Cottage Street Fire Station Case Study

Cottage Street Fire Station Case Study
On November 14, 2003, a fire was reported at the Greenhalgh Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The
Pawtucket Fire Department was dispatched to the fire. One of the satellite stations, Cottage Street
Fire Station, happened to be directly across the road from the old mill and could see first–hand that
the fire was already fully engulfed. This fire rapidly spun out of control, destroying three mill
buildings, thirteen homes, and damaging seventeen other structures before being contained. Twenty–
one mutual aid departments from Rhode Island and Massachusetts were called in to assist the
Pawtucket Fire Department. Looking at the article, Rhode Island and Massachusetts Units Converge
on Pawtucket Mill Fire by Jay K. Bradish, from both the engine and truck company perspectives, in
my opinion, the call for additional resources and an adequate supply of water were appropriately
implemented, while the implementation of the Incident Command System and the accountability of
fire personnel were handled improperly during this fire. To begin, the call for of additional
resources, including personnel and equipment was beneficial. The text said, "The Cottage Street Fire
Station, home to Engine 4 and Ladder 2, was located directly across from the mill." Upon the initial
dispatch, Lt. John Leite, a firefighter in that station, was able to immediately ... Show more content
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Having adequate resources, including personnel, equipment, and water is essential to a successful
operation. Improper implementation of the ICS system, as well as not having accountability for the
firefighters involved in a fire as large as the Pawtucket event, are serious safety issues that could
have proved disastrous for the firefighters in this incident. Safety is the first rule in firefighting with
the end goal that everyone goes
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Case Study: Incident Command System
On 02/04/2017 at 1244 hours, I COII Benally badge #11837, responded to an Incident Command
System in Dorm 2 F–pod initiated by COII Brown badge #1305 due to a green leafy–like substance
found on inmate Pierre ADC #182318 during a random pat search. At the time I arrived, I observed
COII Brown and COII Zamarron badge #11855 giving verbal directives to inmate Pierre to hand
over the substance and inmate Pierre refused directives while walking away from staff towards the
restroom area in F–pod and continued to refuse directives given by staff to submit to mechanical
restraints. Inmate Pierre then walked over to the toilet in the corner and attempt to flush the
substance, COII Brown and COII Zamarron grabbed inmate Pierre by the shoulders in attempt

Incident Command Systems: The Unity Of Command System
A– Unity of command
The Unity of Command is very important in an Incident command system as it allows flexibility and
fast communications. We can define the Unity of command to: Each person or individual has a
specific boss/supervisor to whom he or she reports to in the incident command system.
This system helps simplifies receiving and issuing orders, if one or two individuals were assigned to
two or maybe even more supervisors it would cause confusion, disorder and most likely they will be
stressed from all those orders they are taking, that's why the unity of command comes handy, within
the incident command system the concept of unity of command is enhanced or reinforced through
the designation of supervisors in the incident command system. ... Show more content on
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The concept of this unified command structure is: Senior–level people from different agencies
gather in one place to discuss strategies, each individual has a say in the decision–making process,
orders and directives go from unified command to other branches in the table of organization.
One way of making unified command structure work is including key community response
personnel and The first responders know their responsibilities. The agencies work together to
determine overall objectives, plan for operational activities and maximize use of all assigned
resources.
There are elements to apply on Unified Command in an incident: –
1– Objectives and strategies: this responsibility goes to the various agency admins who set policy
and regulations and are accountable to their agencies
2– Organization: Unified Command consists of multiple agency on–scene representatives
3– Resources: resources are the equipment and staff supplied by agencies that have functional
responsibility for the incident action

The Importance Of Communication
Communication, without a question, is the most fundamental part of life. Without communication
and transfer of information between one person to another, human kind would be years behind of
where we are today. We have evolved from markings on a wall, the most basic form of
communication, to now being able to contact someone across the world via the intranet and
telephone. These new forms of communication were probably not though possible 50 years ago. We
have only started to begin to scratch the surface of the benefits of communication. One of the
benefits is the possibility of advancing communication between organizations and the
communication for first responders. In the realm of first responder communication and terrorism,
there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What all the different forms of communication have in common is the need for someone passing and
someone receiving. With out both of these, information is not passed from one person to another.
For first responders, the understanding of communication is a must. This is particularly important
during emergencies. The types of communication that first responders may utilize during an
emergency include radio, cell phone, hand signals, flares, lights, and many more. There needs to be
a common understanding of these forms of communication before an emergency situation. If there is
lack of understanding, it will lead to poor communication. This will lead to the essential information
not be interpreted correctly and confusion will likely occur. First responders require communication,
if there is no communication, they will not be able to effectively accomplish their goals.
Problem Defined Communication, or lack there of, has proven to be detrimental to society in many
ways. The lack of communication between individuals has brought down organizations, caused
economic loss, and caused people to get injured or killed. This lack of communication cannot be
narrowed down to one specific reason. It can be the result of the person not passing correct
information or it could be the receiver interpreting the information incorrectly. It can also be the
result of communication technologies failing. Or

