The Enigma Machine And How It Worked

The Enigma Machine and How It Worked
The Enigma Machine and How it Worked.–Ibrahim Rashid What is the Enigma Machine: The
enigma machine was a coding device that was used by the Germans during World War 2 to write,
send, and decipher encrypted messages. How did it work: The enigma machine was a very
complicated device. On the inside of the machine there were three rotors that contained all 26 letters
of the alphabet. What would happen was that when someone would press a letter on the keyboard, a
different letter would pop up on the paper, such as A for E, D for G, F for Z, and so on. These
substitutions occur because of the positions of the rotors on the inside of the machine. The rotors are
first situated at any random letter in the alphabet and when the button is ... Show more content on
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4 3 2 1 21. 4 3 1 2 22. 4 2 3 1 23. 4 2 1 3 24. 4 1 3 2 25. 4 1 2 3 Answer to Question 2: There are 24
different combinations of rotors that could be used if we have 4 rotors and 4 slots. This is proven
above where I have written all possible combinations for the Enigma machine with four rotors and
four slots. Question 3: Will I be able to predict how many combinations there are for 5 rotors and 5
slots? Answer: I predict that there will be 120 different combinations of rotors to choose from and
my support for this prediction will come below. 5 Rotors: 5 Slots: 120 Combinations Rotors Used:
1/2/3/4/5 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,5,4 1,2,4,3,5 1,2,4,5,3 1,2,5,3,4 1,2,5,4,3 1,3,2,4,5 1,3,2,5,4 1,3,4,2,5
1,3,4,5,2 1,3,5,2,4 1,3,5,4,2 1,4,2,3,5 1,4,2,5,3 1,4,3,2,5 1,4,3,5,2 1,4,5,2,3 1,4,5,3,2 1,5,2,3,4
1,5,2,4,3 1,5,3,2,4 1,5,3,4,2 1,5,4,2,3 1,5,4,3,2 2,1,3,4,5 2,1,3,5,4 2,1,4,3,5 2,1,4,5,3 2,1,5,3,4
2,1,5,4,3 2,3,1,4,5 2,3,1,5,4 2,3,4,1,5 2,3,4,5,1 2,3,5,1,4 2,3,5,4,1 2,4,1,3,5 2,4,1,5,3 2,4,3,1,5
2,4,3,5,1 2,4,5,1,3 2,4,5,3,1 2,5,1,3,4 2,5,1,4,3 2,5,3,1,4 2,5,3,4,1 2,5,4,1,3 2,5,4,3,1 3,1,2,4,5
3,1,2,5,4 3,1,4,2,5 3,1,4,5,2 3,1,5,2,4 3,1,5,4,2 3,2,1,4,5 3,2,1,5,4 3,2,4,1,5 3,2,4,5,1 3,2,5,1,4
3,2,5,4,1 3,4,1,2,5 3,4,1,5,2 3,4,2,1,5 3,4,2,5,1 3,4,5,1,2 3,4,5,2,1 3,5,1,2,4 3,5,1,4,2 3,5,2,1,4
3,5,2,4,1 3,5,4,1,2 3,5,4,2,1 4,1,2,3,5 4,1,2,5,3 4,1,3,2,5
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Ethical Hacking And Information Security Essay
Ethical Hacking and Information Security
Merriam–Webster defines Hacker as, a person who secretly gets access to a computer system in
order to get information, cause damage. But what if I told you that having a hacker is necessary?
Ethical Hacking is paramount to the security of our Information Technologies (IT). The task of
testing your computers and network for security vulnerabilities and plugging the vulnerabilities you
find before the opposition gets a chance to exploit them. Without having the ability to do what
devious personnel can do inside your IT, you will never fully understand the holes in your security.
It all began in the 1960s at MIT, origin of the term "hacker", but the science dates back to 1903 to
the first ever documented hacking of an electronic device. In 1932, Marian Rejewski hacked the
German Enigma Machine. The Enigma machine was an electromechanical device, equipped with a
26–letter keyboard and 26 lamps, relating to the letters of the alphabet. Inside was a set of wired
drums (rotors and a reflector) that jumbled the input. The Enigma used a plug–board to swap pairs
of letters, and the encryption varied from one key press to the next. For two operators to
communicate, both Enigma machines had to be set up in the same way. The large number of
possibilities for setting the rotors and the plug–board combined to form an exponential number of
configurations, and the settings were changed daily, so the machine code had to be "broken each
day. Marian's

How Enigma Machine Impacted WWII
How The Enigma Machine Impacted WWII In WWII Germany started using coded messages. The
Allied Powers, which were the United States, Britain and France, needed to understand these
messages to win the war against Germany. To code a message means to create a secret message that
makes it unreadable to the enemy, without the knowledge of the code the message can not be read.
Near the end of WWI, a German engineer named Arthur Scherbius created a coding machine called
the Enigma machine. In the early 1920s, the first models were used commercially, but later they
were adopted for military and government use, most notably by Nazi Germany. In WWII the enigma
machine was used to aid the Axis powers, which were Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union, along
with Japan to keep the Allied powers from understanding their strategies.
How was the enigma machine used? The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
German engineers used the most complicated technology to create their enigma machine. The
cryptologist Philip Marks states, "Though Enigma had some cryptographic weaknesses, in practice
it was German procedural flaws, operator mistakes, failure to systematically introduce changes in
encipherment procedures, and Allied capture of key tables and hardware that, during the war,
enabled Allied cryptologists to succeed and 'turned the tide' in the Allies' favour."[1] Most enigma
machines had three rotors that would code the letters that were inputted into the machine. The
German model had a plugboard on the front, which allowed the operator to switch letters that came
in with others in both directions. For example,

What Is A Reoccurring Themes In The Imitation Game
"Sometimes it is the people no one imagines anything of who do things that no one can imagine"
("The Imitation Game – Movie Quotes – Rotten Tomatoes"). Alan Turing used these words when
speaking to Joan Clark, played by Keira Knightley, about joining the Bletchley Park researchers in
Southern England. Throughout The Imitation Game, this same string of words is said two other
times. The quote captures a reoccurring theme portrayed within the movie. Defying adversity is the
overall theme, and one that is revealed in many aspects in the movie. The Imitation Game was
directed by Morten Tyldum in 2014, and it reveals the story of Alan Turing, a British mathematician
who is the key component of the group who cracked the un–breakable German Enigma code during
World War II. Through the film, Tyldum magnifies Turing and the complexity of his brain,
illuminates the intensity Turing and fellow researchers underwent through the music playing in the
background, and expands the story to different time frames to unfold a lifetime of misjudgment and
misunderstanding Alan Turing endured. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alan Turing and his code–breakers broke the German Enigma code with the originally designed
machine, Christopher, and the results proved vital. "Historians estimate that breaking Enigma
shortened the war by more than two years, saving over 14 million lives" (Imdb). A nasty war that
showed the true nature of humanity to be violent and sickening, provided insight in to how a genius
mathematician in Turing, was shown the same violent and sickening treatment because of his
sexuality. Alan Turing committed suicide in 1954 after taking a bite of an apple dusted with cyanide.
The Imitation Game unravels the story of a man who is forever owed by the world for his bravery
and ingenious tactics to breaking what was deemed the impossible code of

