Introduction. The Lungs Are One Of The Most Vital Organ

Introduction. The Lungs Are One Of The Most Vital Organ
Introduction The lungs are one of the most vital organ in the body. Without the lungs, the body will
not be able to oxygenate the organs needed to sustain life. Oxygen is the primary driving force that
living organisms need to oxidize food, produce adenosine triphosphate and metabolize energy.
Despite the importance of this organ, millions of Americans acquire pneumonia which ultimately
leads to injury and damage of this vital organ. Although, there are treatments for pneumonia,
education is the most critical aspect we can teach our patients. Through education, we can enhance
patient knowledge and promote self–care behaviors. According to Hinkle, "Influenza and
pneumonia were the eighth leading cause of death in the United States in ... Show more content on
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Just to name a few, here are the most influential pathogens for CAP: haemophilus influenza,
mycoplasma pneumoniae and viral pneumoniae (adenovirus, varicella zoster). Lastly, VAP occurs in
the hospital setting and typically involves patients who underwent endotracheal intubation or
received mechanical ventilator support. Methicillin drug resistant bacteria is the main pathogen
responsible for VAP. In order, to understand pneumonia, it is imperative to recognize the
pathophysiology behind this disease. The development of pneumonia is influenced by internal and
external factors. Intrinsic factors that increase your chances of developing a respiratory infection
include loss of gag reflex, altered level of consciousness and strokes. Loss of gag reflex allows the
pathological agents to enter the lungs freely with no resistance. On the other hand, extrinsic factors
include pulmonary irritants, parenchymal injury and exposure of the pathogenic agents (fungi,
bacteria, parasites, viral). Internal and external factors all enhance the possibility of respiratory
infection, damage and failure. The manifestation of pneumonia is not the same for every patient.
Early signs and symptoms for a viral infection include: coughing with yellowish green mucus, high
fever, chills, sweating and blue lips. A late manifestation of viral pneumonia includes: muscle pain,
shortness of breath and severe pounding headache.
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Community Acquired Pneumonia Essay
Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs, it can be caused by a variety of organisms entering the
body – including bacteria, viruses or fungi. The infection causes an inflammation of the alveoli (air
sacs) of the lungs and may result in the alveoli filling with fluid or other purulent material (Mayo
Clinic, 2016). An accumulation of fluid within alveoli and portions of the lungs, can reduce the
ability of the lungs to allow for oxygen diffusion across the alveoli walls. If oxygen saturation is
low, it can cause the body's cells to not work effectively. Therefore, the risk of the infection
spreading through the body is increased – it is due to this reason, that pneumonia can be life–
threatening (American Lung Foundation, 2016). Pneumonia ... Show more content on
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Pneumonia is classified according to the organism causing the infection and where the infection was
acquired. Community–acquired pneumonia is contracted by individuals with minimal contact with
health care facilities – such as a hospital, nursing home, or rehabilitation facility – and contract the
infection by people in the wider community (MedlinePlus, 2016). Hospital–acquired pneumonia and
ventilator assisted pneumonia, can be caused by a wide variety of bacteria and other organisms that
can originate from the health care environment (Oxford Journals, 2016). Pneumonia that develops
whilst an individual is in hospital, can be extremely severe and is more likely to be fatal. This is due
to the fact, that individuals within a health care setting, often already have a serious illness, causing
a weakened immune system. Also, the types of bacteria present in hospitals, are often more
dangerous and resistant to treatment – then the bacteria found in the outside community
(MedlinePlus, 2016). Aspiration pneumonia – or anaerobic pneumonia – results after the inhalation
of a foreign matter into the lungs. If foods, liquids, saliva, or vomit make their way into the airways
or lungs, instead of the oesophagus and stomach, it can cause aspiration pneumonia. It is more likely
in individuals with a disturbed gag reflex – commonly due to having a brain injury or being under
the influence of drugs or anaesthetics (MedlinePlus,

Cough Airway Muscles
Cough is a defensive airway reflex consisting of a sequence of respiratory mechanical events: large
inspiratory effort, transient closure of the larynx, and powerful expulsive effort. These respiratory
mechanical events are caused by intense contractions of inspiratory muscles, such as the diaphragm,
expiratory laryngeal muscles, chest wall, and abdominal muscles. Motoneurons innervating these
muscles are located in the brainstem and spinal cord and are controlled by a network of neurons
known as the cough pattern generator. The cough pattern generator receives information regarding
the mechanical and chemical status of the airways from sensory afferents in the lungs and larynx
with axons in the vagus and superior laryngeal nerves. When the ... Show more content on
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Acute cough is disturbing but generally self–limiting. There are a variety of over–the–counter
(OTC) cough suppressant drugs that are available for suppression of cough, most of which have not
been shown to be effective (). Even prescription drugs, such as codeine, are now thought to be no
more effective than placebo for cough suppression (). OTC preparations containing menthol and
similar derivatives with sugary vehicles can be effective in controlling irritating sensations that
promote coughing (urge–to–cough) ().
Chronic coughing frequently requires the dedicated intervention of an experienced physician. The
presence of cough itself is not a useful diagnostic indicator, as many different disorders are manifest
as coughing making diagnosis challenging. The emergence of specific diagnostic protocols, first
promoted by Richard Irwin (), have allowed physicians to more effectively diagnose and treat the
most common causes of chronic cough

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Pneumonia
Introduction: Pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death in children and the fourth leading
cause of death in the elderly worldwide.1,2 Although pneumonia is a common disease, it rarely
affects healthy individuals. This condition affects people of all ages, however it is most dangerous in
immunocompromised individuals such as children, infants, and older adults.1 Other populations that
are vulnerable are those who are bedridden, inactive, or immobile; those with altered consciousness;
those who have difficulty swallowing; and those who have impaired cough reflexes.1 Risk factors
for pneumonia include cigarette smoking, acute respiratory infections, chronic bronchitis,
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, uremia, dehydration, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pathophysiology: In a normal, healthy lung, air travels through a highway of airways, called
bronchioles, to eventually reach tiny air sacs, called alveoli, the site of gas exchange with the blood
capillaries.1 The right and left lungs are separated by fissures into lobes and are further divided into
segments and then into lobules, which contain the alveoli.1 In pneumonia, a common inflammatory
and infectious disease of the lung, fluid accumulates within the alveoli and/or the lobe, which
reduces the surface area exposed to air making it difficult to breath.3 Typically, the body is able to
filter out germs that invade the respiratory system by using defense mechanisms such as the immune
system, the structure of the nose and throat, coughing, and cilia; however, some germs are able to
reach the lungs to cause infection, especially in those who are immunocompromised.3 For example,
someone who is in a medically–induced coma due to a stroke, is unable to cough, and as a result, the
germs remain in the airway. Once the germs enter the lungs, the immune system responds by
attacking.3 This causes the alveoli to inflame, turn red, and fill up with fluid and pus, which are the
symptoms of pneumonia.3 There are three common bacteria that cause pneumonia – Streptococcus
pneumonia, Legionella pneumophilia, and Mycoplasma pneumonia.3 Streptococcus pneumoniae or
pneumococcus are the most common

