Enzymes

Enzymes
Enzymes in detergent
1) What enzymes are used to make this product?
There are essentially six main enzymes involved in detergent, specifically amylases, proteases,
lipases, pectinases, cellulases, and mannanases. Each of these enzymes are responsible for targeting
stains containing specific macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
2) What type of reactions do the enzymes catalyze, and why is this of value?
Amylases are typically responsible for catalysing the breakdown of starches which can be of value
in removing the stains of foods such as cereals, pastas, and gravies. The enzyme hydrolyses the
bonds within the starch molecule which decomposes it into dextrins and other oligosaccharides,
which are soluble and can easily be removed in the wash. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For example, the source of two types of proteases are Bacillus alcalophilus and Bacillus lentus. The
most common sources of amylases are the bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and
Bacillus licheniformis. On the other hand, lipases are currently being sourced from yeast, bacteria,
fungus, and from mammals. Biotex is the main source of cellulases, and have been in use since
1987.
4) Have the enzymes been modified for the process?
One example of enzyme modification for its use in detergents are cellulases. This enzyme which is
used to maintain the quality and brightness of clothing can be chemically modified to have a greater
stability when used in an alkaline medium. This is done by exposing the cellulases to certain
reagents like malcic anhydride. Another example of a modified enzyme would be the alkaline
protease, which replaced the endogenous protease. This enzyme was derived from an alkalophilic
strain of bacteria called Bacillus cereus, and is currently being used due to its stability at higher
water temperatures.
7) What careers are associated with the industry that produces the product you
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Disadvantages Of Emulsifiers
2.2 EMULSIFIERS The term emulsifiers alludes to any ingredient that keeps disimilar to substances
(such as oil and water) from isolating. Many cosmetic products depends on emulsions – small
droplets of oil dispersed in water or small droplets of water dispersed in oil. Since oil and water
don't mix no matter how much you shake, mix, emulsifiers are added to change the surface tension
between the water and the oil, producing a homogeneous and well–mixed product with an even
texture. Examples of emulsifiers used in cosmetics include polysorbates, and laureth–4.(Professor
Ben Selinger,2016)
2.2.1 POLYSORBATE Polysorbates 20 and 80 (Tween 20 and Tween 80) are utilized as a part of
formulation of biotherapeutic products for both preventing surface adsorption and as stabilizers
against protein aggregation. The polysorbates are amphipathic, nonionic surfactants made out of
fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan being polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate for
polysorbate 20 and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate for polysorbate 80. The polysorbates used
in the formulation of biopharmaceuticals are mixtures of different fatty acid esters with the ... Show
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The polysorbates undergo autooxidation, cleavage at the ethylene oxide subunits

Essay On Lipid Based Carry System
As of late, a lot of intrigue has been focussed on lipid based carries systems. The most prevalent
approach is the fuse of the active poorly water dissolvable part into inert lipid vehicles, for example,
oils, surfactant dispersions, solid dispersions, solid lipid nanoparticles, emulsions, micro emulsions,
Nano emulsions, self–emulsifying plans (SEF), micro/nanoemulsifying formulations, and
liposomes.
The essential component of activity by which a lipid formulation prompts enhanced bioavailability
is typically avoidance of a slow dissolution process which constrains the bioavailability of
hydrophobic drugs from solid dose frames (Shweta Gupta, 2013). Ideally the plan enables the drug
to stay in a dissolved state all through its travel in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regardless of the extensive potential that these lipid excipients offer, not very many lipids based
Formulations have achieved the pharmaceutical commercial place. This might be because of the
inadequate data with respect to the generally complex physical science of lipids and worries about
figured drugs substance and physical stability. In addition to these concerns, the interaction of a
lipid–based formulation with the GI condition and its effect on drug absorption is also important.
For example, edible lipids have been appeared to be extensively more productive enhancers of
poorly soluble drug ingestion, as compared to nondigestible lipids (e.g., liquid paraffin).
Unsaturated fat chain length of the lipid likewise impacts drug absorption. Both long and medium
chain triglyceride oils with various degrees of saturation have been utilized for the design of self–
emulsifying formulations.
2. Surfactants: The self–emulsifying properties require the incorporation of moderately a lot of
surfactant in the formulation notwithstanding the oily drug carrier vehicle. The surfactants may
improve the affinity between lipids and intestinal membrane or increase the permeability of the
intestinal membrane (Gershanik T, 2000). Surfactants increment the

The Effects Of Mixed Bacterial Culture And Surfactant Play...
The experimental results in this experiment were similar to, but not exactly the same as those
outlined in literature. Primarily, examination of the demonstration material was relevant in helping
understand the role that a mixed bacterial culture and surfactant play in the formation of emulsions
and biomass. Preparing the control treatment (no inoculum, no surfactant) was important because it
established a method of comparison of the remaining experimental treatments and assessing whether
or not the results obtained were rational. The experimental flask that was prepared as part of this
experiment contained no inoculum and had surfactant addition. As indicated by the observations,
demonstration flasks that contained surfactant had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next, the demonstration flasks that were not inoculated did not have biomass adhering to the edges
of the flask. Evidently, microbial growth could not have occurred in the flasks that were not
inoculated, therefore biomass formation was inhibited in these flasks. Moreover, the degradation of
hydrocarbons into simpler products did not occur in these flasks. Again, this is attributable to the
lack of microorganisms in these flasks. Biomass was present in the two flasks that were inoculated
by a mixed bacterial culture. Most importantly, however, biomass formation was most prevalent in
the flask with mixed bacterial culture inoculum and surfactant addition. This observation aligns with
the results outlined by Van Hamme et al., (2000), who noted that the addition of a surfactant to a
mixed culture resulted in higher biomass levels throughout the incubation period (109 CFU/ml) than
compared to a mixed culture containing only crude oil (108 CFU/ml). Moreover, the addition of a
surfactant resulted in a 48 hour growth phase, as opposed to a 24 hour growth phase in the absence
of surfactant (Van Hamme et al., 2000).
Next, streak plates of the demonstration flasks were prepared. As was expected, demonstration
flasks without mixed bacterial culture inoculum did not show signs of colony growth on the streak
plate. In contrast, the streak plate that was prepared using the experimental flask (no inoculum,
surfactant

Surfactant Replacement Therapy And The Affects On Rds And...
Surfactant Replacement Therapy and the Affects on RDS and Other Pulmonary Disorders Jacquelyn
M. Wood Grossmont Community College 2015 INTRODUCTION As a newborn makes their
entrance to this world from intrauterine life all should go smoothly. The newborn is delivered and is
stimulated to breathe and then is followed by inspirations, followed by a cry showing a successful
arrival to this world, but not all deliveries go as planned. There are diseases of the respiratory
system. The most common disease is Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS). The Primary cause of
RDS is the underdevelopment of the premature lungs states Perretta, 2015. RDS is caused by a
deficiency and immaturity of alveolar surfactant with the anatomical immaturity of the premature
infants lungs. The incidence of RDS increases with decreasing gestational age says J. Haitsma,
2010. The biggest factor is surfactant deficiency caused by decreased surface area in the lungs for
proper gas exchange and thick alveolar–capillary membranes. "Surfactant replacement therapy for
preterm infants with RDS has shown to be a major breakthrough in neonatal medicine," says J.
Wirbelauer and Speer, 2009. It has become routine for the prevention and treatment for infants
suffering from respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant replacement therapy is a life–saving
treatment for all neonates showing signs of RDS characterized by surfactant deficiency. By
replenishing the lungs with an exogenous surfactant shows

