Cave Paintings

Cave Paintings
The part of the reading that had me most engaged and interested was the section on the cave
paintings done by the early humans. The way that they painted these images were just so intricate
and with so much detail, it had me in awe. The fact that some of these animals seemed to be drawn
in motion gives me the inclination that it was something more meaningful than drawing for the sake
of making art, a lot of time and effort must have been spent on this for it not to have some sort of
human meaning. In the reading, it says that the one drawing that was thought to be of sick or injured
bison were actually depicting the mating dance and rituals of these majestic creatures. In the reading
it says the meanings of these paintings could have been
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Essay on Cosque Cave
Cosque Cave
Many, many years ago, a cave was in use, and many paintings, drawings, and engravings were put
on the walls of the cave. About ten years ago, a man was diving in the Mediterranean and came
across something that no one would ever think about finding. It was a prehistoric painted cave with
an underwater entrance. It is known today as the Cosquer cave.
Jean Cosquer, a professional diver, discovered the cave. He was diving for no particular reason, and
found a wealth of prehistoric art in the cave. He made this discovery in July 1991, and ever since
more and more research is being done on the Cosquer cave. It is firmly dated one of the Paleolithic
painted caves in the world.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the work on the walls is engraved. Charcoal and ochre were preferred drawing materials.
Less than one–third of the work in the Cosquer cave is painted, and the rest is engraved.
The walls of the cave are decorated with land animals, seals and auks, fifty–five hand stencils, and a
representation of a "killed man." The Cosquer cave artwork is located more in dark, secret areas and
away from the main area of the cave. Thousands of the finger paintings on the soft wall surface are
at a height of three to four meters high. This would mean that the artists of this cave would have had
to use ladders or a tree trunk to make these markings. The majority of the artwork in the cave is
animals. To this date, representations of one hundred and twenty–five animals have been found in
this cave. Horses are the dominant animals displayed in the cave. Caprids, goat like creatures, are
the second most dominant animals displayed. Red deer are also represented on the walls, but bison
are more numerous than the red deer. Researches can not quite figure out where the marine animals
fit in with the other paintings and artwork, but there are marine animals painted and engraved in the
cave too. However, they are the least dominant animals presented in the cave. Thanks to the twelve–
radiocarbon records, researchers were able to figure out that

Compare And Contrast Two Cave Paintings
In my I chose to compare two cave paintings from the paleolithic period, The first cave in called
Lascaux, and the second cave called Altamira. As we know that the Paleolithic time period is from
30,000 BC to 10,000 BC. The most common theme in cave painting during that time period was like
a bunch of a large animals such as bison, horses, cows, deers, lions, birds, and aurochs. In those two
pieces of cave painting I found alots of common stuff like the animals and the story of the painting
as well but their are some differences like the purpose of the paintings, so in the first cave painting
which is the Lascaux Their was a story behind this painting which is telling us about the wars during
that time period; in the second cave painting which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lascaux is a complex cave with several areas (Hall of the Bulls, Passage gallery), it had been
opened for the public after the world war two, and it closed to the public in 1963, it contains about
600 paintings and 1,500 engravings (ART HISTORY, VOLUME 1, PAGE 10). Lascaux became too
popular in France because the visitors brought heat, humidity, exhaled carbon dioxide , and some
other contaminants. The Lascaux painters had been drawn cows, bulls, horses, and deers. Along the
rock one scene was discovered in a remote settings on a wall at the bottom on a stone lamp and
spears. This scene is actually weird because it is telling a story which is the human who is suppose
to be the hunter,was greatly simplified in form but recongnizably male with a head of bird or
wearing a mask of a bird's head had been lying on the ground, and the painting was also showing
that there were a big bison appears above him. The bison has been emboweled and dead. As well as
on the left side there was a rhinoceros running off (ART HISTORY, VOLUME 1, PAGE

Essay on Cave Paintings
The Cave of Lascaux and Cave Art
Cave paintings might possibly be the oldest known form of communication that exists today. Cave
paintings date back to a period of time called the Paleolithic Age. The Paleolithic Age took place
from 40,000 to 10,000 B.C. Prehistoric Age is divided into three parts: Paleolithic being the earliest,
Mesolithic being the middle at 10,000 B.C. and Neolithic Age being the latest at 8,000 B.C. During
the Paleolithic Age it is believed that the cave paintings at Lascaux, France were created.
Lascaux, is located in the south central, western corner of France. In 1940 this cave was believed to
be found by a group of four boys from Montignac, France and a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This particular dating method uses radiocarbon dating, however typing of Lascauxs' pigments
suggests the material used in this cave was iron or mangamese and metal oxides which are very hard
to date using either of the above methods. According to Nature Magazine "The chronology of
European prehistoric cave paintings has been loosely based on the style of fauna depicted or on
dated remains left behind by cave occupants, but has become more precise with radiocarbon dating
on the charcoal pigments". (Valladas, et al 479) This suggests that the men completing these works
left things behind which the archaeologists are able to date.
Cave paintings of this time were known to be created using a mixture of red and yellow ochre,
haematite, manganese oxide and charcoal. The colors these men used were red, brown, blue, purple,
yellow and black. Animal fat and plant sap were used, and worked quite well, in producing a
binding and preservation agent for these cave works. In these cave lighting was an issue because the
cave were often extremely dark and one would have not had ample light to see. It is suggested in the
internet source Art: A new History, by Paul Johnson that "both lamps and torch light" were used.
(Johnson) Torch lights and lamps were also both effective in burning mass amounts of animal fat
which was then used as a binding agent for the paintings.
Typically most cave

Comparing The Paleolithic, Neolithic, And Greek Art Movements
Paleolithic, Neolithic, Greek and Roman art movements have seen many changes through the course
of their time. These periods, have produced many tremendous famous works of art. Paleolithic art
was one of the earliest and most natural form of art which they shown by painting in the caves. The
paintings in the cave were very interesting to look at and caught my eye every time I looked at the
paintings. Each of the paintings in the caves were somewhat different. I personally think they were
painting inside the caves because they were trying to chase food, which caused them to not stay in
one place at a time. As the time went on, the Neolithic age saw construction of monument
structures. They noticed the structures since the people of Neolithic age became settled unlike the
Paleolithic ages people who were out chasing for food. I strongly believe the Greek and Roman ages
are very well known, unlike the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages. "Humanity, reason, and nature were
central preoccupations of the Greek mind, together formulating their attitude toward life" (Rathus
296). When you are looking at their art you can see all the unique crazy designs and very skillful
drawings which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Palace was constructed after an earthquake on the island of Crete. "...the Palace of Minos
covered nearly 22,000 square meters (~5.4 acres) and contained storage rooms, living quarters,
religious areas, and banquet rooms." (1). The term labyrinthine describes the palace perfectly
because of all the rooms. The palace was created using stone and wood and hand many stone
carvings in the entrance and walls of the palace. Bright colors were painted on the columnar and
vibrant colors covered the walls. It was said in the textbook and online that this place was created
for king and queens. It had to be extravagant for the king and queen to live there. Since the palace
was extravagant, it was very rare to see it during that time