Encrypting Machines During World War Two
During World War 2 was a time of devastation. It was also a great time of innovation. One of the
greatest innovations was the beginning of modern computing. During World War 2 encryption was
each army's main way of keeping war plans secure. One of the most famous encrypting machines
was named the Enigma. The Enigma was a machine that took input from one side; encrypts it and
sends the message to another operator who then translates it using a code book (Gladwin). Using
this machine, the German's kept nearly all the information secure from other countries. To break
these encryptions, the British secret service along with many other countries started to build
machines that could defeat the Enigmas encryption (Gladwin). Soon after the Germans ... Show
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While bloody fights were taken place, the communication war raged on in secrecy. Bletchley Park is
where the fight mostly took place. In the late 1930's in a remote area outside London, lived a
mansion (Gladwin). This mansion was soon to be converted into a super–secret compound called
Bletchley Park. The park was surrounded by small cottages in which students from the local
colleges were recruited from to live there (Gladwin). Their task was to decipher all types of encoded
messages in secrecy away from the public eye. Soon to be there was the infamous Alan Turing.
Although it was mainly a code breaking facility, there was not a more daunting task to decode
messages coming from the infamous German machine Enigma. Enigma was an encrypting type
righter which used rotors which created nearly impossible trillion different results each time it sent
out a message (Gladwin). It was nearly impossible to decipher by just using paper. Turing had an
idea of creating a large machine in which could emulate nearly thirty six Enigmas at any time while
running (Gladwin). The machine Turing had created was known as a bombe. Soon after they would
use these bombes to crack the Enigma codes being sent from the Germans (Gladwin). Although
Bletchley Park was one of the main places, in an interview with Jean Valentine, it was found that by
the end of the war there was at least five other places where bombes were stationed at (Lewis). This
machine was one of the first successful models of its kind. Also in the interview Jean states that,
"These machines did the equivalent work of 36 Enigmas and 200 of them were working 24 hours a
day..." (Lewis). Bombes were one of the most successful machines of its time for breaking the
Enigma. Secrecy was also a key component in Bletchley Park. In the interview with Jean Valentine,
it was found that if anyone asked them about what they were doing they were to tell others that

The Organization and Work of People at Bletchley Park...
The Organization and Work of People at Bletchley Park
Bletchley Park was a small estate 50 miles outside London. Bletchley Park, codenamed 'Station X'
was an evacuation site for MI6 and the government code and cypher school (Gccs). This location
was chosen, as it was far away from London that the Germans would not consider it a worthwhile
target to attack. It was founded in 1939 after world war two had started and aimed to break encoded
German Messages that were sent using 'Enigma'. Station X was so important that when several code
breakers wrote a letter to Winston Churchill asking for more money (because of coming under
intense pressure) Churchill's immediate respond was that 'make sure they ... Show more content on
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At the beginning of the war (1939) there were around 1000 people working there however by the
end (1945) there were around 7000 people working there. The people that were recruited often
arrived knowing nothing at all about the work they were about to undergo.
There were two main groups of people at Bletchley Park. There were the code breakers such as Alan
Turin and Dilly Knox. Then there was the administrative staff that was mainly girls aged eighteen to
twenty–two. However when the bombes and colossuses were installed women, known as wrens,
were recruited from the navy to operate the new machines. The way Bletchley Park got encrypted
messages were from 'Y centres' which were set up all–over England, who intercepted the German
messages and sent it to Bletchley Park. In Bletchley Park the messages would be sent to Hut 3
where they would be decrypted. Once that had been done the messages would be sent by a small
passage way, pushed by a broom, to hut 6 where they would be changed from German (or later
Japanese, Italian, as they were on Germany's side) to English. It would then go into the index of
messages in hut 6. The huts were manned twenty–four hours a day seven days a week. The people
worked eight–hour shifts. Hut three, had someone who handed out new messages as soon as the new
shifts walked into he room. Bletchley

Analysis Of Alan Turing's Views On Morality
I way society reacted to Alan Turning being gay, made me think about morally. Is there a set morally
or does society have a different sense of morally in different places and time? Does morally change
over time or just are idea of morally? But also I think if Alan Turing didn't have such a passionate
relationship with Christopher that to some would not have been morally right would we have crack
enigma. There the idea of morally, what people were supposed to be Alan a heterosexual or Pat who
was to intelligent for her society as she said "it was considered a waste of time to give a girl a good
education and if you showed a degree of intellectual ability, people seemed to regard you with a
degree of suspicion" (pg. 47–48), Patricia is going ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Think of the people that kill and justify it with faith or love. Belief and emotions can change
someone ideas of morally and the big question is where is the line. When do we need to look at a
problem like a computer not a person. We sometimes need to turn off are fear and emotion and
decide what is the best way to save the most people. The problem is the train problem, if a train was
going down a track and you had to either flip the switch and kill one man or kill twenty most people
would flip the switch. But if you had the same case but instead of flipping the switch you had to
push the man on the tracks most could not do it. This is because we are emotional people, but we do
have the practical and analytical intelligence and can analyze I problem and see the math you lose
one or twenty. But maybe it would be I good things to turn off care for a second and push the man in
front of the train because wouldn't can save twenty men. This is why we are not computers, we have
morally and emotions that can we very helpful but sometimes hurtful. The train case one's care and
lack of strength lead to twenty deaths instead of one, so the question is can morally and emotional
be a demerit. Would certain times be better if we could think like computers, this an age old
question and I believe no but, maybe the other side has a point, the computer would have saved
twenty men and killed

Compare And Contrast Ww2 And Today
If someone asked you to compare World War 2 to today, what are some major differences you would
quickly be able to see? The racial boundaries that aren't as strong as they were before? What about
the technology seen in the past compared to today? During the 1940s and World War 2, a very
advanced piece of machinery was the Turing Machine, designed to break German Enigma so Britain
could read Germany's secret communications and know how and when to strike, and is known today
as one of the first computers. Nearly fifty years later came the invention of the internet, and
although it was not done by a single person, it changed how the world communicated with each
other. Now look at today, where Social Media dominates our culture so much that for ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to communications.tufts.edu, "Social Media refers to the means of interaction in which
they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks."
Early major Social Media platforms include MySpace and Facebook, but have grown to include
apps and websites like Snapchat, Instagram and Twitter. All of these can be a "scrapbook" of sorts, a
way of storing photos, videos and stories that will stay on the internet one way or another. In fact,
even if a user deletes their account, it is very possible to still access what they shared. However,
Social Media isn't just used by the common folk, it is also used by the leaders of our world. For
example, many current news headlines like to focus on Donald Trump's use of Twitter, but it is a
great way to easily communicate with his country. For example, at 6:33 p.m. on March 22nd, he
tweeted "Spoke to U.K. Prime Minister Theresa May today to offer condolences on the terrorist
attack in London. She is strong and doing very well." Although Trump tweeted this to show that the
UK Prime Minister is feeling okay after the attack at her country, it also shows the diplomatic
connection between the two. Trump would not tweet a message like this about Kim Jong–un,
because the US and North Korea don't have a good diplomatic connection. Donald Trump also uses
Twitter to update what he is working on. Examples include: "Big day for healthcare. Working
hard!", "Honored to sign S442 today..." "My representatives had a great meeting w/ Hispanic
Chamber of Commerce at the WH today. Look forward to tremendous growth & future mtgs!"
Donald Trump isn't the only world leader to use Twitter. Other current and past users include Pope
Francis, Queen Elizabeth and the Royal Family, Cristina Kirchner and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
It is difficult to ignore the growth of Social Media for not just common people, but for world
leaders.

