Theories About The Dissapearance Of The Neanderthal Essay

Theories about the Dissapearance of the Neanderthal Essay
The Neanderthals lived in areas ranging from Western Europe through central Asia from about
200,000 to between 36,000 and 24,000 years ago. The Neanderthals lived in groups of 30 to 50
individuals, they invented many of the tool types that were to be perfected by fully sapient peoples,
they had weapons adequate to deal with both the cave lion and cave bear, they used body paint,
buried their dead. Neanderthal Man survived through the Ice Age. They are thought to have had fire.
Neanderthals lived side by side with modern humans for over 10,000 years.
There are many theories on why the Neanderthals disappeared. Most of them involve Homo Sapiens
in one way or another, considering that the Neanderthal's extinction coincides with the early ... Show
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Although this theory is plausible, it is not probable, considering that the Neanderthals lived in close
proximity to modern man for so long. Still, it is possible that there was a disease, which caused the
Neanderthals to die out.
The last theory states that Neanderthals were not in fact a separate species, but interbred to a greater
or lesser extent with the incoming Homo sapiens, whose genes eventually became dominant at the
eventual expense of the genes delivering Neanderthal characteristics. This hypothesis comes from
the fact that Neanderthals and Cro–Magnons inhabited the same regions of Europe for thousands of
years. It is not beyond a doubt that they did come in contact with one another, possibly even trading
and communicating.
Neanderthals and modern humans became one species, through thousands of years of interbreeding.
Supporters of this theory state that some modern day Europeans have facial features similar to
Neanderthal man. Neanderthal genes may have been inserted into the human gene pool, and Human
genes may have been added to the Neanderthals. At this point, Neanderthals and humans may have
evolved together at an incredible rate, becoming one race in a relatively short period of time. On the
other hand, a disease, a war, or an increase in population causing the natural resources to be
inadequate for keeping so many hominids alive might have cut off Neanderthals suddenly from
contact with the humans,
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What Is The Divide Between The Paleolithic Period And The...
The divide between the Paleolithic period and the Neolithic period could not be greater. However,
both time periods rely on each–others advancements for the ultimate development of art, and
architecture. The Paleolithic time period is divided into three sections, lower, middle and upper. This
time period is essentially the beginning of human control over the environment. Humans were now
beginning to leave their mark, so–to–speak. During this time period, humans relied on hunting,
fishing, and farming for their survival, they began drawing in caves at this time. Cave art was the
ancient version of murals. The art depicted what the ancient culture valued most, life. During this
time period, creation was important and essential. Artists depicted everyday life and animals
because that is what they depended on for their livelihood.
Two Bison, sculpted from clay and found in a cave in Le Tuc d'Audoubert, France ca 15,000 –
10,000 BCE (Gardner and Kleiner, 2014). Sculpted from the walls of the interior of the cave is two
bison who stand in darkness, alone in a cave, waiting to be discovered for thousands of years. The
details of the Two Bison is sharp and clearly depicted, the Two Bison is just one of many examples
of Paleolithic Art that remains today. Some pieces found in caves where they waited for thousands
of years to be discovered and appreciated all over again. The Paleolithic time period was also known
as the old stone age (Gardner and Kleiner, 2014). This period of time

Craftsmanship In Art
The ancient sculptures, paintings, and arts are used to enhance a leader's image. The use of art
started as a means of power at various times in diverse cultures. Paintings were created nearly
during Stonehenge period. Very old Egyptian art refers to the accepted two dimensional and three–
dimensional art developed in Egypt from 3000 BC and used until the 3rd century. Since the late
nineteenth century, people have discovered that the ancient cultural groups and individuals have
been composing a variety of arts, was all done on mass off caverns. Twenty–seven of the caves have
been discovered so far, in the cliffs along the 17 miles of the Ardeche gorge.
However, the give in found by Chauvet and his companions changed our reasoning about ancient
people groups. Where beforehand found give in works of art had appeared to present day eye as
virtuous, this gives in contained attracting like those a contemporary craftsman may have done. we
can just guess that other practically identical craftsmanships were the item in ancient time, however,
have not survived, maybe because they were made of wood or other perishable materials. It is even
possible that craftsmanship may have been made sooner than 30,000 years prior, maybe as
individuals started to possess the Close East, near 90,000 and 100,000 years back. At first, during
the Paleolithic time, or "Old Stone Age", from the Greek palaios, "old", and lithos, "stone", the way
of life of the world maintained themselves on diversion and

Chauvet Cave Art Analysis
The artist themselves have played a lot of vital roles in history which still affect and shape how our
lives are today. There have been a lot of artwork, that artist has done, that in the past that is now a
part of our now history. They have used art as a form of record keeping, used it to shape the trend of
society itself and visual expression, visually express an opinion about an event or topic.
Art and recording history have been going hand and hand for many years. One of the many first
parts of history, that was recorded as art its self was the "Lion Panel" in Chauvet Cave in, France.
The artist of this painting is unknown. However, with recorded history, they do know that it was
done in the upper Paleolithic period. This painting is not just only a work of art. It tells us or in a
way captures a piece of how that time was, and what was meaningful to the artist at that time. When
it comes to history it tells us about what animals were around, by the how well they were drawn. We
find out the kind things and tools they used by the medium that they used to paint the cave paintings.
What is the most surprising is the way they drew the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Displays now are sometimes the whole room can be constructed and you can walk into and have a
kind of experience from visual art. An example of this would be " ". We have use of computer visual
effects and working with photographing and with these uses it makes the world of visual expression
more expanding and less limited. The roles they play now are still more close to the same. They are
how to affect people with the work of art. Sometimes how to advertise or tell a story. That in its own
way is expressing thought or feeling for a purpose. And people still use art to this day to capture a
moment in time, whether it be a picture or a monument to remember the

Ancient Works of Art in Fred Kleiner’s Gardner’s Art...
In Fred Kleiner's Gardner's Art Through the Ages, he has listed some of the oldest and most ancient
works of art discovered from different archeological site, which were later transferred to various
museums. As we delve deeper into the chapters, we discover how art forms evolve across different
time lines – from the art of the Paleolithic period to the arts of the near–East and Egypt. The works
of art across the different timelines also indicate the kind of culture people have, because such
culture can be seen in how they present their arts. Therefore, there is a clear development that is
happening back then, because of the evolution of the arts and the presentation of the artists based on
their culture. Taking everything into consideration, this project aims to discuss how arts develop
throughout the different timelines – the Paleolithic period and the Ancient near–East and Egypt –
and how such art forms present the cultural context of the artists.
Paleolithic cave painting Historically, it is always argued that the cave paintings during the
Paleolithic period are one of the oldest recorded pieces of art. These include the hand imprints and
spotted horses cave painting in Peche–Merle, France, the Halls of Bulls wall painting in Lascaux,
France and the animal paintings in the Chauvet cave. While they are located in different locations,
there are some common traits in these paintings. First, the cave paintings estimated to be between
13,000 and 15,000 years old, which means