Paleolithic Vs Neolithic Art
Chapter 1 focuses on the prehistoric art of two different cultures, which include Paleolithic Art and
Neolithic Art. Paleolithic Art began during the time period of the Ice Age that dates back to about
10,00 to 40, 000 years. Moreover, as the Ice Age began to decline, new vegetation appeared and an
increase of other animal populations allowed the growth of Neolithic Art referred to as the New
Stone Age. Even though these cultures were divided by different time periods they both have some
similar techniques. For example, both regions had figurines, but they had a different aspect
pertaining to their culture of art. Also they both painted animals, but the style and type of animals
differed because of the region. However, most of the painting,

Learning The Cave Documentary
Watching this documentary was exceedingly intriguing and I would recommend it for others. A rock
slide covered the original entrance creating a time capsule to preserve the beautiful art work and the
oldest paintings discovered. Learning the cave was perfectly sealed for thousands and thousands of
years brings up several questions and is simply fascinating. They described the paintings as fresh
because it looked as if it was done just yesterday but, there was something growing on them proving
it was aged. There was also torch scrapings from about 28,000 years ago; scientists were able to
determine this with current technology. I would imagine since they found many animal skull
remains that it could have been possible some animals were trapped for quite some ... Show more
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They believe humans did not live here but, I do not see why not. The protection of this cave and the
endless canvas to continue what had been started would have kept myself busy for many years. I
would have loved to experience what others did while entering the cave. A man by the name of John
inspected the cave first and I have to say he is one lucky guy. Experiencing such beauty and history
must have been one of the greatest experiences he may have encountered. For this film no one was
allowed to touch anything and remain on the two feet wide walkway to protect and preserve
everything. Even the stalagmites were built into the walkway to allow for growth and no damage
would be done. Every year my family and I take a weeklong trip up to North Carolina and the
surrounding states to visit the mountains. We always make sure to find a new cave to visit to
because that is my favorite part of the trip; there truly is a whole new

Chauvet Cave Paintings
CAVE PAINTINGS: CHAVUET CAVE
Art and the ability to think of concepts is what distinguishes our species from other animals –
capabilities that also led us to use fire, develop the wheel and come up with the other technologies
that have made our kind so successful ("BBC News – Cave paintings change ideas about the origin
of art," n.d.)The discoveries of cave art defied the then dominant view of cultural "progress" as
something that gradually proceeded from a "savage" ancient past to the civilization" of the present
(Lewis, Jurmain, & Kilgore, 2013, p. xx) The origins of art cannot simply be pegged to the latest
discovery of ancient paintings or sculpture (Balter, 2009, p. xx) In these cave paintings it gives us a
glance into the worlds of our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The technique of the artist is clearly defined in this drawing the shading and perspective is skillfully
used. It is amazing that it so defined on what species the artist was portraying. The artist who made
drew these paintings would clear the walls of debris to leave a smooth canvas make it easier to do
their drawings on ("Boundless. "Cave Paintings" Boundless Art History," 2014) The art includes
drawings that were complex considering the time("Boundless. "Cave Paintings" Boundless Art
History," 2014) These paintings can be interpreted in so many ways for example, "Some
anthropologist and art–historians also theorize that the paintings could be an point of past hunting
success ("Boundless. "Cave Paintings" Boundless Art History,"

Cave Paintings Such As Those At Lascaux And Altamira
What are common motifs found in cave paintings such as those at Lascaux and Altamira?
Summarize the current theories about their original meaning and purpose Cave paintings are seen
now in our society is a snapshot of just what they people during that time cherished when it comes
to prehistoric art. The Lascaux brought about many things and showed historians what the
appreciated most during that time. In this cave, there were many depicted cows, bulls, and dear
along the natural ledges of the rock, where the smooth white limestone of the ceiling and upper wall
meets a rougher surface below. All of this is a great example of what the humans during that time
saw and thought of importance, the many animals that they came across and what they looked like, I
think it paved the way for other people to see just how dangerous they can be large. The Altamira
was another example of many animists that the humans came across overall, the many details of the
animal 's legs and also a depiction of humans and their interactions with the animals. Now there are
many theories out there that go into detail about the originals, meaning, and purpose of these cave
paintings, I will now share a couple that I think is significant. The first one had to do with how the
cave paintings might be products, both of rites to strengthen clan bonds and ceremonies to enhance
the fertility if animals used for food. The second one is hoof prints, patterns of animal feces, and
hide colorings were recorded and

Original Definition of Art Essay
My definition of art is imagination and passion expressed by creating a visual feature. I consider art
to be a figurative of the imagination because everything starts with thought. People create life by
thinking of ways to develop; this then creates art. It is as simple as watching a child draw a picture. I
can recall imagining a picture in my head and expressing my thoughts on paper. The drawing did
not come out as I imagined but it took me to a place and every time I saw the picture I thought about
the vision I had created in my head. Although art involves imagination, not everyone has passion to
create art. Art can be created through anger and frustration. I think that is the best way to create art.
It can show passion to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Architecture expresses art threw blueprints, construction, and innovation. It can be said that the
artwork was first brought to Chicago by Daniel H. Burnham, William Le Baron Jenney, Louis H
Sullivan, Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe, and Frank Lloyd Wright. These artist are known as America's
most important architects, and for helping to rebuild Chicago after the Chicago Fire of 1871
(http://www.novelguide.com). This started the development of Chicago as an industrialized city.
Visual Examples In class: (Right)
The picture shows the work of William Le Baron Jenney. This building is known as the Home
Insurance Building in Chicago and is famous for its curtain walls. The term curtain walls refers to
the horizontal lines that separate the buildings windows into sections.
(www.britannica.com).
Outside of class: (Left)
This picture shows Louis H Sullivan's design (exterior view) in 1904 for the Carson Pirie Scott
building. (www.cityofchicago.org). This building represented architecture art because of the
symmetrical balance and the cresting on the top of the building that allows a person standing in
front of it to have idea of how high the building is.
 Paleolithic Era
Definition
Paleolithic Era is the time in which humans used stones as tools and hunting and gathering was
taking place and the art was expressed on cave walls