Resistance Movements In Europe
What were the biggest obstacles to the resistance movements in occupied Europe? One of the
biggest challenges that accompanied the scattered resistance movements throughout occupied
Europe was the narrow scope under which they fell. For example, there wasn't a general European
resistance movement, in which there was an underlying network organizing their actions, but rather
isolated, state–oriented resistance movements. Poland had their own resistance, the Polish
Underground, and so did France, but the two weren't particularly interested in the other, in so far as
it affected them. The main obstacle was garnering these uprisings and aligning them with a long–
term objective. The British SOO and the American OSS did attempt to connect the ... Show more
Those collaborators who worked with the Nazis didn't so largely out of hatred of communism, not
out of support of the Nazi regime or its ideals. There were also many who partook in the fight
against the Soviet Union on the eastern front. As the Wehrmacht marched eastwards, conquering
territory at an unprecedented rater, they left begin large tracts of land that had to be consolidated and
integrated. Many natives put themselves at the service of the Wehrmacht and the Nazi Regime,
hoping that if they would help the Nazis now, then their interests would perhaps be met in the future.
For example, the Cossacks and Chechens did just that. The ROA was also established to conduct
anti–partisan warfare and some members played a role in the suppression of the Warsaw uprising.
General Vlasov was another infamous Nazi–Collaborator, who was also the head of the ROA. After
being captured by the Wehrmacht, he offered his expertise as a general against the Soviet Union. In
short, Nazi–collaborators where not particularly supportive of the Nazi–Regime or its policies, but
nonetheless united with them to fight against communism and support their own

Analysis Of Sexism In The Imitation Game
After viewing and studying Morten Tyldum's loosely based biopic of Alan Turing in "The Imitation
Game", I have concluded that patriarchy was abundant during World War Two and it was most
obvious throughout Joan Clarke's life. While analysing different critics opinions and views on Joan
Clarke's role in the film, I found many supporting ideas and discovered that there was a lot of
sexism during the time of the Enigma code. Through broad analysis I found that the chosen critic's
opinions were supportive of each other. The two main critics I studied were Barnaby Walter and Joe
Miller, both wrote in 2014. These two critics showed similar views and coincidently posted on the
same day. Barnaby Walter stated that "Clarke was not fully accepted in her role as a code–breaker
due, as the film suggests, to the sexism of the time". An example of this in the film was when Clarke
qualified as a "candidate for some sort of mysterious job" the test officer said to her, "Miss, did you
really solve this puzzle yourself?". I believe that this is a prime example that reinforces and is
reinforced by Walter's statement. The officer asks Clarke as if women could never be smart enough
to actually solve a cryptic crossword themselves. This is plain sexism and from a feminist point of
view which, is all about the advocacy of equality to men, I find this to support my hypothesis.
Further on in Walter's interview with Keira Knightley (Joan Clarke), Knightley says "The actual
Joan was fighting for a

biography of Alan Turing Essay
A Biography of Alan Turing, with Mathematics. From the middle name one may suspect a certain
class value,although the "Math" bit is a strange coincidence. His father went to Oxford and then
worked for the Indian Civil Service. His mother's father also worked in India. He was born in 1912,
their second son. 1926 his father retired so perhaps he had something of normal family life from
then on. Went to Sherborne, one of older public schools. Whilst there he became a close friend of
Christopher Morcom. He was Alan's first love although Chris as in no way homosexual. Has been
called "his unfulfilled ideal" Otherwise only short liasons. Alan said "worshipped ground he trod on"
. Could discuss science together overcoming alan's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any +ve int. >2 is sum of 2 prime numbers. Two questions. How do we prove this, but also CAN we
ever prove it. Third problem became the great mathematical challenge of the age. Turing solved it,
but in the process established a system that is still useable today. Am indebted to Oxford university
course on computing for the following, which I reproduce without a full understanding. Turing's
(successful) approach to the decidability problem involved the design and use of an imaginary
machine. This is the same technique...gedanken...that was used by Albert Einstein, in relation to
relativity and in 'Schrodinger's Cat' reference quantum mechanics. Turing's machine used a
continuous tape, which can be as long as required, which carries a series of cells. This passes under
a read/write head that can read and if required change the symbol under it. The head views one
symbol at a time and, can: move, or not move, the tape one cell in either direction; read and /or
change the symbol written on that cell; or change states. The 'states' are a finite number of
conditions, e.g. start, add, carry, return and stop. Different sets of states will be needed for different
problems. Turing was able to show that if we first assume a solution does exist then we can show
that this would lead to a completely impossible situation. Hence a solution does not exist (proof by
contradiction, a standard method in mathematics.). When Turing went to show his

Summary Of Alan Turing The Enigma
Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges London: Burnett Books Ltd, 2000 Andrew Hodges
brings Alan Turing to life in the namesake title, Alan Turing: The Enigma. Alan Turing, a war hero
in his own right, worked during World War II at Bletchley Park in England which was the site
housing British codebreakers for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS). One of his
main objectives was to crack the German Enigma machine's code. Turing's work was crucial to the
war, and beyond that, he is known as the father of computer science and a brilliant mathematician.
Turing became alarmed about the war with Germany in the fall of 1937. At the time, Turing spent
his time studying and working on a thesis based on the theory of computation and on the
hypothetical devices later known as Turing machines. A Turing machine in today's sense would be a
model for a modern computer. Besides the important work with his research, he found time to
enjoyably take up the subject of cryptanalysis assuming words would be replaced by numbers
eventually to be transmitted on a binary scale: in zeros and ones, on and off, true and false. Turing
himself even spent the time building hardware to produce ciphering machines as a hobby while at
Princeton. These precursors were a perfect setup for the work he would pursue with the GC&CS and
Turing a natural recruit. During the First World War and up to this time in 1938, the GC&CS grew
from a small operation of around 25 officers with a small clerical staff

Engma Machine Dbq
The reason as to why the Enigma Machine was a major objective and required a specific group of
people to solve was because it dictated how the Germans communicated and was an extremely
complex machine that only the most intelligent people could potentially solve. The Enigma Machine
was a code–generating machine used by the Nazis during World War Two. What appeared to be a
typewriter in a suitcase, the Enigma Machine had essentially 4 main components to itself: the
keyboard, the lamp board, the plug board, and the rotors. The keyboard was arranged in a German
QWERTZ layout. The lamp board was also arranged in the same manner as the keyboard, however
with the lamp board, there were no buttons to press down on. Instead there were stencils of ... Show
The commercial Enigma Machine that was sold prior to the war had no plugboard, as the reason for
secrecy was not on the same degree as sending decrypted messages containing information such as
coordinates of an attack. The plug board was a component at the bottom of an Enigma machine that
resembled a telephone switchboard. There were once again the letters arranged in the German
QWERTZ layout and each letter had two sockets for an electrical lead to be connected to another
letter. Finally there were three rotors in every Enigma Machine: the fast, the middle, and the slow.
To add onto the complexity, there were 5 rotors to choose from. Each rotor would have 26 numbered
"ticks" to represent the 26 letters in the alphabet and for every letter typed, the fast rotor would turn
once. After turning 26 times, the middle rotor would turn once and the process would repeat until
the middle rotor turned a total of 26 times. Once the middle rotor turned 26 times the slow rotor
would turn once. Within each rotor was a complex maze of 26 wires that connected 26 contacts on
the right hand of the rotor to the 26 contacts on the

Alan Turing Psychology
Psychology Throughout "The Imitation Game" Ostracism is very dangerous to a person's health and
can cause detrimental damage to themselves. Throughout the movie "The Imitation Game" Alan
Turing has been ostracized all of his life from in school to even as an adult. Since he was much
brighter than his peers in school and enjoyed subjects like cryptography they considered him to be
different from them and did not acknowledge him except for Christopher Morcom who became his
only friend and first love. As an adult at work Turing was still ostracized because since he was so
used to being alone he didn't know how to properly socialize with people or how to work in a group
like he was supposed to working for Bletchley trying to solve the Enigma coding ... Show more
Being excluded or ignored by a group of people can be harmful to a person. It can make someone
feel that they are alone; that they do not have anyone to care for them or to lean on it times of need.
Being ostracized can make someone believe that they do not belong or that no one cares about them,
which can lead to low self–esteem and depression causing one to often question taking their own
life. Ostracism can cause one to go to extreme measures to gain attention such as; bullying,
becoming violent, self–harm, homicidal, or suicidal. Everyone strives for attention and is a basic
need for living. People need to feel that they are loved and that they belong. People are often
ostracized for being different and not fitting in with the crowd; however, instead of praised for being
unique and different they are excluded to feel worthless. This forces people to believe that they
ought to conform to society's standard in order to fit in and gain worth. People can be ostracized for
their religion, sexual orientation, sexuality, personality, brains, social class, and even how they look.
Like Alan Turing, many people are faced with ostracism because they are different forcing them to
feel like they have no option but to commit

