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The Genes
The document explains how genes within chromosomes influence an individual's characteristics, highlighting that genes provide instructions for making proteins and can exist in different versions called alleles. It discusses the relationship between genotype and phenotype, with examples such as melanin production and sickle cell anemia. The importance of having a complete set of chromosomes with all genes for normal cell function is emphasized.
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The Genes
- 1. By Prof. LiwaywayMemije-Cruz
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- 3. Thecellsin our bodiescontainchromosomes. Each chromosomecontainsalong molecule of DNA. Each DNA moleculecontainsmany genes. A geneisasegment of aDNA moleculethat givestheinstructionsin making proteins. Genesaresectionsof chromosomesthat have coded instructionsfor making proteins.
- 5. different versionsof the samegene givethe instructionsfor making different versionsof protein
- 6. Chromosomescomein pairs ofhomologouschromosomes. In each pair of homologous chromosomes, both chromosomeshavethesame genesat thesamelocations. A genemay havedifferent alleleson thetwo homologous chromosomes. (e.g. Aa) or a genemay havethesame alleles(e.g. SS).
- 7. Genotype Protein Phenotype(characteristics) AAor Aa Enough normal enzymeto make melanin in skin and hair Normal skin and hair color aa Defectiveenzymefor melanin production Very paleskin and hair color; albino SSor Ss Enough normal hemoglobin to prevent sicklecell anemia Normal blood; no sicklecell anemia ss Sicklecell hemoglobin, which can causered blood cellsto becomesickleshaped Sickleshaped red blood cells can block blood flow in the smallest blood vessels, causing pain, etc.; sicklecell anemia
- 8. Many of thegenesoneach chromosome givetheinstructionsfor making thelarge number of proteinsthat areneeded for normal cell structureand function. Each cell needsto haveacompleteset of chromosomeswith all of thesegenes.
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