Hypertufa Research Paper

Hypertufa Research Paper
Are you interested in making an outdoor planter by using hypertufa? Hypertufa is a product made
from various types of organic material and cement. The result is a durable material that is similar to
concrete and is perfect for a lot of garden projects. You can even make a draped hypertufa planter to
add to your garden. Material List Portland Cement ( 2 Gallons) Vermiculite (2 Quarts) Peat Moss (2
Quarts ) Large Bin or Wheelbarrow Rubber Gloves Garden Shovel Paint Cans Plastic Sheet Cloth
Instructions Add the Portland cement, vermiculite, and peat moss into a large bin o wheelbarrow.
You may want to sift the peat moss to remove large chunks or any foreign debris. Mix the materials
thoroughly be hand or you can use a tool like a garden rake. Make sure to put on the rubber gloves if
yo want to mix the materials by hand. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You do not want any lumps. Stack the paint cans three high and cover with the plastic sheet. Dip the
whole cloth in the hypertufa to wet it down thoroughly. Let the excess hypertufa dip off and then
cover your plastic sheet. This will be the first layer of your draped hypertufa planter. make a
hypertufa planter, hypertufa planter project, planter from hypertufa, homemade garden planter Do
you want to make a homemade garden planter as a spring or summer project. A perfect option is to
make a draped hypertufa planter as a DIY
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Bog Bodies Are Crucial to Our Understanding of the Past
Bog bodies are crucial to our understanding of the past. The bog bodies age from 8000 BC to the
early medieval times. The most important and well–preserved bog bodies are from northern Europe,
but bog bodies have also been found elsewhere in the world. Bog bodies allow for archaeologists
and scientists, with help from modern technology and dating equipment, too successfully uncover
and gain understanding of what past life was like. The alternative to bog bodies is skeletonized
remains, which just don't provide the very detailed insight into the lives of people from thousands of
years ago, that the bog bodies do. Unlike the skeletonized remains, bog bodies come with
appearance, clothing, equipment, occasionally in tact organs and evidence of violence, all of which
are lost on simple bone remains. The physical appearance preservation of the bog bodies is normally
in prime condition. Because of this condition it means that scientists and archaeologists are able to
study the features of the body and conclude things like the development of physical evolution from
the ancient body to bodies of modern society. They can also obtain information on the cause of
death of the body by seeing things like, for example, the Tollund man, who had a rope around his
neck that concluded he had been hung to death. And by concluding causes of death, it can also be
seen if the body was of sacrificial or a ritual demonstrating what burial practices were in place.
Clothing on bog bodies is also

Peat Marwick Audit Report
Next, we interviewed a member of the Peat Marwick audit team who conducted the Crazy Eddie
audits. He disclosed that Eddie Antar was a very charming man and went above and beyond to make
their visits fun and accommodating. He stated that Eddie took them out to lunch and after work
drinks. Even though, they knew it was wrong, Eddie was a hard man to refuse.
A second member of the audit team in charge of inventory was interviewed and he verified that they
could not complete thorough stock take and other processes because they simply ran out of time.
Next, the team interviewed David Pardo who was the Head of Purchasing for all 39 Crazy Eddie
stores. He stated that he no knowledge of any fraud committed by Eddie Antar in Crazy Eddie.
Kathleen

The Structure And Function Of The Nervous And Muscular System
This essay will describe the structure and function of the nervous and muscular systems and
examine Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), discussing the affect the disease has on these systems.
Particular attention will be paid to Type I SMA. This will be done by analysing a range of sources in
order to gain a clear understanding of SMA and the nervous and muscular systems.
SMA belongs to a group of illnesses known as Muscular Dystrophies which are inherited genetic
diseases that cause progressive degeneration of groups of muscles (Waugh et al, 2014). There are
four main types of SMA which are categorised according to the age at which the symptoms develop.
Type I is the most severe and develops in babies less than six months old (muscular–dystrophy,
2014. Online), it is thought to be the most common form of the disease (NHS, 2013. Online). The
gene that causes SMA is passed from parents to children but can only affect a child if both parents
carry a defective gene (smasupport, ND. Online).
Type I SMA affects the link between the nerves and muscles resulting in all muscles becoming
extremely weak and is typically diagnosed in infants before the age of six months (Carter et al,
2005). It causes severe muscle weakness that results in problems moving, eating, breathing and
swallowing. Breathing problems can be caused by weakness in the infants' chest muscles and
difficulty swallowing can be made worse by weakness in the muscles of the tongue and throat. It is
caused by an abnormal

Slope Test Lab Report
Slope class (visual interpretation) (fig–1) shows that according to our model for the area less than or
equal to 5° is flat, so the majority of areas falls within less than 5° areas. It means that only some
areas fall within greater than 5°. The statistical information (fig–2) of slope class shows that the min.
slope is 0°, max is 31.36° and the mean is < 4°. Therefore, generally the majority of the slope areas
are low. Figure 1: Slope classify area Figure 2: Classification Information Model 1 has been created
using Booean 'And' function.This operation has combined matching the criteria of High, Flat and
Low, i.e. High & Flat & Peat. The total number cells for the representing the matching critera were
68499 and the not matching criteria ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
red in color indicates the areas that are not matching the criteria and all 3 (1, 2 & 3) remaining areas
represent matching criteria. The resulting map is a nominal map with 4 categories representing 3
suitable areas and 1 unsuitable area for the species habitat. The 3 suitable categories show 56.04%
(number of cells 804809), 27.78% (number of cells 398921) and 4.77% (number of cells 68499)
totaling 88.59% of the total area as suitable areas and 1 unsuitable area represents 11.47% (number
of cells 163827). Model 3 represents approximately 88.59% suitable areas whereas Model 2
represents 43.71% suitable areas. In addition, Model 2 shows only one type of suitable areas
combining three criteria (High, Flat and Peat) whereas Model 3 shows 3 types of suitable areas. Q5.
What is the percentage of the total area that matches these criteria? Include a small screen grab of
your map in your answer. Explain how, and why, these results differ from those in Model 1? The
total area that matches with the criteria is about 73.05%