Lascaux Cave Painting
The famous shaft scene of Lascaux: a man with a bird head and a bison is the artwork that I chose
for my original art work analysis. The artwork belongs to the movement in the Paleolithic time
period created by an unknown cave artist during the prehistoric era. (Web)One of the most
intriguing images from the latter of these three periods is the so–called Shaft Scene of Lascaux cave,
dating from approximately 17,300 years B.P., in the Dordogne region of France. This image of the
famous Bird Man figure, like most Palaeolithic art, defies unambiguous explanation and although
symblolic elements are clearly visible in the depiction, other more obscure elements do not permit
us to offer a simple interpretation of what we are seeing. (Web)The painting ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
By comparing the two, clearly the shaft scene has is very simplistic and less detailed since it
contains far less characters and contour lines. Exploring the two cave's paintings gave me an in
depth look at how prehistoric artists in France masterfully employ unique art perspectives in their
artistic endeavors. Depictions of animals are common to both the Lascaux and Chauvet Cave
drawings which imply a grandiose appreciation for wildlife by both cultures. (Web) In addition,
another similarity present in both artworks is the abstract markings of figures and symbols
indicative of both traditions of the people in the Paleolithic time period. In the Chauvet painting, the
contour lines are more refined and detailed as opposed to the Lascaux paintings which are more
simple and bold. Furthermore, the Lascaux paintings implement a multitude of vibrant colors such
as red, yellow, and orange while the majority of the Chau vet paintings lacked this quality in
retrospect. By carbon dating, the time of the Chau vet painting is circa 27,000 years old while the
Lascaux painting is circa 17,300 years old. I do believe that the Chau vet paintings are older since
the majority are black in color even though the detail is extensive.

From The Cave Painting Of France To The Cave Painting In...
Art history shows that art has been used as a major source for understand different culture and era
through the study and analysis of art and architecture of communication. After the written word was
invented, art was a major resource in understanding the world. . For example, the cave painting in
Altamira, Spain. Politics and religion are the central theme of art for eras from earliest man until the
current age .Therefore, art was created by many people for many reasons. The primary purpose of
the art is religious ritual. From the prehistoric cave painting of France to the Sistine chapel and
medieval art are the good example of religious art in nature. From that art work, we can understand
where modern religion came from. Also,

Symbolic Expression Of Cave Paintings
Cave paintings are a fascinating form of symbolic expression. Prior to cave paintings, homonins had
not shown any definitive capacity for imaginative expression. The notion of cave art may not seem
so remarkable, but the ability to think of abstract concepts and give meaning to ideas is something
that distinguishes 'humans' from other animals. Obviously over time, the purpose of these paintings
becomes obscure and hard to interpret. Our understanding of these cave paintings is based on what
remains at the sites, retrospect, and aside from the relative time frame and context of when these
paintings were done, our interpretations are mostly just speculative. The cave paintings are generally
depicting wild animals, abstract patterns, and human

Cave Paintings Essay
Creating art is one of the single defining factors that set humans apart from animal species. Through
art, humans are able to express their innermost ideas and feelings, without having the difficulty of
trying to find the correct words to accurately describe their thought processes. Works of art can help
us to understand the people who have come before us. This is evidenced by the knowledge humans
have discovered of prehistoric men and their symbolic cave paintings. The expression, style, and
meaning vary and archaeologists put in much effort to uncover these works. The first evidence of
cave art appeared in Western Europe (Berenguer 67). Early cave paintings were characteristic of
Western art. They were supported by an acute vision, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is often found to be extremely animalistic. The animals most commonly depicted are horses, deer,
reindeer, bison, ipex, aurochs, woolly rhinoceroses, and mammoths. Sometimes lions and bears are
also created, but rarely fish or birds. Humans were also commonly represented (Berenguer 73).
Prehistoric men also created abstract designs that have proven hard to identify. They are referred to
as signs and a special nomenclature has been developed to better understand their meaning.
Tectiforms are generally quadrangular shapes, with crossing vertical lines inside forming a trellis or
mesh design. Tectiforms often appear near naturalistic figures of animals. Scutiforms have been
thought to represent the female vulva. They are formed by red patches, often in the form of a
comma or a key. Other types of signs are penniforms, ramiforms, and claviforms. The exact
meanings of most of these signs remain unknown (Berenguer 82). The French scholar Leroi–
Gourhan formed a theory regarding the animalistic and abstract art representations. He believed all
depictions revolved around the law of sex, noting that the philosophy of the prehistoric men
concentrated all explanations on sex and sexual relations. Cave art depictions of animals are divided
into male and female. The male animals are horses, she–goats, and deer. Bison, bovidae, and
mammoths are female. The signs are also divided into gender categories. Triangles, rectangles,
ramiforms, tectiforms, and scutiforms are

Chauuvet Cave Research Paper
In the year 1944, along the backs of the Ardeche River in Southern France, the discovery of one of
the most impressive collections of prehistoric art was found within the Chauvet Caves. These
magnificent pieces of artwork from the Paleolithic–era had been preserved within the chambers of a
sealed off cave, whose entrance had been covered by a land slide hundreds of years ago. Scientific
research has revealed that the paintings preserved in the cave date back to about 32,000 years ago.
Thus, within the chambers of this cave resides a small piece of the past, left untouched and hidden
from man for hundreds of years. The significance of the Chauvet Caves lies within the artwork
depicted upon the walls of its chambers, as these are the

