This document discusses key concepts in morphology: 1. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that differentiate meaning, syllables combine phonemes, and morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of language. 2. Morphology studies how morphemes are joined to form words. There are two types of morphemes - free morphemes that can stand alone and bound morphemes that cannot. 3. Affixes like prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes that can derive new words or change word classes. Inflectional morphemes indicate grammatical functions while derivational morphemes change meaning or class.

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PHONEME, SYLLABLE
AND MORPHEME
 Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that
differentiates meaning. For example: a, i, e,
 Syllable is phonemes that are put together in a
variety of ways in a language. For example: pho, to,
co, and py in the word photocopy.
 Morphemes: the smallest meaningful units in a
language/ the smallest units in a language that have
meaning. For example: book and –s in the word
books.

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MORPHOLOGY
Morphology is the study of morphemes
and how they are joined together to form
the larger unit called words.

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{score} is a verb meaning “to mark with lines”
Under | score
{under} is a preposition meaning “below”
Warm UP
UNDERSCORE – to emphasize an importance
{coward} is a noun meaning “one who lacks
courage”
Coward | ly
{-ly} creates adjectives from nouns (friendly)
COWARDLY – lacking courage - adjective

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{-s} indicates that a noun is plural (car/cars)
dough | nut | s
{dough} is a noun meaning “a mixture of flour and
liquids that is baked”
{nut} is a noun meaning “a hard-
shelled, one-cell fruit”
DOUGHNUTS – s piece of sweet fried dough that is
often a ring shape

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Two types of morpheme:
Free Morpheme
Bound Morpheme
word element that cannot stand alone
as a word
stand alone as a word and cannot be
broken down further into other word
elements.

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AFFIX
PREFIXES SUFFIXES
MORPHEMES
Free Bound

8. mono-
non-
omni-
para-
post-
pre-
re-
semi-
sub-
super-
therm-
trans-
tri-
un-
uni-
ante-
anti-
circum-
co-
de-
dis-
em-, en-
epi-
ex-
infra-
inter-, intra-
macro-
micro-
mid-
mis-
extra-
fore-
homo-
hyper-
il-, im-, in-, ir-
im-, in-
Prefixes:

9. Suffixes:
-acy
-al
-ance, -
ence
-dom
-er, -or
-ism
-ist
-ity, -ty
-ment
-ness
-ship
-able, -ible
-al
-esque
-ful
-ic, -ical
-ious, -ous
-ish
-ive
-less
-y
-ate
-en
-ify, -fy
-ize, -ise*

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Categories of bound morphemes:
Derivational morphemes
Inflectional morphemes

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Categories of bound morphemes:
Inflectional morphemes
Love Loves Loved Loving
Friend Friendly
Work Works
Quick Quicker Quickest
Study Studying
used to show some aspects of the grammatical
function

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Categories of bound morphemes:
Derivational morphemes
Create new words by changing the meaning or by
changing the word class of the word
speak speaker
kind kindness
happy unhappy
fill refill

14. For each of the morphologically complex words
below indicate which morphemes are
bound and free , inflectional and derivational.
Let’s Try:
a. discouragement
courage - free
dis, ment - derivational
b. lovable
Love - free
bound
able - derivationalbound
c. cars
car - free
s - inflectionalbound

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householders
house - free
hold - free
er - bound derivational
s - bound inflectional

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The child was unable to move the largest of the boxes
The = article
child = noun
was = verb
un = prefix
able = verb
to = part of the infinitive "to move"
move = verb acting as infinitive
the = article
larg(e) = adjective
est = suffix
of = preposition
the = article
box = noun
-es = turns the noun
into the plural

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clear
fame
Add affixes
write
print
bloom
desire
believe
submit
realize
qualified
-ty
dis-
-er
in-
mis-
non-
-able
-hood
Add base words
TRY:

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Add suffixes in the following words:
consistent
payment
instruction
receive
content
create
car
admire
process
calm
blind
group
smart
ACTIVITY:

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Assignment:
1. {bag}
{age}
2. {style}
{ist}
{ic}
3. {in}
{digest}
{ion}
4. {semi}
{conduct}
{-or}
5. {out}
{side}
6. {grump}
{y}
{est}
7. {margin}
{al}
{ize}
8. {in}
{capable}
{ity}
9. {re}
{deploy}
{ment}

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1. {bag} free base meaning “pouch-like container”
{-age} bound derivational suffix meaning “relationship
or pertaining to”
(parentage)
Answer:
2. {style} free base meaning “sort or kind”
{-ist} bound derivational suffix meaning “a person
skilled in a special field”
(physicist)
{-ic} bound derivational suffix meaning “characteristic
of” (mythic)
3. {in-} bound derivational prefix meaning “not”
(ineligible)
{digest} free base meaning “to assimilate food”
{-ion} bound derivational suffix meaning “an act or
process” (revision)

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4. {semi-} bound derivational prefix meaning “partial or
half” (semicircle)
{conduct} free base meaning “to direct the course of”
{-or} bound derivational suffix meaning “something that
performs the action”
(operator)
5. {out} free base meaning “away from inside”
{side} free base meaning “an area separated from
another”
6. {grump} free base meaning “a cranky person”
{-y} bound derivational adjective-making suffix (rainy)
{-est} bound inflectional suffix indicating the superlative

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7. {margin} free base meaning “an edge or border”
{-al} bound derivational suffix indicating “connection with”
(adjectival)
{-ize} bound derivational verb-making suffix meaning “to
cause to become”
(idolize)
8. {in-} bound derivational prefix meaning “not” (ineligible)
{capable} free base meaning “having the ability”
{-ity} bound derivational suffix indicating a state or quality
(authenticity)
9. {re-} bound derivational prefix meaning “repetition of a
previous action”
(reapply)
{deploy} free base meaning “to spread out troops”
{-ment} bound derivational noun-making suffix indicating
“action or state”
(appeasement)

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Joerelee P. Bendanillo, Ed.D.