Prehistoric Man Has Endured Misinformation, Stereotypes,...
Prehistoric man has endured misinformation, stereotypes, and a lack of information. The Upper
Paleolithic Epoch started 40,000 years ago and goes on until about 12,000 years ago and glacial ice
was on the move. Periods of extreame cold were cycled with warmer weather. The habitats of
humans and animals was undergoing great and significant changes. Herds of wooly mammoth were
moving about, hunter–gathers were following. Through recent discoveries and expansions on old
theories, prehistoric man began enjoying a renaissance. The Springfield Museum is proud to shed a
new light on ancient man through our exhibit: Prehistoric Man: Addaptor, Innovator, Adventure
Neanderthal
Homo neanderthalensis or Neanderthals existed for approximately 300,000 years and during the
Upper Paleolithic or Pleistocene epoch in Europe and western Asia (Smiley 2016: Unit 1). They
were short, muscular, and their face had a distinctive double brow ridge. They were built to handle
the colder weather due to the glacial era. But temperatures were on the rise, which would create an
issue with the Neanderthal physiology.
Neanderthals engaged in confrontational hunting, which is close up, and a very physical style of
hunting. They would have had to been strong, brave, and have to be very skilled at thrusting spears.
Archaeologists have found evidence of personal adornment: shells with holes which indicates the
use as jewelry, shells with hematite residue, "pencils" made of bone for body paint

Monotheistic Religion In The Paleolithic And Neolithic Period
Paleolithic: The Paleolithic period lasted from about 200,000 b.c. to about 10,000 b.c. It was the
early phase of the Stone Age; and encompassed a steady development of stone tools, antler and bone
artifacts, engraving on bone and stone, and paintings on the walls of caves and rock structures.
There was not much structure built or agriculture done in this period as the people lived a nomadic
lifestyle, migrating with the herds of animals they hunted for food.
Neolithic: The Neolithic period lasted from about 9000 b.c. to about 8000 b.c. It was the last phase
of the Stone Age; and encompassed the domestication of animals, the development of agriculture,
and the manufacturing of pottery and textiles. During this period people were beginning to settle and
develop a more sedentary way of life. With this type of life style came territorial issues, meaning
that because of the idea of settling and claiming land people would be more likely to protect it or
fight for it.
Monotheism: The basic definition of monotheism is the belief in one God. The opposite of
polytheism, which is the belief in many Gods, who each serve a different purpose. However, for a
monotheistic religion, the God is all–knowing, all–seeing and all–powerful; this God would be the
sole creator and provider. There are three major religions associated with monotheism, Judaism,
Christianity and Islam.
Olmecs: This civilization prospered from about 1600 BCE to 3500 BCE. Located along the Gulf of
Mexico, this

Venus Mystery Research Paper
Giovanna Schelosky
Biological Anthropology
Professor Vogel
Saddleback College
The Venus Mystery
The Venus figurines are a collection of 144 known statuettes from the Paleolithic era representing
women. They have been found in many different places including Europe, Siberia and even the
Mediterranean outside of Italy. These figurines are mainly constructed from different medias such as
bone, steatite, calcite and limestone.
Those figurines are also considered one of the earliest known work of the Paleolithic era.
It's not exactly known what the cultural meaning or purpose behind the statuettes is. However, it's
frequently suggested that they might have been used during rituals or served as a symbolic function.
During my research for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Delporte distinguished them in five different groups based in their geographic location.
Although they were originated in so many different areas, all the statuettes carry the same main
characteristics such as big hips and small heads and pointed feet. Some of them also carry big
breasts, hips, thighs and vulva. There's no face and in most of them arms and legs are absent.
Surprisingly the name "Venus" given to those statuettes has no connection with the Roman Goddess
Venus but since they carry such feminine traces and resemblance, they are considered a
representation of a female goddess by some.
I was very interesting to see how even with all the similarities they carry, some of them resemble a
pregnant women and some don't. The different sizes and measurements they can be found in
reminds me how each women is different from one another and if in the future they are indeed
rediscovered as the representation of the same goddess, it will be interesting to see and study how
every area pictured them

The Upper Paleolithic Era
Background
The Upper Paleolithic era – an era between 40,000 and 11,000 years ago – contained peoples in
what is now France and Spain navigating pitch–black caves, painting on walls and ceilings pieces of
artwork that would eventually become a part of the archaeological record. In 1987, Sophie de
Beaune researched the Upper Paleolithic lamp – she and her team established typology, discovered
how each type worked, and learned where and how each was used. These lamps were most
commonly found in southwest France, and only 19.5% were found deep in caves – instead, they
were often placed at "strategic" points where individuals would often pass (such as entrances and
intersections), most likely so the lamps could be found and reused.
These lamps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If lichen and moss are equally present as or more present than juniper, there are two possibilities.
First, juniper was simply used more often in the past. Perhaps there was some greater reason for the
people of the time, such as a belief in healing remedies in the smoke. Second, it was the thousands
of years passed that was the main contributing factor to the wearing away of moss and lichen on all
found lamps rather than the immediate

The Paleolithic and Neolithic Stone Ages Essay
The Paleolithic and Neolithic Stone Ages
The first scholars that existed named the whole period of human devolvement the "Stone Age." The
stone age is divided into three periods which are Paleolithic which means the old Greek age,
Mesolithic and Neolithic which is the new Greek age. The Paleolithic and Neolithic stone ages have
many great differences and has changed greatly between the two periods.
The Paleolithic is divided into three phases which are Lower, Middle, and Upper. The upper stone
age began about 42,000–37,000 years ago and has continued up until the ice age ended. Their ways
of forms of communication are much different of the way we communicate now. Their forms of
communication is visual arts which consists of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Technology has changed everything greatly since the Paleolithic age which include transportation,
medicine, and communication. The changing of climate, becoming warmer has brought the ice age
to an end. The world started to form going through many changes, the temperature changing, ocean
levels rising which was starting to form islands. Living has improved greatly, people having boats
for fishing and hunting, bow and arrow which was easier to kill for food. The change of
environment has made a big impact on the way people live. People became farmers, living in
villages and making enough food to survive for themselves. The farmers learned how to cultivate
their plants and handle their animals much better. There forms of living was much different to they
could accommodate up to 45–50 people which provided large amounts of storage for food. Walls
were made of mud or clay and ceilings were made with plant such as straw or reed. The beds and
seating was made from stone. Their houses were located near rivers, plateaus, or in swamps. Their
art has improved instead of cave paintings and cave work now they use clay, ceramics and pottery.
These two periods have many differences and over the years technology has improved and made a
very big impact on the lives of people today. The period between these two stone ages have seen the
forms of art, images and the changes of people and animals in their everyday