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biosurfactants
1. INTRODUCTION Biosurfactants are compounds which are produced by microbial cell surface or
excreted extracellularly. They are amphiphilic in nature that contain both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic moieties. They reduce the surface and interfacial tension (Karanth et al., 1999).
Production of microbial compound and its characterization has been increased due to its property in
which it can used as a agent in enhanced oil recovery properties, and also useful in a broad spectrum
of potential application (Banat et al., 2010). Biosurfactants are effective like other synthetic
surfactants, the main advantage of this compounds are more biodegradable, it reduces the pollutant
load and it is also less sensitive to the extreme pH, temperature, ... Show more content on
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It is mainly used for the detection of fatty acids in the biosurfactant. Fatty acid like hexadecanoic
acid, octanoic acid and decanoic acid are identified by GC–MS analysis (Sadouk et al., 2008). Some
studies revealed the presence of fatty acids like palmitic acid and oleic acid (Bayoumi, 2010). For
GC–MS analysis carbohydrates are subjected to trimethylsilation (TMS) (Dejongh et al., 1969).
Sugars like trehalose, sophorose and glucopyranose are also identified during these analyses.
Colorimetric method was carried out to preliminary analyze chemical compositions of crude
lipopeptides. Total lipid, proteinand sugar contents were determined by sulfo–phospho–vanillintest
(Izard et al,. 2003), Bradford assay (Satpute et al,. 2010) and phenol–sulfuric acid test (DuBois et
al,. 1956) respectively. The fatty acid contents of the lipid in crude lipopep–tides were analyzed by
gas chromatography (GC) after fatty acidmethyl ester (FAME) derivatization (Silva et al,.

The Separation Of Foam Separation
Foam separation techniques are neither much widely used nor much research have been done in this
area lately. But due to the high selectivity, thermal stability and the ability to separate components
from very dilute solutions (as low as 10– 10 mole/liter), it is worth being applied as modern
separation and purification techniques. Particulates that are to be separated from solution are
associated with surfactants and are adsorbed at the liquid air interface. Interaction energy between
the nonpolar hydrocarbon chains of the surfactant and the polar water molecules is less than the
interaction energy between water molecules themselves leading to organic molecules in bulk water
to be energetically less favorable than their presence out of the bulk water at the interface. Foam
fractionation, ionic flotation, molecular flotation, microflotation, froth flotation– these diverse types
of foam separation techniques allow the separation and purification of a wide variety of components
starting from detergents to heavy metal ions and proteins.
Gibbs adsorption isotherm, Young–Laplace equation, Langmuir isotherm control the separation
parameters. The easy apparatus setting and simplistic separation process leads to its utilization in
analytical purposes and economically feasible industrial set up. Various variables like ionic strength,
length of chain, concentration of surfactants, Solution hydrogen concentration, flocculants,
concentration of complexing ions, flow rate of gas,

Laundry Detergents As A Cleansing Agent
Introduction
Laundry detergents are a cleansing agent that is widely used in the industry to clean laundry. The
term "detergent" refers to mixtures of chemical compounds including Alkyl Sulphonates, which are
similar to soap but less affected by hard water (Farlex, 2014). Like soap, detergent increases the
ability of water to penetrate fabric and break down greases and dirt, however they are derived from
organic acids rather than fatty acids (Mifflin, 2005). A detergent is an ion or molecule that contains
both polar and nonpolar components. The polar component allows the detergent to dissolve in the
water, whereas the nonpolar component solubilizes greasy materials that are the usual target of the
cleaning process. Their molecules then surround the particles of grease and dirt, allowing them to be
carried away thus leaving your clothes clean. This EEI explores the performance of two different
laundry powders (Fab and Woolworths select Home brand) in different types of water; ranging from
soft to hard. These detergents were compared and analysed in different types of water from varying
locations to determine whether water hardness has an effect on the cleaning ability of detergents,
and whether products should be specifically formulated depending on the type of water.
Basic laundry powders
Laundry detergents such as Fab and Woolworths Select Home brand are composed of many
elements that each play important roles in the laundry process depending on the cleaning tasks

What Makes A Proper Foaming Agent?
Change in oil saturation is represented as percent of original oil in place. After water flooding, the
remaining oil saturation in the sand–pack was around 66%. Since the water saturation also effect the
performance of the foam/PEF, all the tertiary recovery (foam/PEF) were performed around similar
water saturation [41]. The weak foaming solutions resulted in a lower apparent viscosity of foam
within porous media. For N85 surfactant solution, foam generation was unsuccessful up to 10 PV of
SAG injections. After oil bank production, the rate of foam collapse may have been much higher
than that of foam generation that resulted in no pressure build up and therefore stable foam did not
propagate through porous media. The addition of polymer into N85 surfactant solution slightly
increased the apparent viscosity and resulted in N85–PEF propagation. On the other hand, in the
case of DDBS foaming solution, foam could generate and propagate through porous media faster
than N85–PEF. This again shows the importance of selecting a proper foaming agent. In addition to
a strong foaming agent, polymer significantly improved the foam propagation through heavy oil
saturated porous media. Considering DDBS–PEF curve, PEF started to propagate right after oil
bank production. It reached to steady state foam injection where almost entire sand–pack was
occupied by PEF. At this point, the pressure drop value should be almost similar to that of water–
saturated sand–pack at steady state (stage III)

A Bubble Research Paper
Bubble Research A bubble is a thin sphere of liquid enclosing air or other gases. A bubble is usually
made up of soap, glycerin, and water. The smoothness is created by the water and glycerin absorbs
moisture. Bubbles are formed when the soap is added into the solution and is blown out of the
bubble device. Naturally, water has a very strong surface tension, which holds the bubble together,
and detergent is added to release some of the surface tension, allowing it to be a little more stretchy
and to not collapse. When the bubble is fully made, air is trapped in the inside of the bubble and the
outside of the bubble has pressure at all angles forcing the bubble to be sphere. Bubbles can not last
long because of the atmospheric pressure and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some contributing factors that help make a bubble is the solution that contains glycerin, water, and
detergent, the area surrounding the bubble when it is made, and device to make the bubble with. The
surface tension is important because it is what holds the bubble together. Surface is an invisible
bond that holds the water molecules together because water is a polar molecule. When a bubble is
created, the molecules stick together, creating surface tension. When a bubble is created by only
water, the surface tension is too much, so you should add some detergent. In order to make a large
and strong bubble, add some glycerin in it. Glycerin helps the bubble because it makes the thin layer
a bit stronger and it prevent water to evaporate. When you blow the bubble, make sure the solution
is clean and the air has some humidity. These factors help the bubble to last longer. In order to make
a big bubble, you most have specific ingredients in the bubble solution and specific type of weather,
but there is no exact device to blow bubbles the biggest bubble. In only one website, it said that a
metal coat hanger with string wrapped around it will create one of the biggest bubble, but to actually
know, you must run actual tests to find