Paleolithic Art Research Paper
Paleolithic art, an introduction
The oldest art: ornamentation
Humans have been creating art with many different meanings and using a plethora of materials for
thousands of years. Ancient non–representational ornamentation has been discovered all across
Africa, featuring punctured snail shells covered in red ochre. These shells are believed to be around
82,000 years old, and have shown to be strung as beads for necklaces and other jewelry. In Israel,
Nassarius beads have been discovered, reaching up to 100,000 years old. Shells that were pierced
and geometrically etched with ochre were also discovered in a 75,000 year old layer of sediment.
The oldest representational art
Representational imagery in its oldest form is believed to come from the Paleolithic period, from the
Aurignacian culture. Across Europe, 200 caves with paintings, sculptures and drawings displaying
representational image–making were found. A female figure carved out of ivory, standing 2.4 inches
tall, was discovered in fragments in southern Germany, dating to 35,000 B.C.E. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
These paintings display animals, humans, nature, and some are even abstract. Paintings found at the
Chauvet–Pont–d'Arc are believed to be more than 30,000 years old, Pech Merle's paintings date to
25,000 and 15,000 B.C.E, while the paintings at Altamira and Lascaux date to around 15,000

Egyptian Art Research Paper
Due to only having records from five or six thousands of years ago, instead of million years ago, in
which it was when there was humans on this planet, Is why the questions of when and where people
first learned to use shelters, and what the earliest shelters were like, started. When did art begin?
Here again we asks ourselves what we mean by art? For as long as species have been known, we've
decorated. And yes, to make a space aesthetically pleasing is art. Decoration for Egyptians meant
only one thing, symbolism. Symbolism either as a form of worship, or religious beliefs, but just
symbolic ornament was important. An Egyptian belief was the preservation of the body. Stated as
being important, but yet, not enough. This is why they ordered sculptors to carve the kings head out
of hard granite, and set it on their tombs where no one could see it. These rights were first reserved
for royal, but moved rapidly towards nobles. An Egyptian word for sculptor was actually, he who
keeps alive. And that's what it was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interesting Egyptians, you might say, but more interesting the way they perceived and drew the
human body. Everything was projected from different angles. As seen in the picture above, the head
was mostly easily seen in profile, so they drew it sideways. But if we think of the human eye
perception we have, when we see someone, and it's from a front perspective. The top half of the
body, the shoulders and chest, are best seen from the front, and that's how we see the arms hinged to
the body. But when it's a movement cause, the arms and legs are much more clear and visible seen
sideways. Artists found it hard to visualize a human foot from the outside. Clearly being the reason
for seen an Egyptian, as if he had two left feet, they preferred seeing it from an inside perspective.
This Egyptian eye perception simply gave a two dimensional portrayal a three dimensional

Analysis Of Cave Of The Forgotten Dreams
In the movie Cave of the Forgotten Dreams, director Werner Herzog and a very small crew are
given the opportunity to go to France and see Chauvet Cave. While watching the start of this movie,
I was very surprised to see that they were limited with how many people they could bring into the
cave. I have gone to a cave in South Dakota and they took hundreds of people in it at a time. So,
seeing that I think they only had like five crew members was very shocking. I was surprised though
how many experts they had working on mapping the map and doing other tests on the cave. I
thought maybe, there would only be like two experts in at a time and not five or six. I also didn't
know there was that many different experts that all can work on the same thing at the same time.
Also, while watching I was surprised to see the equipment that they had to use.I never really thought
about how the lights can affect the cave walls and the paintings.I was impressed that they filmed the
movie in the cave with a non professional movie camera, I did not know that there were other
cameras that could work that well in the dark of a cave. In class and watching this movie we find
out that Chauvet Cave was discovered in December of 1994 when Christian Hillaire, Eliette Brunel–
Deschamps and Jean–Marie accidently found it, because they had felt a draft. In the introduction to
the movie we find out that the cave sits next to this beautiful river named Pont d'Arc. We later find
out that it might be this river that feeds into the cave that brings some bones into it, such as golden
eagle bones. I also find out that the entrance that these hikers had found was actually not the true
entrance. We find out that the actual entrance was covered when the cave had collapsed in earlier
times. I was really surprised that they were able to find the actual entrance. I thought since the cave
had collapsed that it would have damaged or destroyed the original entrance. In the cave I was
shocked with how beautiful it was on the inside. The caves I have visited have never looked this
neat. When we first saw the inside we see that there were these crystal icicle looking things all over
the place and they looked really clean compared to other caves that I have

The Largest Caves In America
There are about 17,000 caves in America. These caves are located in every state except Rhode
Island and Louisiana. The longest cave is located in cave is located in Kentucky. At 285 miles, it is
the longest in the world, not just the United States. More than 130 species live in this cave system
alone. This is one of the reasons caves need to be explored. (Lynne, R., and Leaf Group. "The
Largest Caverns in the USA.") Caving is one way these caves are being explored. "Caving is the
well known sport of exploring caves where as the term speleology is the scientific study of caves."
("Speleology." Caving Worldwide) Caving usually done for fun, but discoveries can be made along
the way. Potholing is another form of caving which is the exploration

Taking a Look at Cave Art
When you think of cave art you may think of it is a way of just communicating or it does not really
have much meaning to it. But when you really look into the art you find so much more. It's amazing
what you can find about the humans in the past just through their art, you get to find out where did
they creativity come from and why did they create. In this essay I am going to discuss what made
the features on the cave so special? And why were they made? The stunning prehistoric cave art at
Altamira was decorated between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago. It was first discovered by Marcelino
sanz de sautuola and his daughter Maria He tried to bring attention to the old art at Altamira, for its
drawing of animals. The animals that were drawn were aurochs, horses, ibexes, and boar. The art
features were so special; the uneven contours of the rock give the animals almost a three–
dimensional presence. The animals pasture, the colors were mostly red and black, and the shading
was also in colors which were yellow, brown, purple and white. The art was so powerfully the
contemporaries thought the paintings were not authentic because of how well it was drawn. They
believed someone else have drawn the art. They couldn't grip that art existed in prehistory. That was
until Emile Cartailhac, one of the French experts realize him doubting the painting was in error. The
conclusion he came to was that the Altamira paintings and others like them did belong to "the