Case Analysis : ' Bronchoscopy Flexible Bronchoscopy '
Procedures
○ Bronchoscopy 4
– General explanation
□ Flexible bronchoscopy is performed to determine whether there is an underlying cause of
infection, such as a growth or inhaled foreign body; a biopsy or fluid sample may be collected
– Indication
□ Severe pneumonia that does not respond to antibiotic treatment
□ Pneumonia of unknown etiology
– Contraindications
□ There are no absolute contraindications
□ Relative contraindications include
□ Coagulopathy
□ Recent myocardial infarction, unstable angina or serious dysrhythmias
□ Tracheal stenosis
□ Asthma
□ If a foreign body is suspected, a rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia is preferred
– Interpretation of results
□ Bronchoscopy will help to determine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
atory acidosis (pH < 7.35) with elevated pCO₂ can indicate impending respiratory failure
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Most common
○ Nosocomial tracheobronchitis
– Clinical findings are the same as for pneumonia (fever, leukocytosis, purulent secretions), but
there is no new lung infiltrate
– Chest radiograph and blood cultures are differentiating
○ Congestive heart failure
– Exertional dyspnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea are characteristic of heart failure
– Blood tests, chest radiograph and ECG are differentiating
○ Acute respiratory distress syndrome
– Clinical history is different – acute dyspnea and hypoxemia are developed within hours to days of
an inciting event
(trauma, sepsis, drug overdose, acute pancreatitis, aspiration)
– Diagnostic imaging is differentiating

TREATMENT
GOALS
Cure the infection
Prevent complications
DISPOSITION
Admission criteria 1
○ Patients who do not require oxygen therapy or supportive measures are generally treated on an
outpatient basis
○ Decision to admit a patient is based on severity of pneumonia
– Age – elderly patients/nursing–home residents are at a higher risk for severe pneumonia and
complications
– Presence and severity of comorbid diseases can affect response to treatment and need for
supportive measures
– High risk of severe pneumonia and complications can be determined based on
□ Physical examination findings (altered mental status, fever, high pulse and respiratory rate, low
blood pressure)
□

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Essay
Ventilator–Associated Pneumonia: A Quantitative Research Study Vanesia Davis Kelly Grand
Canyon University Intro to Nursing Research–NRS/433V April 15, 2012 Ventilator–Associated
Pneumonia Ventilator–associated pneumonia is a bacterial infection that occurs in the lower
respiratory system within the first 48 hours of endotrachal intubation (Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper,
Bucher, & Camera, 2011). Although any hospital patient is susceptible to pneumonia, ventilator
dependent patients are at the highest risk of acquiring pneumonia. The purpose of this paper is to
identify the risk factors, incidences, and preventions of ventilator–associated pneumonia (VAP)
using a quantitative research study performed in Malaysia. "The aim of this ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Lewis et al (2011), early VAP, the first 96 hours, sputum cultures often grow gram–
negative microbes. However, organisms of late VAP were associated with antibiotic resistant
microbes. Microbes resistant to antibiotics abundantly consume the hospital. For the collection of
data, developed and verified NI surveillance was used. The NI surveillance was useful for
measuring both the incidence and risk factors of VAP according to Katherason et al (2009).
Demographical data, past medical history, medications, nutritional status, laboratory results,
diagnosis, history of illness, etc were all included in the surveillance. The Acute Physiology and
Chronic Health Evaluation III score measured the severity of the illness. The APCHE is comprised
of the acute physiological score that entails the major physiological systems and the chronic health
evaluation that incorporates the influence of co–morbid conditions on the patient's current health
(O'Keefe–McCarthy, Santiago, & Lau, 2008). During the surveillance, data from nursing
documentation, physician progress notes, laboratory results, and direct observations. Data was
collected from the time of admission until the diagnosis of VAP was made. The patients who were
discharged from the ICU and sent to a regular medical surgical floor were followed for an additional
48 to ensure that VAP would be detected that manifested after the discharge. Risk factors involved
with VAP in the ICUs are

Diagnosis Of Vre And Pneumonia
Case Study 560: Diagnosis of VRE and Pneumonia Emily DeRoss University of San Diego, Hahn
School of Nursing Introduction His eyes told a story I wanted to hear. I grabbed his hand but his grip
was weak. With a smile I was able to help him recognize that he was going to be well taken care of.
I knew this because in the eye contact we had, I saw the relief in his face as his furrowed brow
ironed out. He now understood that I was going to be looking out for him. I was going to be his
nurse for the next 12 hours along with his primary nurse, my preceptor. I stated this information to
him while placing the blood pressure cuff around his arm and giving his had just one more squeeze
for the moment. I felt so purposeful in helping this man who clearly needed more than just vital
signs checked and medications administered. He had been truly ill and his mental state seemed to
have taken the worst beating. This is a case study of a 64–year old African American male found in
a Motel 6 in San Diego four weeks ago. He was brought to the Emergency Room at UCSD Hillcrest
and admitted to the 6th floor where infectious diseases are primarily treated. Upon admission for
altered mental status, it was of concern that the patient was going through ETOH withdrawal, had
community acquired pneumonia and that he was at risk for sepsis. Therefore, a sepsis work–up was
completed and soon a plan of care was initiated for the patient. The patient was diagnosed with
pneumonia most likely

Aspiration Pneumonia Essay
Introduction
Background and Significance Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder that is described as an
abnormality in transferring a solid or liquid bolus from the oral cavity to the stomach (Bernard,
Loeslie, & Rabatin, 2015). With a diagnosis of dysphagia, a patient will likely aspirate foods and/or
liquids of different consistencies. Aspiration is "the entry of food or liquid into the airway below the
true vocal folds" (Logemann, 1998, p. 5). Specifically, thin liquid dysphagia occurs when a patient
aspirates while consuming any liquids that are not thickened, such as water. Patients with thin–liquid
dysphagia are often prescribed a modified thickened liquid–only diet, meaning they consume liquids
that are thickened to a greater consistency of nectar, honey, or pudding (Carlaw et al., 2007). An
increased viscosity reduces the flow rate of a bolus, makes it more cohesive, and is easier for many
people to control intraorally, thus preventing spillage into the airway (Murray, Miller, Doeltgen, &
Scholten, 2013). Dysphagia can also contribute to the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia.
Aspiration pneumonia occurs "when organisms infiltrate the lower respiratory tract during an
episode of aspiration and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most commonly used free water protocols is The Frazier Free Water Protocol (FWP)
developed by the Frazier Rehabilitation Institute (Langdon, 2009). This protocol allows patients
with dysphagia to have oral intake of water between meals, even while prescribed with a thickened
liquids diet. Initially, the purpose of the FWP was to increase compliance of patients on modified
diets; however, more recently, researchers are claiming the positive outcomes of increased hydration
levels (Bernard et al, 2015). Patients on thickened liquids–only diets often complain often show
disapproval of thickened liquids and modified solid consistencies (Karagiannis, M. et al.,