Alan Turing: A Historical Worthies Of Post-War Britain
Alan Turing is a rare figure amongst the many historical worthies of post–war Britain. He would, at
first, seem an unlikely candidate to become a popular, globally recognised icon. He worked within a
comparatively novel and arcane scientific field, the central concepts of which are still only fully
understood by specialists. It was one which emerged from mostly from his own high–level
theoretical reasoning and debating the earlier work of (the similarly obscure) Kurt Gödel upon
whether mathematical processes could truly solve any definable problem. 1 His life did not contain
that many spectacular events, rather slow, grand, specific achievements that often seemed purely
academic at the time. Many of these were not even publically known until after his death, due to
their highly sensitive nature. Furthermore, he died prematurely and unexpectedly before reaching his
full potential and after being arrested and tried in circumstances that still provoke some degree of
controversy. Complicating matters, he left no coherent memoir intended for publication or personal
recollections of his work beyond scattered notes, papers, and letters. Although certainly personable
he was not particularly charismatic, as living popular scientists or scientific communicators often
are. Nor did he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is also the question of what has led a variety of figures, most of whom are not solely
professional historians, to take up an extracurricular interest in promoting Turing and his work.
Likewise, Turing has benefited from a excellent reception amongst cultural and educational
professionals not often seen by post–1945 British scientists. It can also be reasonably assumed that
the funding related projects have received and the endorsements that have been made would not
have been as forthcoming unless those providing them could expect something from Turing,
however abstract, in

The Development of Monitors Essay
The Development of Monitors
If you want to keep information secret, you have two possible strategies: hide the existence of the
information, or make the information unintelligible. Cryptography is the art and science of keeping
information secure from unintended audiences, of encrypting it. Conversely, cryptanalysis is the art
and science of breaking encoded data. The branch of mathematics encompassing both cryptography
and cryptanalysis is cryptology. This method of secrecy has existed since 1900 B.C. in the form of
Egyptian hieroglyphs. Up to the present two organizations have come to the front of the field;
United States' National Security Agency (NSA) and United Kingdom's Government
Communications Headquarters ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an effort to keep the United States from playing an effective role in the war in Europe, Germany
offered Mexico the opportunity to regain Texas and other territories lost to the United States during
the nineteenth century, in return for a Mexican declaration of war against the U.S. The telegram
backfired, as its release by British authorities brought the U.S. closer to war with Germany.
Tactically, the First World War introduced wireless communications to the battlefield, increasing
flexibility but making codes and ciphers even more essential in guaranteeing security.
After the armistice of 1918, the United States maintained modest but significant cryptologic
establishments in the Navy and War Departments, along with an interdepartmental effort conducted
in New York and headed by Herbert O. Yardley.
HERBERT O. YARDLEY
Born in 1889 in Indiana, Herbert O. Yardley began his career as a code clerk in the State
Department. He accepted a Signal Corps Reserve commission and served as a cryptologic officer
with the American Expeditionary Forces in France during the First World War. In the 1920s he was
chief of MI–8, the first U.S. peacetime cryptanalytic organization, jointly funded by the U.S. Army
and the Department of State. In that capacity, he and a team of cryptanalysts exploited nearly two
dozen foreign diplomatic cipher systems. MI–8 was disbanded in 1929 when the State Department
withdrew its share of

Memento Film Techniques
When it comes to symbols throughout this movie, they are not hidden where you have to think about
it. These motifs are easily present and up front an personal when the film was screened. The first
motif was obvious and of course the main sought out object of the entire film and that was the
Enigma machine. This machine was said to be the unbreakable message translator that would be all
the leverage needed for Germany to have the victory at the end of the tunnel. The Enigma machine
was easy to understand but extremely difficult to break, especially when you only had 24 hours to
break that days worth of codes and then after all the work would change for a new day of code
breaking. The second motif would be Turing's machine named Christopher. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, when the commander has the whole crew besides Joan in a room in a circle talking
about ideas to break the Enigma machine, this scene tells you a lot more than what it actually is.
First it introduces the whole crew and it gives a preview on how they plan on getting along while
being able to see the emotions and expressions of each character. I believe after you watch this for a
second time it gives it away that Cairncross is up to something by the expression he gives in the
scene. The feeling of this scene is gloomy by the non–existence of light, you can see the shadows
off of the characters faces which to me gives another insight that the machine in the middle of the
table and the big secret with in the crew are the things that are making it possible for Germany to
win the war. The second example is when the families were seeking safety in the bomb shelter from
the Germans the lights were swaying but some of the lighting didn't move. In this scene you can see
in the top right corner that their is light added because the light comes in at an angle unlike the other
lights shown in the shelter. Lastly, was when Turing was turning Joan down and telling her that she
was only close to him to help break Enigma, and now she can leave him alone. This lead to Joan
slapping Turing, which is where the feeling and overall shot portrays. After the slap you can see the
slapped side of Turing's face and their was no marks or indications of a confrontation. Even the
aftermath of Turing expression didn't show any evidence that he was

The Influence Of The Enigma
The Enigma was created at the end of World War I and patented in 1919 by Arthur Scherbius, a
German engineer. The Enigma was a electro–magnetic ciphering machine and it was used by the
German military as a way of communicating securely. As time went on, the Enigma was updated,
and made more secure. It was used throughout World War II until the end of the war, though the
Germans didn't realize that the Enigma had been cracked by the British. Arthur Scherbius first
released the Enigma for commercial sale in 1923, barely anyone showed any interest in the cipher
machine. The first two models were heavy and they weren't easy to use. He released two other
models a few years later, which were lighter, and were not as hard to use. He started getting
inquiries about his machine from different governments. The German military eventually took on
his creation in the late 1920's. Around 100,000 Enigma machines were sold. This is how the Enigma
worked: The user would type in what they wanted to encrypt and there would be a light that popped
up after each letter was typed showing the substitution letter chosen by the settings of the cipher and
then they would record the letters given to them and then they would send the message. The receiver
of the message would only be able to decrypt it if they had the settings of the rotors on ... Show
The French and the British couldn't crack the Enigma even with all the information that they had
received, so they shared the documents with the Polish. They were able to read the Germans
messages for a few years. The Germans starting changing the rotor settings every twenty–four hours
making it almost impossible for the Polish to read the messages anymore. The Polish shared all that
they knew about the Germans Enigma with the

The Enigma Machine: Alan Turing
The Enigma Machine World War II was a time of many technological advancements in the world.
Among these advancements was the creation of the atomic bomb and semi–automatic rifle. Yet
arguably the most important advancement was the Enigma, a cipher machine used by the Germans.
A cipher is a way of encrypting messages, which is especially important in war. Enigma gave
Germans' confidence in the secrecy of their messages and plans, so they sent all of their messages
using Enigma. This machine made German messages seem seemingly unbreakable, yet that was not
the case. It took many years and the work of many different countries and people to create another
machine able to break the code. Despite Enigma being unbreakable for many years and a great ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After his war efforts were over, he was still not allowed to reveal his work on deciphering Enigma
because of the act of secrecy, which was not revoked until years after the war was over. He created
the Turing machine, one of the first devices to use a simplified form of code. He believed a
computer could think like a man, a term used to describe what is called artificial intelligence today.
Turing was prosecuted unjustly because of his homosexuality, but his memory still lives on because
of the impact he left on modern electronic