Southwest Calder Valley North Of Lochwinnoch
1. Introduction
Since1970, Muirshiel Country Park has been part of Clyde Muirshiel Regional Park which is
situated in the River Calder Valley north of Lochwinnoch. The park is an area of general natural
beauty with beautiful landscapes and great scenic views but people are allowed to live and work
within the area. It may look remote but it has a purpose for human activity, as in the past the land
has been used as a farm situated close to the current entrance, for field sports such as grouse
shooting and more recently for barytes mining. The mine closed in 1969, just before the opening of
the country park. (Clyde Muirshiel Park Authority [CMPA from now on], n.d.) The current use of
the park is mainly recreational, with a small network of footpaths for walkers, cyclists, and
educational groups. Other land uses include forestry, field sports, and small–scale agriculture. For
this assignment we are imagining that a gold–bearing ore outcrops on Windy Hill just to the north of
the country park.
The vein extends below the hill summit to an unknown depth and can be traced horizontally across
the landscape for at least a kilometre on either side of Windy Hill. The scope of this assignment is to
identify and evaluate the environmental impacts of building a gold mining site in this area and how
this might affect the local geology, landscape, ecology, hydrology, and overall biodiversity.
2. Methodology
We carried out this assignment by going on a field visit to Muirshiel

Essay On The Vikings
and summer. (Mowat 1965) Fortunately for the Vikings, shifting patterns in ocean thermohaline
circulation during the Medieval Warm Period increased surface temperatures by 1.5 °C in the North
Atlantic. (Sharpe 1991) The resulting reduction in drift ice and stormy weather by 800 CE
ultimately facilitated fast and reliable passage across the North Sea. Clearer weather conditions and
better visibility also improved navigation by sight that Scandinavian seafarers relied upon for
judging the speed, direction, and location of their ships in relation to distant landmasses when
calculating their projected course. (Mowat 1965) Furthermore, the weakened polar vortex altered
prevailing winds so that spring easterlies and autumnal westerlies perfectly ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
First of all, melting glaciers, reduced snowfall, and warmer soil temperatures throughout central
Norway and Sweden opened up new mountain regions to early forms of mining and the subsequent
extraction of large quantities of iron ore. (Steinar 2015) Increased contact and trade with Europe as a
result of the warming period also brought to the Vikings the adoption of new ironworking and
smelting technologies that removed additional impurities and made large–scale iron production
possible (Stenvik 2003) Archaeological remains in Sweden of sizeable furnace sites complete with
kilns, bellows, and slag heaps point to the success of industrial batch processes in producing iron
usable for tools and building materials. (Steinar 2015) Prominent among them was the introduction
of the iron ploughshare which allowed farmers to cultivate larger areas of land and grow more crops,
fueling population growth. The average Nordic farm went through roughly two kilograms of iron
every year for the repair of agricultural tools critical to their survival. (Steinar 2015) Iron became
the lifeblood of Scandinavian culture; without it they could never have reached the height of their
political and military

Bog Bodies Essay
The site of Charavines,the bog bodies site. One of the earliest human communities of the Isere was
established on its banks, 2700 BC (Neolithic village of Bathers). A erie mass of water with extra
special properties. Thanks to lack of oxygen and the anti–microbial properties of peat moss, This is
a place where hundreds of mummified corpses dating back as many as 10,000 years have been
discovered.It lies in the wetlands of northern Europe. These unusually preserved copses are
called"bog bodies"Scientist research and study the corpses in the hopes of learning more about who
they were and how they died. In Denmark alone, more than 500 bodies and skeletons were buried in
the peat bogs between 800 B.C. and A.D. 200. Their mummified corpses have been well preserved,
including clear facial features, fingerprints, hair, nails and other traits. Lots of the bog bodies bear
signs of gruesome violence, like slashed throats; one theory is that they may have been human
sacrifices. Many of the bodies were found without clothing on, supporting the idea that they were
simple commoners, the 2,300–year–old Huldremose Woman (discovered in 1879) wore a skirt and
scarf made of sheep's wool, as well ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The food remains have allowed archaeologists to determine the diet, and even food–preparation
techniques of this prehistoric people .The findings of wood suggest Neolithic the "stone age" or the
"wood age." The age of the site was determined by dating the wood of the posts for the homes
through dendrochronological analysis. There were many wooden objects recovered including: bows
and arrows, handles for axes, knives and other tools, canoes and paddles, and planks for

Dbq Bound Man
Tollund Man is a 2400–year–old naturally mummified body that was discovered in 1950 in a danish
bog. Tollund Man was most likely a low– class slave from the Iron Age, who was killed as a result
of being hung by a rope noose, because he believed in another god than his community, which
suggested he was rebelling against his own community. According to Source A, the Danish police
report, Tollund Man wore an iron neck ring, which was typically what slaves wore during the Iron
Age. Furthermore, Tollund Man was found with no clothes on, which indicates that he might have
been immensely poor. We could infer that the Tollund Man, therefore, was most likely a slave due to
the fact that he was found with no clothes on and with an iron neck drawn tight

The Discovery of the First Bog Body
A bog body is classified as a human corpse that over a long course of time has been naturally
mummified in a peat bog. A peat bog is a swamp that collects peat, which is dead plant material,
often moss. In the peat bog when a body is mummified they are often known as bog people. These
bodies are crucial to our understanding of the past for what they reveal.
Since the discovery of the first bog body known as Amcotts Moor Woman who was discovered in
1747 in England, bog bodies have been a main source of what is considered vital information for
restructuring our past. They have allowed humans to explore the past and our heritage and have
helped them to acquire a further understanding of how we, as a human race, have developed. A great
example of the knowledge that bog bodies have provided us is Tollund Man. Tollund Man who was
found in Denmark is one of the most famous examples of bog bodies, he has helped us to extend the
small snapshots we have of the past. Bog bodies as a collective are also revealing information about
the individual bodies themselves and the lifestyles they led. This primary evidence aids our modern
understanding of our historical past.
Bog Bodies allow us to delve into the ancient lifestyles that the individuals led, this includes their
diet, their looks, their clothing, their beliefs and their customs. Tollund Man revealed all this
information and more when scientists began to reconstruct his life. Tollund Man was found with a
leather belt and a

Effect of Substrate Choice on Growth of Mealworms
Effect of Substrate Choice On Growth Of Mealworms Abstract: The experiment is designed to show
which substrate A or B will better nourish a mealworm. A mealworm was placed in each substrate
for a period of seven days and the change in mass from Day 1 to Day 7 was compared. The data was
compiled and statistically analyzed. The experiment failed to reject the null hypotheses that there
would be no difference in the two substrates regarding meal worm growth. The conclusion that there
was a difference requires more experimentation to obtain additional information. Introduction:
Using the scientific method it is necessary to gain some knowledge about mealworms and the two
different substrates. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lower the significance level the stronger the evidence. (Wikipedia, 2009) Low moisture,
incorrect temperature and incorrect food will affect the growth of the mealworm. Is there an initial
moisture variability in Substrate A and B and is the moisture retention the same in the two substrates
over the seven day period? Some sources suggest adding vegetable pieces to the substrate to
maintain moisture without saturation. (Ohioline, 2000) Oat Bran is thought to be a preferred nutrient
for the mealworm. It is noted that mealworms prefer decaying plant matter, dead insects, feces, and
stored grains. (CISEO, University of Arizona, 1997) It is possible that the peat moss could have
contained some of these components? Or is it likely that peat moss the decaying matter living on the
underside of a bog, with its ability to hold large quantities of water inside their cells (some species
can hold up to 20 times their dry weight in water) was better able to provide the water and decaying
matter that the mealworms needed to thrive. (Wikipedia, 2009) Also, it should be noted that the
experiment called for mealworm larva that weighed less than 0.15 g. All of the mealworms but two
weighed more than 0.15g and most significantly more. Could it be the larger the mealworms are the
less they grow before they become pupa? This could explain why Group A had less overall growth
as they were larger to begin with. Lastly, it is possible