Essay on Case Study on Pneumonia
Case Study: Pneumonia and Pressure Ulcer Prevention in an Elderly MICU Patient
June 6, 2012 Case Study: Pneumonia and Sepsis in an Elderly MICU Patient L.M. is a 75–year–old
female who suffers from severe dementia and lives in a SNF. She was diagnosed with lung cancer in
2005 and as a result had a right upper and middle lobectomy. She also has a history of severe
emphysema. L.M. has had several pneumonic infections and has an allergy to Pneumovax. She has a
recurrent aspiration risk and received a tracheostomy and a PEG tube in January 2012. On Aril 25,
2012, L.M. was found to be increasingly fatigued, somnolent, and had shortness of breath
accompanied with tachycardia as witnessed by the staff at the SNF. ... Show more content on
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Another important intervention was to maintain the head of the bed at 30–45 degrees and position
L.M.'s left lung into a dependent position to improve ventilation and perfusion. L.M.'s O2 was
decreased to 63 and her CO2 was increased to 50. According to the IHI, it is recommended to
elevate the bed to 30– 45 degrees to improve ventilation. Patients that lay in the supine position have
lower spontaneous tidal volumes on pressure support ventilation compared to those laying at more
of an angle (Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2012). In regards to positioning, when the least
damaged portion of the lung is placed in a dependent position it receives preferential blood flow.
This redistribution of blood flow helps match ventilation and perfusion, therefore, improving gas
exchange (Lough, Stacy & Urden, 2010). Implementing these interventions combined with
respiratory therapy, significantly improved the blood gas values for oxygen and carbon dioxide
levels. "Pressure ulcers are key clinical indicators of the standard and effectiveness of care (Elliott,
Fox & McKinley, 2008)." L.M. was at high risk for pressure ulcers for multiple factors such as
immobility, poor nutrition, age, and health. Therefore, I used the Braden Scale as a quality indicator
in order to assess the risk of pressure ulcers and also to

Aarp Case Study Summary
Hello Cassondra, Good post. I liked the article you choose it was thought provoking. To answer the
question, you asked when you replied to my post, I think the two months the ARRP group had prior
to the research made a major difference because the group was coached and they were in the study
long than the usual care group. Nonetheless, the aspiration of gastric substances is a severe problem
in critically ill and ventilated patients receiving tube feedings. The drive of this analysis was to
assess the efficiency of a three–pronged intervention to decrease the risk of aspiration in above
group of patients. The protocol used was "A two–group quasi–experimental design was used to
compare outcomes of a usual care group (December 2002–September 2004) with those of an
Aspiration Risk–Reduction Protocol (ARRP) group (January 2007–April 2008). The incidence of
aspiration and pneumonia was compared between the usual care group (n = 329) and the ARRP
group (n = 145). The ARRP had three components: maintaining head–of–bed elevation at 30 degrees
or higher, unless contraindicated; inserting feeding tubes into distal small bowel, when indicated;
and using an algorithmic approach for high gastric residual volumes" (Metheny, Davis–Jackson, &
Stewart, 2010). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the independent variable, rather than something else causing the outcome. (Polit & Beck, 2017).
Furthermore, internal validity lies in the ARRP group, basically, one of the independent variables,
having an empirical connection with the outcomes, aspiration and pneumonia. Moreover, the
examiners must prove that there were no other variables is associated for these outcomes to confirm
the internal

Pneumonia Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology Paper
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung which results into an excess of fluid or pus accumulating
into the alveoli of the lung. Pneumonia impairs gas exchange which leads to hypoxemia and is
acquire by inhaling a contagious organism or an irritating agent. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013).
Fungal, bacteria and viruses are the most common organisms that can be inhale. Pneumonia could
be community–acquired or health care associated. Community –acquired pneumonia (CAP) occurs
out of a healthcare facility while health care associated pneumonia (HAP) is acquired in a healthcare
facility. HAP are more resistant to antibiotic and patients on ventilators and those receiving kidney
dialysis have a higher risk factor. Infants, children and the elderly also have a higher risk of
acquiring pneumonia due to their immune system inability to fight the virus. Pneumonia can also be
classified as aspiration pneumonia if it arises by inhaling saliva, vomit, food or drink into the lungs.
Patients with abnormal gag reflex, dysphagia, brain injury, and are abusing drug or alcohol have a
higher risk of aspiration pneumonia (Mayo Clinic, 2013). In the case of patient E.O., this patient had
rhonchi in the lower lobe and the upper lobe sound was coarse and diminished. Signs and symptoms
of pneumonia include difficulty breathing, chest pain, wheezing, fever, headache, chills, cough,
confusion, pain in muscle or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
is Pneumonia. This is based on the patient's subjective and objective data. The collaborative
diagnosis to address this problem is Pneumonia r/t immobilization; r/t pleural effusion, and r/t
debilitation (Carpenito, 2013, p. 859–860). The nursing goal for this patient on the day of care is to
control and reduce the complication of pneumonia (Carpenito, 2012, p. 860). The nurse will monitor
the patient's respiratory status while assessing for sign and symptoms of infection, and inflammation
(Carpenito, 2012, p.

What is Pneumonia? Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that makes the individual whom has it
very sick and weak. The infection is caused by bacteria or by a viral infection, which is a disease
that is caused by different types of viruses. Any viral infection can occur in different places in the
body. Some viral infections affect the intestinal tract, while others infect the airways and respiratory
system. Pneumonia can be caused by fungi, bacteria, or a virus. The infection causes the lungs, air
sacs, or alveoli become inflamed. The air sacs in the lungs fill with infected pus or fluid which in
turn makes it difficult to breathe. What are the symptoms of pneumonia? Symptoms of pneumonia
can vary from being mild, to life–threatening. Some symptoms include: –Fever, muscle aches,
fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, chest pain, sore throat, coughing that accompanies a
small amount of mucus; shortness of breath, rapid breathing, nausea, and vomiting. Any person with
diabetes could get pneumonia and not even know that they have it because they may only have a
few symptoms. Children with pneumonia will also have symptoms that are not very noticeable and
difficult to diagnose. Children's symptoms include: fever, cough, wheezing, and blue skin. Infants
have even less specific symptoms, such as crying and not eating. The cause of pneumonia:
Pneumonia is caused by many different factors in the environment, some of the causes include:
bacteria, bacterial–like organisms,

Abortion : A Medical Surgery
Abortion. It is known that women were put in this world to reproduce. The bible states in Genesis
1:28, "Then God blessed them and said, "Be fruitful and multiply. Fill the earth and govern it. Reign
over the fish in the sea, the birds in the sky, and all the animals that scurry along the ground." Which
means that all animals and humans were made to have babies and keep the planet populated. There
are many scriptures in the bible which talk about reproduction and what we're supposed to do. But
there is a problem in the world that not everyone sees. It's a medical surgery called Abortion. In
which if a female gets pregnant and she doesn't want to be then she will go to a place called an
abortion clinic, they will kill the baby and she ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our lives are plans in the making and by killing the baby, he is blessing you with, it will never get to
experience life and you're just ruining God's plans. He knows what you can handle even though
maybe sometimes you think that everything is ruined or seem to be getting hard. Every baby created
by God is a gift that he is giving you to take care of and teach all of the stuff it needs to know. And
of course not everyone believes in the same stuff and have different religions but I just don't see how
a baby can form like that from a liquid and egg without God. Whenever you think about the option
of abortion after finding out that you are pregnant then of course you will get in the phonebook or
look up the closest place to be able to get such an procedure done. They then will make you an
appointment and you will think about it even more until you get there on that day. When they call
you back into the exam room, the first thing they will do is to discuss your options once more
because this is such an extreme decision and some women just get scared and choose it way to
quick. Then they will ask you about your medical history. Probably like the medicines that you are
taking or what kinds of surgeries you have had before. Laboratory tests would be next on the list to
complete. Making sure all your levels are well enough to proceed with the rest of the procedure.
They might even test to see if you having any diseases or anything wrong with your blood. Next