Paleolithic Research Paper
The picture of the Paleolithic life reveals that this was a prehistoric era known as the "Stone Age"
era. The discovery made by Chauvet, Lascaux, and other archeologist signifies that there was life on
earth over millions of years ago. Paleolithic people depicted art on the cave walls as a way to
communicate and tell the history of their existence. However, Paleolithic people not only used the
cave as a canvas, but also as their living quarters. Paleolithic people were the first inventors of art.
The murals created by hand stencils and finger tracing is an indication of early phases of the
Paleolithic era. The depiction of animals on the cave walls were an indication of the latter phase of
the Paleolithic era. Evidence of the rare findings of the Pecten (a large shell) with black coal in it
signifies the coal was used for black paint. The discovery of distinctive caves signified that the
people of the Paleolithic era did not all live in one central location. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Judging by the number of paintings and drawings of horses on the cave walls shows that horses
either played or had a significant role in their society. Furthermore, the paintings of animals on the
cave wall indicated that men were hunters and gathers. Reflect of male and female paintings were
also found on the cave walls. The color black was used to identify the female organs and to
distinguish the male figure from the female. Children also left markings or evidence of their
existence by their handprints. They had to have assistance in helping them place their handprints on
the wall because where their handprints were discovered and found shows that the wall was too high
for them to reach. Therefore, this did not only justify the children had access to the upper part of the
caves, but that Homo–Sapiens were tall in

Discovering Prehistory : Chapter 1
Part 1 – Notes Michael Lehmann Discovering Prehistory – Chapter 1
The author Joy McCorriston, was a student at the Institute of Archaeology in London and found out
about the chance to visit the Lascaux cave from a radio show contest. Although she didn't "win" she
was lucky enough to join the tour. She listens to stories from Monsieur Jaceues Marshal, a
discoverer of the cave and the cave's guard as she gets to tour the cave. Lascaux Cave's discovery
had come about because four local boys found a hiding place to tease and abandon an outsider, a
Jewish boy sent south to flee Occupation in the north. (An alternative story of a lost dog negated the
real and non–politically correct truth of the cave's discovery).
Joy describes Lascaux as a beautiful, prehistoric cave located in Sarlat, France that became closed to
the public due to high carbon dioxide, mold, human footprint, and contamination levels. Due to the
diminishing natural integrity of the cave and the art on its walls, the cave has since been sealed off.
It is estimated that the cave was painted 17,000 years ago, when the world was at about the Last
Glacial Maximum (LGM), the coldest it has been for the past 70,000 years. Some of the paintings
show some of the extinct animals, bison, horses, ibexes, no fish, wolves, raptors, or mammoths.
This didn't mean those animals didn't exist in this area though, why did the humans at this time
select these animals? There were generations of humans living in these

Toquepala Cave Paintings
This archeological study will define the symbolism of tribal hunter society in the mural paintings of
the Toquepala Caves. These paintings depict the methods of hunting that early human beings
utilized to trap animals as a food source. The prehistoric elements of the paintings define the use of
wool brushes and red ochre paints, which define one of the earliest cave painting depictions of
hunting rites. The Collawa tribal group created these paintings as part of a celebration of the hunting
traditions that sustained the tribe. The method of corralling and controlling a herds of "guanaco" that
provided an efficient means of gathering food without the strenuous efforts of chasing the animal.
These paintings depict a mode of hunting society ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These cave paintings define some of the earliest human paintings that have been preserved showing
the hunting behaviors of early human beings. These methods of hunting involve the collective
entrapment of the animals through the "chaco" method of hunting, which is still practiced in modern
day indigenous communities in Southern Peru. The use of red colorations for animals and the
depiction of hunters partaking in these scenes reveal the intensive detail that the artist presents. The
weapons and other tools, such as fencing, in these paintings define the exact nature of hunting
methods that created a sustainable food source and way of life for the Collawa peoples during these
ancient times. The Toquepala Cave paintings provide archeologists with some of the detailed
observational methods of the artist, which provide extremely insightful awareness of hunting culture
in the prehistoric world. More so, the cave murals of the Toquepala Caves define the
anthropological development of art as a means of recording history in these ancient methods of
drawing and painting in the region of Southern

Chauvet Cave Paintings
Although the digital world we live in may seem foreign to the world of Chauvet Cave, the images
found in both, serve the same function: to express/preserve our memories and understanding of
reality for the future. Just as our paleolithic ancestors migrated to Chauvet cave to inscribe messages
of their culture/lives on the walls of chauvet cave, we take photographs to forever preserve our
experiences, enabling others and ourselves to examine that exact moment within in our lives. It is
within our very nature to desire to exist beyond our own mortality, and it is through our artifacts,
digital or non–digital that we do so. Although it can be argued that the cave paintings in Chauvet
Cave are more powerful due to the intimacy of the act of painting,

Chauvet Cave Art Analysis
The artist themselves have played a lot of vital roles in history which still affect and shape how our
lives are today. There have been a lot of artwork, that artist has done, that in the past that is now a
part of our now history. They have used art as a form of record keeping, used it to shape the trend of
society itself and visual expression, visually express an opinion about an event or topic.
Art and recording history have been going hand and hand for many years. One of the many first
parts of history, that was recorded as art its self was the "Lion Panel" in Chauvet Cave in, France.
The artist of this painting is unknown. However, with recorded history, they do know that it was
done in the upper Paleolithic period. This painting is not just only a work of art. It tells us or in a
way captures a piece of how that time was, and what was meaningful to the artist at that time. When
it comes to history it tells us about what animals were around, by the how well they were drawn. We
find out the kind things and tools they used by the medium that they used to paint the cave
paintings. What is the most surprising is the way they drew the ... Show more content on
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Displays now are sometimes the whole room can be constructed and you can walk into and have a
kind of experience from visual art. An example of this would be " ". We have use of computer visual
effects and working with photographing and with these uses it makes the world of visual expression
more expanding and less limited. The roles they play now are still more close to the same. They are
how to affect people with the work of art. Sometimes how to advertise or tell a story. That in its own
way is expressing thought or feeling for a purpose. And people still use art to this day to capture a
moment in time, whether it be a picture or a monument to remember the

Analysis Of The Large Blue Horse And The Fighting Rhino
The Large Blue Horse and the Fighting Rhino and Four Horses While visibly observing both
Fighting Rhino and Blue Horses, one can clearly see that both portraits of the content of the imagery
consists of animals, specifically Horses. Blue Horses, depicts three vividly colored blue horses
looking down in front of a landscape of rolling red hills, is characterized by its bright primary colors
and a portrayal that simplicity, and a profound sense of emotion. While, Fighting Rhino and Horses
consists of red, with a few black engraved animals. According to 'Visiualartscork.com", "In the
deeper part, the animals are mostly black, with far fewer rock engravings and red figures. There are
groupings and features of specific animals consisting of the usual horses, bison, aurochs, ibex,
reindeer, red deer and musk–oxen." Another similarity between the two portraits is that, respectively
both artists seemed to have had a certain fondness and love for animals. Whether that is something
contributed from their culture or personal interest, it also exhibits both artists sensitivity towards
nature. The two portraits also fall into the category known as Abstract Art. However, some few
differences that is presented, is that both portraits are made from two different people of two
different backgrounds, and eras. Blue Horses, made by artist Franz Marc in 1911, while Fighting
Rhino was estimated to have been created in 30,000 BC with an unknown artist. Another difference,
is that