Coal As A Fossil Fuel
Coal is a fossil fuel and is the result of the altered remains of prehistoric vegetation that originally
accumulated in swamps and peat bogs. The material that formed fossil fuels varied greatly over time
as each layer was buried. As a result of these variations and the length of time the coal was forming,
several types of coal were created. Depending upon its composition, each type of coal burns
differently and releases different types of emissions.
The first step of coal formation occurs when peat is transformed physically and chemically. This
process is known as coalification. During the process of coalification, peat endures a plethora of
changes due to bacterial decay, compaction, heat, and time. Peat deposits differ in content from one
another and can contain everything from pristine plant parts such as roots, bark, spores, etc. to
decayed plants, decay products, and even charcoal if the peat caught fire during accumulation. Coal
is formed in anoxic swamp areas with a plethora of vegetation. In such an environment, the
accumulation of plant debris exceeds the rate of bacterial decay of the debris. The bacterial decay
rate is reduced because the available oxygen in organic–rich water is completely used up by the
decaying process. Anaerobic (without oxygen) decay is much slower than aerobic decay.
In order for the peat to turn into coal, it is necessary for the peat to be covered by sediment. The peat
is compacted and as a result, much water is squeezed out during the

What Is Inverse Spatial Conservation Prioritization
The use of inverse spatial conservation prioritization is used to avoid biological diversity loss
outside of protected areas, it is used to identify areas that have the highest economic value but also
the lowest ecological value. The reason why we are looking for alternative ways to protect
unprotected areas is because there are not enough resources to protect entire landscapes and not
every area that has ecological value can be protected. We cannot protect all areas and have none for
humans to harvest resources. Therefore, the implementation of inverse spatial design to identify the
areas that are most suitable for the monetary development while also limiting the environmental and
ecological effects in the landscape, instead of a simple ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SPC is used to alleviate the trade–offs between economic losses and economic gains to increases the
conservation success by maximizing the cost–effectiveness that is needed for conservation by using
as less area as needed for ecological targets. One important aspect of the conservation outside of the
protected areas is to avoid the negative ecological and environmental effects of the economic
development projects. What inverse spatial conservation prioritization does is identify the areas that
have the lowest ecological value for economic development. In inverse spatial conservation, we
have an inverse minimum and an inverse maximum. In the inverse minimum, each ecological area is
defined by a giving it certain thresholds in the losses it can have, and it identifies the areas that have
the greatest economic potential without having a great ecological loss. The objective of the inverse
maximum is to provide the economic benefits that were stated without losing much ecological
features. In this study, they illustrate a nontarget–based inverse spatial conservation prioritization by
applying it to land–use zoning in the providence of Central Finland. The zoning method consist of
the distribution of areas for peat mining. The target that was set up was of 6,000–12,000 hectares,
this was proposed to satisfy the stakeholders. These areas were distributed so the ecological losses
would be minimized. The areas used for the study was a landscape of 306

The 1990s Sports History
1990s Sports Sports has many different events that has changed its history. During the 1990 seasons
there were different events that changed sports history. There was a MLB player strike, events that
changed basketball players lives and records set. One event was the 1994 MLB player strike. The
MLB strike created multi–million dollar contract for players. Another event was the Chicago Bulls
three peats. A three peat is when the Bulls won three straight championships in a row, and they did it
twice. Another event was the use of steroids and how it affected the records being set in sports. One
of the main players during the MLB strike was Ricky Henderson, who was the stolen base king. He
stole a total of 66 bases in

The Powder River Basin Is The United States
The Powder River Basin Located in the western United States, the Powder River Basin is currently
the United States largest producer of coal, and the coal that is produced here is some of the cleanest
coal that is used in coal burning power plants. By producing such large quantities of low sulfur,
clean burning coal, the Powder River Basin is of great interest, and we will examine the conditions
and factors that helped to form some of the largest and cleanest coal seams in the world, along with
coal production and other coal bed resources. A basin, as defined by Merriam Webster 's dictionary,
is "a broad area of the earth beneath which the strata dip usually from the sides toward the center"
and on a simplified level, the Powder River Basin is exactly this (Merriam–Webster.com, 2014). The
Powder River Basin spans from the northeast half of Wyoming into the southeast corner of
Montana. A geologic map of the Powder River is shown on the following page. The basin is an
assymetrical syncline with its axis lying along the western side. The coal–bearing rocks in the
western part of the basin dip over 20 degrees, while the rocks at the eastern side of the basin only
dip up to 5 degrees (Flores et al., 2008). As indicated by the following stratigraphic column, the
coal–bearing rocks of the powder river basin were deposited from the Upper Cretaceous into the
Eocene epoch. These rocks can reach a thickness of almost 8000 feet at the basin axis (Curry, 1971).
Found at the

Essay on The Tollund Man
The Tollund Man
The Tollund Man is one of Europe's best–known bog bodies. He was found, alongside The
Grauballe Man in the early 1950s. Bog bodies recovered from the past are quite wide spread
throughout Northern Europe, especially in Denmark, Germany and Ireland. The peat perfectly
preserves the bodies due to anaerobic conditions, although the bodies are found blackened, their
fingertips, hair and clothing are all still intact. Seamus Heaney uses the bog bodies in his poetry to
"uncover, in their meditations, a history of Ireland's conquest, first by Viking's and later by the
English".
'Tollund Man' opens quietly and effectively like Glob's initial description, "an evocative and poetic
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The way he was found, 'Naked except for the cap, noose and girdle' makes it sound as though he
was stripped of all his pocessions, defenceless, and suggests that he was strangled or hanged by the
'noose' around his neck. Later in the poem Heaney says that 'The Tollund Man', 'rode the tumbril'
which was a cart that took people to their death by punishment for example the guillotine, this also
backs up the idea that 'The Tollund Man' was killed in rather gruesome circumstances.
The third stanza, 'Bridegroom to the goddess' is describing the bog as the goddess of fertility, this is
personification. Glob argues that "some of the Iron Age people dug out of the bogs of Jutland were
ritual sacrifices: their murder in winter, and the disposal of their bodies in bogs sacred to the
goddess, would ensure the fertility of the crops the following spring". This is why The Tollund
Man's burial and preservation is described in sexual terms, 'open her fen'. 'Those dark juices
working/Him to a saint's kept body' describes how the bog preserves the body perfectly. Also, it
suggests The Tollund Man is like a saint as in the Catholic religion, saints bodies are said not to
decay. 'I could risk blasphemyâ€¦our holy ground' shows The Tollund Man's power over Heaney, "he
can compel a 'religious' reaction outside the norms of