Saline Instillation Down The Endotracheal Tube
ABSTRACT Saline instillation down the endotracheal tube or tracheotomy to aid in secretion
removal is a common practice in the intensive care unit (ICU). Normal saline instillation is used to
decrease the viscosity of mucous in order to mobilize secretions and aid in suctioning mechanically
ventilated patients in the intensive care units. Many respiratory therapists and nurses are currently
using saline with endotracheal suctioning without an adequate knowledge of any existing evidence–
based research or recommendation to guide the practice. The purpose of this study was to
investigate and determine whether saline instillation for bronchial hygiene was beneficial or harmful
to the patients and to provide evidence–based guidelines to be followed by healthcare providers in
the intensive care units. This is a comprehensive review from the already researched articles on the
use of saline instillation down the endotracheal tube for the purpose of mobilizing secretions and
suctioning mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care units (ICU). Databases such as
PUBMED, Google Scholar, and Medline were utilized for the review of literature. Keywords:
Normal saline, Endotracheal, Tracheostomy, ARDS, Meconium Aspiration, Pneumonia, VAP,
Bronchiolitis, Chest Physiotherapy, Intubated, Mechanical ventilation, Bronchoscopy,
Bronchoalveolar Lavage INTRODUCTION This paper examines the practice and the usage of
endotracheal normal saline instillation prior to suctioning in order to

Pneumonia is a serious infection in the lungs that causes illness in all ages and can be mild to severe,
to the extent of causing death. Pneumonia is characterized by inflammation of the alveoli in one or
both lungs that leads to fluid/pus filled the alveoli and is commonly a complication from respiratory
infections like the Flu, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Asthma, just to name a
few. Though it is most serious for older adults, babies, people with impaired immune systems and
people suffering from other diseases; anyone can get this infection even healthy young people
(Crosta, 2015). There are several different types of pneumonia, the most common is called
Community–Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). CAP occurs outside of health care facilities and is often
acquired by breathing in germs that live in the mouth, nose, or throat, especially while sleeping.
Most cases occur during winter and about 1 in 5 people with CAP need to be treated in a hospital.
Another type is known as Hospital–Acquired Pneumonia which happens when someone gets
pneumonia while being treated at a hospital for another illness. People on ventilators are at a higher
risk of getting this type of pneumonia and it is often more serious than CAP because you are already
sick. The third type is Health Care–Associated Pneumonia and this type of pneumonia occurs in
other health care settings such as in nursing homes, dialysis centers, and outpatient clinics. A unique
type is Aspiration Pneumonia which

Community Acquired Pneumonia Essay
According to the Center for Disease Control, pneumonia is considered the leading cause of death of
children less than five years old. However, there is a way to reduce the chance of contacting this
disease. A vaccine called Pneumococcal is available for people to take (Centers for Disease Control,
2014). There is not only one type of pneumonia. The type of pneumonia is based upon the way the
patient contacted the pneumonia. The following are the different types of pneumonia: Community–
Acquired, Hospital Acquired, Health–Care associated, Aspiration, and atypical (National Heart,
Lung, and Blood Institute, 2011). What is pneumonia? Pneumonia is an infection that occurs within
the lungs. It is specifically an infection that occurs within ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Chest xray can be used but only in severe cases. There are risks to exposing children to radiation.
Antibiotics should be the first choice of medicine that is given to a child with community acquired
pneumonia. Amoxicillin is the antibiotic of choice for those with this infection. If the amoxicillin
does not seem to be helping, the doctor will probably prescribe a different type of antibiotic like
ceftriaxone. Pneumonia may be difficult to treat once acquired but there are several things a person
can do to prevent the infection. Oral care and hygiene are very important factors to reduce the
chance of becoming infected. The patient or patient's caregiver should be warned about the effects
of smoking to the lungs and the increased risk of developing pneumonia. There are specific risk
factors that may informative about their likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age is a major risk
factor for pneumonia, those over 70 years old or under five years old are considered at risk
populations. People who have other chronic or terminal diseases are at risk due to an
immunocompromised immune system. Smoking also increases the chance that someone will contact
an infection (Goss, 2009, p.

Strategies to Prevent Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia...
CONTENT
Title ......................................................................................................P.2
Research Question....................................................................................P.2
Aims......................................................................................................P.2
Introduction.............................................................................................P.3
Theoretical perspective..............................................................................P.4
Literature Review.....................................................................................P.5
Methodology..........................................................................................P.11
Methods................................................................................................P.12
Sample and Access to sample/ data............................................................P.13
Data collection........................................................................................P.16
Data analysis.........................................................................................P.19
Ethical issues.........................................................................................P.19
Rigour..................................................................................................P.21
Limitations.............................................................................................P.23 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For the effect will be measured in term of rate of VAP via an experimental study, this data collecting
method is called experimental methodology (Guba, 1990). Therefore, a positivism paradigm will be
more appropriate for this proposal.
Literature Review
Literature review is necessary and essential skill for researcher as it explains and justifies why the
topic is chosen and its importance (Abbot, 1993).
In this proposal, literature search was conducted by using the keywords of "nosocomial pneumonia"
or "ventilator–associated pneumonia", and "oral hygiene" or "oral care" through the electronic
databases: ProQuest, CINAL and PubMed in the electronic libraries of Hong Kong Hospital
Authority (HKHA) and Oxford Brookes University. Besides searching by keyword, the publication
year was restricted for ensuring up–dated information. The reference lists of those collected articles
provided additional publication.
VAP is defined as pneumonia that develops in an intubated patient after 48 hours or more of
mechanical ventilation (Fields, 2008). It is the most common nosocomial infection in mechanically
ventilated patients and is a preventable secondary consequence of intubation and mechanical
ventilation (Barclay & Vega, 2005), so its development and prevention is a concern.

Oral health is influenced by dental plaque,

The Importance Of A Modified Barium Swallow Study At...
I had the opportunity to observe a Modified Barium Swallow Study at Arkansas Children's Hospital
this semester. It was informative, interesting, and sparked left me researching unfamiliar terms as I
left the study. I was surprised at how much I enjoyed this observation experience and I feel as
though it is one of the most, if not the most, beneficial hands on experiences I have had thus far. The
differences between pediatrics and geriatrics have been discussed, taught, and even viewed through
video in class, but there is nothing quite like seeing all of those differences in person. I would like to
start off mentioning that I had pre–conceived idea of what my experience was going to be with a 9–
month–old. I had prepared myself for crying, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were various cups set out with different labels on the side. Legally they have to put labels on
everything used by the patient that has their name, D.O.B, and that barium was used. The SLP
poured barium into the cups, which she then flavored with Kool–Aid and then barium was added to
applesauce. This allowed the SLP to test various consistencies and see how the patient tolerated
them. Thin, Nectar, and Puree consistencies were observed during the study. The study requires
several disciplines to be presented in the room in order for it to be completed. There was a
radiologist, radiology technician, nurse, an SLP, and the mother of the child. This made for a tight
space during the study itself. Once the room was prepped and all required personnel was ready the
SLP went to get the family.
The steps were explained in detail to the mother and then instructions were given to her on which
way the child should be facing while being fed the samples. I was surprised to learn that the child's
mother was actually the one feeding him the test consistencies and not a trained professional. There
were so things happening in the room all at once. The SLP was trying to watch the monitor for
penetration and aspiration all while trying to help the mother keep the baby's attention. Then the
radiologist says "deep penetration" and two seconds later "silent aspiration". The nurse wrote this
information down on a sheet which specifies exactly when, where, and what consistency was