Caption: Misleading Patterns Of Denim Shining
2380 × 1688 Caption Alternate Text Group The best way to get smells out of denim clothing is to
wash it in the washing machine. Denim purists, however, view washing denim as a sin that can
shrink denim and ruin its natural fading patterns. For odor–free denim without soap and water, store
your denim in the freezer or in a drawer with some baking soda. a splash of vodka and some time in
the sun can also remove unwanted odors. The best odor remover is the one that works for you, so
experiment with several strategies until you find the one you like. Pop your jeans in the freezer and
leave them there overnight. As you wear your jeans, the bacteria on your skin as well as some of
your skin cells are transferred to you denim pants, shirts and

Marketing Profile Of HUL Laundry Care
HUL Laundry care
Pioneer in Indian detergent powder. Constantly upgraded itself. e.g. Surfexcel Blue, Quick wash39,
Launched in 1969, Rin with the power of its thunderous lightning flash has become a household
name synonymous with dazzling white clothes. A Value added brand with different variants e.g. Rin
matric & Rin advanced. Rin has won a number of accolades, the most recent being voted as the
Most Preferred Detergent brand in India at the Awaaz Consumer Awards in 2006. A Heritage brand
launched in 1888 In the form of detergent cake. Value added brand i.e. priced over Wheel but below
Rin. Famous in WB & Kerala. SUNLIGHT.
Market Share of HUL
Regaining lost market share is the job at hand for the market leader in the soaps and detergents
category which is fast expanding with new and old players in the segment adopting an aggressive
stance. In fact, soaps and detergents have always contributed a big chunk (41 per cent) of HUL's
turnover. But the profit margins in this category have been under pressure and a tough competitive
environment has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The growth of the soaps and detergents category needs to be viewed on a very high base in the
previous year which saw price increases linked to commodity cost inflation. During the year under
review, the prices of products, particularly the detergents segment, were reduced taking into account
the reduction in commodity prices. The segmental margin of this category was lower by 100 bps
(one per cent) linked to the volatility in commodity costs in the initial part of the year and the
actions taken to defend the company's leadership position in the face of heightened competitive
activity. While the company is the undisputed market leader in this category, it continues to focus on
the challenge of winning back its lost market share in this important

Advantages Of Niosome
ABSTRACT
The cosmetic industry is steadily probing for discovery of new formulations with effective delivery
system having biological activity. Nanoscience is one of the widely used technologies and finds its
applications in the cosmetic industry. Nanotechnology thus is a transformative and new technical
revolution and is being used for alteration of physical properties of an enormous range of products
from moisturisers, sun blocks, anti–ageing lotions to liquid make up, hair styling and colouring
agents, soothing creams etc. However the use of various techniques such as the liposome, niosome,
nanocrystal, microemulsion, nanoemulsion, nanosome, nanotubes has their own share of advantages
and disadvantages. This article aims at describing some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Initially developed and patented by L'Oréal in mid past 1970's (10). Niosome entered the market of
the cosmetics offering various advantages. "Niosome" introduced in 1987 (11) by Lancôme. Van Hal
et al. reported that niosome encapsulated estradiol can be delivered through the stratum corneum,
which is known to be a highly impermeable protective barrier (12, 18). Due to the high chemical
stability of the surfactant as compared to the phospholipid and no requirement of special preparation
and storage conditions is an advantage over the liposomes , which results in low manufacturing
costs and reduced purity problems(13). Use of novel surfactant (bola surfactant) for making
niosomes has been found effective for percutaneous drug delivery application as well as non–toxic
(14). Upon the application of heat or agitation niosomes attain a closed bilayer structure (14). The
inner aqueous core of the niosome could be used for delivery of the various hydrophobic and
hydrophilic drugs such as NSAIDS, anti–inflammatory, anti–infective agents and other classes of
drug which offers the biggest advantage of enhancing the transdermal drug delivery (15, 16, and

Capb Research Paper
DG or nonionic micelle component and cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) anionic component
micelle. Therefore, the continuation of the work CAPB is used. Chemical formula C19H38N2O3
and IUPAC name {[3–(Dodecanoylamino) propyl](dimethyl)ammonio}acetate is showen in fig 5.
Molecular structure of CAPB : Fig 5
(CAPB) is a mixture of closely related organic compounds derived from coconut oil and dimethyl
amino propyl amine.[ 63] CAPB is available as a viscous pale yellow solution and it is used as a
surfactant in personal care products. The name reflects that the major part of the molecule, the lauric
acid group, is derived from coconut oil. CAPB is a fatty acid amide containing a long hydrocarbon
chain at one end and a polar group at the other. This

How N- Is The World 's Best Selling Chemical Herbicide Essay
N–(phosphonomethyl) glycine known as glyphosate is the world's best–selling chemical herbicide.
Usually, it is combined with surfactants called POEA in order to improve the efficiency.
("Glyphosate | Surfactants: A Threat To Fish And Frogs?") The use as herbicide of glyphosate was
discovered by Monsanto chemist John E. Franz in 1970(PENN & LYNCH, 1982). He found out that
glyphosate can block the enzyme that plants need to create amino acids and other important plant
metabolite. Once the glyphosate is absorbed by the plant, it will lead the plant's death by starvation.
("Glyphosate | Glyphosate: mechanism of action", 2016). As the growing use of glyphosate–based
herbicides every year, scientist around the world have raised concerns about glyphosate–based
herbicides' safety. In March 2015 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
concluded that glyphosate belongs in a 2A category which there is a possibility of causing cancer
("Does glyphosate (Roundup) cause cancer?" 2016). There is also a report showing that animals
exposed to products with glyphosate may drool, vomit, have diarrhea, lose their appetite, or seem
sleepy. ("Glyphosate General Fact Sheet", 2016). All these evidence show that using glyphosate–
based herbicides has its risk and possibility of doing harm to our livings and environment. The aims
of this report are to mentioning the ways of detect glyphosate–based herbicides in water, highlight
the toxicity of glyphosate–based herbicides under the

The Effect Of Emulsion Polymerization Technology On Large...
Monodisperse sub–200nm polystyrene nanoparticles were synthesized by a facile one–step emulsion
polymerization technology using sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) and 2, 2′–azobis (2–
methylpropionamide) dihydrochloride (AIBA) as the surfactant and initiator, respectively. The in
situ neutralization between negatively charged surfactant SDS and positively charged AIBA was
used to control the primary particle (or swollen micelle) volume and the extent of the particle
coagulation. As the oligomeric radicals with cationic AIBA chain ends were captured by anionic
swollen micelles, the electrostatic stability of swollen micelles gradually reduced, further promoting
the primary particle coagulation. As a result, the initial particle number decreased with the addition
of AIBA. The earlier primary particle coagulation not only enlarged the particle size, but also
narrowed the particle size distribution of the final latex particles. This approach was easy to scale–
up as a facile industrial technology to produce monodisperse polymeric nanoparticles on large scale.
Keywords: Emulsion polymerization; Nanoparticle; Monodisperse; Particle coagulation; AIBA
1. Introduction
Emulsion polymerization technology is widely applied in many fields including synthetic rubber,
thermoplastics, coating, adhesive, and plastic modifier [1–4]. Much of the interest in it derives from
the possibilities for the preparation of monodisperse or functional latex particles [5,6]. Until today,
the challenges