The Controversy Of Banning Bottled Water
"Plastic water bottles can take between 400 and 1,000 years to decompose according
to(www.banthebottle.net) .That can cause harm to the air that we breath and did you know that the
plastic in the bottles that we drink also has harmful chemicals in it such as such as bisphenol A
(BPA). These are just a few of the reason why Waunakee should ban bottled water.
One reason that I think that bottled water should be banned in Waunakee is because if we ban
bottled water we could actually save bottled water."it takes at least twice as much water to produce a
plastic water bottle as the amount of water in the water bottle." according to(hidden–water–in–
everyday–product) Certain countries that make water are in droughts and it they are most likely
wasting alost of their water on the plastic for the bottles. What you can do to prevent that is just
drinking plain water from your fridge. Also by doing that you could avoid drink the chemicals in the
bottles. There for one reason the I think that bottled water should be banned in Waunakee WI is
because they use up too much water actually make the plastic for the bottle.
A second reason why bottled water should be banned in Waunakee is because we are we are wasting
fossil fuels on them when we could use them for other things. "Production of bottled water increases
the use of fossil fuels." according to (–cons–of–bottled–water) we are already running out of fossil
fuel we can stop using the fossil fuels for bottled water by doing one thing

Bog Bodies Essay
A bog body is a human cadaver that has been naturally mummified in a peat bog. Bog people are
both geographically and chronologically widespread, they have been dated back to between 8,000
BCE and the Second World War.
Bog bodies have kept their skin and internal organs due to the specific conditions of the surrounding
area. These conditions include highly acidic waters, low temperatures, and a lack of oxygen. These
conditions will affect the skin of the body, causing it to tan. The oldest known body is the skeleton
of Koelbjerg Woman from Demark. This body was dated back to 8,000 BCE, which is during the
Mesolithic period, but the oldest fleshed bog body is Cashel Man. is body dates back to 2,000 BCE,
which is during the bronze age
Most

The Effect Of Acid Rain On The Environment
I. Introduction:
This experiment will evaluate the damage caused to plants by acid rain. Acid rain is any form of
precipitation, such as fog, rain, or snow, with acidic components. (What is Acid Rain?, n.d.) The
effects of acid rain on the environment are important to understand because it affects plant life,
animals, and waterways. Additionally, people can be harmed by the pollutants that cause acid rain. It
is important for scientists to perform this experiment so that they can better understand the effects of
acid rain, how to prevent acid rain, and how to overcome the damages caused by acid rain. During
the experiment, a vinegar solution acting as acid rain will be applied to radish seeds in both a petri
dish and seeds planted in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Making sure the radish seeds are equally spaced as seen in Figure 2. Spacing of the radish seed will
allow for easy plant growth detection. Finally, install the lid on both of the petri dishes and place
them in a warm sunny location. The two petri dishes will need daily observations over the next three
weeks for any seed germination and plant development. Part II. – Peat pot and radish seed planting
To start part two of the acid rain lab, using two peat pots, label the first peat pot "Control" and the
second peat pot "Experimental "as seen in Figure 3. Next, fill both peat pots near the top with
sterilized potting soil. Then, in each peat pot, equally place 6 radish seeds across the top of the
sterilized potting soil. Afterward, soak both peat pots with tap water. Next, place each peat pot in a
shallow pan (also seen in Figure 3) to prevent water from leaking, and then place them in a warm
sunny location. Furthermore, over the next six weeks, using a pipette, apply 10ml of tap water to
each peat pot daily, or as needed. To allow for optimal plant growth, be cautious not to over water
and drown the plants or underwater and starve the plants. Finally, continue to monitor the plant
growth in both peat pots during this time, and measure and record the height they have grown each
week. After six weeks, place the peat pots in separate 1 gallon size zip lock bags as seen in Figure 4.
Next, in the zip lock bags, using a pipette, add 10ml

Electricity And Its Effects On The Future
In the last decade, many issues have been raised related to our planet's health, because of the high
demand for electricity. People are used to flipping a switch and turning on lights, or turning on the
TV for entertainment, using the microwave, the refrigerator, and our heating system. These would
not be possible with out electrical power. People may not think of coal when they enjoy all these
conveniences, but coal is the primary source of power plants in United States and around the world.
Electricity is part of our daily lives, which makes our lives easier since it has been discovered, but
nobody thought about the dangerous consequences we will face, now and in the future. In addition,
most people do not know how electricity is produced; they just know how to consume it. Burning
coal in giant boilers to generate steam that produces electricity and power other industries. However,
the side effects of the use of coal to process energy have caused massive damage to Mother Nature
and our environment that is escalating to the next level. This is the destruction of our environment.
Electricity is primary conveniences as we continue develop our ways of living. But people must find
alternative ways to get power without damaging our environment.
In Coal's history nobody knows when the human race began to use coal as a source of power. In
addition, heat has been produced by wood and has been used longer than coal. The Romans, Greek
and Chinese discovered coal many years ago

Berkshire Hathaway
ISSUES
Warren Buffet invoked the substance–over–form concept to justify accounting for the GEICO and
General Foods transactions as dividends distributions rather than sales of stock. Do you agree with
Buffet that the substance of each of the proportionate redemptions was a dividend and not a sale of
stock?
In deciding how to account for an unusual or unique transaction for financial reporting purposes,
should one consider the tax treatment applied to the transaction?
Did Peat Marwick have a right to change its position on the proper accounting treatment for the
stock redemptions? What factor or factors may have been responsible for Peat Marwick's decision to
change its position regarding these transactions?
FACTS
In 1983, GEICO ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When asked to comment on Buffet's criticism of Peat Marwick in his company's 1984 annual report,
a Peat Marwick partner simply noted, "It's the client's prerogative to disagree. Our report speaks for
itself." Another prerogative of an audit client is to change auditors. In 1985, Berkshire retained
Touche Ross & Company to audit its financial statements. As required by the Securities and
Exchange Commission, Berkshire filed an 8–K statement with that federal agency to disclose the
change in auditors. In that statement, Berkshire reported it was "dissatisfied" with Peat Marwick's
inconsistency regarding the proper accounting treatment for stock redemptions.
AUTHORITY/ANALYSIS
The substance over form accounting concept means that the economic substance of transactions and
events must be recorded in the financial statements rather than just their legal form in order to
present a true and fair view of the affairs of the entity. Preparers of the financial statements should
use their judgment when employing the substance over form concept, which helps to derive the
business sense from the transactions and events and to present them in a manner that best reflects
their true essence. In some instances the legal aspects of transactions and events may have to be
disregarded in order to provide more useful and relevant information to the users of financial
statements. The concept of