The Origins Of Behavioral Modernity
The origins of behavioral modernity has been the topic of debates for many experts in the
anthropological field; however, there seems to be a consensus that behavioral modernity can be
characterized by abstract thinking, planning, symbolic behavior (e.g. art and ornamentation), use of
stone and blade technologies and many others. The use of abstract thought and symbolic
representation is one of the defining characteristics of humans. Creating art is a shared trait among
all human populations, and the ubiquity of art translates the value that all human cultures and groups
place on the creation of symbolic representation.
Earliest archeological findings for hominid art seems to be during the Upper Paleolithic Age with
the Homo sapiens about 40,000 years ago. Older possible examples of art could be the incised ochre
in the Blombos Caves; however, archeologists and anthropologists are still trying to decipher the
reasoning behind the motifs on the walls of the cave and whether to attribute the motifs to early
humans. Art created in the Upper Paleolithic Age have been found in Aurignacian Europe and the
Levant, a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean. The art dates to about 40,000 years ago, and on
the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia and certain areas of Africa, there is evidence suggesting that art
may have earlier origins (Indonesian Cave Paintings As Old As Europe 's Ancient Art). Although
most of the Upper Paleolithic art did not survive erosion and other natural

Why Cave Art Has Been A Popular Form Of Art During...
Cave Art has been a popular form of art during prehistoric period with there being records of rock
art in a variety of various places ranging from Africa, Asia and Australia to Europe and the
Americas. Some of the earliest example of cave art goes back as far as 40,000 years ago in Europe
with "200 cave painting sites found in France" (Kelly and Thomas, 2016, p.255) such as the Cave of
Niaux, as well as Creswell Crags in England and the Cave of El Castillo in Spain as well as a variety
of others. Throughout the world a common imagery is seen in the paintings with them being
consisted of animals and very little of actual humans, the reason for this type of imagery is not
known hence why the interpretation of upper Palaeolithic cave art has been a disputed topic
resulting in a variety of theories being constructed in order to explain the existence of the cave art
which were constructed. Over time there has been many theories which have been accepted and
rejected, however there has not been one agreed general idea, some of the popular ideas which have
been established although are that the paintings were set to establish boundary markers, to be used
as part of hunting magic / shamanism or they may have just simply have been art to admire. Yet
there has been no certain answer established as each theory seems to be continuously disregarded
and soon replaced with another, however as time as gone on people have begun to not try and
answer this question as they believe that it is

The Evolution Of Visual Media
Max Ferrero
Ms Robinson
US History Per 7
5/15/16
The Evolution of Visual Media "As all art depends on the vision so the different kinds of art depend
on the different ways in which minds look at things" This is a quote from the English philosopher
George Henry Lewes Lewes talks about how art is subjective he says that not everyone sees things
the same which plays a huge role in visual media Visual media can be referred to as pretty much
anything you can look at that carries a message whether it be through pictures or words To begin our
journey we are going to start way back 40000 BCE to be exact
When the average person hears 40000 BCE and thinks about what was happening that time period
not a lot comes to mind This period in time is known as the Upper Paleolithic period The ice age
had just ended leading to a making it easier for the Homo sapiens to live which lead to an increase in
the population of the Homo sapiens which eventually killed off the neanderthals the same homo
sapiens also began to start living together instead of roaming by themselves Modern day scientists
and archaeologists believe that this is where modern day language comes from with the discovery of
cave paintings The concept of cave paintings make a lot of sense now that we understand the time
period better The paintings in the caves depict hunting and animals They are different ways of
telling what animals they hunted and how many they killed during a season this lead to modern day
languages

Humanities Class Analysis
This humanities class has allowed me to explore the wonders of Western cultures. This is my very
first humanities course and I have fall in love with this era. This class is one of my best online class
that I have took so far and I like the way you respond pretty quick. I would recommend this class to
all my friends and to people at college. This online class was very interesting and has intrigued me
into wanting to take another humanities class. The ideas and stories in the western humanities is
what makes sense of our lives and our world. Humanities has introduced me to people from many
generations ago, places that I have never heard of, ideas that would have never come across my
mind, and artwork that I have never seen before.
One really significant point that I liked in this class was the origins of human civilization. I am
fascinated by the Paleolithic period of art. Paleolithic period is the Old Stone Age and the earliest
time period man has been alive. This era of time was the simplest lifestyle for humans, which
consisted primarily of survival. This period was the breakthrough of art, artifacts, and stone tools.
Many visuals artworks, such as Venus of Willendorf and Halls of the Bulls, have historical
significance to help explain how life was back then. These artifacts are important because they
added a sense ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just like we need to make sure U.S. doesn't downgrade like Roman Republic, leading into total
collapse and end of the U.S. era. We are not doomed to a similar outcome, as long as we take steps
to prevent it. It will help if we look back at historical examples and study what happen, so we don't
end up falling like the Romans. Humanities exposes how others in the past have lived their lives and
what they thought about their life. By showing the struggles they have faced, we can improve those
struggles to make our way of living

Paleolithic Vs Neolithic Research Paper
The Paleolithic and Neolithic eras have similarities, yet also have drastic differences. Such as, ways
of living, social class, and survival. Paleolithic times started around 8,000 B.C.E and was considered
the oldest age. Also, had very first humans. Neolithic was new stone age and it had humans, but they
became very evolved and lived differently than those in the Paleolithic era. Although these eras can
be very similar, they can very different as well.
The Paleolithic era was around 8,000 B.C.E and was the oldest age. Standing for "Old Stone", it was
the era that had produced stone tools. With that came the first humans to make tools, which came in
handy when they hunted and gathered food. These people were known as Nomads because they
never stayed in one area for food and harvesting. When it came to hunting and harvesting they
would move to wherever there was livestock like when the seasons changed. They traveled in ...
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Neolithic means "New Stone" tools were still constructed by stone, but people discovered metal and
also constructed tools from that. Which was handy in the making of weapons for hunting. However,
there wasn't much moving to different areas for hunting and gathering. The Neolithic Revolution
also known as the Agricultural Revolution. Meaning people domesticated animals and grew their
own food, rather than moving area to area for food. Properties did become a normal thing, but with
properties came law codes. In Paleolithic times, women and men were seen as equals. In Neolithic
times, men were seen as more superior while women were seen more as homemakers. Men did all
the hunting and food gathering, while women stayed home and raised children. A specialization of
labor came along, which was mostly catered to men. A writing system did develop during this time.
However, only upper class were able to learn how to write. Neolithic history was written along with
law