Surfactant Essay
Surfactants!
A surface active agent, also known as a surfactant is a substance that surrounds the inner surface of
the lung and consists of four proteins and six phospholipid fats that are manufactured inside of the
lung of the human body, however this substance can also be created artificially. The four proteins
include the hydrophilic or water attracting proteins SP–A and SP–D and the opposite hydrophobic or
water repelling proteins, SP–B and SP–C. The main purpose of a natural surfactant found in the
body is to decrease the amount of surface tension of fluid (attraction of surface particles found in a
liquid) that can be found in an organ. In the lungs for example this is achieved by securing the small
air sacs inside of the alveoli (lungs). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This substance is produced when a human digests lipids or fats. According to Sareen Gropper and
Jack Smith's "Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism" bile is produced through the process of
chemically altering cholesterol, which is a type of fat found in a human's blood. This process takes
place in the liver and bile acids are produced. These bile acids are then conjugated or united with
taurine and glycine to produce biosurfactants known as bile salts. The existence of bile salts inside
of bile gives the substance the capacity to amalgamate lipids and fats with their aqueous (watery)
environment inside of the gallbladder. According to Sareen Gropper and Jack Smith's "Advanced
Nutrition and Human Metabolism" bile is released from its origin (gallbladder) into the small
intestine. Through the process of emulsification the bile substance in the small intestine disintegrates
fats into much tinier particles which can be digested and absorbed at a much more efficient and
quicker rate. This evidently shows that without bile and in turn bile salts the digestion of fats will
not be

Pulmonary Surfactant Lab Report
IIntroduction: The simple act of breathing as we know it, is not as simple as it seems. Breathing
takes numerous organs and requires a variety of complex operations to correctly occur. One of the
most unique factors of breathing is pulmonary surfactant. Pulmonary Surfactant is an oily fluid that
is composed of a mixture of lipids and protein molecules that coats the inner alveolar surface
(McKinley, 2016). The internal surface of alveoli is moist, which makes it prone to collapsing
because of its high surface tension, pulmonary surfactant keeps the alveoli and lungs from
collapsing (McKinley, 2016). The importance of surfactant can be seen in the birth and development
of pre–mature babies born prior to the 30th week of pregnancy. Around ... Show more content on
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This margin of error exists purely out of personal human errors and environmental factors. Human
errors include inaccurate measurements of the diameters of the food coloring dots, inaccurate
observations, misinterpreting results, not timing everything as accurately as detailed in the
experiment, and perhaps even have a false sense of understanding on the subject matter. We may
have encountered environmental factors such as a not dry enough petri dish, factors related to the
HEB Whole Milk and Original Dawn Liquid Dishwashing Soap that may have slightly skewed our
results, and the depth of our milk being too thin or too thick. Our data may seem inaccurate due to
the fact that we all obtained different observations and different measurements, which may cause a
vast variation within our data compared to others who have completed the same experiment given
the same information as we

Symptoms And Treatment Of Infant Respiratory Distress...
Overview of Disease
Each day there are thousands of babies born, and families wait for their new loved ones to enter the
world. However, there are also many complications that may occur with child birth. "Approximately
50% of neonates born at 26–28 weeks ' gestation develop respiratory distress syndrome, whereas
less than 30% of premature neonates born at 30–31 weeks' gestation develop the condition"
(MedScape). Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, or IRDS for short, is a restrictive lung disease
that commonly occurs in premature babies. A common cause is a lack of surfactant that is
commonly found in developed lungs. Surfactant is a liquid that uses proteins and lipids to help
decrease the surface tension between the alveoli to create ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Pathophysiology
When premature babies are born they do not have fully developed lungs because the lungs are one
of the last organs in the body to be produced. The alveoli in the baby's lungs have not yet started
making surfactant, which is typically produced when the baby is 34–36 weeks' gestation. When the
alveoli do not have surfactant, the alveoli want to naturally collapse. Surfactant helps to keep the
alveoli open and create more surface area for gas exchange. If you were to look at the infant's lungs
using a microscope, you can see that lungs look as though they are solid from the areas where the
alveoli have collapsed, also known as atelectasis. To try to compensate for the atelectasis, "the
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and some of the alveoli dilate to decrease airway resistance
and increase gas exchange" (Jardins 476). As the disease worsens, the walls of the alveoli become
lined with a hyaline membrane that is made up of dead cells and proteins that make it nearly
impossible for gas exchange to occur. It makes the lungs stiff and much harder to ventilate. With the
lungs being noncompliant, the baby starts to become hypoxic. When the infant becomes hypoxic,
blood is shunted away from the other organs in the body and venous return and cardiac output are
decreased. "Hypoxemia is common in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and may be partly related to
ventilation/perfusion mismatch, low diffusion

Traction Alopecia In Children
Children are just as susceptible to traction alopecia as adults are. The causes of traction alopecia in
children are similar to grown ups. Hairstyles such as pigtails, cornrows and braiding the hair can
cause hair loss in kids. When a child's hair is repeatedly styled tightly, over a period of time hair
follicles become damaged and incapable of producing healthy hairs. The hair follicle may become
so damaged that it stops producing hairs altogether. Hair loss occurs in the areas of the scalp that are
pulled the most, usually at the front hair line, the nape of the neck and crown.
Traction alopecia in children can be treated in a similar fashion to the way it is treated in adults. In
fact children have a much better chance of regrowing hair ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Getting into the habit of gently massaging the child's scalp will speed up their hair regrowth. It is
best to use a lubricating agent such as oil to eliminate any friction which may cause further damage
to the scalp or hair follicles. Bhringaraj oil or virgin coconut oil make excellent massage oils for the
scalp and can also double up as deep conditioning hair treatments.
Following these rules will ensure more hair doesn't fall out because of the excessive force applied to
the hair follicles and that further harm isn't caused to the follicles by the use of inappropriate hair
products. Stick with gentle products and stimulate hair growth by increasing scalp circulation
through regular massages to give the hair follicles a chance to heal themselves and start producing
healthy new

The Viscosity Of Different Formulation At 10 % Water
The viscosity of different formulation at 10% water as follows, F1 (28±6.08 Cp), F2 (257±12.12
Cp), F3 (181±23.26 Cp) and F4 (141±29.82). This might be to the semisolid characteristics of
Cremophor RH while T80 is liquid at room temperature [36]. It was stated that the introduction of
Cremophor RH surfactant into the interface film increases progressively a number of ethylene oxide
units available for bonding with the surrounding water molecules, providing a much higher extent of
hydration as well as droplet interactions compared to T20 [9].
4.10. Nasal ciliotoxicity study:
The mucosa of the nose is very important for its proper function as a barrier to foreign matters and
drug absorption. A nasal drug delivery system must undergo the evaluation of its irritation to the
nasal mucosa. In this study, histological study of the nasal mucosa was performed to claim the
potential toxic influences or the expected drug/excipient irritations.
The nasal mucosa treated with PBS (pH 6.8, –ve control) exhibited intact ciliated respiratory
epithelium and normal goblet cells, appearance with no nasociliary damage (figure 5a). Conversely,
the nasal mucosa was extensively damaged with loss of nasal cilia and even the dipper tissue part
destroyed (figure 5b) upon use of +ve control "isopropyl alcohol" [37]. On the other hand, The nasal
mucosa treated with MEs (figure 5c–5f) showed no signs of mucosal cell damage, no signs of
remarkable destructive effects and no

