell, 1999). Outbreaks of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis characteristics of Advs were known among factory workers in
Germany during the nineteenth century (Wadell, 1999; Fong and Lipp, 2005). Epidemiology From the 1950s through 1970s, reports revealed that
approximately 50% of adenovirus infections occurred early in childhood were asymptomatic, and generally symptomatic infections were mild without
complications. However, the situation was fairly different for US military residents concurrently studied during this period. New military trainers often
suffered explosive adenovirus outbreaks and many of them required hospitalizations for pneumonia. These outbreaks were often caused by adenovirus
(Ad) types 4, 7, and 21 which became the targets of vaccine development (Gaydos and Gaydos, 1995). Due to progresses in molecular diagnostics,
adenoviruses have been linked to

A Brief Note On The American Health Care System Of Guatemala
Myrna Rodriguez
WHO Scholarly Paper
Dr. Uribe
September 28, 2014
Guatemala
Guatemala is located in Central America with an estimated population of 15 million in 2012 and it is considered a lower–middle–income country
which a 48 percent of the total represents the indigenous population. According to Lao Pena (2013) after the 1996 Peace Accords the country made
progress but poverty remains high; the 2008–09 economic crises caused an increase in overall poverty from 51 percent in 2006 to 53.7 percent in
2011. In Central America Guatemala has the biggest economy but has the highest levels of inequality with poverty indicators, especially in rural and
indigenous areas (The World Bank, 2014). In Guatemala, 58% of the poor sector is from the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Ahmed, Awe, Barnes, Cropper and Kojima (2005) states that, "between 1997 to 2000 the Ministry ofPublic Health and Social Assistance
estimated that ARI was the country's single most important cause of morbidity and mortality which in this period of time the number of cases of
morbidity due to ARI grew by an average of 31 percent per year, an average of two to three time as many deaths as acute diarrhea, the second most
important cause of mortality in Guatemala" (pg. 3). As noted by Ahmed et al., (2005), the main contributor to ARI's is the indoor air pollution (IAP),
approximately two–thirds of houses in Guatemala uses woods fires without chimneys for heating and cooking often in houses that has poor
ventilation (pg. 28, 30). Ahmed et al., (2005) states that, "Children in these households are exposed to high levels of particulate matter" (pg. 30).
Ahmed et al., (2005) mentioned that, "the main causes of death due to respiratory complications following fires is smoke inhalation which inhaling
the smoke from combustion for a prolong time can lead to the effects of permanent lesions as bronchitis and cause infections such as pneumonia,
where in the absence of proper care can lead to death" (pg. 11). In the study of Verani, McCracken, Arvelo, Estevez, Lopez, Reyes, Moir, Bernart,
Moscoso, Gray, Olsen and Lindblade (2013), a total of 8,914 hospitalized patients

Pet Pets And Pet Owner
Every animal lover and pet owner has a desire to give his or her pets the best life possible. I for one know that I am supremely guilty of pampering all
of my pets to the extreme– however; many people are beginning to wonder how they can still do that when their wallet is not as full as it used to be.
Comprised in this article is a list and description of the cheapest ways to pamper your companion animal. Bake homemade treats for your pet instead of
purchasing treats for him or her. Making stuff instead of buying them is a great way to save money. Simply look up some relatively simpledog/cat/rat
(whatever!) treat recipes online and get baking. Many potentially tasty treat recipes only contain three or four simple ingredients. I think ... Show more
The love you give to your pet is very important if you want to make sure that he or she is properly pampered. I sincerely hope this article has been
helpful to all of you animal lovers out there. Remember, the best gift that you can give a companion animal is love!
If you live in the Los Angeles area and have had a beloved pet die, you might be wondering if there is a pet cemetery where you can lay your
faithful friend to rest. Fortunately, one of the oldest pet cemeteries on the West Coast is located in the Los Angeles area. It 's long and colorful
history make it a unique haven for pet owners. Los Angeles Pet Memorial Park, nestled in the rolling hills of Calabasas, consists of 10 acres of
peaceful, beautifully landscaped grounds. This pet cemetery, founded in 1928, was once threatened to be turned over to land developers. A committed
and passionate group of pet owners formed S.O.P.H.I.E. (Save Our Pets ' History in Eternity), a non–profit group dedicated to preserving the grounds.
They were able to raise enough funds to buy the grounds and were responsible for the passing of the first–ever State law in California to protect pet
cemeteries. In 1986 S.O.P.H.I.E. dedicated the Park in perpetuity. As such, you can be assured your pet will rest in peace in this lush sanctuary. Los
Angeles Pet Memorial Park is a full–service pet cemetery that offers a 24–hour pick–up service and assistance in choosing a