Acute Respiratory Failure Caused By Aspiration Pneumonia
Acute Respiratory Failure Caused by Aspiration Pneumonia
My patient is a 47–year–old female who was admitted into the University of Kentucky hospital on
September 9th, due to acute respiratory failure with hypoxemia. She was in respiratory distress and
had an altered mental status. Her chief complaint was shortness of breath.
Her medical history showed a history of strokes with left hemiparesis/aphasia, seizures,
hypertension, chronic systolic and diastolic dysfunction, mechanical aortic valve replacement,
depression with psychosis, nephropathy, and GERDS. She currently resides in a skilled nursing
facility. Initial assessment of my patient revealed she had an increased work of breathing using
accessory muscles she had a fever of 39 degrees Celsius. Vital signs included, respiratory rate 31,
blood pressure 130/85, breath sounds were diminished with crackles in the bronchioles. Chest
physical examined revealed increased fremitus and a dull percussion note.
After arriving at the emergency department at U.K. hospital, my patient reported to having choked
while eating breakfast on 9/7/16. She also mentioned that she frequently chokes while eating, so this
was not a surprise to her. She reported that she had another spell with pneumonia previously this
year as well as having difficulty breathing. She was placed on a bipap with 100% FIO2, with some
improvement of the hypoxia. Her sats were 86%. She was switch to a NRB mask at 100% FiO2.
After the change in oxygen

Clinical Article Summary
This article researched patients with swallowing functions over the first six months after acute
stroke. They identify the important clinical factors that associated with an increased risk of
swallowing dysfunctions and complications. The studies relied on bedside clinical examinations to
diagnose dysphagia and assessed swallowing function for two weeks after the patient's stroke. After
a patient has an acute stroke, swallowing abnormalities are a common function depending on the
timing of assessment, diagnostic methods, and criteria. If patients aren't taken care of right away
with a diet, nutrition, and hydration have the potential to cause them serious complications.
Aspiration is a common problem for patients after a stroke, and it occurs when a patient swallowing
food or liquids enters their airway and lungs. After a stroke, a patient could have silent aspiration,
which food and liquids enter the airways and lungs without the patients knowing. Reasons, why
some stroke patients have difficulty with swallowing are due to weakness or loss of feeling in the
tongue, lips, palate and throat. The voluntary of swallowing takes place in the cerebral cortex of the
brain, and the "region of the cerebral cortex that command swallowing functioning ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Were patients given any treatment during the time of their study? What types of diet were the
patients given? How many of the patients recovered after their stroke and swallowing function?
Overall I thought this article had some good points on swallowing functions after a stroke but still
unclarity throughout the article. Although the data collected was organized and matched up with
what they said throughout the article. Results and conclusion made it clear to what was studied, and
the results made it easier to read. Research conducted was put together well, and I learned a lot
about how a stroke can affect the function of

Dysphagia
The fluoroscopy and the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy are different, but remarkable diagnostic
methods used for the people suffering from dysphagia. Dysphagia is a medical term that means
difficulty swallowing due to abnormal contractions of the esophageal muscles. It is important to find
a quick evaluation that will lead to a better diagnosis and recovery with lesser complications. This
research paper will discuss the appropriate diagnostic method by comparing between the
fluoroscopic unit, and the UGI endoscopy. Data will be collected from King Abdul Aziz University
hospital, the sample will be a large diverse patients with dysphagia as the main complaint.
Dysphagia is a common indication that needs functional and anatomical assessment. ... Show more
Images were obtained for the oropharynx, the whole length of the esophagus including the proximal
and distal ends, and the gastroesophageal junction ( GEJ ) for any present pathology, with single and
double contrast studies for mucosal relief. The images were taken while the patients were in the
supine position. For upper GI endoscopy, a complete preparation was done for the patients including
nothing per oral ( NPO ) for at least four hours before the start of the examination, under local
anesthesia. The complications and risks of the procedure were also explained to the patients prior
the exam. The patients were positioned on their left side, and to prevent them from biting on the
endoscope, a mouth guard was placed between the teeth. The endoscope was moved over the tongue
into the oropharynx under vision, the endoscope was guided into the esophagus with fast and gentle
manipulation, noting any pathology while the endoscope was gradually advanced down the
esophagus. If necessary, a biopsy was taken immediately. The result of the study was ten of the
patients ( 83.34% ) were diagnosed with videofluoroscopy, and five patients ( 41% ) were diagnosed
with upper GI endoscopy, however; eight of the examined patients, no problems were found on both
videofluoroscopy, or upper GI endoscopy. The results showed That in comparison with the upper GI
endoscopy, videofluoroscopy can accurately diagnose a large number of positive causes of
dysphagia. Also, videofluoroscopy was readily done, and it did not require a previous work up of the

Nursing Home Residents Case Study Essay
Case Study 4 Question 1: What are the most common causes of LRTI in nursing home residents?
This case study tells the story of Evelyn Rafferty, an 85–year–old nursing home resident. Ms.
Rafferty presents with an elevated temperature, tachypnea, cough, shortness of breath, and crackles
on lung auscultation. Her signs and symptoms are consistent with the diagnosis of a lower
respiratory tract infection (LRTI). Her case is not so uncommon among nursing home residents.
Nursing home residents are especially at risk for LRTIs, such as pneumonia, due to a variety of
factors. This patient population is compromised in terms of immunity and mobility.
Immunocompromise may stem from existing chronic conditions, and impaired mobility may be one
of the

Ventilator-Associated Pneumoni A Literature Review
Background: Ventilator–associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common complication of mechanical
ventilation after endotracheal intubation. The role of chlorhexidine and tooth brushing has been
considered as a clinical intervention to reduce infection rates however evidence to inform this needs
appraising. Keywords: Chlorhexidine Gluconate (CHX) Ventilator–Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
Mechanically Ventilated (MV) Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Colisistine (COL) Aim: This paper
presents a critical review on whether chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and tooth–brushing decreases
rates of ventilator–associated pneumonia in adult mechanically ventilated patients cared for in
intensive care settings. Methods: A literature search was conducted using a number of ... Show more
Ventilator–associated pneumonia (VAP) refers to bacterial pneumonia developed in patients who
have been mechanically ventilated for more than 48 hours. Whilst there is no universally accepted
definition of ventilator–associated pneumonia (VAP)(Department of Health (DoH) 2010), it is
viewed as a hospital–acquired infection caused by the aspiration of bacteria past the endotracheal
cuff after 48 hours of being intubated, which can develop into pneumonia. VAP is known to extend
intensive care unit (ICU) stay and has substantial cost implications of up to £12,000 per patient
episode (Fletcher et al., 2008). Safadar et al., (2005) suggest that strategies for the prevention of
VAP are urgently needed to help reduce hospitalisation costs, incidence of mortality and improve
patient

Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in American...
Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in American and a leading cause of adult disability.
Stroke or other known as a "transient ischemic attack" occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery or
a blood vessel breaks, interrupting the blood flown to an area of the brain. These characteristics
cause a loss of cerebral function. (NSA, 2014) When brain cells die during a stroke, abilities
controlled by that area of the brain are lost. These abilities include speech, movement and memory.
How a stroke patient is affected depends on where the stroke occurs in the brain and how much the
brain is damaged. (NSA, 2014) Stroke rehabilitation starts on admission to hospital and continues
after discharge; the aim is to restore a level of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Hughes, 2011) When a stroke occurs each of these stages could be affected as a result of
neurological and muscular changes. Swallowing problems can increase risk or morbidity and
mortality, as well as risk of aspiration pneumonia where food or fluids pass into the airway. Some
ways to treat dysphagia would be swallowing therapy and changing of diet. Most post–operative
patients will be placed on a strict puree diet to assess feeding. Gradually they will rise back up to a
regular diet. Most circumstances require approval from the therapy department but it's up to the
nurses or the nursing assistants to inform therapy about changes in swallowing. After assessing a
patient and you can tell that there is some difficulty in swallowing then they should be placed on
thickened fluids to ease the swallowing process. Thickened liquids are common practice in the
management of dysphagia as they are easy to implement by nursing staff awaiting formal
assessment by therapy. (Hughes, 2011) Other factors that can help treat dysphagia in a stroke patient
would be positioning. You need to make sure that the patient is always sitting in an upright position.
Positioning the patient correctly is crucial because of physical and neurological changes that occur
after stroke, such as reduced muscle tone or paralysis which can obstruct the airway and result in
aspiration. Proper management of dysphagia in stroke patients can

Pneumonia And Pulmonary Infection Of The Human Body
Historically pneumonia has been of the most persistent and deadly diseases known to man. As there
are multiple causative factors, the incidence of respiratory infection has always been high. It has
only been relatively recently with the advent of anatomy and modern diagnostic tests has medicine
sought to understand the pathophysiology and the etiology used to diagnose this often–deadly
condition. Diagnosing the what has caused the infection is often the first step as this is what
determines the course of treatment. It is also important to clinicians and practitioners of medicine
that one must understand what an infection of the lungs can do to a human body. Lastly, the
treatments and medications used to bring the patient back to health must be understood and the
clinician should take steps to be familiar for every common type of pneumonia. ... Show more
These causes can include bacteria, viruses, fungi parasites, medical conditions and medications.
Pathogens may enter the respiratory tract through inspiration or aspiration of oral secretions. Certain
types of bacteria can also infect the lungs through circulation of blood throughout the body. The
normal pulmonary defense mechanisms of the immune system and mucosal membranes usually
protect against infection. In humans with weakened immune systems, these defenses are either
suppressed or overwhelmed by the invading

Preoperative Fasting Process Paper
The preoperative phase begins when the decision to have surgery is made. It is used to assess the
patients suitability for surgery, identify potential risk factors, educate the patient on avoiding
complications of surgery and anaesthesia, and plan to meet the patients needs for a safe and
sustained recovery upon discharge (Berman, 2014, p. 1015). This process includes addressing all
parameters on the preoperative checklist. Fasting is an important part in the preoperative phase.
Preoperative fasting is the practice of a patient abstaining from oral food and fluid intake for a
certain amount of time before a surgical procedure is performed. This is intended to prevent
pulmonary aspiration of stomach contents during general anaesthesia. When

A Research Proposal Investigating How Nursing Home...
A Research Proposal Investigating How Nursing–Home Acquired Can be Preventable through
Practice Improvement Student's Name University Affiliation Date Abstract Pneumonia is a
significant factor that leads to morbidity as well as mortality in nursing home residents. It has a one–
month mortality rate that range from 15–35%. Nursing home residents are frequently referred to
hospitals for diagnostic tests. They may as well be provided with acute health care services. In our
qualitative study, we shall examine residents and family members' perspective on pneumonia
prevention. The study design that we shall use is qualitative descriptive in nature. The subjects will
be residents and relatives who have received pneumonia treatment. We shall derive them from a
randomized controlled trial. In total, we shall conduct 15 in–depth interviews. We shall then analyze
the collected data editing style. The style was described by Crabtree to establish important themes.
Both residents and relatives prefer pneumonia treatment to take place in nursing homes where
applicable. Caring and attention crucial during provision of care and they can only be attained in a
nursing home context. Interventions to control hospitalizations of nursing home residents suffering
from pneumonia are congruent to residents and relative preferences. Introduction Nursing home–
acquired pneumonia is normally bacterial in origin. Streptococcus pneumonia is the frequent
causative agent. Nevertheless, in adverse

Severe Anorexia Nervosa
Oftentimes, Anorexia Nervosa is classified as a psychological disorder and is not viewed as an
instigator of communication disorders. Besides the obvious negative consequences of eating
disorders, anorexia can cause an onset of dysphagia. Anorexia is a terrible disease and the annual
death rate is approximately 12 times higher than the death rate of all causes of death among females
ages 15 to 24 (Holmes, Gudridge, Gaudiani, & Mehler, 2012). Severe anorexia Nervosa
encompasses a plethora of medical complications that affects each body system and causes severe
weakness (Holmes, Gudridge, Gaudiani, & Mehler, 2012). At this time, Speech Language Pathology
(SLP) is not well versed in treatment and management of anorexia conditions. Veldee ... Show more
The women were institutionalized in an acute medical center and experienced complications of
malnutrition and dysphagia (Holmes, Gudridge, Gaudiani, & Mehler, 2012). To begin the study, the
women were subjected to a bedside swallow evaluation and video fluoroscopic studies (VFSS)
(Holmes, Gudridge, Gaudiani, & Mehler, 2012). Two of the patients showed signs of mild to
moderate dysphagia and one demonstrated severe dysphagia (Holmes, Gudridge, Gaudiani, &
Mehler, 2012). Two of the three also showed aspiration and the third showed penetration (Holmes,
Gudridge, Gaudiani, & Mehler, 2012). Upon reviewing the findings, a SLP team was brought in to
perform therapy via NMES, along with swallowing therapy (Holmes, Gudridge, Gaudiani, &
Mehler, 2012). Swallowing therapy tasks included compensatory strategies and strengthening
exercises (Holmes, Gudridge, Gaudiani, & Mehler, 2012). The NMES device of choice in the study
was the Vitals Stim Therapy Unit (Holmes, Gudridge, Gaudiani, & Mehler, 2012). The patients were
tested orally using the following consistencies: puree, thin, nectar– thick, honey– thick, mechanical–
soft and regular textures. Their results were measured by using the Penetration– Aspiration Scale
that scores the passage and ejection of material into the airway and vocal folds. The scale provides a
score ranging from one to

