2. Microscopy Micrographs Photograph of the view through a microscope Light Microscopes Electron Microscopes Scanning EM To look at the surface of cells/specimen 3-D images Transmission EM To look at internal structures of cells/specimen
22. Rudolf Virchow (1855) German physician New cells could only come from the division of existing cells
23. Cell Theory All living things are composed of one or more cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things New Cells are produced from existing cells
28. Sizes The body is made of 100 trillion cell (1014) Extremely small…The human eye can see .01 cm, a human cell is 5x smaller 5 to 50 micrometers…µm How big is a micrometer? 1m=100cm=1,000,000 micrometers 1 micrometer=.000001m Basically you can’t see it Remember: KHDmDCM..micro..nano..pico
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30. Chaos chaos Largest protozoan You can see without microscope 1000 micrometers How many meters is this? .001 m How many centimeters is this? 0.1 cm
31. 2 things in every cell… Surrounded by a barrier, cell membrane At some point in their life they contain…. DNA
32. What is a Nucleus? Plural: nuclei Large, membrane enclosed structure that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA What is a membrane? A thin layer of material that serves as a covering or lining
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34. 2 categories for cells… Prokaryotes (pro-care-ee-ohts) No nucleus Cell’s genetic material is not contained in the nucleus…found in NUCLEOID: Region in cytoplasm where DNA is found Less complicated that eukaryotes Some have internal membranes Do NOT have membrane bound organelles Carry out every activity associated with living things…which are…
35. Eukaryotes (you-care-ee-othts) Contain nucleus in which the genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell Contains dozens of structures and internal membranes High Variety Single celled or multi-cellular Plants, animals, fungi, and protists
37. The Cell factory Organelles Highly specialized structures within the cell Little organs 2 major divisions of the eukaryotic cell Nucleus The “brain” DNA Cytoplasm Portion outside the nucleus but inside the cell membrane
38. 2 types of Eukaryotic cells Plant cells Animal cells What are the differences? (write them down!!!)
39. Nucleus Brain of the cell Office of the factory Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and with it the coded instructions for making PROTEINS and other important molecules
40. Nuclear envelope Surrounds nucleus Made of 2 membranes Dotted with thousands of nuclear pores How do we get messages, instructions and blueprints out of the office? Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and other molecules
41. Inside the nucleus we see… Contain a granular material called… CHROMATIN Chromatin= DNA + protein Usually spread out in nucleus During cell division, chromatin clumps together or condenses…we call this…. CHROMOSOMES
42. In the nucleus… Contain a granular material called… CHROMATIN Chromatin= DNA + protein Usually spread out in nucleus During cell division, chromatin clumps together or condenses…we call this…. CHROMOSOMES
44. Nucleolus Small dense region inside the nucleus Function: assembly of ribosomes begin…
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46. Ribosomes Most important function of cell is… Making proteins Proteins regulate a zillion different things Like… Proteins are assembled ON Ribosomes Ribosomes are small particles of protein & RNA (what’s RNA?) They follow instructions from the nucleus to make proteins…follow the orders from the “head haunchos” in the main office Scattered throughout the cell They are like little factories If a cell’s main function is making proteins, how many ribosomes are you going to have?
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48. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Internal membrane system The site where the lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials exported from the cell 2 types Smooth ER Rough ER
49. Rough ER Involved in protein making (synthesis) So what are we going to see on it? ribosomes Once a protein is made, it leaves the ribosome and goes into the Rough ER The rough ER then modifies the protein All proteins that are exported by the cell are made on the RER Membrane proteins are made on the RER too
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51. Smooth ER NO ribosomes on it Looks smooth Contains collections of ENZYMES that have specialized tasks What do enzymes do? Tasks include: Synthesis of membrane lipids Detoxification of drugs Liver cells Big in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a lot of?
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53. Golgi Apparatus Discovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi Once proteins are done being “modified” in the RER, they move onto the Golgi apparatus Looks like a stack of pancakes Function: modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the ER for STORAGE or SECRETION outside the cell Proteins are “shipped” to final destination They are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOP Finishing touches on proteins before they leave factory
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56. Lysosomes (Lie-so-soh-mz) The factory’s clean-up crew It’s an Organelle filled with enzymes Function: Digestion (break down) of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the cell Also digest organelles that have outlived their usefulness
57. What do you think happens if lysosomes malfunction? A bunch of “junk” build up in the cell Is this good? Many human diseases result from malfunction of lysosome Tay-Sachs disease
58. Vacuoles The factory’s storage place Only in certain cells Sac-like organelles Function: stores material such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Plant cells have a single, large central vacuole Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to support heavy structures
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60. Single-celled organisms and some animals also have vacuoles… Paramecium Contractile vacuole Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water out…this maintains what? homeostasis
61. What is the one thing all living things need to eat, breath, reproduce, move and much more? ENERGY!!!!
62. Two ways cells get energy… From food molecules From the sun
63. Mithochondria Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convienent for the cell to use Has 2 membranes Inner membrane Outer membrane In Animal AND Plant cells Nearly all come from the ovum You get your mitochondria from your mom!
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66. Chloroplasts Plant and some Bacteria cells only ( NOT in animal cells) Capture energy from the sunlight and convert it into chemical energy…what is this process called? PHOTOSYNTHESIS Like solar power for plants 2 membranes Inside: large stacks of other membranes that contain chlorphyll
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69. Organelle DNA Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic info In form of small DNA molecules
70. Lynn Margulis American biologist Chloroplasts and mitochondria are descendents of prokaryotes
71. She said… Ancient Prokaryotes from wayyyyy back in the day had a symbiotic relationship with the ancient eukaryotes What is symbiotic? (review ecology!!!) The prokaryotes lived inside the eukaryotes There were prokaryotes that used oxygen to make energy (ATP) Mitochondria There were prokaryotes that used photosynthesis to get energy Chloroplasts
73. Cytoskeleton Supporting structure and transportation system Network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape and to help the cell move 2 main type of filaments Microtubules Microfilaments
74. Microfilaments Threadlike structures Made of protein called ACTIN Extensive networks Tough, flexible framework Help cells move Assembly and disassembly helps cells move (like amoebas)
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77. Microtubules Hollow structures Made of proteins called TUBULINS Maintain cell’s shape Important in cell division Make mitotic spindle (separates chromosomes) Help build projections from cell surface…
78. Cilia and Flagella Plural: cilium and flagellum Enable cells to swim rapidly through liquid Like oars of a boat
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80. Centrioles Only animal cells Made of protein TUBULIN What else is made of tubulin? Near nucleus Help organize cell division