Prehistoric Cave Art
Nella Shope
Professor Mathew Jacob
Humanistic Traditions 2210
5 September 2015
Tracing Out the Legacy of Prehistoric Human Existence
Looking at cave art today, we see some of our earliest ancestors. Viewing and studying cave art
allows us, today, to look back in time and see how our primitive ancestors perceived the world
("Prehistoric Cave Art").
No one truly knows when cave painting first began, but "one theory links the evolution of Stone Age
art to the arrival of anatomically modern humans in Europe during the period of the Upper
Paleolithic ("Stone Age Cave Painting")." With that theory in mind, cave art pretty much started
around the same time with the movement and relocation of the Neanderthal man ("Stone Age Cave
Painting"), which

Early Expression Of Religious Art
Roger Turner HUM 220 OM1 14 September 2015 Early Expression of Religious Art found in
China, Africa and Europe AFRICAArtwork from Africa dates back to prehistoric times. Early forms
of painting found in Africa are cave paintings showing men and animals on the walls. The practice
of representing life with simple animal and human figures is universal in all early civilizations. The
Native African Religions were monotheistic, one God. The African believe that this God was a far
off God. People would only appeal to this God in times of dire need, as when a danger was
threatening the very existence of the whole tribe. God created their world, visible and invisible. The
invisible world is inhabited by all sorts beings: spirits, (gentle or evil), ancestors who passed to the
invisible world after their death. The beings in the invisible world could be called upon for
assistance. The ordinary life of the visible world was entrusted to the invisible world beings by God.
Therefore Africans would invoke them, pray to them, offer sacrifices to them. Carved wooden
figures often represent the homes of the gods who rule the tribesmen. An African who has a carved
figure (fetish) may address the spirit that lives in it. He believed that the spirit would protect him. It
is believed that the earliest forms of spiritual art work were wood carvings. These wood carvings did
not survive due to weather conditions and termites that are prevalent in the region. The earliest
surviving religious

The Venus Willendorf and Laussel
The Venus
Willendorf and Laussel
During the Upper Paleolithic era artists created a wide range of small sculptures. These sculptures
were made from various materials, including ivory, bone, clay, and even stone. They represented
humans, as well as animals; they even combined them at times. Most of the sculptures from this
time show a high level of skill. From this time, there were two very influential sculptures, The
Venus of Willendorf and the Venus of Laussel. This paper will discuss both sculptures, in detail, as
well as, compare and contrast them.
The Venus of Willendorf, also known as the Woman of Willendorf, stands 11 cm. high and is
thought to have been carved from 22,000 to 21,000 B.C. It was discovered in 1908 by Josef ... Show
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Sculptures in relief are typically more detailed than those in the round. This is because some of the
original material remains and forms the background plane. Like the Willendorf, Laussel also was
sculpted to have over exaggerated breasts, with large breasts and vulva. Unlike the Willendorf, the
Laussel has more detail in the rest of the body. There is still no face, but there is focus on the arms
and legs as well; where with the Willendorf, they weren't even carved into the figure at all. The
Laussel is shown holding a wisent horn, or possibly a cornucopia, in one hand, which has 13
notches. It is believed that the notches are carved to indicate the number of nights between the first
crescent and full moon, signifying a recognized relationship between a single menstrual and lunar
cycle. It was painted with red ochre, like Willendorf, that was also thought to represent the blood
from child birth. She also has her hand placed on her stomach (or womb). There is a "Y" on her
thigh and her faceless head is turned toward the horn.
I was drawn to this time period as well as these two sculptures. As I researched both sculptures I was
fascinated by how much respect the people of that time had for their women. Not only for what they
could do for them, but also for what they looked like. They didn't see the weight and size as a
grotesque thing; but more as a thing of beauty. In

The Origin Of Modern Human Behavior
The origin of modern human behavior is a subject in anthropology that accumulates much debate.
Cognition is the dominant factor in such behavior, therefore raises the question, "when did this
separation of intelligent or modern thought from the primitive come to daily behavior for our
genus?" There are two such answers that hold experts in the field captive in debate: the rapid
"imagination revolution" in the European–centrailized Upper Paleolithic, and the steadiness of
cognitive growth provided first in Africa during the Middle Paleolithic. Although each argument
provides supportive evidence for their perspective claims, the more naturally convincing shows this
creative revolution taking place much earlier than the Upper Paleolithic. This explanations human
cognition developing with no brisk advantageous revolutionary response, and instead by gradual
means. This metamorphosis follows the pattern of biological human evolution. My argument
combats the "imagination revolution" claim to the origins of creativity using specific artifacts dated
earlier than those of European restrictions. Furthermore, it is the lack of excavation in Africa and the
conditions of the terrain itself that pose problematic preservation of artifacts, unlike in Europe, to
exonerate this innovative exclusivity. These pieces of evidence in Africa exemplify a higher process
of thinking, commonly those showing deliberate means of bead and rock art used for both personal
functions of expression. If art

The Unwritten History of Cave Paintings Essay
Religious stories and scientific theories have tried for thousands of years to accurately date the
formation of man. However, in the 1860s, a new art was discovered that changed the view of human
creation forever. This new insight was cave painting. Cave painting is a form of prehistoric art that
dates back hundreds of thousands of years. Analysts are unable to specify the reasoning behind these
paintings of objects on cave walls, but many theories have been formulated to surmise the rational
behind the art. Questions arise like, "why did man find a need to paint the walls of caves" and is this
part of the foundation of the origin of human life as we know it? (Beacon) The ecumenical belief is
rooted at history, cave paintings are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The methods used to create have proven themselves more useful in dating the art than the work
itself. The natural objects used have withstood time better that the art. In the earlier times of the
paintings, fingers and soft clays created many of the paintings. The fine engravings were created
later in time, respectively, and are much more rare. Over time the art became more revolutionized
and the artists began to mix colors with pestles and mortars. They even went as far as using stencils
and blowpipes to create different effects. Another supporting theory that the paintings were done
consciously to preserve time is the cost of the art. The cave paintings were expensive to create. The
artists required sufficient lighting and a homemade type of scaffolding to reach the high areas. If it
didn't seem imperative to the people to preserve their experiences, they wouldn't have gone to such
costs to create the work. The quality and consistency of the best–painted works in caves supports
this. They honed their skill to perfection so that it would last for centuries to be interpreted months
later by different clans or even years later by completely different generations. When the first
painting was found, people didn't know whether they were conclusive to a specific area. Many years
later from 1860 after finding the first cave of Chauvet, hundreds of paintings have been found.
Historians believe there to have been over a thousand of