The Impact Of Macgyver On Pop Culture
During the mid–1980's to early–1990's, few television shows made as much of an impact on pop
culture as MacGyver did. Even if you never watched the show, you've heard other people use the
name, perhaps to describe using a credit card to open a locked door. The title character of the
program, Angus MacGyver (Richard Dean Anderson) was famous for creating makeshift tools out
of ordinary objects to escape or avoid perilous situations. MacGyver became such a well–known
name that the Oxford Dictionary lists it as a verb, meaning to "Make or repair (an object) in an
improvised or inventive way, making use of whatever items are at hand." The top definition for the
term on Urban Dictionary is "someone who can jump–start a truck with a cactus." If you ... Show
This year alone, we have Ghostbusters, Fuller House, The Blair Witch, Lethal Weapon, The X–Files,
Uncle Buck, Voltron: Legendary Defender, The Magnificent Seven, The Exorcist, Frequency, The
Girlfriend Experience, Roots, and Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life. If that list seems exhaustive,
that's because it is. Many film critics and fans have long complained about the overabundance of
remakes that the entertainment industry has been putting out for the past few years. It is said that
film and television companies are afraid to take risks on new projects, so they play it safe by playing
to people's nostalgia and rehashing older IP's. Unfortunately, this strategy reflects poorly on the
industry. For one, it shows that there's a lack of originality in Hollywood. Furthermore, most of
these revivals prove to be vastly inferior to the source material, repelling would–be new fans, and
upsetting already established ones. Hopefully for fans (such as Patty and Selma from The
Simpsons), MacGyver will eschew from this trend. Will the new show live up to its predecessor's
reputation? Will it be able to stand on its own as a fun action series? Fans will have to wait and see
until MacGyver returns to cable later this

The Real Historical Accuracy Of Enigma
Brooke Golik
Ms. Jennifer Vroom
Europe and the World
5/13/16
The Real Historical Accuracy of Enigma Most historically based movies try to reenact exactly what
happened in the historical events that took place, while others have added twists to them, like a
change in storyline, proving its historical inaccuracy. The 2001 film Enigma stars Tom Jericho, a
British mathematician who solved the German Enigma code, "shark", the first time around and is
called back into Bletchley Park to do it again. While doing so, he teams up with his ex–girlfriend's
roommate, Hester Wallace, to detect why his ex, Claire Romilly, has disappeared and discovered
secret information on the Katyn Forest Massacre and a German spy in the British Intelligence
System. This movie is both historically accurate and inaccurate because the information it provided
about the German Enigma, Bletchley Park, and the Katyn Forest Massacre is true, yet some details
behind the characters Jozef Pukowski and Tom Jericho are falsely stated. In reflecting upon the
movie, it is obvious the producers were sticking to a particular agenda in altering storylines related
to other historical figures to keep it centered around the British and Germans in order to avoid
confusion while it also presented a new perspective in seeing the significance this Enigma War had
to the Allies' success in WW II, even though the historical value of the film didn't seem real at first.
Michael Apted's film Enigma does provide accurate

The Enigma Machine By Alan Turing
The idea that one person can change the course of human history is a crazy and incredible one;
however, in the case of Alan Turing it appears to be true. Due to the nature of his work during World
War II people are only just know learning how vital this man truly was not just to winning the war,
but to creating the technology we use every day. During the war, Turing worked at Bletchley Park
which housed the code breakers who helped decipher intelligence communication to help the Allies
defeat Nazi Germany. Turing was invaluable to Bletchley as his work dealt with deciphering the
Enigma Machine, which everyone in the world believed to be unbreakable. The machine had
multiple rotors which were interchangeable and changed at varying speeds each ... Show more
He was discovered and forced to undergo hormonal therapy that severely messed with his mind and
body. Alan Turing ended up committing suicide on June 7th 1954. The end of the film says that
"Historians estimate that breaking enigma shortened the war by more than two years saving over 14
million lives." Alan Turing's genius and strength should never be over looked or underestimated
because without him millions of people would have perished and an entire scientific field might not
even exist. Alan theorized a universal machine that wouldn't just "Be programmable but
reprogrammable" (The Imitation Game). They used to be called Turing machines, now a days we
call them computers and we use them for almost everything. What this film focuses on is the tag line
"Sometimes it's the very people who no one imagines anything of, who do the things that no one can
imagine" and they stick with that theme by focusing on Alan and his life not just enigma. While the
game he invented was for testing for artificial intelligence, Moore uses it to show how people can be
different but still do incredible things, and that's okay. Alan Turing was this incredibly brilliant and
strong man who just so happened to also be homosexual. He did all of these incredible and
wonderful things but because of prejudice and people refusing to accept the differences of others
this great mind was silenced. Telling the story of Alan Turing

Morality Change Over Time Essay
Morality, morals, standards, are they compatible in all times and societies. Will morality be similar
in twenty years' time or a hundred years? Interchangeable words or distinct words? Does Morality
evolve over time or our perspectives of morality are modified over time. Societies establish are
moral standard and corrupted by time, or have people infused morals into society? What is morality,
is morality, what is normal or what we are taught? Humans are unstable and durable creatures, we
are molded as a youth, but what is imparted to us and even as an adult, we are tempted by the crowd.
What is morality and is morality formed by humanity or created by something else, has merely
changed or had we learned to understand it. Traveling back in time ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Connecting morality, with what society considers to be proper, but I believe this equation of
morality is false. The unexplainable phenomenon of one's conscious, where does one obtains their
conscious. I believe morality can be twisted and destroyed and society can change what your mind
concludes is moral. You know what's right. Yes, reject what is right and kept rejecting it and over
time your belief in right and wrong is clouded and shrewd. Your body knows what is right, even if
your mind doesn't. After doing something wrong, my stomach always hurts and I pick my nails, that
my body's way of telling is what is right and even society has eradicated the truth of right and
wrong. But this conscious born into us or we taught a sense of morality and conscience. However,
has morality and emotions ever been useless or made us careless. Picture all the people who kill and
prove it with faith or love. Belief and emotions can change someone's ideas of morality and where is
the line. Do we need to notice some problem and analyze them like a computer, not a person? Turn
off your fear and emotions and decide what is the best way to rescue these men. Cogitated over the
train problem, if a train was speeding down the track and either flipped the switch and kill one man
or kill twenty people would flip the

Alan Clark
How do you crack something with 158 million million million possible combinations? Many
countries have tried, but ultimately failed to accomplish their goal. The movie The Imitation Game
accurately portrays the historical events of the era. It correctly informs the viewer on how the Nazis
communicated using a machine called enigma, it also shows an accurate depiction of Bletchley Park
and the work of cracking enigma and the things they did to ensure that nobody found out about their
work, and it also accurately focuses on Alan Turing and his work on creating a machine to instantly
crack messages. The Nazis used the extremely complex enigma code for communication purposes.
The British worked on cracking enigma at Bletchley Park and were very ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Bletchley Park was a location set up by the British government dedicated entirely to breaking
enigma. However, they were extremely secretive about the work going on within Bletchley Park and
went to great security measures to ensure secrecy. When the employees were done for the day, the
guards would check to make sure that they were not bringing any papers out of Bletchley Park ("The
Imitation"). This shows that they were extremely serious about keeping their work a secret from
everyone else in fear of Nazi spies finding out about the work within Bletchley Park. Nobody
outside of the park was allowed to know about the work. Employees had to lie about their job in
order to prevent people from finding out about what the government was doing. The intelligence
that was produced by the employees in Bletchley was code–named ultra secret (Waskey). The code–
name is an example of how deliberate the government was about their work. There were many
people the government hired that worked on cracking enigma. However, the changeable settings of
the Enigma machine meant that most messages could not be read in real time (Waskey). The
inability to read the messages in real time would lead to the failure of avoiding the attacks launched
by the Nazis. Thus, leading to another victory for the Nazis and a loss for the