Addressing Incident Command System And Alternative...
Addressing Incident Command system and alternative means of communication (part A and B)
The Incident Command system refers to a management system which contains various system
features or attributes. Due to these functions, ICS holds the adaptability and flexibility to be applied
to an array of incidents both large and small. Therefore, these features can be used to strengthen the
Emergency Management Plan (EMP). Features like management by objective and unity and chain
of command ensure that EMP develops clear and attainable objective for disaster management.
Developing alternative means of communication to manage and control disaster response efforts
effectively, ensures timely response actions are employed. These alternative communication

Response Execution Essay
Response Structure
Karrie Colin
AJS/562
January 28, 2013
George Wilson
Response Structure
Creating an emergency response plan is very important in any business. There are different plans for
medical, fire, police, and school. The following plans are imperative in any environment. There are
many things that will happen and Incident Command System (ICS) will help to provide the
responders with an effective system that works. But before we go into the structures, an
understanding of an incident command system needs to be addressed.
According to OSHA, n.d., "ICS is a standardized on–scene incident management concept designed
specifically to allow responders to adopt an integrated organizational structure equal to the
complexity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This allows hospitals to know how many beds they are going to need. Demobilization is the next
level. In this level, the responders are either sent back to the area they came from, set back in service
after they transport a victim, or they are cancelled all together. The last level is termination. In this
level, the incident commander decides that no further action is required and everyone is sent back to
their units. The next thing we need to look at are the responsibilities of the incident commander. The
first one, according to FEMA, 1999, is to rescue all victims. The second is making sure the victims
are taken out of the situation and moved to a medical facility. And the third is to make sure the
personnel are safe.
Next we will look at fire and rescue. The organization of the incident command is almost the same
as the medical responders. According to Fire and Rescue, 2008, the following are the organizational
areas for fire and rescue: "Organization on the incident ground, this gives the Incident Commander a
recognized system from which to work when organizing and using resources at an Incident, Incident
Risk Management, the principal consideration of Incident Commanders is safety of their personnel.
Therefore, prior to deciding upon the tactics an assessment of risk must be performed. The Incident
Commander must identify the hazards, assess the risks, and implement all reasonable control
measures before committing crews into a risk area,

Emergency Response: Disaster in Franklin County Essay
Emergency Response: Disaster in Franklin County
Katherine Helm
Western Governor's University
May 2013
Role of the Major Public Health Personnel
In the event of a disaster, the community relies upon the public health personnel to evaluate the
needs of the community, assess the available resources, provide reliable information, and coordinate
health activities. It is essential that local health workers are trained professionals who are reassuring
and organized to address health, social, cultural and material concerns of the community. Local
health personnel coordinate social services, transportation, available health services, volunteers,
outside assistance, public utilities and rescue work (HELP, 1989). The public health nurse is ...
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4) Operations Chief: Organizes tactical field resources. 5) Logistics Chief: Acquires space, supplies,
and equipment for operations to be able to function. 6) Finance/Administration Chief: Ensures
contracts and finances are in place for the The public health nurse is also part of the Incident
Command Team. As a single resource, the public health nurse is part of the Nurse Strike Team. The
PHN would report to the leader of the Nurse Strike Team. The Strike Team reports to the Medical
Care Group who then reports to the Operations Chief within the Incident Command (FEMA, 2010).
Available Resources The public health nurse has many resources available to help assist residents
after a natural disaster. The priorities after a disaster such as a flood are for providing services in
high–risk areas such as adequate and safe water, basic sanitation facilities, liquid and solid waste
disposal, shelter, food protection, and personal hygiene. The public health nurse has access to
written literature that can be provided to residents who are safe to remain in their homes, which
describe food and water safety as well as hygiene measures. If residents are willing to leave an
unsafe living environment, the public health nurse is able to locate shelters for temporary safe
housing. Epidemiology specialists are available to the nurse if signs of a possible disease outbreak
has