Examples Of Ideal Beauty And The Venus Of Willendorf
Ideal Beauty and the Venus of Willendorf The Venus of Willendorf is said to be the first masterpiece
of world sculptures. It belongs to a series of Venus figurines of the Paleolithic period or "Old Stone
Age." This period was characterized by crude stone and bone weapons, cave paintings, and
sculptures. The Venus was found in a small village of Austria called Willendorf, hence the name of
the Venus. This groundbreaking discovery was made in 1908 by the archaeologist Josef Szombathy.
However, it was not until 1990 when we were able to predict the time when the sculpture was
carved. It is believed to have been made between 25,000 B.C.E and 20,000 B.C.E. The sculpture is
only 4,4 inches tall and it is made of oolitic limestone, which is a carbonate rock commonly found in
India, around the Caribbean and Pacific Ocean Islands, but not Austria. Therefore, archeologists
believe that this sculpture was moved from its original place of creation. Continuing with that idea,
because of the fact that the sculpture does not have defined feet so it is not able to stand and that it is
small and malleable, historians believe that it was originally made to be carried around as a talisman
or a sign of good luck, especially for fertility purposes. It is important to notice how the structure of
this sculpture highlights some human features (breasts, belly, hips, vulva) while minimizing others,
such as arms and legs. The Venus represents the first aesthetic ideas of our early history, which has

Upper Paleolithic Culture
Humans of the Upper Paleolithic era brought about numerous cultural innovations. In this time
period we see the first art in the form of paintings in caves (Cyraboski). With the spark of creativity,
the roaring fire of the first artistic cultural revolution was born. A wealth of new materials started
making their way into the archeological record. For example, clay, used for pots and figurines, and
bones, which were carved into beads and necklaces for personal adornment. The greatest
culmination of this newly born culture is shown in the burial rites of their dead. This is a brand new
cultural trait born in this era.
But how and why did all of these new innovations come about?
Why do humans create art, what purpose does it serve?
Humans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2010, March). The Skeletons of Shanidar Cave. Retrieved October 01, 2016, from
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts–culture/the–skeletons–of–shanidar–cave–7028477/?no–ist
Katzman. (2016, May 7). Ornaments during the Paleolithic: The desire for differentiation. Retrieved
October 01, 2016, from http://www.aggsbach.de/2012/05/adorment/
Kelly, D. (2016, February 21). Early human burials varied widely but most were simple – CU
Denver Today. Retrieved October 01, 2016, from http://www.cudenvertoday.org/early–human–
burials/
Pin Hole. (n.d.). Creswell–crags Retrieved October 01, 2016, from http://www.creswell–
crags.org.uk/Explore/the–creswell–area/the–creswell–gorge–and–caves/pin–hole.aspx
Stanglin, D. (2012, July 29). Pottery found in China cave confirmed as world's oldest. Retrieved
October 01, 2016, from http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/06/pottery–
found–in–from–china–cave–confirmed–as–worlds–oldest/1#.V–34PHoijwp
Stow, G. (n.d.). The Digital Bleek and Lloyd. Retrieved October 01, 2016, from
http://lloydbleekcollection.cs.uct.ac.za/
UNESCO (n.d.). The Emergence of Modern Humans: The Pleistocene occupation sites of South
Africa. Retrieved October 01, 2016, from

The Year 1000 By Robert Lacey And Danny Danziger
The Year 1000 by Robert Lacey and Danny Danziger offers a delightful, often astonishing portrait of
everyday life in Anglo–Saxon England in the year 1000. This very informative book, describes what
life was like that the turn of the first millennium. The Anglo–Saxons, a practical, self–contained,
fervently superstitious people, were 99% illiterate, yet their language would become their most
widespread legacy. Compared to modern day times, people are almost the opposite from the Anglo–
Saxons. There are many qualities that are the same, but also different when comparing the Year 1000
to the modern era of the 21st century. Within this paper, it will discuss about how the community,
lifestyle, advances in technology, politics, and religion were formed in the Year 1000. It will also
compare and constrast the Year 1000 to the Paleolithic and Neolithic era.
The Paleolithic Era (or Old Stone Age) is a period of prehistory from about 2.6 million years ago to
around 10000 years ago . There are very few subjects that are more controversial than the origins of
the human species. During the Ice Age, a race of people known as the Neanderthals inhabited the
fringes of the European ice pack . Because their remains were discovered in Neanderthal in
Germany, these people were known as Neanderthals. Neanderthals were slightly different then
Homo sapiens. They were heavier, stronger, and hairier then the Homo sapiens .The Neanderthals
lived a very simple life. They were hunter/gathers, and

Cave Art History
Many different types of art and architecture have been produced in the ancient times ranging from
cave art in Paleolithic times to Stonehenge to painted terracotta plaques and many more. During the
Paleolithic Culture ca. 7 million–10,000 B.C.E. homids lived and what resulted was cave art. "The
most recent of these discoveries was made at the El Castillo cave in northwestern Spain, where
painted disks, clublike symbols, and hundreds of handprints, at least 37,000 years old, appear to be
the world's oldest known wall–paintings." This form of art seems child like, but in reality for the
time period its surprising homids were doing anything other than trying to survive. Cave art was
painted with polychrome mineral pigments and coal. From ca. 10,000–4,000 ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
during the Neolithic culture one architerual phenomenom occurred and that is Stonehenge on
Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire , England ca. 3,000–1,800 B.C.E. Stonehenge is a circle–ish grouping of
huge stones with the tallest at 22 feet some weighing 25–50 tons; its diameter is 97 feet. It is said
that Stonehenge was used as a ceremonial center; these people must have been extremely hard
workers and very persistent to be able to accomplish such architectural advancement at this time
with no real tools to do the job efficiently. Historians speculate that they used levers, ropes, and
piled logs to get these huge rocks where they needed to be. The Sumerians had lots of great art
work, but one extremely beautiful piece was the "Queen of Heaven," 1800–1750 B.C.E. a
Babylonian goddess. This is a painted terracotta plaque "scholars identified this winged figure as
Inanna (or Ishtar). She wears a horned headdress and holds the rod and ring of authority in each
hand. She stands on a pair of lions, symbols of power, and is flanked by owls, symbols of wisdom."
Art and thinking is getting more