Climate Change
Climate change: Climate change is one of a larger set of large–scale environmental changes occurring in today's world. Climate change affects the
social and environmental determinants of health clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure shelter.
Over the last 50 years, Human activities –particularly the burning fossil fuels have released sufficient quantities of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases to trap additional heat in the lower atmosphere and affect the global climate.
Sea levels are rising, glaciers are melting and precipitation patterns are changing Extreme weather events are becoming more intense and frequent.
climate change, together with other characteristic and human–made health stressors, impacts human health and sickness from various perspectives.
Some current health dangers will strengthen and new health dangers will develop. Not every person is similarly in danger. Vital consideration
incorporate age, monetary assets, and area.
In the U.S., general health can be influenced by interruptions of physical, natural, and biological frameworks, including unsettling influences beginning
here and somewhere else. The health impacts of these interruptions incorporate expanded respiratory and cardiovascular ailment, wounds and
unexpected losses identified with outrageous climate occasions, changes in the commonness and topographical conveyance of nourishment and
water–borne ailments and different irresistible maladies, and dangers to emotional

Hallermann Steriff Syndrome With Cutaneous Manifestations...
Hallermann–Steriff Syndrome with cutaneous manifestations: A case review Anugrah Parikh M.D; Apeksha Solanki M.D; Rishi Patel MBBS; Dr
Rashmi Arora MBBS Department of Dermatology, GK General Hospital, Gujarat Adani Institute Of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, Gujarat
Keywords–Hallermann–Steriff Syndrome, Nevus anemicus, Hypospadias. Summary– Hallermann–Steriff Syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder that
is characterized primarily by head–face abnormalities,hypotrichosis and various ophthalmic abnormalities. We report here a 14 year old boy with
Hallermann–Steriff syndrome with nevus anemicus and review the literature. Introduction– The first description of Hallerman Steriff syndrome seems
to have been made in 1893 by Aubry and later it was described completely in 1948 by Hallermann and then by Steriff in 1950 (1) HSS is primarily
characterized by head–face abnormalities. Patients have bird like facies, dental abnormalities, hypotrichosis with various ophthalmic abnormalities(2).
Seven essential signs described by Francois as diagnostic criteria for HSS are presented in table (2) 1.Dyscephalia and bird like facies 2.Abnormal
dentition 3.Hypotrichosis 4.Atrophy of skin especially on nose 5.Bilateral Microphthalmia 6.Congenital Cataracts 7.Proportionate Dwarfism (2) Case
Report– A 14 year old boy came to the Department of Dermatology in our hospital with complaints of hair loss from scalp since birth and altered hair
color, hypopigmented macular lesion on the trunk since

The Human Phirking System : The Causes Of The Human...
The human respiratory system is composed of two main sections, the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory
tract contains everything from your nose to where your vocal chords are located. The lower respiratory tract contains everything from below your
vocal chords to your lungs. The upper and lower respiratory tracts both contribute, in their own way, to the process people use to breathe. At its most
basic level, breathing is simply the change of the oxygen we breathe in to the carbon dioxide that we exhale. While this may sound simple, many
different factors go into making this process possible, and not all of these factors are unique to cells from our own body. The entire surface of both
respiratory tracks, especially the upper tract, are coated in the cells of bacteria and other microbes (such as viruses) that scientists believe are essential
to helping our breathing process occur as smoothly as possible.
Many scientists have claimed to find proof that these 'friendly' bacteria help us survive by preventing more 'evil' bacteria from attacking our respiratory
tracts. The so–called 'friendly' bacteria help us survive purely out of their own self –interest. The spread of the other 'evil' bacteria would be
competition for them as they try to survive in our respiratory tract, so they put up a resistance to other species that ends up being helpful to us humans.
As stated in the article, "inhibition of this first step of [disease] for

BVDV Subclinical Infection

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to BVDV Subclinical Infection

Similar to BVDV Subclinical Infection (7)

More from Michelle Anderson

More from Michelle Anderson (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

BVDV Subclinical Infection