Tollund Man Research Paper
How was the body discovered?
The Tollund man's body was discovered by Viggo and Emil Hojgaard, and Viggo's wife, Grethe
Hojgaard. In 1950 the family were cutting peat to use for fuel. As the family worked, they suddenly
saw a face in about 2 metres of peat. They immidiatly called the police at Silkeborg.
Where was the body discovered?
The body was discovered in a peat bog, Jutland Peninsula in Denmark. Accordingly the peat bog
was 10km west of Silkeborg, Denmark. In addition the Tollund man's body was discovered that he
was placed 50 metres away from the solid ground and have been covered with 2 metres of peat.
What artefacts were found with the body?
Several artefacts were found with the bog body. There was a smooth hiden belt around The

Coal Is A Fossil Fuel
Coal is a fossil fuel and is the result of altered remains of prehistoric vegetation that originally
accumulated in swamps and peat bogs. The material that formed fossil fuels varied greatly over time
as each layer was buried. As a result of these variations and the length of time the coal was forming,
several types of coal were created. Depending upon its composition, each type of coal burns
differently and releases different types of emissions.
The first step of coal formation occurs when peat is transformed physically and chemically. This
process is known as coalification. During the process of coalification, peat endures a plethora of
changes due to bacterial decay, compaction, heat, and time. Peat deposits differ in content from one
another and can contain everything from pristine plant parts such as roots, bark, spores, etc. to
decayed plants, decay products, and even charcoal if the peat caught fire during accumulation. Coal
is formed in anoxic swamp areas with a plethora of vegetation. In such an environment, the
accumulation of plant debris exceeds the rate of bacterial decay of the debris. The bacterial decay
rate is reduced because the available oxygen in organic–rich water is completely used up by the
decaying process. Anaerobic (without oxygen) decay is much slower than aerobic decay.
In order for the peat to turn into coal, it is necessary for the peat to be covered by sediment. The peat
is compacted and as a result, much water is squeezed out during the first

What Is The Theme Of The Grauballe Man By Seamus Heaney
The Grauballe Man "Grauballe Man," is a bog body that has been preserved for more than two
thousand years. It is one of Seamus Heaney's North collection poems. The Grauballe Man is
considered to be one of the most well–preserved body of all time, it was discovered in the peat bogs
in Jutland, Denmark. The body showed no signs of violence indicating that the man was murdered
rather than dying of natural causes. The poem indicates Heaney's preoccupation with the body
because it evokes him of the atrocities that has happened during 'The Troubles'. Heaney utilizes
imagery to describe the bog body, utilizes metaphor to associate bog body and the victims of
Northern Ireland, and utilizes allusion to make historical references. Heaney illustrates ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He connects the Grauballe Man with a famous sculpture in order to connect one thing with another,
which will be explained later. Heaney states that, "hung in the scales with beauty and atrocity: with
the Dying Gaul too strictly compassed." Dying Gaul is a Hellenistic sculpture that realistically
depicts the pain and suffering experienced by a dying man, the root of the reference is that the pose
of the sculpture reminiscences the death position of the bog man. Heaney uses the allusion of
"Dying Gaul" in order to make the reader develop the idea of the unification of artifice and nature,
which reveals the unique characteristics of human beings. Additionally, the "Grauballe Man" itself,
is also an allusion. The allusion of the Grauballe Man exemplifies the brutal history that has
happened in the North. The Grauballe Man refers the sacrifices for religious excursions in Northern
Ireland during The

Grauballe Man Poem Meaning
The "Grauballe Man," is a bog body that has been preserved for more than two thousand years, is
one of Seamus Heaney's North collection poems. Historically, the Grauballe Man is considered to be
one of the most well–preserved body of all time. It was discovered in the peat bogs in Jutland,
Denmark. The body showed signs of violence indicating that the man was murdered rather than
dying of natural causes. Heaney's poem indicates his preoccupation with the body because it evokes
him of the atrocities that has happened during The Trouble. Heaney utilizes imagery to describe the
bog body, utilizes metaphor to associate bog body and the victims of Northern Ireland, and utilizes
allusion to make historical references. Heaney explains the cause ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He connects the Grauballe Man with a famous sculpture in order to connect one thing with another.
Heaney states that, "hung in the scales with beauty and atrocity: with the Dying Gaul too strictly
compassed." Dying Gaul is a Hellenistic sculpture that realistically depicts the pain and suffering
experienced by a dying man, the root of the reference is that the pose of the sculpture reminiscences
the death position of the bog man. Heaney uses the allusion of "Dying Gaul" in order to make the
reader develop the idea of the unification of artifice and nature, which reveals the unique
characteristics of human beings. Additionally, the "Grauballe Man" itself, is also an allusion. The
allusion of the Grauballe Man exemplifies the brutal history that has happened in the North. The
Grauballe Man personifies the sacrifices for religious excursions in Northern Ireland during The
Troubles. Furthermore, "the cured wound opens inward to a dark elderberry place" exemplifies that
the "open" wound will forever be exposed to the brutality and the violence that is happening in
Northern Ireland. However, it is very ironic because the wounds of the bog body can never be
"cured" because the body cannot develop or heal itself