Pathophysiology Of Pneumonia Research Paper
Pathophysiology and Treatment of Pneumonia Fluid in the lungs, typically caused by an infection of
the lower respiratory tract, is a common complication of pneumonia. Symptoms of pneumonia are
documented as far back as the time of Hippocrates; who lived 460 B.C. to 370 B.C. In 1875,
bacteria, which is now known to cause pneumonia, were found in the lungs of deceased patients,
and starting in 1882, work was done to determine the most common bacterial causes; Streptococcus
pneumoniae, and Klebsiella pneumonia. In 1918, pneumonia had become the cause of more deaths
than tuberculosis; giving pneumonia the description of being the "captain of the men of death." It
was in the year 1944 that the discovery of Mycoplasma pneumonia was made. Pneumonia was first
thought to be caused by fungi which is how this bacterium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Inflammation results from the movement of white blood cells (neutrophils) into the air spaces
coming from the capillaries. The neutrophils phagocytize the invading bacteria which will kill or
degrade the bacteria with the neutrophil's reactive oxygen species, antimicrobial proteins, and
enzymes. Additionally, neutrophils release a chromatin meshwork containing antimicrobial proteins
that ensnare and destroy extracellular bacteria. This mechanism triggers common signs and
symptoms of bacterial and fungal pneumonia such as fever, chills, and fatigue. In addition to the
neutrophils and bacteria, fluid fills the air sacs resulting in impaired oxygen–carbon dioxide
exchange which leads to oxygen deprivation and carbon dioxide retention. The individual tendency
is to breathe more rapidly in an attempt to acquire oxygen and expire carbon dioxide. The
production of mucus continues to increase resulting in plugs; further diminishing the effectiveness
of gas exchange in the lung. Blood–tinged mucus may also result from red blood cells leaking from
the

Dysphagi A Case Study
Allison Kwan
Research Article Worksheet
Title of Article: Parker, Claire, Power, Maxine, Hamdy, Shaheen, Bowen, Audrey, Tyrrell, Pippa, &
Thompson, David G. Awareness of dysphagia by patients following stroke predicts swallowing
performance. Dyshagia, 19, 28–34.
APA format: last name, first name author (year). Title of article in lower case (if journal article).
Title of journal italicized, Volume Number (Issue Number), page numbers.
The purpose of this study was to detect dysphagia awareness in 70 stroke patients, and how this
awareness or lack of awareness can predict the severity of swallowing behavior.
Rationale: Why was this important exploration? Knowing the complications of swallowing after a
stroke can potentially lead to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based off the findings, many individuals do not know they are dysphagic, meaning they are not only
taking proper steps to ensure better and safer swallowing patterns, but the many individuals that
have worked with these patients have not discussed or made proper swallowing a strong focus. With
this idea, I think it is important to assess the types of environment these patients are living in and the
type of care they receive (medically and personally, from family and friends). It may lead to a better
understanding of why some patients are more aware than others. After my own learning about
dysphagia, proper care for dysphagia is not an independent task, but relies on a multitude of
individuals including those closest to the patient. Researching those that have a strong support
system may lead to a better outcome of those with more awareness of dysphagia, hopefully leading
to improved swallowing and a longer

The Effects Of Unlimited Oral Intake On Patients With...
Debate & concerns
Teamwork is critical to implementing this type of water protocol.
Ensuring pristine oral hygiene is critical for this type of protocol to work efficiently and effectively.
Implementations across whole facilities and not just on a case–by–case basis can be problematic.
Compliance of patients and families to remain on a modified diet of thickened liquids only can be
difficult, especially after leaving facilities.
Patients who are on a thickened liquids diet only may face dehydration which can cause more
problems than aspiration of water alone.
Allowing patients to consume water as they wish may increase in their quality of life.
Individuals on a modified thickened liquid diet or feeding tube may aspirate ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Critique: This was a very small study done and did not provide a representative sample of the
dysphagia population, only studying patients whom had suffered a CVA. The sample size of this
study was limited due to the numerous subjects who declined participation after education of the
protocol or because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Even though there were no instances of
aspiration pneumonia in the group who was allowed the free water protocol, this study is limited in
it's clinical significance. It is important to note however, that patients who were involved in the FWP
study group had a much higher patient satisfaction compared to their modified diet of thickened
liquids counterparts.
Pooyania, S. , Vandurme, L. , Daun, R. and Buchel, C. (2015) Effects of a Free Water Protocol on
Inpatients in a

Community Acquired Pneumonia
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Pneumonia is one of the most common infectious diseases
prevalent nowadays and affects all ages. It is an acute or chronic infection of one or both lungs
caused by microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria or chemical irritants. (Schmitt, 2011) It has
different types, and one of them is Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). CAP is a disease in
which individuals who have not recently been hospitalized develop an infection of the lungs. It
occurs because the areas of the lung which absorbs oxygen (alveoli) from the atmosphere become
filled with fluid and cannot work effectively. (Makati Medical Center, 2012) There are many causes
of pneumonia, including bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, fungal agents, and protozoa. ... Show more
4. Evaluate the client's responses towards the interventions. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The
results of this case study are intended to give benefit to the following people concerned: To the
patient, who is the primary recipient of care, that through appropriate nursing interventions with the
aid of his family, he would be able to cope up to the effects of his condition. This study will give
appropriate knowledge on how will be the preparation and management in any upcoming
circumstances that may compromise one's well–being. This study would also help the patient to be
more cooperative in the aspect of compliance to the treatment regimen for the improvement of his
health condition. To the family, that they may act as a support to the patient and make necessary
interventions to address their family member's health condition for speedy recovery through health
teachings done by the researchers. This case study helps improve the awareness of each and every
family constituent. It will help them to identify the causes of such illness and will be able to learn
from the said case. This study would also make them aware about the possible complications that
may arise and which of these needs medical interventions. To the student nurses, this study will give
more relevant information about the patient's case and sickness and will provide them knowledge
and understanding about Community Acquired Pneumonia. The application of the

Aspiration Pneumoniis
Aspiration is known as the inhalation of taking material into the lungs as well as gastric contents or
oropharyngeal into the airways. Aspiration usually leads to serious complications such as aspiration
pneumonia, which is an infectious process from aspiration of oropharyngeal contents. Aspiration
pneumonitis is direct chemical lung injury from the aspirated material. Most often it cannot be
distinguished clinically or radiographically from aspiration pneumonia.
During aspiration, the normal swallowing process can be disrupted. A bacterium enters the lungs
following aspiration of oropharyngeal material that contains a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic
bacteria. Most healthy adults who are in a situation to aspirate infection doesn't usually

Health Alteration-Assessment
NUR241– Health Alteration– Assessment Task 3– Case Study Question 1. Question 2. Outline the
pathophysiology of altered ventilation and diffusion in relation to Mr Hunter's pneumonia. –Ask
yourself– what is altered ventilation and diffusion? Then compare and see what the differences are.
Why is this important in relation to Mr Hunter's pneumonia? Question 3. Hospital acquired
pneumonia or (HAP), also referred to as nosocomial pneumonia (Smeltzer & Bare, 2017), is
described as being a lethal nosocomial infection that presents as an onset of pneumonia around
48hrs after the patient is admitted to hospital. The patient may not present with obvious signs or
symptoms of the infection at the time of admission, although they may ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When CAP occurs, it is determined if the need for hospitalisation is necessary as it depends on the
seriousness of the infection. Gram– positive organisms such as S. pneumoniae, naturally occur in the
upper respiratory tract, is one cause of lower respiratory infections such as pneumonia, but is also a
culprit in causing upper respiratory infections like otitis media. H. influenzae is just one of many
bacterial infections that can result in CAP, it therefore can be subacute and present with a low–grade
fever and a persistent cough for a few weeks before a patient has a diagnosis. Adults that have very
little or no immunity are an easier target for certain viruses such as that of the Cytomegalovirus,
which is a viral pathogen that is commonly contracted within the community, other common virus
are adenovirus and herpes simplex. When a virus starts to become acute, it starts an infection within
the ciliated cells within the airway. When pneumonia occurs from this viral infection, the
inflammatory action starts to seep into the alveolar areas and leads to the problem of excess
exudation and oedema within the respiratory tract. It is sometimes often difficult to differentiate
symptoms of a viral pneumonia from that of bacterial pneumonia (Smeltzer &