The Cave Paintings Of Chauvet Pont D ' Arc Cave
The cave paintings of Chauvet–Pont–D 'Arc are one of the oldest prehistoric sites in the world. It is
located in the Ardeche region of southern France. Chauvet–Pont–D 'Arc cave was only discovered
as recently as 1994. Jean–Marie Chauvet and his team of cavers just happened to stumble upon it
when they removed a rumble of stones that blocked the passageway (Introduction to the Cave). This
is such an extraordinary piece of art history due to the time period and what it can tell us about our
history. Through the rich history, to the art inside the caves, and the interpretation of what it means,
Chauvet–Pont–D 'Arc cave it is nothing less then a story that has to be told. When you walk into the
400 hundred meter long cave, it has enormous chambers. The floor is scattered of archaeological
and paleontological remains, including the skulls and bones of cave bears, which hibernated there,
along with the skulls of an ibex and two wolves. Bears also left remains of scratch marks and
immeasurable amount of footprints (Clottes, Chauvet). In 1998, the distinguished prehistorian Dr.
Jean Clottes headed the first research team in Chauvet Cave, under great security. Chauvet Cave 's
importance is based on two factors: firstly, the aesthetic quality of these Paleolithic cave paintings,
and secondly, their great age. With one exception, all of the cave art paintings have been dated
between 30,000 & 33,000 years ago (Introduction to the Cave). These fascinating images of animals
give us the

Hall Of The Bulls Essay
When trying to create the exhibit of "Rulers and Subjects throughout the Ages," I figured my
objective of promoting the role is to create the exhibit as interactive as possible. The following
paper focuses on the five statues or paintings that I thought were going to best explain five different
time periods and their importance to human kind.
During the first time period of Prehistoric Art, I decided to choose a recreation of the Hall of the
Bulls located in the Lascaux Cave. The Hall of the Bulls best represents the type of artistry that
humans created in 13,000 BCE. This image is important because it gives present people an idea of
how our past selves functioned. Within 13,000 BCE, we understood the concept of religious beliefs
such as shamanism, which is when our people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this time period, hieratic scale was first being employed regularly. Therefore, I would like
optical illusions to be placed in this exhibit when focusing on Royal Standard or Ur. There will be a
small opening to the room that has the artifact so that when an individual looks into the room from
the opening, the painting will appear small, when looked at from a faraway distance. When the
individual enters the room, the panting will look larger than it once did. This will allow individuals
to develop and understand the concept of the hierarchy of scale and allow a strong visual
representation.
The Egyptian period is well known within the 21st century as a cultural phenomenon and represents
the idea of mortality and human connections with the spirit world. The work that best demonstrates
both mortality and spirt is the statue of Khafra. The reason for this piece of art is because the way
humans demonstrated their belief in gods was through spiritual means. Since the introduction of
Kha statues being created, it brought the idea of humans being able to have the same power and
divinity as spiritual gods

Iran Before and After the Revolution Essay
Iran before and after Revolution:
Textual – Visual Metaphors of Graffiti during Revolution
Introduction
During the prehistoric period , human was creating markings on the surfaces of the caves and , since
the down of civilization , on the walls of ancient structures Although in certain cases motivations to
produce such marks are covered by mystery , wall paintings , and engravings definitely serve as
factual evidence of human's presence along various locations . The appearance and production of
techniques of graffiti have been varying throughout decades , but cave paintings of prehistoric
period , ancient engravings , or contemporary graffiti of today have at least one thing in common ,
and that is : they're all human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore , in the process of research , which concerns graffiti related issues , it is a matter of
importance to take insight in to the past to be able to comprehend the present . For instance ,there is
a research by L.Iyer , which demonstrates significance of setting parallel between prehistoric cave
paintings and contemporary graffiti , particularly a case of wall writings in paris , inflamed by
events of May ,1968 . Moreover , as human's creation , graffiti at any stage of history presents a
fertile ground to interpretation of underlying meanings , conceptions , and messages whether
obvious or hidden . Regarding to prehistoric graffiti , there are plenty of studies by such researchers
as Breuil , Coppens , Clottes and Lewis – Williams , Mullen , and many others .
Apparently ,moving from prehistoric time since now , graffiti has undergone a complex process of
development under impact of various factors ,like growth of civilization , advancing technologies ,
public shifts, and socio – political events. In fact contemporary graffiti presents a great range of
types and styles , each differ in technical aspects of production from one side , and conceptual
approaches from the other . Contemporary graffiti may provide a great deal of data on social climate
of any specific locale
Indeed , contemporary graffiti, its types and

Paleolithic Religion: The Genesis Of Belief Essay
Anthropology is the study of humanity. One of the questions the discipline has striven to answer
from it's very conception is the question of what it is that ultimately makes us human. Where is that
unique distinction that takes us from being just another creature populating the world and the fossil
record and pushes us that next step to something more?
According to Donald Johanson in his book From Lucy To Language,
A human is any of the species Homo sapiens ("wise man"), the only modern living member of the
family Hominidae. The Hominidae, or hominids, are a group of upright–walking primates with
relatively large brains. So all humans are hominids, though not all hominids could be called human.
(1)
Under this definition, we are in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We "...can draw on neither inscriptions nor texts; nor can [we] question prehistoric people about
their beliefs" (Hinnells 4). But these first religious practitioners did not leave us totally without
record of their beliefs and their lives. Perhaps one of the best sources of information on Paleolithic
belief comes as close to straight from the mouths of these ancient peoples as possible – or, rather,
from their fingers. These records are the art they left behind, decorating stone walls all across the
globe with incredibly consistent images of running animals and spear–carrying hunters. Pictures of
people seemingly crossed with those animals, and of surprisingly anatomically accurate depictions
of all creatures great and small.
We cannot "read" these images and marks. Nevertheless, an extraordinarily complex composition
has begun to seem organized, purposeful, notational, and part of a tradition that composed storied
sequences or sums with a repertoire of images. This way of thinking is one we can understand.
(Marshack 212)
By this assumption, the images are not simply pictures. They are part of a deeper symbolism that
seems to have ranged all across the globe;