Incident Command Systems Essay
As fall began in 1970, California had experienced practically no rainfall for many months, humidity
levels dropped to being practically non existent, and the earth was scored from the raging summer
heat (Rowley, n.d.). These conditions provided ample fuel for a wildfire that would burn for 13 days
before being beaten back and extinguished by firefighters. Initially, it appeared controlling the fire
spread would be done easily and quickly. However, multiple fires spawned rapidly into large fires
that overwhelmed the local resources. Lack of communication, communication and application of
skill became quickly evident as a major flaw in the control and command of such a large event. Prior
to 1970 the Incident Command Systems did not exist, but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
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Essentially, an Incident Command Systems provides the basis of information in which the local,
regional, or state response organization use to control the efficiency and functionality of response to
an event or disaster. ICS encompasses five major systems which are, "command, operations,
planning, logistics and finance" (Haddow, et. al., 2013). There are also three types of Incident
Command: single, unified and area. A Single Incident Command involves one area, with one event,
and one Incident Commander. Unified Command involves an event that spans jurisdictional
boundaries and, therefore, warrants involvement of multiple Incident Command Systems and
communication and coordination between respective Incident Commanders. Area Command spans,
or has potential to, a very large area, such as a public health emergency as suggested by Haddow,
Bullock and Coppola (n.d.). Since its development, the ICS has proven to be a useful and valuable
tool in emergency management. By following guidelines established within an ICS, individual
and/or multiple agencies can more quickly, efficiently and appropriately respond to disaster and
emergency events. The continued use of the Incident Command Systems will aid in the success,
competence and effectiveness of the emergency management

Incident Command System
When an incident occurs within the United States, the Incident Command System (ICS) is brought
into action. The ICS process serves as a management system designed to provide an effective
incident management structure by way of combining facilities, personnel, equipment, operating
procedures, communications and operational standards. The ICS is not a flawless system, however
its flexible design allows for adaptation and change. During Hurricane Sandy, the ICS was
implemented with mixed results. More than 28,000 personnel were utilized for the response and
recovery efforts from that hurricane. It was the Incident Command System that served as
coordinating guidance for facilitating the organizational structure for the hurricane Sandy response
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The ICS focuses on five primary functional responsibilities: command, operations, planning,
logistics, Intelligence & Investigations, finance and administration for emergency response (FEMA
2016). The formation of the ICS concept harkens back to 1968 and has gone through a number of
changes since that time.
During Hurricane Sandy response, the five functional areas of the ICS can be examined so as to
illustrate their roles and how they were employed. The first role to be examined is the command
function. Within the role of the ICS, each person in the response reports to only one supervisor
thereby limited the possibility of conflicting directives. Prior to landfall of Hurricane Sandy, FEMA
had pre–positioned hundreds of personnel, numerous generators, hundreds of thousands of gallons
of water, hundreds of thousands of packaged meals, cots and blankets. The personnel deployed
included liaison teams and Incident Management Assistance Teams (IMATs), which helped prepare
the command leadership and operations cores. The supplies laid on pre–hurricane helped serve the
functional responsibility area of logistics. Logistics also was responsible for providing facilities and
services required by the personnel from the various

NIMS Case Study
The President of the United States of America issued the HOmeland Security Presidential Directive
(HSPD)– 5 on February 28th, 2003 for Managing Domestic incidents like terrorist attacks, this
helped create the National Incident Management System (NIMS) (Homeland Security, 2004). The
use of the Incident Management System and Incident Command System can help respond and
manage an attack of Weapons of Mass Destruction. These systems allow for coordination to be used
in a proper and efficient manner. Without a system in place communication and coordination can fall
apart and the response will not be prompt as an emergency like this needs to be.
IMS and ICS
The continuity of operations capabilities continuity of operations COOP is way to help coordination
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THese concepts and principles help provide room for flexibility that is adjustable to work with a
variety of incidents no matter the location, size, complexity or the cause (Homeland, Security,
2004). NIMS also has a standardized structure including Public information systems, multiagency
coordination systems, and the Incident Command System create to support interoperability within
all agencies (Homeland Security, 2004).
To be prepared for an attack on American soil there is a lot of training, realistic exercises, personnel
certification and qualification , planning, equipment certification and question, and publication
management that is needed. This allows for NIMS and the agencies involved to be ready and
prepared for any potential attack with mechanisms that will get well trained and organized personnel
and ready equipment at the targeted zone as soon as possible. This is all done with resources and
data tracked and information collected, and analyzed to best share and communicate the