Stone Age Hominids Research Paper
The lifestyle of early humans in the Stone Age was different from human life now. The Stone Age
hominids were very spiritualistic and practiced animism, a belief system that states that everything
has its own spirt including people, animals and all of nature. They believed that these spirits affected
the world and events. Certain individuals who were thought to have magical powers were called
shamans or witchdoctors. They were respected and feared by others due to their supposed power and
control over events and the community. Because of these beliefs, they practiced war dances, rain
dances, hunting dances and other rituals to control the environment. Later they began to worship
deities and practiced other religious rituals, such as sacrificing to the gods. The ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also used ochre in a purely decorative way. The iron ore makes a fine paint that can be easily
used to paint walls or people with sometimes abstract designs. The art represents the human
transition to abstract thinking. It also implies the use of oral language because making and
understanding such art would be impossible without it. Previously scientists thought that oral
language was only 30,000 years old but the art in the cave was about 75,000 years old.
The hominids lived in small social groups that consisted of family units and kinship ties. Eventually
neighboring groups combined and created band and tribes. The group members worked together to
hunt and forage what they needed from the natural environment. They hunted for birds and other
animals such as mammoths, bison, deer and rodents. They gathered roots and berries from the trees
and bushes in the area. When the land's resources were drained, the tribes moved on to a new area.
Some of the tribes were self sufficient but others traded goods, people, and ideas. They also
developed cheese making during the Stone Age. It was critical to early agricultural society to be able
to use

Early Aurignacians
The early Aurignacian layer contains only lithics and lacks the art and ornamentation pieces found
in the other three Aurignacian sections. Hahn originally wanted to call this layer proto–Aurignacian,
"This suggestion by Hahn related to his observation that AH III at Geißenklösterle lacked split–
based bone points, which he considered the hallmark of the early Aurignacian" (Nicholas J. Conard
2011). Continued research shows that this is not the case, the Aurignacian occupation in the area fits
the time period of the early Aurignacian and not the proto–Aurignacian "sometimes referred to as
the Fumanian, with its geographic focus in Mediterranean Europe" (Bon 2002; Teyssandier and
Liolios 2003; Bolus 2004; Conard and Bolus 2006), (Nicholas J. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The first answer could be as simple as they wiped them out through warfare. Neanderthals are
thought to have lived in smaller groups and not to have reproduced as much as modern humans due
to exploiting fewer resources, this would have given the Aurignacian people an easy advantage, but
it is also commonly accepted that it would not have been needed. It is thought that through better
use of resources and a willingness to take more resources that H.Sapiens Sapiens could have merely
slowly taken over from Neanderthals by taking up all the resources for their growing population
resulting in slowly starving the remaining Neanderthals. A good example of the different mindset
between the two groups when it came to food is what happened to cave bears when modern humans
arrived. "Neanderthals and cave bears seem to have coexisted in a dynamic equilibrium with both
species able to survive in the same region over long periods of time. With the arrival of modern
humans this dynamic equilibrium was disturbed. Cave bear hunting was intensified and more bones
show anthropogenic modifications and even direct evidence of hunting" (Münzel et al. 2001;
Münzel and Conard 2004b), (Nicholas J. Conard 2011). It wasn't only food that the groups would
have had to compete for, but also resources for crafting of tools, art, and instruments as well as fire
wood. "The Middle Paleolithic and Aurignacian are characterized by concentrations of burnt bone,
indicating that the environment did not always contain sufficient quantities of wood for the heating
and lighting needs of both populations" (Nicholas J. Conard 2011). It is commonly thought that
without the introduction on modern humans Neanderthals would not have gone extinct. Neanderthal
culture was not necessarily inferior, merely different and not suited to compete in the style it was
forced

The Grotte Chauvet-Pont D Arc
The Grotte Chauvet–Pont d'Arc (Cave of Chauvet–Pont d'Arc) is located in the Ardèche region in
southern France. It contains the earliest–known and best–preserved figurative drawings in the world,
dating to the Aurignacian period, around 30,000–32,000 BC. A rock fall closed the cave
approximately 20,000 years BC and was rediscovered in 1994 by a small team of cavers led by
Jean–Marie Chauvet.
The paintings portray numerous dangerous animal species that researchers believe were difficult to
observe at that time, such as mammoth, bear, cave lion, rhino, bison and auroch, plus 4,000
inventoried remains of prehistoric wildlife and a variety of human footprints.
According to researchers, the Chauvet–Pont d'Arc represents a lot about the cultural

Importance Of Technology On Education
Most people think of the phones in their hand or pocket when they think of technology, but the first
roots of technology started all the way back in the Paleolithic Era. This era brought us the first set of
stone tools and the famous cave paintings that have helped us learn about the past. Following the
Paleolithic Era, we had the Mesolithic and Neolithic Eras which both brought us more advanced
stone tools and the start of copper tools. After the Meso/Neolithic Eras, we had the Bronze Era
which brought us our bronze tools and weapons. The next era was the Iron Age; this age brought us
our iron tools and bullets which further improved hunting. Next was the Middle Ages that gave us
our armory and many more improvements on weaponry. Following the Middle Ages, there was the
Renaissance, then the Industrial Ages where hundreds of inventions were made like the steam
engine and the telegraph which advanced travel and communication. The last era is the Information
Age which gave us our phones, computers and the internet. Throughout history, technology has
improved and given society many benefits including the improvements of the educational system,
medical and the many communication systems.
The vast expanses of old and modern technology have pushed us forward in a new stance on
education and the system itself. With the use of the internet from their phone and computer/laptop
kids and adults alike can go online and read articles, look at powerpoints or Prezi's or watch videos
about

Compare And Contrast Two Cave Paintings
In my I chose to compare two cave paintings from the paleolithic period, The first cave in called
Lascaux, and the second cave called Altamira. As we know that the Paleolithic time period is from
30,000 BC to 10,000 BC. The most common theme in cave painting during that time period was like
a bunch of a large animals such as bison, horses, cows, deers, lions, birds, and aurochs. In those two
pieces of cave painting I found alots of common stuff like the animals and the story of the painting
as well but their are some differences like the purpose of the paintings, so in the first cave painting
which is the Lascaux Their was a story behind this painting which is telling us about the wars during
that time period; in the second cave painting which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lascaux is a complex cave with several areas (Hall of the Bulls, Passage gallery), it had been
opened for the public after the world war two, and it closed to the public in 1963, it contains about
600 paintings and 1,500 engravings (ART HISTORY, VOLUME 1, PAGE 10). Lascaux became too
popular in France because the visitors brought heat, humidity, exhaled carbon dioxide , and some
other contaminants. The Lascaux painters had been drawn cows, bulls, horses, and deers. Along the
rock one scene was discovered in a remote settings on a wall at the bottom on a stone lamp and
spears. This scene is actually weird because it is telling a story which is the human who is suppose
to be the hunter,was greatly simplified in form but recongnizably male with a head of bird or
wearing a mask of a bird's head had been lying on the ground, and the painting was also showing
that there were a big bison appears above him. The bison has been emboweled and dead. As well as
on the left side there was a rhinoceros running off (ART HISTORY, VOLUME 1, PAGE