Outline For A Research Outline
RESEARCH OUTLINE:
You need to prepare a research outline. This should keep you focused and ensure all of the
requirements are being met.
1. Introductory Paragraph: Define key words and phrases
What are surfactants? Surfactants are chemicals that reduce the surface tension between two liquids
such as water and oil. It connects both polar and non–polar molecules. Surfactants contain both a
water–loving head and oil–loving tail.
What do they do? – Surfactants lower the surface tension of a liquid. They change the properties of
materials.
Examples: Sodium lauryl sulfate, ammonium laureth sulfate, disodium lauryl sulfuccinate
They can be in 3 different groups:
– Lipophilic (loves oil)
– Hydrophilic (loves water)
– Hydrophobic (repels ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(change wording)
– Surfactants can break down oils and water
They are able to work with water and oil.
Cleansing – the most common use of surfactants in cosmetics is for cleansing. This is because skin
and hair obtain a large amount of dirt from the environment, which is known as solid particulates,
and from hair follicles known as oily deposits, which stays there. Lipophilic substances (oil loving)
attract the oily deposits. Surfactants are used to get rid of them. Through the use of aligning
lipophilic and hydrophilic ends, it is able to take the lipids off the exterior.
Foaming – Surfactant solutions can foam, as the air in liquids are trapped in the surfactant
molecules. Foam is often desirable among consumers for cosmetics, so it is a key feature of
surfactants.
Emulsification –A lot of cosmetic products want to add oily materials to it in order to have the
preferred effect on skin and hair. These ingredients usually can't be applied directly because they
have undesirable aesthetic characteristics in their concentrated form. For this reason, cosmetic
chemists create emulsions using

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Surfactant
Conventional surfactant:
Traditionally various chemical process are carried out to synthesis most of the commercial
surfactant. Petrochemicals are being used as raw materials for production of surfactant, due to their
huge availability, cost, and performance. For example some petrochemical are as follows paraffin,
benzene, olefin fatty alcohol, fatty acid, and ethanol–amine, ethylene oxide, propyl–oxide etc.
Limitation of Conventional surfactant:
1. Toxic by–product formation: a very complex reaction are carried out to synthesize a
petrochemical based surfactant, due to the complex reaction and various type of raw materials leads
to formation of some by–products or isomers of main product, these may be cause of environmental,
health safety ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solubility of the protein is due to the exposure of the hydrophilic group, in glycolation there is
attachment of hydrophobic group without effect of the on the structure activity of protein.
glycolation involve the increase in the hydrophobicity of the protein. Higher exposure of the
hydrophobic group of amino acid and result in structural changes in the amino acid. Another effect
of glycolation involve decrease in solubility due to masking of surface hydroxyl group of protein,
with apropiat pH adjustment so it come closer to its isoelectric point where net charge becomes

Jfk Surfactant
The hypothesis that I have states earlier is proven correct with the data I have collected. With higher
levels of surfactant, there was an exceedingly high increase in airflow. However, I was wrong about
airflow plateauing with increased surfactant. The more surfactant you added, there was increase in
airflow. It cannot be stressed enough how important surfactant is in the lungs. Without surfactant,
there are intricacies like alveoli collapsing, not enough airflow, and diseases for instance
pneumothorax or hyaline membrane disease. Approximately 50 years ago, John F. Kennedy, one of
the greatest presidents in American history, was born with hyaline membrane disease. This disease
occurs in premature infants, because surfactant is the last compound ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Such phenomenon would inflict pain when breathing, and evidently promote long–term suffocation.
Many firefighters experience these types of symptoms when battling furious fires. The smoke and
chemicals that the firefighters breathe in actually evaporate a huge portion of their surfactant. That is
why in the news firefighters are reported suffering from smoke inhalation. They experience
collapsed alveoli and struggle breathing. It is also important to mention the complication that come
along with pneumothorax, and serious condition that involves aire between the lungs and intercostal
muscles. We know that when we breathe air flows down the trachea, into the bronchi, and spread
throughout the lungs. However, what happens when there is a hole punctures in one of the pathways
for air. This phenomenon would cause air to accumulate in the chest, instead of going into the lungs.
We expand our chest to increase volume, and decrease the pressure inside. Because atmospheric
pressure is exceedingly higher that it is in the lungs, air will flow from high pressure to low
pressure. This phenomenon cannot happen with

Effects of Surfactants on Suppository Absorption Essay...
Suppositories are the frequently used dosage forms prescribed through rectal route. However,
suppositories have the limitation of prolonged onset of action which can be attributed to poor drug
release properties of suppository base. Surfactants can increase the drug release to aid absorption by
reducing the interfacial tension between rectal fluids and the suppository base. The objective of this
study was to examine the effect of different concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate and tween 80
on the drug release of paracetamol from suppositories of palm kernel base (HAMIN®). Sodium
lauryl sulphate (SLS) and tween 80 were used in this study to examine their effect on the drug
release from paracetamol suppositories prepared using HAMIN® base ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Drugs are incorporated into suitable suppository bases which may be fatty base or water soluble
base to form suppositories into suitable shape to be inserted into the rectum. [3] In the rectum, the
suppositories release their drug content by melting at body temperature or dissolving in rectal
mucous secretion to be diffused across the rectal epithelium into the mucosa that is abundantly
vascularised. [4] The drug can be absorbed through the middle and inferior rectal veins into
systemic circulation by passing the hepatic first pass metabolism, which gives the rectal route of
administration an extra advantage. Paracetamol is a well–known drug for its analgesic and
antipyretic activity. It is available in oral, rectal and intravenous dosage form. The most common
route of administration is the oral route as paracetamol is being absorbed well through this route
with the bioavailability of 63–89%. [5] The absorption half–life through oral route is 4.5 minutes
with no lag time. [6] The rectal form of paracetamol is mainly intended to be used in children as
they have difficulty in swallowing oral medication. The bioavailability of paracetamol administered
through rectal route is in the range of 24–98%, depending on the suppositories physical composition
with 35 minutes of mean absorption half–life and 40 minutes of lag time. The rectal absorption of
paracetamol is poor compared to oral route. [7] Studies showed that there is a significant longer