Imitation Game Essay
Movie Review: The Imitation Game The Imitation Game, this movie was taken place in England
during the second world war. It's starts when Alan Turing as the mathematic genius professor in
Cambridge University is about to become the legendary wartime code–breaking. Back in 1939 in
London, war against Germany has been declared, and Alan Turing was hired by the British Empire
to work on a team to break the unbreakable Germany secret coding machine, that has an important
role behind the Nazi's communication, named Enigma. Enigma is the encryption device that using
by the Germans in the world war 2. Some believes that it was the greatest encryption device ever
built in the history. You can imagine what would happen if the Allies can break ... Show more
But, it's not that easy to crack the code from Enigma. There are about 159.000.000.000.000.000.000
possible code everyday that come out from Enigma, Turing said that it will take about 20 million
years to solve it. Every night at the midnight, the Germany reset the Enigma settings, because they
intercept their first message every morning at 6 A.M, Turing and the other members of the team only
have 18 hours a day to break the code before it changes again and they must start from scratch.
Hugh Alexander as the leader of the team decide to work on the code everyday with the rest of the
team using only their limited knowledge, while Turing believes that the only way to crack the
Enigma code is to learn Enigma it self, he works alone by himself to developing a machine that can
be equal to Enigma or even more intelegent than Enigma. This machine could break every code that
comes out from Enigma. The only problem is that Alan Turing doesn't have all of the reasources that
he needed to build the machine. The Commander in charge Denniston was denied to funding to
build Turing's machine. Alan only needs 100,000 pounds to build the machine. But once again
Denniston refused to fund it. So Alan wrote a letters to the to Winston Churchill as the highest

The Imitation Game Discussion Questions
The Imitation Game is a movie based on a real story, taking place in the isolated Bletchley Park in
Sherborne, during WWII. Here, six chosen men, including Alan Turing, live and breathe the Enigma
machine with hopes of breaking the code. Breaking it will enable them to listen to the messaged
plans of the opposing Germans. Every night at midnight, the Germans alter the code settings to then
be able to send a new message every morning at six am. Therefore, the code breakers only have
eighteen hours to figure it out before it is reset, causing them to start over from scratch every
morning. One of the six men is able to calculate that there are 159 million million million
possibilities every time it resets, configuring a good 20 million years to try everything. Living in the
small dorm–like rooms, completely surrounds the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After losing a team member, they decide to place a difficult crossword puzzle into newspapers to be
mailed in upon completion. The few that managed to solve the puzzle were gathered to take a test.
The test is another crossword puzzle which Alan can solve in 8 minutes, but a woman, Joan, solves
it in five. Alan's friend when he was a boy, Christopher, is the machine's name because of the books
on deciphering they read and the love they share. Alan was bullied at school because he was
different and when he needed help, Christopher once told him, "Sometimes it's the very people who
no one imagines anything of who do the things no one can imagine." Alan tells this to Joan when
she doubts participation and when asked why he wants her on the team. This phrase that he has kept
with him, helps him fully persuade the team and the military men to allow the building of the
machine which he thinks it can not just crack this code, but any other cypher that is given to the
machine. During this process, he receives more time because of the search for a new member, and
his deadlines are

Why Is Enigma So Important In WWII?
expanded. The ground floor of the main house held the naval military air sections, exchange and
teleprompter room and kitchen and dining room and the top floor was allocated to the section M16.
The extra buildings accumulated to 23 extra huts accommodating activities from recreational to
intelligence analysis and blocks A through H were used for decoding purposes surrounding
intelligence radio transitions and Enigma decoding. Huts 6 through 8 were allocated to the decoding
of Enigma. The one thing holding the Allies back in the war was the large number of the intercepted
messages from the Germans that could not be decoded. While Bletchley had many marvels of
decoding, which allowed for a greater understanding of the German, Japanese and Italian attacks,
the German messages coded by Enigma were a true enigma to those working at Bletchley Park. A
true revel of every piece of the puzzle that was Enigma would be down to the Bombe Machine. For
those at Bletchley Park every pattern that lay within each code of Enigma was an underlying puzzle.
Every piece of the puzzle lead to more and more information about the tactics of the German
Military, this information was all being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The discoveries made at Bletchley Park could be used as an advantage due to the intelligence both
coming in the door and that of those who worked there resulted in a slow progression towards the
pattern of Enigma becoming understood. The understanding and knowledge of Enigma and major
German military tactics allowed for the Allies to have control, yet they knew the push to take the
advantage of Germany meant understanding the Enigma Code. Even when the British had cracked
the code, they deliberately always gave credit to their reconnaissance scouts, agents, and spies to
keep the Germans unaware that Enigma had been

The Enigma Machine In Ralphie's The Christmas Story
Ralphie's secrete message , from The Christmas Story, that he received from the Ovaltine decoder
pin looked challenging and difficult at first but soon was able to decode the very important message.
However, if his message from Little Orphan Annie was coded with the Enigma machine it may have
been more puzzling for Ralphie just like it was for the rest of the world.The Enigma machine was a
complex machine that was used by the Nazis during World War II to send secret messages. This
machine consists of three routers , two keyboards, and a plug board or coming together to make an
intricate machine for its time.Germany believed this machine was unbreakable and that their
messages would never be decrypted. This machine may have helped Germany in ... Show more
When the rotors turn, the battery will be connected to a different bulb lighting up a different letter
each time . If "A" is typed in once it may appear as "Q" but then if it is typed again it may appear as
a "R". This is all due to the turning rotors and the criss cross wires completing the circuit in a
different way each time.To add to the complexity of the code the electriacal circiut is not sent
though the rotors once but twice with the use of the reflector. The reflector basically takes the letter
it was given after it went though the fist time of rotors and sends it back out as another letter and
then that letter goes through the rotors again. After the electrical current went through the rotors
twice it will go down to the plug board again. So if our initial letter of "T" comes back out of the
rotor as "Q" the "Q" will continue down to the plug board and switch with whatever letter "Q" is
matched with.The final result of this one press of the letter "A" could come out as ,for example, as
"K". Overall this may seem a little complex but this machine is just a basic circuit that with moving
parts inside (Cipher

Alan Turing's Enigma Code
During World War II, Nazi Germany killed around 20,946,000 men, women, and children from
multiple countries and backgrounds (R.J. Rummel). This war was just as horrid and unthinkable as
any other. Millions of people suffered, towns were destroyed, and society lived in an all–consuming
fear. Germany was successful with most of their plans of destruction, and part of that came from
their unsolvable Enigma code. Alan Turing, a brilliant mathematician, worked with other
intellectuals to figure out how to crack it. They were triumphant. Although the end of WWII can be
attributed to many things, Alan Turing's solving of the Enigma code was what allowed the Allies to
have the ultimate advantage because they could understand German plans and war ... Show more
"With German invasion imminent in 1939, the Poles opted to share their secrets with the British, and
Britain's Government Code and Cipher School (also known as GC&CS) Bletchley Park,
Buckinghamshire, became the centre for Allied efforts to keep up with dramatic war–induced
changes in Enigma output." (Andrew Lycett, BBC.co.uk) If the Allies had access to decoded
German communication, then they would have the upper hand. The Germans were so confident in
the Enigma code that they used it to encrypt most all of their messages during the war. Since it was a
difficult and sensitive task, Bletchley Park needed Britain's best minds to work together. "He (Alan
Turing) was already working part–time for the British Government's Code and Cypher School
before the Second World War broke out. In 1939, Turing took up a full–time role at Bletchley Park
in Buckinghamshire–" (Imperial War Museums). Alan Turing was a very intelligent mathematician
and at this point, he was proving this to many others. His genius was exactly what this problem
needed. After Britain declared war on Germany, they immediately sent people to work on cracking
the Enigma. It was believed to be an impossible task, and yet they put their best efforts into working
on it with the help of