Upper Paleolithic Era: Development of Homo Sapiens Essay
When and why did Homo Sapiens begin to grow into a thriving population that have produced both
cognitive and technological advances? No one knows for certain and because of this question
countless amounts of people have decided to become anthropologists. Anthropology is defined as,
"the study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space and in relation to physical
character, environmental and social relations, and culture(Merriam–Webster). Despite all of the time
and effort that anthropologists have put into discovering the correct response, the answer to this
question is constantly changing because population, cognitivity and technology are constantly
changing too. One way to determine how these factors affect Homo Sapiens ... Show more content
During the last part of the stone age Homo Sapiens created the; bow and arrow, the spear–thrower,
sewn clothing, the harpoon, as well as discovering break–through in the creation and usage of blades
and burins. These technological advancements created a better life for the Homo Sapiens. For
example, a bow and arrow as well as the spear–thrower allowed them to hunt from afar and catch
prey unaware. Sewn clothing allowed the Homo Sapiens to adapt to their environments. The
harpoons that were created were used in tandem with the spear–thrower to cast at large mammal
prey(stone). The blade technology magnified what could be produced with, "straight cutting edges
for use by themselves or as part of compound tools while using very little raw material(Upper)." It
also opened the floodgates to creating burins, which were rocks that possessed, "a sharp, angled
point formed when a small flake is struck obliquely from the edge of a larger stone flake(stone)."
From burins small, purposeful tools such as the bone needle could be procured. Tools such as these
made life easier because they allowed objects to be sewn together to withstand harsh conditions.
These advances both technologically and cognitively developed because of the problems that Homo
Sapiens faced in their overall development. As a population they continued to grow ever larger and
need to harvest more

Lascaux Cave Painting
The famous shaft scene of Lascaux: a man with a bird head and a bison is the artwork that I chose
for my original art work analysis. The artwork belongs to the movement in the Paleolithic time
period created by an unknown cave artist during the prehistoric era. (Web)One of the most
intriguing images from the latter of these three periods is the so–called Shaft Scene of Lascaux cave,
dating from approximately 17,300 years B.P., in the Dordogne region of France. This image of the
famous Bird Man figure, like most Palaeolithic art, defies unambiguous explanation and although
symblolic elements are clearly visible in the depiction, other more obscure elements do not permit
us to offer a simple interpretation of what we are seeing. (Web)The painting ... Show more content
By comparing the two, clearly the shaft scene has is very simplistic and less detailed since it
contains far less characters and contour lines. Exploring the two cave's paintings gave me an in
depth look at how prehistoric artists in France masterfully employ unique art perspectives in their
artistic endeavors. Depictions of animals are common to both the Lascaux and Chauvet Cave
drawings which imply a grandiose appreciation for wildlife by both cultures. (Web) In addition,
another similarity present in both artworks is the abstract markings of figures and symbols indicative
of both traditions of the people in the Paleolithic time period. In the Chauvet painting, the contour
lines are more refined and detailed as opposed to the Lascaux paintings which are more simple and
bold. Furthermore, the Lascaux paintings implement a multitude of vibrant colors such as red,
yellow, and orange while the majority of the Chau vet paintings lacked this quality in retrospect. By
carbon dating, the time of the Chau vet painting is circa 27,000 years old while the Lascaux painting
is circa 17,300 years old. I do believe that the Chau vet paintings are older since the majority are
black in color even though the detail is extensive.

Samurai : Strict Code Of Samurai
Bushido – strict code of samurai, one that honors Japanese traditions in relation to honor and loyalty
(Dictionary.com)
Hara–kiri or seppuku – killing or scarifying yourself to bring honor to their name when they are in a
situation where death by their own sword is better than being capture by the enemy
(Dictionary.com).
Shogun – Military commander in Japanese history (Dictionary.com)
Fool – a jester or entertainer for royalty to provide entertainment at any given time.
Prologue – the back ground information or intro on a story before the story begins.
Epilogue – follow up to the ending of a story.
Conflict – a problem or obstacle that a character or group of characters must overcome.
Climax – the most dramatic or highest point in the story prior to the conclusion.
Denouement – the point in the story where the solution to a conflict occurs (Dictionary.com)
Comedy in a dramatic sense – a story of drama that resolves the conflict in the opposite manner such
as joy verses a dramatic ending (Dictionary.com)
Tragedy in a dramatic sense – a story with the main character dealing with disastrous circumstances
which usually affect the every aspect of their life (Dictionary.com)
Response 1
In the 1985 film, Ran depicts several themes such as family, power and war. In the prologue of the
film, respect and honor is shown by Hidetora's sons as they listen to him make an announcement in
regards to his kingdom and his retirement (Ran). He states he is to maintain his title as Great Lord

Paleolithic Research Paper
The picture of the Paleolithic life reveals that this was a prehistoric era known as the "Stone Age"
era. The discovery made by Chauvet, Lascaux, and other archeologist signifies that there was life on
earth over millions of years ago. Paleolithic people depicted art on the cave walls as a way to
communicate and tell the history of their existence. However, Paleolithic people not only used the
cave as a canvas, but also as their living quarters. Paleolithic people were the first inventors of art.
The murals created by hand stencils and finger tracing is an indication of early phases of the
Paleolithic era. The depiction of animals on the cave walls were an indication of the latter phase of
the Paleolithic era. Evidence of the rare findings of the Pecten (a large shell) with black coal in it
signifies the coal was used for black paint. The discovery of distinctive caves signified that the
people of the Paleolithic era did not all live in one central location. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Judging by the number of paintings and drawings of horses on the cave walls shows that horses
either played or had a significant role in their society. Furthermore, the paintings of animals on the
cave wall indicated that men were hunters and gathers. Reflect of male and female paintings were
also found on the cave walls. The color black was used to identify the female organs and to
distinguish the male figure from the female. Children also left markings or evidence of their
existence by their handprints. They had to have assistance in helping them place their handprints on
the wall because where their handprints were discovered and found shows that the wall was too high
for them to reach. Therefore, this did not only justify the children had access to the upper part of the
caves, but that Homo–Sapiens were tall in