Reflection Upon A Critical Incident Essays
Reflection has its importance in clinical practice; we always seek to be successful and that can be
achieved by learning every day of our life through experiences we encounter. In that way we can
reconsider and rethink our previous knowledge and add new learning to our knowledge base so as to
inform our practice. Learning new skills does not stop upon qualifying; this should become second
nature to thinking professionals as they continue their professional development throughout their
careers (Jasper, 2006).
In keeping within current legislation on the protection and respect of an individuals' right of
anonymity, (Polit and Beck 2007), and to confidentiality, (Munhall 2007), any and all possible
identifiable characteristics of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One research summary listed on AHRQ website under patient safety is a device that has potential in
reducing the incidence of ventilator–associated pneumonia (VAP) (Collard & Saint, 2010).
Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions (CASS) is an apparatus that has been shown to
decrease the incidence of VAP in certain patients. Included in this piece is a description of VAP, how
CASS can help improve patients at risk for VAP and a patient care situation regarding clients
receiving mechanical ventilation.
Ventilator–Associated Pneumonia
Pneumonia is the second most common hospital–acquired infection and is the leading cause of death
due to nosocomial infection in the United States (Augustyn, 2007). A patient who is intubated with
an endotracheal tube (ETT) is at increased risk of developing pneumonia. The bacteria colonizing
the oropharynx can move into the lower respiratory tract because the ETT provides a direct route
into the lower airway (Craven & Hjalmarson, 2010). This type of pneumonia is called ventilator–
associated pneumonia (VAP), it occurs in patients receiving mechanical ventilation for an extended
period of time. Ventilator associated pneumonia can be categorized as either early–onset or late–
onset. Early–onset VAP occurs between 48 to 96 hours and is usually caused by Haemophilus
influenza, an antibiotic sensitive community–acquired organisms (Collard & Saint, 2010). Late–
onset VAP is caused by

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Prevention And Ventilator...
Ventilator–Associated Pneumonia Prevention
Leonard, T. N.
Thomas Edison State College
Abstract
Ventilator–associated pneumonia (VAP) remains a big drawback within the hospital setting, with
terribly high morbidity, mortality, and cost. Some people tend to perform an evidence–based review
of the literature that specializes in clinically relevant pharmacological and non–pharmacological
interventions to prevent VAP. Thanks to the importance of this condition the implementation of
preventive measures is predominant within the care of mechanically ventilated patients. There is
proof that these measures decrease the incidence of VAP and improve outcomes within the intensive
care unit. A multidisciplinary approach, continuing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
VAP has been seen to cause up to 71% of hospital pneumonia deaths. According to Koenig (2006),
Ventilator–associated pneumonia is defined as pneumonia occurring more than 48 hours after
patients have been intubated and received mechanical ventilation. Diagnosing VAP requires a high
clinical suspicion combined with bedside–examination, radiographic–examination, and
microbiologic analysis of respiratory secretions. Aggressive surveillance is vital in under–standing
local factors leading to VAP and the microbiologic milieu of a given unit. Judicious antibiotic usage
is essential, as resistant organisms continue to plague intensive care units and critically ill patients.
Simple nursing and respiratory therapy interventions for prevention should be adopted. (para.2) VAP
has two types, early on set (within the first 48 hours), and late on set VAP (after 90 hours). VAP will
usually appear within the first 48 hours after intubation. Diagnosis of VAP can sometimes be very
difficult. The usual and best way to diagnose VAP is to have a portable chest radiograph performed.
According to Koenig (2006),
While the portable chest radiograph still remains a mandatory component in the diagnosis of
ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia, as with clinical criteria for diagnosing VAP, it too has
problems with both sensitivity and specificity. Poor–quality films further compromise the accuracy
of chest X rays.

Aspiration Pneumonia Research Paper
A gastrostomy tube requires anesthesia during placement and has risks associated with the use of
anesthesia. There is also a risk of infection of the abdominal wall and peritonitis which is a life
threatening infection of the abdominal cavity. Also gastrointestinal bleeding, blockage of the bowel
or perforation of the bowel may occur. Diarrhea from the feeding formula is fairly common.
Aspiration pneumonia is also common and if the person requires restraints to keep from pulling the
tube out, the same complications listed above can occur. There is no good evidence that
demonstrates that gastrostomy tubes, or tubes into the small intestine, prevent aspiration pneumonia
in a person who has difficulty swallowing. In fact, there is good evidence in persons with advanced
Alzheimer's disease that gastrostomy tubes actually cause more harm than if no tube has been
placed. Moreover, other evidence shows that tube feeding may actually increase episodes of
aspiration pneumonia. Careful feeding by hand is a better alternative (Arenella, n.d.). ... Show more
Also, pneumothorax which is a collapse of the lung can occur at the time of inserting the catheter.
Thrombosis causes clots in the vein can occur, causing local swelling, and sometimes these clots can
travel to other parts of the body such as the brain or lung and can be life–threatening. Similarly,
cardiac arrhythmias causes irregularities of the heart beat as well as electrolyte disturbances such as
low sodium, low potassium or low blood sugar can occur. Moreover, these are all potentially

Preventing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Children Essay
Preventing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Children
Hospitalization for any family is a hard situation to deal with, when it is a child in the hospital the
situation because even tougher to handle. Because of the delicate situation of family members in the
hospital it is imperative that the patient does not obtain any hospital acccuired conditions. One of the
most common hospital acquired infections (HAI) is ventilator–assocaited pneumonia (VAP).
Although it is commonly seen in the hospital setting it can have devastating effects, especially on
children. Prevention of VAP is the goal for critical care nurses in all hospitals.
Although many people have heard of or had pneumonia many people are not aware of what
ventilator associated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Younger children are more likely to acuire VAP than adults because of their decrease function of the
immune system.
Dental plaque is a main culprit of causing VAP in young patients. The mouth harbors many bacterias
including gram positive and gram negative bacterias. To prevent ventilator associated pneumonia
from dental plaque guidelines have been set up to decrease the risks. For all infants and children
every two hours the oral cavity should be moistened and the lips should be coated with petroleum
jelly. For children with teeth it is recommended that the teeth be brushed every twelve hours with
fluoride toothpaste, oral cavity suctioning should be done frequently but do not rinse the mouth.
Daily oral care with 0.6% chlorhexidine for children over 6 who have teeth is also indicated.
There are numerous other techniques used to prevent VAP. Like many respiratory problems the head
of the bed should always be elevated to between 30 and 45 degrees to prevent aspiration of fluids
and sputum. The tubing for the ventilator should only be changed on a as needed basis. The
continuous changing of tubes moves the bacteria and can introduce new bacteria into the respiratory
system. Patients should also receive "sedation vacations" and prophylaxis medications to prevent
peptic ulcers. Weaning of the mechanical ventilator should also be done as soon as possible

Introduction. The Lungs Are One Of The Most Vital Organ

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Introduction. The Lungs Are One Of The Most Vital Organ