Increasing the Bioavailability of Eye Drops Essay
Most ocular diseases are treated with topical application of eye drops. After instillation of an eye
drop, typically less than 5% of the applied drug penetrates the cornea and reaches intraocular
tissues, while a major fraction of the instilled dose is absorbed and enters the systemic circulation.
As ocular efficiency of topically applied drugs is influenced by the corneal contact time, most
common method of improving ocular availability of drugs is to increase pre–corneal residence time
by using vesicular system and hydrogel. One such approach to improve bioavailability of drug is the
use of in–situ gelling system, which gets converted from sol–to–gel as a result of change in pH. By
using Carbopol940 – a pH sensitive gelling agent, an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A significant challenge to the formulator is to bypass the protective barriers of the eye without
causing permanent tissue damage.
Conventional ophthalmic formulations like solution, suspension, and ointment have many
disadvantages which result in poor bioavailability of drug in the ocular cavity. The specific aim of
designing a therapeutic system is to achieve an optimal concentration of a drug at the active site for
the appropriate duration [3]. The various approaches that have been attempted to increase the
bioavailability and the duration of the therapeutic action of ocular drugs can be divided into two
categories. The first one is based on the use of sustained drug delivery systems such as vesicles and
particulates, which provide the controlled and continuous delivery of ophthalmic drugs. The second
involves maximizing corneal drug absorption and minimizing pre–corneal drug loss which can be
achieved by amphiphilic vesicles [4].
Niosomes are non–ionic surfactant vesicles obtained by hydration of synthetic nonionic surfactants,
with or without incorporation of cholesterol or other lipids. They are vesicular systems similar to
liposomes that can be used as carriers of amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs [5]. Niosomes are
promising vehicle for drug delivery and being non–ionic; they are less toxic and improve the
therapeutic index of drug by restricting their action to target

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Vesiphies
Therefore, based on the property of hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts which involves the repelling
and coordinating forces the amphiphiles are considered to be powerful building blocks and they
aggregate to form great molecular assemblies like micelles or vesicles. The properties and structure
of the assembly formed majorly depends on the structural design of the amphiphiles. For example
natural phospholipids consist of one hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. When they are
diffused in to water they instinctively form bilayers.
Amphiphiles Aggregates
The amphiphiles coordinate themselves in the interface of water and air. As in the figure above, the
hydrophobic part is arranged within the cluster whereas the hydrophilic part is ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, bolaform amphiphiles are covalently bonded the hydrophobic chain ends.
Bolaamphiphiles are also referred as "edge amphiphiles", where one edge of a hydrophobic core
carries hydrophilic groups and the other edge is hydrophobic Bolaform amphiphiles have a different
type of aggregation at air–water interface. Synthetic bolamphiphile form extended planar
monolayers on the surface of water. Multilayer is made when two bolaamphiphiles having two
cationic or two anionic head groups attach. This is also possible by the combination of an anionic
bolamphiphile and a cationic bolamphiphile. Bolamphiphile possessing long chains produce vesicles
for example in biological systems liposomes are formed whereas when bolaamphiphiles possess
short alkyl chains they give micelles.
The bolaform amphiphile is also less efficient than the conventional surfactants in lowering the
surface tension of water. The values obtained from surface area per surfactant graphs suggest that
most of the bolaforms take up a looped conformation at the interface, with the polar groups attached
at the interface and alkyl chains forming a loop. It is also reported that the aggregation of bolaform
micelles increases with the ionic strength of solution and decreases when the head group size is
increased. The accumulation of micelles also increases with the increase in the number

The Cosmetics Industry : A Multibillion Dollar Industry
When people talk about healthy shopping, they seem to miss the non–eatables section. This section
includes the things that people use every day, but don't think about their side effects. Some of these
products can be just as damaging to your health as their food counterparts. These toxins can be
absorbed by your skin and through breathing them in, seeping into your blood stream and being
stored in your fat tissues. This can lead to cancer, changing DNA, causing infertility, neurotoxicity,
or an array of other medical problems. This change will take time–there lies the danger. You don't
even know about it until it's too late.
The cosmetics industry is a multibillion–dollar industry. What many people don't know is that they
use very toxic chemicals which were shown in animal studies to be linked to birth defects, cancer,
and skin conditions. These chemicals are found in things that look harmless, like shampoos,
conditioners, antiperspirants, cosmetics, and especially nail polishes.
A report published by the Environmental Working Group stated that they found some disturbing
evidence that showed a very toxic chemical was found in every single person who was tested. This
chemical is called dibutyl phthalate, or DBP. The CDC found in their research that the absolute
highest levels were in women of reproductive age.
"Major loopholes in federal law allow cosmetics manufacturers to put unlimited amounts of
industrial chemicals like DBP into personal care products without any

Phosphatidylcholine
I. Overall Lung Function and Organization The human lung is a series of blind end tubes, hollow
tubes that that allow for the conduction of air. The conduction of air starts from the nasal cavity or
oral cavity, continues to flow through the trachea and bronchus and finally reaches the bronchioles
that lead into the alveolus that allows for gas exchange to occur (Phalen et al. 1983). This system
can be broken down into two different region; a conducting region and a region of gas exchange.
The conduction portion of the respiratory system begins in the nasal cavity and the oral cavity and
continues to the bronchioles. The transition from the bronchioles to the alveolar duct results in the
transition from the conducting region of the respiratory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
De novo synthesis of surfactant phospholipids are dependent on the amount of fatty acids available
in circulation. During fetal development, the type II alveolar cells use intracellular stores of
glycerol–3–phosphate for lipid synthesis. Type II Alveolar cells in the postpartum lung need to
synthesize lipids and proteins to establish the reduction in surface tension needed to maintain a
proper liquid–air barrier(Ridsdale et al. 2004). Glycogen appears to be the main source of carbons
needed to develop the glycerol backbone within surfactant lipids. Ridsdale et al. (2004) states the
metabolic demands required of type II alveolar cells during close term requires a build up of
glycogen which could play the role of an energy source in surfactant lipid synthesis. Lamellar
bodies contain Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER), and mitochondria that is necessary for
the production of the lipids and protein components of surfactant. The build up of glycogen changes
the orientation of the type II alveolar cell organelles. In the presence of the glycogen, the golgi
appartus, ER, and mitochondria are surround the glycogen. However glycogen region is where the
lamellar bodies are present. Risdale et al. illustrates with Figure 2– C,D and E labeled with arrows
pointing to the ER, the mitochondria labeled

Organic Solvents And Nonpolar Solvents
As mentioned in the discussion, olive oil, vegetable oil, crisco, and lard were soluble in nonpolar
solvents and insoluble in polar solvents. This is due to the chemical composition of polar and
nonpolar substances which results from the molecular shape as well as properties of dissolving
solutes in solution. Polar substances are hydrophilic and contain polar Van Der Waals interactions
(intermolecular forces) such as dipole–dipole forces, ion–dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding.
Nonpolar substances are hydrophobic and contain non–polar Van Der Waals interactions. 'Like
dissolve like' is the reason only polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and why nonpolar solutes
dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Molecules with similar polarity have similar intermolecular forces
and therefore, can interact with each, or in this case dissolve9. Additionally, the solubility of a
compound is determined by the length of the hydrocarbon chain. Long hydrocarbon chains such as
the one found in oleic acid makes a compound more insoluble10. Therefore, since the lipids used in
this experiment were hydrophobic substances and each lipid has long hydrocarbon chains, the
results were consistent with the scientific literature and principles. Another factor affecting the
solubility of the olive oil, vegetable oil, crisco, and lard is the principle of hydrophobic interaction.
Hydrophobic interaction refers to when nonpolar solutes are in the presence of polar solvents,
mainly water. When this happens, the