Essay On The Imitation Game
The movie titled "The Imitation Game" directed by Morten Tyldum is based on the true story of
Alan Mathison Turing. This particular movie was inspired by the biographical book, "Alan Turing:
The Enigma" written by Andrew Hodges. Alan Turing was a mathematician, cryptanalysis, and a
well known war hero. In 1952, he worked at Bletchley Park, Britain's code breaking center, during
the Second World War. Subsequently, he cracked the Enigma, which is an electro–mechanical rotor
cipher machine that generates a new code every 24 hours, used by Nazi Germany. A year later, he
also cracked Germany's Naval Enigma, which was an even more complicated design than the
Enigma. This shortened the period of the war by two years, which in turn, saved millions ... Show
He cracked the Enigma's codes by using a code deciphering machine called "Bombe". The film was
moderately accurate as there were a few exaggerated points and errors such as what the machine
was called. Despite the flaws, this film was a good one. Turing is seen as a war–hero even up to this
day. Turing has impacted the world on a large scale as if it was not for him discovering the concept
of computer science, our technology would not have been as advanced as it is

The Enigma Machine: Cryptology In WWII
During World War II, wireless radio communication was imperative for directing military forces
spread throughout the world. However, these radio messages could be intercepted which meant that
the secret information such as military plans and orders had to be transmitted in code. All the major
war powers used complex machines that turned ordinary text into secret codes. (Cryptology in
WWII) The Enigma machine, the device that the German's used to encode their radio messages, was
produced commercially beginning in the early 1920s. (Britannica) The Polish Cipher Bureau had the
earliest success in breaking the German Enigma code. From 1932–33 Polish mathematician Marian
Rejewski deduced the pattern of wiring inside the three rotating wheels of the Enigma machine. He
was helped by photographs, received from the French secret service, showing pages of an Enigma
operating manual, as well as a German traitor (Cryptology in WWII). Between 1933 and 1939 they
were able to read the encrypted German transmissions. In 1939 the codebreaking information, ...
The codebreakers housed at Station X, the facility established at Bletchley Park as the British
codebreaking center during the war, developed new methods in 1940 to enable them to continue to
decipher German air force and army communications. However, German naval messages, including
information on U–boat traffic, remained undeciphered. As such, U–boats continued to sink such a
large number of merchant ships taking food, munitions, and oil to Britain from North America that
by 1941 some analysts were predicting that the sinkings would tip Britain into starvation within a
few months. In June 1941 British mathematician Alan M. Turing and his group at Bletchley finally
succeeded in breaking into the daily communications of the U–boats. Decoded messages revealed
the positions of the submarines, enabling ships to avoid contact.

Gordon Welchman Research Paper
There are so many mathematicians in the world, and so many of them have applied their knowledge
to our everyday world. We take a lot of things for granted. We use addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division almost daily, but do we know who created those functions? Finding
these little things can lead to greater inventions, and with a little bit of research, we can explore
these wondrous creations in depth. Let us look at a very important mathematician named William
Gordon Welchman.
Welchman was born on June 15, 1906 in Bristol, England (3), and he was the youngest of three
children. His father was William Welchman, and his mother was named Elizabeth Marshall Griffith
(3.). Gordon was married Fannie Hillsmith, and had three children, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
William perfected this by turning it into something called a diagonal board. Finally, Alex finalized
this invention and it because a sort of cabinet, which they called The Bombe. This invention later
became known as the Turing–Welchman Bombe.
Gordon continued to work in Bletchley Park. He knew that the cryptographers had to be close, and
they needed increased facilities while Turing was working on The Bombe. After World War II in
1948, Welchman moved to the United States, and taught computers at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT). That same year, Gordon worked on the secure communication in the US
military, and retired in 1971.
In 1982, Welchman published another book, called The Hut Six Story (1), which revealed Bletchley
Park and the work he and Turing had done there. Hardly anyone had known about their invention,
and now that it was out in the open, the NSA did not approve. They did not want the organization of
Hut six to be known, so they forbade Welchman to speak of his creation, however the book was not
banned (1). Unfortunately, Welchman's security clearance was taken away, and he could no longer
work as an advisor for the military

The Enigma Code
Everyone has a passion, everyone has a purpose, but more importantly everyone has an impact. In
the beginning of the 20th Century, there was a boy named Alan Turing who seemed like any other
troublesome delinquent, but as he grew he became one of the most crucial tools for the British
Military. Morten Tyldum directs, "The Imitation Game," which is a piece of cinematography created
to illustrate the period of time during WWII where the German use of the Enigma code, which is an
encrypted form of communication, had not yet been solved. This mystery allowed Germans to
communicate freely, without having to worry about other countries interfering.. The British force
attempted to crack the code, but there were several obstacles that stood in their way that earned the
enigma code, impossible to crack. The decryption of the Enigma code was such a daunting task
primarily because there were millions upon millions of settings for the transmitting machine, and
those attempting to understand had less than 24 hours to crack it, or else the cycle started over. The
movie focuses primarily on the leader of the team that cracked the code, Alan Turing. It begins post
World War II, in an effort to demonstrate how Turing's sexual orientation lead to his depression and
suicide, as well as to highlight that the life a genius man who saved millions of lives was never
congratulated by anyone other than those who were already close to him. As one would expect,
Hollywood hyperbolized some of the

Breaking Engma In The Imitation Game
The Imitation Game
The film, "The Imitation Game", follows the life of Alan Turing, a homosexual mathematician, who
became a war hero after breaking Enigma, an encryption device that the Germans used for
communication purposes during World War II. Decoding Enigma had a major effect on World War
II. In 1939, Alan Turing, and four other code breakers, Joan Clarke, Hugh Alexander, John
Cairncross, and Peter Hilton were employed by the British military as cryptographers to decipher
the secret messages that the Germans were sending. Decoding it was an impossible task – there was
150,000,000,000,000 possible codes, which would be switched everyday by the Germans, forcing
the five codebreakers to start over. Throughout the film, Turing works to design a machine that
would be smarter than any human brain to decode Enigma instantly. The film is based upon real
events surrounding Alan Turing's private life as well as the Enigma device during WWII. The
journey of the five code breakers is documented as the war goes on. The film follows him through ...
It ended the conflict against Nazism quicker than originally anticipated. Breaking Enigma provided
an advantage to the Allies (i.e, Britain, United States) which led them to victory. The messages in
Enigma revealed a lot of useful information that benefited the Allies. Decrypting the German's
device allowed the British Military to know what, were, and when attacks will occur. The code
breakers would report to Stewart Menzies, who was the head of MI6, of every message the Germans
sent. Menzies would then decide how to combat against these attacks while also being as stealth as
possible to prevent the Germans from figuring out that Enigma has been decoded. If the Germans
found out, they would change the settings, resulting in the group restarting their work from scratch.
Enigma has been kept a government secret for almost five decades. In the end, it ultimately saved
millions of

A Closer Look At Cryptography Essay
A Closer Look At Cryptography
Ever since the earliest days of writing, people have had reasons to limit their information to a
restricted group of people. Because of this, these people have had to develop ideas of making their
information unable to be read by unwanted people. The general techniques used to hide the meaning
of messages constitute the study known as cryptography. "Ciphers, in general fall into three major
classifications: 1. Concealment Cipher, 2. Transposition Cipher, and 3. Substitution Cipher" (4).
Cryptography protects information by altering its form, making it unreadable to unwanted people or
groups of people.
Cryptography, from the Greek kryptos, meaning hidden, and graphei, meaning to write. The origins
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advances in cryptography appeared with unprecedented frequency in the 1970's as strong
encryption–based protocols and new cryptographic applications emerged. On January 15th, 1977,
the National Bureau of Standards adopted an encryption algorithm as a federal standard, the Data
Encryption Standard (DES), marking a milestone in cryptographic research and development. In
December 1980, the American National Standards institute adopted the same algorithm for
commercial use in the United States.
Cryptography has not been used solely for diplomacy and warfare. It has also played a major role in
the economy. The banking and finance industry has been the leader in promoting the use of
cryptography for protecting assets transferred via messages sent through large networks of
computers and terminals. (2)
Francois Viete was born in 1540 in Fontenay–le–Comte in France, and died on December 13th,
1603 in Paris. He was a French mathematician who introduced the first systematic algebraic
notation and contributed to the theory of equations. Although he was best known as a
mathematician, he was also one of the best cipher experts ever. By the end of the sixteenth century,
the Spanish empire ruled over a large portion of the world