Antarctica Research Paper
Rock, Fossils and Mountains of Antarctica This essay will seek to find out the geological
composition of the Antarctica. The study will show the rock composition, fossils and finally the
mountains. Each paragraph will be broken down into subtopics rocks, fossils, and mountains. The
following research question will guide this essay. I will also explain what some of the fossils that
were found in the continent of Antarctica. a) What type of rocks, fossils and mountains are found in
the Antarctica? b) How rocks, fossils and mountains came into existence? Rocks The study of rocks
in the Antarctica has been a daunting task for geologists since most of the Antarctica is covered with
ice. In parts of Antarctica there's igneous and metamorphic rocks ... Show more content on
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They are bounded by the Ross Sea, the Southern Ocean and by the Dennistoun, Ebbe and Tucker
glaciers. These Mountain ranges have an elevation of 4,165 m. They are comprised of the Dunedin,
Homerun and Lyttelton ranges. The Victory Mountains is another group of mountains located in
Victoria Island. It is located around the Mariner and Tucker glaciers. Another group of mountains is
the Prince Albert Mountains named after Prince Albert. They are also located in Victoria Island and
they stretch over 320 km long. These groups of mountains consist of Mount Mackintosh, Mount
Joyce, Mount Billing, Mount Mallis, and Mount Priestley. Another mountain Range is the Horlick
Mountains. They are situated on the east side of Reedy Glacier. They include the Wisconsin range,
Long hills and the Ohio range, The Thiel Mountains are secluded and they are mainly snowcapped.
They are located in Ellsworth Land and it is 2,810m high. The Pensacola Mountains are a mountain
range in the Transantarctic. The highest peak is the England peak with an elevation of 2,150m. Most
of these mountains came into existence due to volcanic

Prehistoric Cave Art
Nella Shope
Professor Mathew Jacob
Humanistic Traditions 2210
5 September 2015
Tracing Out the Legacy of Prehistoric Human Existence
Looking at cave art today, we see some of our earliest ancestors. Viewing and studying cave art
allows us, today, to look back in time and see how our primitive ancestors perceived the world
("Prehistoric Cave Art").
No one truly knows when cave painting first began, but "one theory links the evolution of Stone
Age art to the arrival of anatomically modern humans in Europe during the period of the Upper
Paleolithic ("Stone Age Cave Painting")." With that theory in mind, cave art pretty much started
around the same time with the movement and relocation of the Neanderthal man ("Stone Age Cave
Painting"), which

The Unwritten History of Cave Paintings Essay
Religious stories and scientific theories have tried for thousands of years to accurately date the
formation of man. However, in the 1860s, a new art was discovered that changed the view of human
creation forever. This new insight was cave painting. Cave painting is a form of prehistoric art that
dates back hundreds of thousands of years. Analysts are unable to specify the reasoning behind these
paintings of objects on cave walls, but many theories have been formulated to surmise the rational
behind the art. Questions arise like, "why did man find a need to paint the walls of caves" and is this
part of the foundation of the origin of human life as we know it? (Beacon) The ecumenical belief is
rooted at history, cave paintings are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The methods used to create have proven themselves more useful in dating the art than the work
itself. The natural objects used have withstood time better that the art. In the earlier times of the
paintings, fingers and soft clays created many of the paintings. The fine engravings were created
later in time, respectively, and are much more rare. Over time the art became more revolutionized
and the artists began to mix colors with pestles and mortars. They even went as far as using stencils
and blowpipes to create different effects. Another supporting theory that the paintings were done
consciously to preserve time is the cost of the art. The cave paintings were expensive to create. The
artists required sufficient lighting and a homemade type of scaffolding to reach the high areas. If it
didn't seem imperative to the people to preserve their experiences, they wouldn't have gone to such
costs to create the work. The quality and consistency of the best–painted works in caves supports
this. They honed their skill to perfection so that it would last for centuries to be interpreted months
later by different clans or even years later by completely different generations. When the first
painting was found, people didn't know whether they were conclusive to a specific area. Many years
later from 1860 after finding the first cave of Chauvet, hundreds of paintings have been found.
Historians believe there to have been over a thousand of

An Introduction Of Cave Paintings In Cosquer Cave
Introduction
Do you know anything about cave paintings? Well I am here to inform you about them. For
example, the majestic paintings of bison in Cosquer Cave. In Altamira more beautiful animals of the
Ice Age. In Lascaux too were majestic animals like horse, deer, bison, etc. These facts are truly
amazing. These caves are jewels of mother nature. Also, about Carbon 14 Dating and how it works
with its formulas.
Cosquer Cave
In 1985 a professional Scuba diver named Henri Cosquer discovered the cave. Cosquer Cave is
located in Ardeche department, on the Mediterranean coast close to the Rhode river. The cave was
discovered by accident when Henri was diving and found an opening.
He kept a secret for many years and went to check it himself from time to time. He trusted
archaeologist Jean Clotte who was also a speleologist. Jean Clotte was a speleologist and
archaeologist he is very important in the government of France. He called Jean Courtin who was a
archaeologist and a professional diver he was also very important. They didn't make the discovery
public because the public could harm the paintings.
They kept it a secret for 6 years. Later the French government found out about it and told the public.
The paintings are of 10,000 years of difference. The animal paintings are +18,000 years old and the
hand paintings are 28,000 years old. There is a huge difference of time because the theory is that the
cave was lost however, then it was rediscovered. The cave was