Chauvet Cave Paintings
CAVE PAINTINGS: CHAVUET CAVE
Art and the ability to think of concepts is what distinguishes our species from other animals –
capabilities that also led us to use fire, develop the wheel and come up with the other technologies
that have made our kind so successful ("BBC News – Cave paintings change ideas about the origin
of art," n.d.)The discoveries of cave art defied the then dominant view of cultural "progress" as
something that gradually proceeded from a "savage" ancient past to the civilization" of the present
(Lewis, Jurmain, & Kilgore, 2013, p. xx) The origins of art cannot simply be pegged to the latest
discovery of ancient paintings or sculpture (Balter, 2009, p. xx) In these cave paintings it gives us a
glance into the worlds of our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The technique of the artist is clearly defined in this drawing the shading and perspective is skillfully
used. It is amazing that it so defined on what species the artist was portraying. The artist who made
drew these paintings would clear the walls of debris to leave a smooth canvas make it easier to do
their drawings on ("Boundless. "Cave Paintings" Boundless Art History," 2014) The art includes
drawings that were complex considering the time("Boundless. "Cave Paintings" Boundless Art
History," 2014) These paintings can be interpreted in so many ways for example, "Some
anthropologist and art–historians also theorize that the paintings could be an point of past hunting
success ("Boundless. "Cave Paintings" Boundless Art History,"

Paleolithic Religion: The Genesis Of Belief Essay
Anthropology is the study of humanity. One of the questions the discipline has striven to answer
from it's very conception is the question of what it is that ultimately makes us human. Where is that
unique distinction that takes us from being just another creature populating the world and the fossil
record and pushes us that next step to something more?
According to Donald Johanson in his book From Lucy To Language,
A human is any of the species Homo sapiens ("wise man"), the only modern living member of the
family Hominidae. The Hominidae, or hominids, are a group of upright–walking primates with
relatively large brains. So all humans are hominids, though not all hominids could be called human.
(1)
Under this definition, we are in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We "...can draw on neither inscriptions nor texts; nor can [we] question prehistoric people about
their beliefs" (Hinnells 4). But these first religious practitioners did not leave us totally without
record of their beliefs and their lives. Perhaps one of the best sources of information on Paleolithic
belief comes as close to straight from the mouths of these ancient peoples as possible – or, rather,
from their fingers. These records are the art they left behind, decorating stone walls all across the
globe with incredibly consistent images of running animals and spear–carrying hunters. Pictures of
people seemingly crossed with those animals, and of surprisingly anatomically accurate depictions
of all creatures great and small.
We cannot "read" these images and marks. Nevertheless, an extraordinarily complex composition
has begun to seem organized, purposeful, notational, and part of a tradition that composed storied
sequences or sums with a repertoire of images. This way of thinking is one we can understand.
(Marshack 212)
By this assumption, the images are not simply pictures. They are part of a deeper symbolism that
seems to have ranged all across the globe;

Role Of Social Hierarchy In The Neolithic Age
In the Paleolithic era, social hierarchy was determined by multiple factors such as position in the
family, gender, age, and favorable personality traits. Titles were given to establish positions within
each band. Titles could include, mother, father, husband, wife, brother, sister, child, etc. The higher
the position in the band came power over others. (John P. McKay, Understanding World Societies,
Pg14). The division of labor was determined by a person's sex and age. With biological factors, it
was inevitable that there would be a division of labor for men and women. Women biologically are
able to breast feed their young, which takes several years. At this time period formula was not
invented yet, so breast milk was the only source of nutrition for infants. Women would breast feed
and the men would most likely care for the infants. In a sense the women and men split the work to
care for their young. Since the Paleolithic people had to rely on moving from place to place to
gather their food, women also worked outdoors. The women gathered plants and animal products,
meanwhile the men hunted. (McKay, Pg.13) Age was also a key factor in the division of labor in
their society. Being elderly or a child would result in different task that would generally be easier
because of the lack of strength. Unlike the Paleolithic era, in the Neolithic era Social hierarchies
mainly came about as a result of plow agricultural society in both gender relations and division of
labor.

Comparing Willendorf And Aphrodite Of Melos
To start off the comparison between the woman from Willendorf and Aphrodite of Melos, it's
important to give a brief overview of both. The Woman from Willendorf was a Human free–standing
figurine from the upper paleolithic period(pg 6), depicting a woman with an emphasis on her
womanly traits, such as her breast and hips. She is thought to be a votive figure; which tribes would
offer to another tribe as a sign of fertility and that the other tribe wanted to mingle with their tribe.
The Aphrodite of Melos was found on the Island of Milos and is from the Hellenistic period in
history.(pg157) It depicts a sensualized depiction of the Greek goddess, Aphrodite's. The Greeks
were cannier on finding the ideal versions of beauty and that can really

Paleolithic Venuses Essay
Paleolithic Venuses
1.) Discuss the meaning of the Paleolithic Venuses. Identify Rice's position and explain it. Discuss
four other interpretations of these figurines mentioned in class or in the reading. Do any or all of
these interpretations support the views of the 19th century evolutionist Johann Jakob Bachofen?
Paleolithic Venuses are prehistoric sculptures that are traditionally thought, by experts to be images
that adore and glorify female fertility. There are three reasons why most historians who study the
Paleolithic era support this traditional idea. One, most analysts only use a sampling of the 188
figurines and most of them are pregnant. Secondly, the name Venus itself conjures up the notion of
fertility. Thirdly, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And the result was that only 70% or 132 figurines were used to complete the study. Out of the 132
figurines used for the study, it was determined that 23% were of women under the age of 15. 17 %
were statuettes of pregnant women. 38% were of non–pregnant women in the reproductive stage,
and 22% were of , post reproductive women. It was then concluded by Rice that there is no evidence
to support the traditional view that the Paleolithic Venuses represent fertility since the largest group
of statues were of adult women while the smallest group were made up of pregnant females.
However, these results did not completely satisfy her. She then raised the question that since these
figurines were not sculptured for fertility purposes, then why were these sculptures made? Rice
believes that the answers to this question lie in the cultural aspects in the Paleolithic society. IN the
article she discusses the roles and status of women in the society. She talks about the various
responsibilities that women have in each stage of their lives. The three important jobs that women
had in the society are being the reliable source of food, providing a stable home including social and
sexual partnership, being the givers of life. Four other interpretations of these figurines include; the
association with a fertility cult, erotic art, calendar counting, and the theory these figures represent
the leaders of the Paleolithic era. These interpretations cannot answer for all of

Theories About The Dissapearance Of The Neanderthal Essay

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