World War II: The German Enigma Machine
World War II was a major turning point in political, social, and militaristic history. One of the most
important technological innovations was the German Enigma machine. The Germans had created
unbreakable Enigma code. They created an Enigma machine which encrypted Morse code
transmission message. The radio operators would need a key to put in the Enigma machine to
decode the encrypted message. The Enigma machine worked by allowing the operator to type in a
message, then scramble it by using three to five notched wheels/rotors, which displayed different
letters of the alphabet (BBC). The reason why the Germans said it was unbreakable Enigma code
because there were astronomical amount of permutations and combinations where the letters and
numbers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the film, Alan Turing named the code breaking machine "Christopher", which was Turing's first
love who died from bovine tuberculosis. It depicted that Alan Turing was obsessed with the idea of
using a computer to engineer a human brain or artificial intelligence to resurrect Christopher. In
reality, the code breaking machine was called the Bombe or known as the "Victory." Also, Alan
Turing did not design the Bombe by himself, but it was partly designed by the Polish cryptanalyst
Marian Rejewski. Alan Turing designed a new machine with a different strategy that was
contributed by a mathematician, Gordon Welchman. Another historical inaccuracies in the film, the
Bombe was suggested to be effective when the "deciphering could be made easier by looking for
speculated items contained in an intercepted message (WIKI)", a cryptanalysis practice known as
the known–plaintext attack (KPA/ crib). In reality, the use of cribs was the main model of the
Bombe's principal design, rather than being an afterthought to the design. Another false history of
The Imitation Game, after Hut 8 decoded the messages, they held off on telling their superiors
because they were afraid that the Germans will became suspicious and change the code. In the
meantime, Alan Turing and Stewart Menzies came up a system to decide which cracked messages
should be passed along to the British. In

Alan Turing As A Hero
Alan Turing is a rare figure amongst the many historical worthies of post–war Britain. He would, at
first, seem an unlikely candidate to become a popular icon. He worked within a comparatively novel
and arcane scientific field, the central concepts of which are still only fully understood by
specialists. It was one which emerged from mostly from his own high–level theoretical reasoning
and debating the earlier work of the similarly obscure Kurt Gödel upon whether mathematical
processes could truly solve any definable problem. 1 His life did not contain that many spectacular
events, rather slow, grand, specific achievements that often seemed purely academic at the time.
Many of these were not even publically known until after his death, due ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Turing has been promoted primarily because of popular factors. These factors can determine who
within the history of computer science transcends isolated example of academic analysis to become
a popular hero known throughout a wider culture or sub–culture. There are a definable set of
common factors conductive to promotion at present for scientific biography, and ones particular to
computer science as well. In this context, "present" is taken to mean from 1989 to the present day, as
opposed to the more loaded concept of modernity. These factors are held to be evident in the sources
and rhetoric which have surrounded Turing, indicating what has made his biographical narrative
more conductive than usual to memorialisation. To give an example, a factor helpful to promoting
Turing would be the late twentieth century growth in general enthusiasm for promoting and studying
the history of cultural and sexual minorities. My hypothesis is also that the details of these factors
can govern promotion and depiction in certain ways. Particular nuances are evident as to what the
public generally view as unambiguously heroic and thus admirable. For example, Andrew Hodges
has already discussed how popular sources tend to portray Turing's sexuality as a passive trait, as
opposed to a radical act. It can be theorised that narrative is sometimes altered from a exact retelling
because of these difficulties in fitting it to a preconceived idea

Have you ever wondered who invented the modern computers...
Have you ever wondered who invented the modern computers we use today?Now, you would
probably say Microsoft or Apple; however the truth is modern computers were invented by Alan
Turing. He invented the Turing Machine, which is a computer that could process anything. In other
words he created the first programing language. Not only did he contribute to computer science, but
also in biology, chemistry, physics, and especially mathematics. He has countless number of
achievements including his contribution of cracking the Nazi enigma code, which seemed at that
time, "unbreakable". Now lets dive into the life of Alan.
Now where is better to start than his early life. Alan was born into a wealthy family. He was born on
the June of 25, 1912 in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However on the same day of the first day of term one, a general strike occurred for ten days (1926).
He was so determined to attend the school, he biked 60 miles to the school while staying at an inn
for one night. He makes a good friend named Christopher Morcom. however he died on February
1930 while enrolling to the same college as Alan. Alan becomes very devastated and becomes
atheist.
After attending high school at Sherborne, be enrolled at the University of Cambridge. There he
studied from 1931 till 1934, taking a masters in computer science, and mathematics. He also proved
the central limit theorem and wrote a paper about artificial intelligence. For undergraduate work, he
did plenty of lectures and tutoring, math, biology, and physics. He also did some coaching however
soon quits because it was too time consuming. He also joined the cross country team. He won over 6
completions in long distance running. He even competed in the AAA Championships in
Loughborough (1932). He gotten fifth place. The first three were to go to the 1948 Olympics. He
graduated at Cambridge with honors in mathematics and elected as a Fellow (basically student
representative). He also writes a famous paper named, "On Computable Numbers, with an
Application to the Entscheidungsproblem" on 1936. It was a paper describing a main concept idea
of the turing machine. A computer that can "compute anything computable". He then attended
Princeton graduate school. He

Bletchley Blitz Research Paper
Unraveling the Enigma
Code breaking was a crucial part of the secret efforts of the allied forces during World War II.
Though modern day code breaking is a feat which can be achieved by means of using advanced
technology, during World War II, code breaking was a vital and dangerous endeavour. The Nazi's
Enigma code was one of the most difficult and essential ciphers to unscramble. The Bletchley Park
code breakers actually created what was considered the first prototype of a computer for the purpose
cracking the Enigma code. In deciphering the Enigma code many lives were lost, however, a larger
number of lives were saved. The Coventry Blitz was a prime example of how lives were lost in
order to preserve the secrecy of the Enigma code. Cracking ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Before World War II, Coventry was an important manufacturing and engineering city in England
which supplied the British military with products and materials essential to Britain's war
preparations. Once the Enigma code had been decrypted, the code breakers discovered information
about one of the main Nazi attacks on Coventry, codenamed "Operation Moonlight Sonata" to the
Nazis. News of this attack was revealed to Churchill through FW Winterbotham, a British Royal Air
Force officer who supervised the distribution of ULTRA intelligence (Winston Churchill). ULTRA
was the codename for any vital information obtained from the intercepted Nazi Enigma messages
(History). Winterbotham delivered the intelligence to Churchill when Coventry's name was
decrypted from Nazi messages on November 14, 1940 at 3:00 PM, the afternoon before the raid
(Winston Churchill). The November 14th raid was the most vicious attack Coventry experienced
during World War II. Nazi bombers released a deadly amount of dangerous explosives on Coventry.
Of the 568 people killed, more than 400 were burned so badly that they were unidentifiable. More
than 60 000 buildings were destroyed, including 27 war factories (History). Although Churchill
knew in advance that the Nazis would attack Coventry, he deliberately withheld the information
because warning the city of Coventry and its residents of the imminent threat would have alerted the
Nazis that their codes had been cracked. Had the Nazis known that their codes had been unravelled,
they would begin using a different form of coded messaging, thus rendering the progress of the code
breakers useless. (Daily Mail Online). It was necessary for Churchill to sacrifice the lives of the
people of Coventry to protect the endeavours of the code breakers in Bletchley

The Enigma Machine And How It Worked

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