Surfactant Lab Report
Surfactant is an essential component for the respiratory system to function properly. This experiment
was done to better understand the functioning of a surfactant. The reason why a surfactant is needed
is to reduce the surface tension of the water molecules that primarily compose the walls of the
alveoli. We used milk and food coloring to represent the water and the gas in the respiratory system.
The milk was placed in a petri dish and drops of food coloring were added into the milk at the center
of the dish. Drops of liquid dishwashing soap, representing surfactant, are then added to the center
as well. Once everything was added we waited two minutes and made observations. My hypothesis
is that when the liquid dish soap is added to the milk ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I didn't know that a penny could hold so many drops of water. After the water tension broke I was
observing how the drops of water accumulated on the penny and it looked like a bubble of water or
a dome made out of water. For the second small experiment I was even more shocked because
everything was stable when I added the milk in the petri dish and then added the red food coloring
the center. After I added the dishwashing liquid the red food coloring spread all over the petri dish
making not possible to measure it. When I saw this reaction I decided to do it all over again but with
more three other colors to get a better effect. When I did that the colors when everywhere which was
very appealing to eye because it looked like a rainbow. I noticed that in the center there was some
bubbling and without the dishwashing liquid the swirl or explosion of colors wouldn't have been
created. The dishwashing liquid played a big role in our experiment because it was our surfactant
without it the explosion in color wouldn't have

Research Paper On Shopper Behavior
EXCUTIVE SUMMARY EXCUTIVE OUTLINE Shopper is that the king of any commercial
activity. It's important for any promoting person to understand however the patron perceives various
things and the way he behaves consequently. Therefore marketing research is impact for the success
of any promoting effort. Thus an effort is formed within the gift chapter to review the behavior and
perception of shopper. 1st of all perception is that the outlined because the method of receiving,
selecting, organizing, decoding, checking and reacting to sensory stimuli of the info. Shopper
behavior is outlined as "behavior that shopper show in sorting out buying, victimization evaluating
and doing away with product and services that they expect can satisfy their desires and wants". The
study of shopper behavior is that the however the people create call ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Most companies also sell to third–party distributors. Marketing and promotional vehicles for the
consumer segment include TV and magazine advertising, coupons, direct mail, and websites. Brand
names, like Tide and Dial, are extremely important in the consumer segment. Large companies use
an in–house sales force. Large and small companies use independent distributors to service smaller
accounts. In the commercial segment, trade shows are an important sales vehicle. Superior service is
also critical in maintaining long–term relationships with large customers. Large companies may
provide cleaning products to subsidiaries around the world for multinational customers. Retail
pricing for laundry detergent averages $5, dishwashing detergent $2, and soap $2.50. Private–label
products sell for 20 to 50 percent less than branded versions.
FINANCE &

Essay On The Antibacterial Effects Of Microorganisms
The main for the purpose of this study was to find out about the tolerance of Listeria monocytogenes
towards quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC). The antibacterial effects of disinfectants are
crucial for the control of Listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments. Tolerance of L.
monocytogenes to sub lethal levels of disinfectants based on QAC is conferred by the resistant
determinants qacH and bcrABC. The QAC based disinfectants which are in common use in many
food industries are found to have strains of qacH and bcrABC which are resistant to QAC. It helps
in the growth of these microorganisms with those particular strains (Møretrø et al., 2017).
In this study, a panel of 680 L.monocytogenes from nine Norwegian meat– and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is primarily a food borne infection and is particularly a problem on foods that are not cooked,
including ready–to–eat (RTE) meats, smoked fish, soft cheeses, unpasteurised dairy products, and
even in fresh produce. Thermal processing if milk and meat may occur but post–processing
contamination does take place (Tiffany, 2015). L. monocytogenes that occur in food may originate
in soils from farms, in slaughtering facilities, in food processing plants and other equipment used in
food manufacture. The elimination of this bacteria can be challenging as it forms very resistant
biofilms (Oxaran et al., 2017). Bacterial biofilms are defined as surface associated bacterial
communities forming micro–colonies surrounded by a matrix of exo–polymers. Biofilms confer to
L. monocytogenes a greater resistance to antimicrobial agents and they allow microorganisms to
resist to environmental changes and cleaning/disinfection treatments (Tiffany, 2015). L.
monocytogenes possess an ability to establish itself in equipment or production environments and
single strains of the microorganisms have been shown to reoccur in production environment over
periods of years. The bacteria persist in environmental niches like cracks, inside equipment that are
protected from cleaning and disinfection routines (Møretrø et al., 2017).
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Quaternary ammonium

Essay On Lipid Based Delivery System
In recent years, a great deal of interest has been focussed on lipid based carrier systems. The most
popular approach is the incorporation of the active poorly water soluble component into inert lipid
vehicles such as oils, surfactant dispersions, solid dispersions, solid lipid nanoparticles, emulsions,
micro emulsions, Nano emulsions, self–emulsifying formulations (SEF), micro/nanoemulsifying
formulations, and liposomes.
The essential component of activity by which a lipid formulation prompts enhanced bioavailability
is typically avoidance of a slow dissolution process which constrains the bioavailability of
hydrophobic drugs from solid dose frames (Shweta Gupta, 2013). Preferably the formulation allows
the drug to remain in a dissolved ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regardless of the extensive potential that these lipid excipients offer, not very many lipids based
Formulations have achieved the pharmaceutical commercial place. This might be because of the
inadequate data with respect to the generally complex physical science of lipids and worries about
figured drugs substance and physical stability. In addition to these concerns, the interaction of a
lipid–based formulation with the GI condition and its effect on drug absorption is also important.
For example, edible lipids have been appeared to be extensively more productive enhancers of
poorly soluble drug ingestion, as compared to nondigestible lipids (e.g., liquid paraffin).
Unsaturated fat chain length of the lipid likewise impacts drug absorption. Both long and medium
chain triglyceride oils with various degrees of saturation have been utilized for the design of self–
emulsifying formulations.
2. Surfactants: The self–emulsifying properties require the incorporation of relatively large amounts
of surfactant in the formulation in addition to the oily drug carrier vehicle. The surfactants may
improve the affinity between lipids and intestinal membrane or increase the permeability of the
intestinal membrane (Gershanik T,

Soaps and Detergents By: Nicole Renzi Chemistry 102...
SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
_DISCUSSION_
The goal of this project was to make, and test four soaps, and two detergents. The purpose of
making four different soaps and two detergents was needed in order to decide which one would be
best for the environmental group to use in the future that would allow for the safest cleanup of an oil
spill while not harming the animals or the environment in the process. It was necessary to test the
impact of the four soaps and two detergents by analyzing their different properties based off of their
specific characteristics and the wastewater left over from the vacuum filtration procedure. This
procedure had to be undertaken in order to confirm which of the soaps and detergents synthesized is
most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fatty acids are then purified by distillation and neutralized with an alkali to produce soap and
water. The fats and oils used in soap–making come from animal or plant sources. The four basic
soaps used in this procedure were made using olive oil, vegetable oil, vegetable shortening, and lard.
Each fat or oil is made up of a distinctive mixture of several different triglycerides. In a triglyceride
molecule, three fatty acid molecules are attached to one molecule of glycerin. There are many types
of triglycerides; each type consists of its own particular combination of fatty acids. They are weak
acids composed of two parts: A carboxylic acid group consisting of one hydrogen (H) atom, two
oxygen (O) atoms, and one carbon (C) atom, plus a hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylic
acid group. Generally, it is made up of a long straight chain of carbon (C) atoms each carrying two
hydrogen (H) atoms. The carboxylate end of the soap molecule is attracted to water. It is called the
hydrophilic end; this end of the fatty acid chain prefers water. The hydrocarbon chain is attracted to
oil and grease and is the hydrophobic end. However, when soap is presented to hard water which is
water containing minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and seldom minerals like iron. Soap
produces what is known as soap scum, or residue from the