Bog Bodies
This book informs the reader about bog bodies and how crucial they are to scientists because they're
a journey to the past. Bog bodies are bodies that were deposited in a bog shortly after death, they
were then naturally preserved in the bog. To clarify why they're so important, bog bodies are usually
so well preserved that their skin, intestines and other parts of their body remain. Scientists study
them and they are able to find when they died, using radiocarbon analysis, and how they died which
is only possible it's not a skeleton because certain wounds can only be seen on skin and not on
bones. There was a section in that text that impacted me, it was: "With new tests and procedure, with
determination and perhaps some luck, scientists may ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientists look at only a few apparatus to discover additional information about the past, they
analyze fossils, artifacts, preserved bodies, and ancient architecture. With bog bodies gone, that
leaves a miniscule amount of items to study. Artifacts or items belonging to ancient people don't
provide tremendous amounts of information. Additionally, fossils belong to a whole other category,
animals and plants from prehistoric times. Consequently, this doesn't provide information about
primitive culture and don't assist scientists seeking data on primeval civilization. Furthermore, bog
bodies are probably the most complex sources of enlightenment because they can provide clothing,
weapons, and materials of specific eras, as well as informing us about their actions. For instance, of
scientists suspected the person was sacrificed we can conclude that whatever civilization they were
from practiced human sacrifice. In all honesty, bog bodies would be a grand loss because they're far
more intriguing than other artifacts. Considering this, bog bodies supply insight about someone's life
and it simulates reading an autobiography because you find out multitudes of information about the
person, even if they're dead. Another bog body they studied was the Yde Girl, she was found in 1987
in the Netherlands but she had died 2,000 years earlier. While they were studying her remains, they
found at she had scoliosis, which impairs how you walk because it's a mild spinal curvature. The
toes of her right foot also signified that she might've been slightly pigeon toed. Scientists also
noticed that she was stabbed and strangled with her on belt, which was left on her neck after death.
Perhaps she was considered undesirable in her society because of her "flaws" and killed because of
this. However, there are several other ways she could've died, it could've been a sacrificial

Historical Investigation on the Tollund Man
Historians and archaeologists investigated Tollund man extensively through the wonderful
preservations of his body which gave them hard evidence to support their theories about Tollund
Man's death. The Tollund Man was found on the 6th of May 1950 by two brothers at Silkeborg,
Denmark, in a peat bog. He was positioned on his side in a cradle position, naked with a leather belt
around his waist, a pointed sheepskin cap with a leather strap that was positioned firmly under his
chin and a noose around his neck. The substances in the peat bog prevented the body from
decomposing. The bog contains Sphagnum moss which creates acids in the water and grows a glass
covering over the water blocking out oxygen and keeping in heat, all in which cause ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The images clearly illustrate that he wasn't strangled as the tongue would have been damaged but it
wasn't and that the tongue was distended a characteristic often seen in a person who is hung.
In spite of this, Don Brothwell another archaeologist argues that although the noose was around his
neck Tollund Man was not hung as his neck bones were not ruptured or dislocated and his spinal
cord was not broken. Harold Hillman, an expert on executions states that the neck should break and
the upper cervical spine should snap causing the person to go into unconsciousness and die of
asphyxiation (deprived of air). However, it is impossible to completely identify if there was any
damage when hung due to skeletal decomposition of Tollund Man's bones. However, the autopsy
and x–ray examination report came back saying "the rope, judging by the way it was placed around
the body's neck, was most likely not used for strangulation, and because of that it is of less
importance that the cervical vertebras were undamaged since that sometimes happens when a person
is hanged". As a result of the great preservations of the noose and the tongue it is manifest that
Tollund Man died through hanging. So why was he hung? Was it punishment or sacrifice?
The extraordinary preservations of the Tollund Man's body and positioning of burial reveal a lot
about his death. The Tollund Man was found lying on his side in the cradle position with his eyes
and mouth

The Lindow Man ( Officially Lindow IIi )
The Lindow Man (officially Lindow III) is the top half of a male body, found preserved in a peat
bog in Cheshire, England. He was spotted on the 1st of August, 1984, by a peat cutter in Cheshire.
With his job to keep the belt of his machine cleared he threw away what he thought was a piece of
wood. In actual fact this was the leg of the Lindow Man. "I was taken out on to the moss and shown
where the previous day 's peat had been taken from. Walking the uncut sections, I found a flap of
dark, tanned skin projecting from below. Reporting my discovery to the police, we agreed I would
be given a day to excavate the remains. On 6 August, the site was recorded and sampled, the limits
of the remains were established and Lindow Man was lifted – within his block of surrounding peat –
on his way to international celebrity". (Rick Turner, newly appointed county archaeologist)
Lindow Man 's body was damaged as his waist was cut by the peat–cutting machinery, and only the
top part of his body remained. (SINEAD DALY and ALICE KIM)
The Lindow Man's body had been preserved by the peat bogs at Lindow Moss, where the body was
found. They were formed by holes of melting ice and because of the type of moss that grew in them
and also lets out a substance that causes a tanning process when dead, the Lindow Man was able to
be preserved with his appearance mostly intact. (Maisie Jewkes)
Part A – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQwB9mdLzlc
Part B – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chLJy2WEi7I
This

Sphagnum Bogs
Sphagnum spp., varying between approximately 120 species, is a diverse Bryophyte genus capable
of holding significant quantities of water relative to their size (Jonsson–Ninniss, 2016). These
flowerless plants can accommodate around 16–26 times as much water as their dry weight, allowing
them to extend into drier environments forming sphagnum bogs or peat lands (Jonsson–Ninniss,
2016).
Economic Importance:
Sphagnum moss are uniquely the only mosses with significant economic value. This can be
attributed to their absorptive and antiseptic properties (Jonsson–Ninniss, 2016). Soldiers in World
War II had their wounds treated with peat moss, as it served as a sterile wound dressing. A
sphagnum based soap coined "toilet and nursery antiseptic" ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Researchers are worried climate change and increase average global temperatures will free large
quantities of carbon at an unmanageable rate (Peat bogs "amplify" global warming, 2006). Enzyme
activity causes increases in the decomposition of sphagnum moss. When such enzymes are warmed
and exposed to air they are permitted to act on peat moss and release carbon compounds into
external environments (the atmosphere) (Peat bogs "amplify" global warming, 2006). It is projected
that by the end of the century temperatures will increase by an alarming 5.8 degrees Celsius (Peat
bogs "amplify" global warming, 2006). As the earth becomes warmer, droughts will increase
causing the level of water in the wetlands to decrease, allowing the soil to be exposed to air. If the
oxygen within the air gets into contact with phenyl oxidase, the enzymes that break down sphagnum
spp., a reaction causing carbon release will occur, allowing carbon leakage into rivers and streams.
This carbon pollution can enter in the sea and come into contact with marine bacteria, which will
attack the carbon and eventually convert carbon to carbon dioxide. Increased carbon dioxide levels
will consequently produce more warming leading to more carbon dioxide production through
Greenhouse gas, in a rather cyclic series of environmentally detrimental events (Peat bogs "amplify"
global warming, 2006). Researchers have predicted that an extra 60 years of industrial emissions can
cause doubling in atmospheric carbon, causing acceleration in global climate change (Peat bogs
"amplify" global warming,