Female Figure In Greek Art
For thousands of years, human life is incomplete without sculptures, paintings, and literature. More
than 25,000 years ago evidence about culture is described in paintings found in caves and small
sculptures. Magical help to hunters was apparently supplied by the sculptures. Sculptures
represented gods after the aurora of civilization. Ancient kings made statues of god in a hope of
making themselves eternal and have their effigy sculpted, giving rise to profile sculpture. People of
paleolithic era carved stone to make sculptures as well as their weapons that were necessary for
them to survive in unfavourable environment. Archeological sites across Europe found large number
of female structural artifacts. Sculptures are very gigantic and enduring ... Show more content on
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The stage for both was the bronze age. Though Mesopotamian, specifically the Sumerians had a
great start than Greek. The typical Sumerians sculptures are crimped beard and arching eyebrow.
Greek legend has it that tribe from the north, the Dorians, Overran the Greek terrain and the
Peloponnese, yet there is minimal authentic proof to help this story. Whatever caused the decay, the
Greek individuals practically overlooked the basics of culture and perusing and composing fell into
neglect. Generally, the greek lived in little rustic groups that frequently warred with one another.But
notwithstanding these conditions, which scarcely supported the advancement of workmanship and
design, the Greeks figured out how to maintain a feeling of personality and even, as the survival of
the Trojan war legends proposes, some thought of their social legacy while the general population of
Mesopotamia was absolutely subject to the Tigris and Euphrates waterways for their occupations.
By inundating the grounds simply outside the swamps on the riverbanks, the conditions essential for
broad and expand groups, for example, Ur started to emerge: Individuals burrowed channels and
jettison and collaborated in managing the stream of water in them, which inevitably brought about
yields that surpassed the requirements of the population.These could be changed into foodstuffs of a
more detailed kind,

Cave Paintings In The Film Cave Of Forgotten Dreams
Thinking of life back almost 40,000 years ago can be a challenge to wrap the mind around. To learn
about the human species' past, we must decipher the clues left behind of how humans used to live.
When asked to recreate cave paintings a common drawing some might think of stick figures. The
actuality of the cave paintings is that they are incredibly detailed and are able to show the artistic
talent of the cavemen and women. In the film Cave of Forgotten Dreams, it focuses on a cave in
southern France and the intricate paintings and artifacts found inside. The cave dates to around
30,000 years ago and there is a unique aspect of how everything was preserved. In fact, a ledge of
rock fell and cut off the original entrance to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The animals ranged from horses to rhinos, and even cave lions. The drawings were detailed enough
to allow scientists to decipher the paintings and learn what they were witnessing at that period of
time. Along with the paintings of the animals, bones were found in the cave and that also revealed
more about the life in the cave other than just the cavemen and women. Using all of this information
given to them, the scientists were able to learn not only how the cavemen and women lived but how
animals lived during this time. The drawings in the cave in Southern France seemed to be quite
anatomically correct to the animals roaming Earth today. The drawings are so detailed that there is
not much hesitation on what type of animal they could have been drawing, it is obvious what their
intent was. A surprise regarding the animal paintings was the lack of anything other than mammals.
Throughout the cave there were a handful of paintings depicting insects such as butterflies and the
one sole drawing of a human, but besides that they animals were mammals. Why these paintings are
important depends on who is answering the question. A scientist might answer differently than an art
professor who might answer differently than a random civilian. The importance is in what each
person gains from these drawings. A scientist can analyze and learn about who lived there and how
they looked and acted. This was shown by the analysis of the red hand prints and the

The Evolution of Graphic Design
When graphic design began, it was much simpler than it is today. Most people consider graphic
design to be done only on computers and fancy operating systems, when in fact graphic design in
much more complex than that. Graphic design has its roots in early caveman drawings using stone,
organic paints and charcoal. Since these early humans had no to little verbal communication, logic
dictates that they would have to communicate instead with a plethora of symbols and graphic
representations of ideas. As time progressed, the methods of visual communication, as well as
verbal communication, evolved. Materials in graphic design became more refined such as digital or
traditional printing. Some of the milestones in graphic design were the invention of printing presses,
text–based design such as Typography, molds, and computers. As new technology made the
expression and sharing of art possible, those who chose to create art formed new styles and ideas
that also evolved.
Artistic molds were one of the first revolutionary things to come about in graphic design. The molds
allowed for the mass production of certain objects, letters, or shapes that would otherwise take
several hours to even days to be created. Once the molds were created, they could then be used to
replicate their shape by filing them with clay, stone, cement, ink and other artistic materials. The
molds can be made in varying shapes and sizes, allowing for artists to create precise works from
different templates. Molds

The Importance Of Visual And Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication has been the core of communication since cavemen still roamed the
earth, one example being the "Hall of Bulls". Psychologists believe vibrant color schemes and
designs stimulate the mind, making images more appealing than the written word. Many others
follow the saying "a picture is worth a thousand words" in terms of images being the more superior
form of communication. However, some believe the written word is best when receiving and
understanding information. Although the written word has been around since the dawn of time,
image seems to be the most preferable and absorbable when it comes to nonverbal communication.
Communication has come a long way in terms of verbal and nonverbal communication. It began
with creating symbols on cave walls, depicting important stories relating to culture and adversity.
This spawned potential for different countries around the world to start forming their own language
through written word. The written word became increasingly significant as societies expanded and
adapted. However, just recently images have been opted as the "new" words of the century. They've
created a sense of accessibility when it comes to absorbing unfamiliar information.
Psychologically, we are more drawn to images due to their vibrant color schemes, flamboyant fonts,
and creative flairs. James Balm, journalist of Blog Network, states, "We are visual creatures. A large
percentage of the human brain dedicates itself to visual processing. Our

Cave Art History
Whether it be source of beauty and inspiration, a tool of learning, or simply the means to deal with
the constant struggles of life, art, containing both immense cultural and historical significance is
undeniably a prominent focus in today's society. When looking at the Altamira cave in Spain, the
Chauvet cave in France, or Lascaux the "prehistoric sistine chapel" in France, and countless others,
researchers can't help but wonder what is the significance of these truly beautiful works of art?
Found in nearly all regions of the world, cave art gives us a glimpse into the intellectual
development of early man. Art production likely arose out of non–utilitarian processes. Early
humans began collecting objects such as crystals, colorful rocks, ... Show more content on
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Paintings in these caves date vary in date from 35 thousand years ago for some of the older
paintings to 22 thousand years ago for some of the more recent ones (Pike & Hoffman, 2012). The
chronology of these paintings has been debated since their discovery. Their is evidence to support
that these paintings were modified and having other images super–imposed on top, as parts of
painting date several thousand years older than others. In addition this large gap in time between
various paintings in the caves indicates that these caves were used earlier and longer than initially
thought. Pike, A. W., Hoffmann, D. L., García–Diez, M., Pettitt, P. B., Alcolea, J., De Balbin, R., ...
& Zilhão, J. (2012). U–series dating of Paleolithic art in 11 caves in Spain. Science, 336(6087),

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