The Chemistry Of A Heating Bath
A heating bath is used in the laboratory to allow the chemical reaction to occur at an elevated
temperature around 1000C. The beaker is a glass vessel which contains the chemical solutions for
the purpose of coating. It is placed in the electroless bath where the chemicals are being heated up.
The glass rod is used to stir the chemical where the magnetic stirrer is not necessary. The tongs are
used to lift the bath after the coating is completed. Tri–sodium citrate and thallium acetate are the
chemicals used during coating process which acts as a stabilizer for the bath. It stabilizes the
reaction occurring in the bath. Laboratory grade distilled water is used for the cleaning process and
also to mix up with the chemicals. Nickel chloride acts as the source for the coating process as the
nickel is being coated upon the surface of the substrate. Ethylene di amine is used as a complexing
agent which creates a bond between the nickel and aluminium and causes the coating. Thallium
acetate is used as the stabilizer. Sodium borohydride is the reducing agent which removes the
hydrogen ions which are being formed up inside the bath during the coating process. Fig.1 Zincate
pre–treatment process Table.1 Composition of Zincate Sodium hydroxide 400 g/l Zinc sulphate 120
g/l Sodium potassium tartarate 6 g/l Temperature Room Temperature Immersion time 3 mins Table.2
Nickel phosphorous and Nickel boron composition and conditions S.No Chemicals Used &
Conditions

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Lipidas
ADVANTAGES AND SUCCESS
Colloidal drug carriers offer a number of potential advantages as delivery systems for, weakly
soluble compounds. The first generation of colloidal carriers, in particular liposomes and
submicron–sized lipid emulsions are, however, associated with several drawbacks which so far have
prevented the wide use of these carriers in drug delivery. As an alternative colloidal delivery system
melt emulsified nanoparticles based on solid lipids have been proposed. Careful physicochemical
characterization has demonstrated that these lipid–based nanosuspensions (solid lipid nanoparticles)
are not just emulsions with solidified droplets. Colloidal drug carriers such as liposomes and
nanoparticles can be used to improve the therapeutic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Examples: Potassium laurate, sodium lauryl sulphate.
B) Cationic surfactants: – In which the hydrophilic group carries a positive charge. Example:
quaternary ammonium halide.
C) Ampholytic surfactants: – (also called zwitterionic surfactants) having both a negative and a
positive charge. Example: sulfobetaines.
D) Nonionic surfactants: – where the hydrophilic group carries no charge but derives its water
solubility from highly polar groups such as hydroxyl or polyoxyethylene. Examples: Sorbitan esters
(Spans), poly –sorbates (Tweens).
C) CO–SOLVENTS35:– The production of an optimum SEDDS needs relatively high
concentrations (generally more than 30% w/w) of surfactants, thus the concentration of surfactant
can be compact by incorporation of co surfactant. job of the co–surfactant together with the
surfactant is to lower the interfacial tension to a very small even transient negative value36. .At this
value the interface would expand to form fine dispersed droplets, and subsequently adsorb more
surfactant and surfactant/co–surfactant until their bulk condition is depleted enough to make
interfacial tension positive again. However, the use of co–surfactant in self emulsifying systems is
not mandatory for many non–ionic surfactants. The selection of surfactant and co–surfactant is
crucial not only to the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Ultrasound Over...
Advantages of using ultrasound over conventional methods. Low equipment cost. Easy installation.
No additional emulsifier is required to be added in the process. Production of smaller sized particles
with the help of ultrasound is much easier. The process is environment friendly. There are less
chances of mechanical failure as a stirrer (impeller) is not required. Micro and Nano spheres
produced by this method show a better size distribution. As the temperatures involved in this method
is not that high the drug are safe from being decomposed. There is no need of purification in this
method as there is no residual solvent obtained in this method. It is a cost–effective method as
compared to other methods. The drug loading in micro and nano spheres produced with the help of
ultrasound is easier. The loading capacity is higher. The energy required in this entire process is the
energy required for the production of ultrasound which is comparatively lower than that in the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The swelling agent used in this case is 1,2,3–Trimethyl benzene and the mineralizing agent is
ammonium fluoride. The silica source used is tetra ortho silicate (TEOS) and these mixture is used
in acidic conditions. In this method the surfactant P–123 was diluted by a strong acid i.e. 1.6M HCL
and was stirred in a stirrer for 1 hour at 40oC followed by the addition of swelling agent and the
mineralizing and this mixture was further stirred for 20 hours under the same condition. Then the
silica source i.e. TEOS was added and this mixture was stirred for another 24 hours under the same
operating condition and the solid that was obtained at the end of the process was then filtered, then
washed with de–ionized water followed by calcination at 500oC for another 8 hours to remove the
organic component. Hence, MCF silica was

Surfactant Respiratory Essay
There is different methods to diagnose respiratory distress in the neonate. Diagnoses can be based
on breath sounds, medical history, physical exams, arterial blood gases, chest x–ray, CT scan, heart
sounds, and too much fluid in the body. The arterial blood gas will determine if the infant has
enough oxygen in the blood. The chest x–ray will probably show atelectasis, reduce lung volumes,
air bronchograms, and increase lung opacification. The patient will experience abnormal breath
sounds. The infants will have shallow breathing, sharp pulling in of the chest below and between the
ribs, frothing at the lips, blue color around the lips, weak cry, apnea, swelling of the extremities,
decrease urine output, flaring of the nostrils, and grunting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
However breathing support from the ventilator or nasal continuous positive pressure is also widely
use. Surfactant helps our lungs stay inflated and prevent them from collapsing. Deficiency of
surfactant can lead to atelectasis. Another condition that can cause surfactant deficiency is reduce
pulmonary blood flow that may cause pulmonary ischemia. Pulmonary ischemia damages the type II
cells so it reduces surfactant production. Surfactant replacement therapy is given to infants as soon
as their born. Surfactant is given to infants to prevent or treat respiratory distress syndrome.
Surfactant decreases the mortality rate caused by RDS. They stop administering surfactant until the
infants can start producing its own. The most common technique used to administer surfactant is
through a breathing tube. A popular treatment that they provide a mother during pregnancy is
corticosteroids therapy. Corticosteroid therapy helps prevent respiratory distress syndrome.
Corticosteroids helps the speed of surfactant to prevent RDS. If for any reason the infant is not
producing surfactant on its own, mechanical ventilation must be provided. Mechanical ventilation is
weaned until the infant is able to produce surfactant. However, nasal continuous positive pressure
therapy is more commonly used for RDS. The nasal CPAP provides a steady smooth flow through
the nose. It is usually used for patients with

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