The Peat Extraction From The Bog
From the results presented it is a clear indicator that human activity is having a profound effect on
Monivea Bog. The peat extraction from the bog is having a dramatic effect on the natural
environment. The digitizing of the bog using GIS 10.3 was a simplistic method that visually
provides how much peat is being extracted from the Bog. The reasons behind the extraction was
pointed out by Cruickshank et al, 1995, suggesting that peat extraction is part of an Irish culture
which humans use the peat as fuel and horticulture. The peat extraction evidently has an impact on
the carbon content & loss, hydrochemistry, peat depth, geology and vegetation as pointed out in the
results.
The conductivity results for Monivea Bog shows that there is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From the results there is an interaction between hydrology, vegetation and depth. The lower depths
had a lack of vegetation, less surface water and high levels of conductivity. This suggests that
vegetation is unable to deal with living at low depths on the bog and this is due to four factors.
Firstly, the high conductivity suggests that the water is toxic for the sphagnum mosses to survive.
The nutrient cycle is highly disturbed and there is no oxygen available for sphagnum mosses to
grow.
It was interesting to identify that there was no open lake in the bog in 1867, it is not known how this
open lake has developed on the west side of the bog. It is almost impossible to observe or analysis
the development of open water pools (Belyea & Lancaster, 2002). However, for this study, from the
analysis of the geological profile and depths it is predicated that the pool was formed from
subsidence of drainage and peat extraction. As Zanello et al (2011) points out that subsidence
depends on how the water table is managed on the site. In Monivea Bog the water table was lowered
to dry up the peat so it can be extracted by humans. Furthermore, Zanello et al (2011) also suggests
that subsidence is driven by bio–chemical oxidation of the organic fraction in peat. The predicted
subsided open water pool in Monivea Bog due support the sphagnum mosses. However, the water
table being significantly below has caused reduced growth, desiccation and high mortality rates of

Soil Stabilization : Soil Adjustment
Soil Stabilization
Soil adjustment a general term for any physical, substance, organic, or joined strategy for changing a
characteristic soil to meet a designing purpose.[1] Improvements incorporate expanding the weight
bearing capacities and execution of in–situ subsoils, sands, and other waste materials with a specific
end goal to reinforce street surfaces.
General information[edit]
The prime goal of soil adjustment is to enhance the California Bearing Ratio of in–situ soils by 4 to
6 times. The other prime goal of soil adjustment is to enhance site materials to make a strong and
solid sub–base and base courses. In specific districts of the world, normally creating nations and
now all the more much of the time in created nations, soil adjustment is being utilized to develop the
whole street.
Before, soil adjustment was finished by using the coupling properties of mud soils, concrete based
items, for example, soil bond, and/or using the "slammed earth" strategy (compaction) and lime.
A percentage of the 'green advancements ' are: proteins, surfactants, biopolymers, engineered
polymers, co–polymer based items, cross–connecting styrene acrylic polymers, tree pitches, ionic
stabilizers, fiber fortification, calcium chloride, calcite, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and
that 's only the tip of the iceberg. Some of these new balancing out systems make hydrophobic
surfaces and mass that keep keeps street disappointment from water entrance or overwhelming ices
by

Globalwarming, Ice Core Samples, Dendrochronology and Peat...
Global warming, Ice Core samples, Dendrochronology and Peat Bogs.
Global warming is the rise of average temperature in the earth's atmosphere since the late 19th
century. Since the beginning of the early 20th century, the earths mean surface temperature had
increased by around 0.8 degrees. Warming of the climate system had become more obvious and
scientists are 90% sure that the main cause of the increase in temperature in due to the increasing
concentrations of greenhouse gases due to human activities such as deforestation and burning of
fossil fuels.
Glaciers are melting, sea levels are rising, forests are drying and wildlife is suffering, these are all
results of the apparent rise in global temperatures and it has become more ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There is a positive correlation as the year increases so does the temperature anomaly. Satellites are
useful as they measure the radiances in wavelength bands, which are then mathematically inverted
to form indirect readings of temperature.
Dendrochronology
Dendrochronology is a method using the annual nature of tree growth to determine changes in
climate settings. Each year trees develops a new layer of wood under its bark. The thickness of each
layer is dependent on various factors, especially climate. The conditions encouraging growth will
result in a wider tree ring, whereas the unfavourable conditions would result in narrow rings. By
measuring the width of each tree ring and plotting them as graphs, scientists are able to determine
the climate changes throughout the years.
They do this by comparing the tree rings and dating them to the calendar year in which they were
formed. By matching the patterns (crossdating) the ring growth of different trees, scientists are able
to assign the rings to specific dates. Crossdating can even be achieved in spite of the human
interference to the tree ring growths and other factors such as extreme weather conditions. Overall
dendrochronology is a very accurate technique where determination of absolute dates to year is
either theoretically or practically possible.
Limitations of dendrochronology may lead to invalid results. In parts of the world, specifically the
tropics, species of trees will not have a

Kpmg Stands For Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler Essay
KPMG stands for Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler, which was established in India in September
1993, and has rapidly built a significant competitive presence in the country. The firm operates from
its offices in Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kochi, Chandigarh
and Ahmedabad. It offers full range of services such as financial and business advisory, tax and
regulatory and risk advisory services.
In India, KPMG has a client base of over 2700 companies. The firm's global approach to service
delivery helps provide value – added services to clients. The firm serves leading information
technology companies and has a strong presence in the financial services and has a strong presence
in the financial services sector in India while serving a number of market leaders in other industry
segments.
Department Work Profile
"Audit Markets" department in KPMG, came into existence before the amendments were made in
the audit section of the company's act. Since then the department has been the key ingredient in
firm's success.
The vision of the department is to "help KPMG in attaining the largest market share in audit by
converting every target into client". Department's major focus area is "Business Development",
which is fuelled by an organized department structure, a well thought–out methodology for
approaching potential clients and building strong relationships with existing clients.
Figure 1: Work streams of Audit Markets Department
Following are the four main

Positive Impact Of Afforestation Essay
Science
Impact of Afforestation
Introduction:
What is Deforestation? Deforestation is the process of human cutting down trees and destroying the
habitats of animals and lives. People would certainly think that deforestation would not be
something good for the environment, and afforestation would cause a positive impact on the
environment. Well, most people have his perspective like that. The scientist had found proofs that
afforestation has the negative impact on the habitats of animals and the whole environment. But how
this kind of activity would harm people and animals?
Environment: How do people and animals live? Well, they would need to depend on some biotic and
abiotic factors. Water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen etc. One of them is Oxygen, oxygen is one of the
factors that would have a big impact on human and animals. No oxygen, no us. Afforestation is one
of the ways to maintain oxygen from all those environmental problems we are right now facing on
this planet. Plants are producers, they use sunlight and carbon to do a process called photosynthesis.
When plants do this photosynthesis, they produce oxygen out. Trees are one of the producers that
use photosynthesis and brings oxygen to us. This is one of the benefits from afforestation, but does
this proofs that afforestation does more things that got positive impact?
During this couple of century, people had been giving the goal of afforestation. Although people still
had achieved some bits of the goal,

Coal Was Formed During The Carboniferous Period
Coal was formed during the Carboniferous Period, which was between 360– 290 million years ago.
All of the coal originated from plant fossils. Around 400 million years ago plants once grew around
fresh water swamps. As they eventually died, the plants fell and accumulate in the water. Many
layers of sediments, mud and sand compressed the plants and allowed no oxygen, which results in
no decomposition. Over time the layers get built up resulting in immense pressure and heat
transforming each layer into different types of coal. For the substance to be considered coal it
needed to contain less than 50% of ash– forming mineral matter. The four stages of coal are: Peat,
Lignite (brown coal), Sub–bituminous coal, Bituminous coal and Anthracite.

The Effects Of Peat Land On The Environment, Politics, And...
1. Introduction Nowadays, forest is the most renewable natural resources in the world. One of them
is peat land. According to Wetlands International (2014, p. 1) shows the theory that "Peat land is
wetlands with a thick organic soil layer (peat) made up from dead and decaying plant materials". In
Indonesia, it can be found in many places around the world. The peat land area spread through the
Indonesian islands such as Riau, Sumatra and Kalimantan or Borneo. Hence, people should start to
give their attention to peat lands because it is accumulating more carbon than tropical rainforests
that directly be perceived by some neighbor countries near Indonesia. From this information, we can
see that peat land has an important role in keeping gas emissions from human activity. This report
elaborates the peat lands issue and examines the impact on economic, environment, politics and law
and international issues. The investigations will be focusing on peat land problems in Indonesia. 2.
Explanation of the Peat Land Fire Peat land in Indonesia performs a range of environmental and
social functions. Equally important, peat land really useful sources for human, animal, and plant. It
can be utilized as animal and plant host. For local people, peat land can provide vital resources and
supplying clean waters. In fact, fires is not a something new in Indonesia, it also have long been
utilized as a method as a part of cultivating and the consequent area administration, a weapon in
social

The Development Of The Country Park
Clyde Muirshiel Country Park is located in west of Scotland in the central belt bounded by the
towns of West Kilbride, Largs, Lochwinnoch and Greenock. It is 281km2 in area. It attracts around
1.5 million visitors per year (ClydeMuirshiel 2016). The park itself, was officially set up in 1990
after the idea of park in this region was first mooted in 1940 (ClydeMuirshiel 2016).
The park is run according to the auspices of Scottish Natural Heritage whose policy statement
regarding regional parks is,
"....to facilitate both the appropriate understandings and enjoyment of the countryside and the
integration of this with the other uses of the area, such as farming, forestry and other development,
with the context of maintaining and enhancing a quality natural heritage setting. This type of
approach is fully consistent with thinking about countryside management, as it has development
over the last 20 years. Regional Parks have indeed been to the fore in applying this more integrated
approach in Scotland".
This policy does not preclude the development of a mining operation, specifically, but would
probably result in severe restrictions on the construction and operation of any mining operations,
gold or otherwise. This would probably have an impact on its viability. The park authority itself
cannot prevent or give permission for planning applications, however it can use its status as regional
park to try to influence and application that would have an adverse impact on it.
The

The Peat Of Northern Europe
The peat bogs of northern Europe have become home to people who have been dead for centuries.
These bogs are formed due to limited plant varieties that are largely dominated by sphagnum moss.
Within this moss is a polysaccharide called sphagnan, whose antibiotic properties are important in
the preservation of the bodies. Most often bog bodies range from 900 BC to 1800 AD. Whether it
was an accidental fall, the dumping scene of a murder, or a ritualistic sacrifice, the chemical makeup
of these bogs allows researchers to uncover the fully intact bodies of the dead. Natural preservation
techniques keep soft tissues almost entirely undamaged. Tissue survival depends on how fast the
body is immersed in water, temperature, time of year, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This excavation allows researchers to assess age through Accelerator Mass Spectrometry dating, as
well as possibly determine what their last meal was. Following the excavation, in order to keep the
bog bodies in a state where research can continue, it is essential to conserve the bodies. For this step
novel approaches are put into use in order to keep the body the way it is.
Peat bogs are ideal for human preservation for a variety of reasons. Proper human preservation in
this setting calls for anaerobic, acidic, and wet conditions to be present in order for the skin to be
preserved. The bogs of Europe house all three of the aforementioned conditions. It is also suggested
that bodies are preserved in sphagnum peat bogs because they are tanned by sphagnan– a pectin like
polysaccharide from the cell walls of sphagnum mosses. Additionally sphagnum aids in preservation
by "reacting with the digestive enzymes secreted by putrefactive bacteria and immobilizing them on
the surface of the peat." Sphagnan binds with proteins on the surface of microorganisms in a way
that immobilizes them whilst removing them from the water. Sphagnan's highly reactive carbonyl
groups can alter the chemicals and nutrients necessary for the decomposition of a piece of organic
matter. The groups found in sphagnan essentially connect collagen molecules, this preserves them
from degradation. By linking the collagen fibers,

The Importance Of Keeping Christmas Plants Beautiful
Keeping Christmas Plants Beautiful
Poinsettias have been one of the most popular Christmas plants, but many complain that they
dropped their beautifully colored bracts much too soon. A new variety made its appearance in the
trade. It is a low–growing plant (approximately 22 inches high including the pot) with several
blooms. I saw the plant first at the William Zappettini Co. in the San Francisco Flower Mart and just
had to have one to make my Christmas complete.
My plant measures 23 inches high and had 19 beautiful blooms. While it is unusual to have so many
blooms on a pot of poinsettias, the most unusual thing about this variety is the long period of time
the plant stays beautiful when it is given good care. Last year, Zappettini gave one of these very new
plants to a friend for Christmas. At Eastertime when a member of the firm was delivering an Easter
plant, he saw the Christmas poinsettia in the front window just as beautiful as when he had delivered
it several weeks before.
Shortly after I acquired my plant I saw this variety in several of the nurseries and was told that it
was one of the new "everlasting" series. The other two we were told are "C–1" and Paul Mikkelsen.
Poinsettia plants, in pots, can be kept in the house for some time if they are given a place near a
window where they will get plenty of light and a fair amount of sunshine. They also need an even
temperature throughout each 24 hours, not quite warm during the day and fairly cold during the
night,

Hypertufa Research Paper

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Hypertufa Research Paper

Similar to Hypertufa Research Paper (16)

More from Lori Gilbert

More from Lori Gilbert (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Hypertufa Research Paper