Emergency Management Operation Of Emergency Department
Emergency management Operation
Emergency management operation deals with executive functions that create the framework for
managing the community disaster response and recovery plans. It requires proactive,
comprehensive, progressive, risk–driven, integrated, collaborative, coordinated, flexible, and
professional approaches (Principles of Emergency Management, 2007, p.4). City emergency
department is responsible for handling all the emergency response in the city. The department has to
put together necessary emergency actions such as mitigation and prevention, preparedness,
response, and recovery that will help to protect lives and properties during disaster emergencies.
This presentation will outline and describes the National Incident ... Show more content on
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For instance, disaster causes serious damages to our critical infrastructures such as roads, bridges,
facilities, even lives and properties ((Suryanto, & Kuncoro, 2012). Plans of action, to deal with
unexpected occurrence of incidents are part of emergency management. These actions are also part
of the National Preparedness goal for the "whole community–individuals, families, communities,
the private and nonprofit sectors, faith–based organizations, and state, local, tribal, territorial, insular
area and Federal governments to prepare for all types of emergencies" (Federal Emergency
Management Agency, n. d). It includes five mission areas of such as preventing, protecting against,
mitigating, responding to, and recover from incidents of national significance (Federal Emergency
Management Agency, n. d). Cities and business shall have an emergency plan or incident
management system that will help in the management of resources during incidents (Federal
Emergency Management Agency, n. d). The National Incident Management System (NIMS)
provides guidelines on how the city and community emergency plans will integrate to the national
plan for effective nationwide response and recovery. But NIMS also, specified that local
jurisdictions will retain command, control, and authority over response activities in their
jurisdictional areas during incident response (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2008).
The National Incident Management

FEMAAnd Incident Command System
Emergency management is a hard term to defined because it encompasses a broad list of
components and duties. Lucien Canton defines emergency management as fallows "Emergency
management is the managerial function charged with creating the framework within which
communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters"(2003). This definition is
accepted and used for globally. Emergency management agencies exist on multiple countries and at
multiple levels.
United States created a federal emergency management agency FEMA as well as state and local
agencies. In order to supply the need for an agency that could work on prevents, protect and support
communities on emergency situations, FEMA is the biggest emergency management agency and ...
Refers to the action to react to another action. On emergency management they way the agency
responds to emergencies is vital. "Emergency response is the implementation of planning and
preparedness during an emergency. Implementation includes the decisions, actions, and application
of resources used to mitigate the impact of the emergency. Emergency response also includes
recovery from the emergency"(Roanoke. (n.d.)). Response in another aspect that forms the chain of
functions of emergency management, the way and the time frame in which emergency agencies
respond is vital and it depends on how well they are prepare. During late 80's and early 90's FEMA
face a lot of challenges because they were not able to efficiently respond to hurricanes and floods
that happen around the country. This failures cause delays on the recovery process, lost of resources
and

The Incident Command System Essay
Emergency services face vast difficulties in the operations field when handling emergency
situations, whether it comes from handling a minor accident to a catastrophic catastrophy. Many of
the difficulties do not come from the actual incident, but instead they arise from forming a rescue
team containing different agencies and people. For the benefit off all individuals participating, it is
imperative that there be a unified command structure in place to effectively coordinate and oversee
the tasks that need to be accomplished. The need of a unified command was seen from the hardships
faced in incidents, bringing forth the development of the Incident Command System that was
designed to be used in an array of conditions, to bring all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Directly receiving directions from the Incident Commander as well as reporting to the Command
Staff are sections that oversee, plan, and assemble the necessary resources to carry out the Incident
Action Plan passed down from the Command Staff. The Operations Section is managed by the
Operations Section Chief who oversees all tactical operations at the incident. Deputies can then be
appointed underneath the Operations Section Chief to control different Branches of operations in
order to keep the span of control in scale. Ideally one individual should only control five other
individuals on scene. As resources grow, the span of control can be reduced through the
implementation of Divisions and Groups. Divisions can be used if the need arises to slit operations
into geographical locations. This allows for the Operations Section Chief to pass on vital
information to crews in a specific location. These divisions may simply be a quadrant of a structure,
as well as a large area. It enables for all Divisions to communicate and work together, even through
the use of different methods. Groups can then be implemented to further break down Divisions into
smaller more manageable resources. In each geographical location, the ability to control law

Incident Command System: An Incident Action Plan (IAP)
An Incident Action Plan [IAP] is defined as "an oral or written plan containing general objectives
reflecting the overall strategy for managing an incident" (Maniscalco & Christen, 2011).
Additionally it is a crucial part of the Incident Command System [ICS]. Typically, the IAP is verbal
at the beginning of an incident and is provided by the Incident Commander [IC]. As the incident
planning moves along and a planning action chief is assigned, it will move into a written IAP that is
provided at different briefings (Maniscalco & Christen, 2011). It should be noted that the IAP is
fluid and may change as different issues present themselves. "It begins, foundationally, with an
understanding of the situation and objectives built to solve the problems

Incident Command System Analysis
The utilization of the Incident Command System (ICS) in the United States may at first glance
appear to be an overwhelming, and complicated system of hazard management. On the contrary, for
most responders with military, law enforcement, or fire service background, ICS closely conforms to
the principles of command structure with which they are familiar. Applying strict command
structure, along with standardized response training leads to higher probabilities of successful
outcomes in the face of the most chaotic emergencies. Large–scale emergency responses like 9/11
are repeatedly critiqued, often from afar, sometimes correctly, but sometimes unfairly. Responders
on the ground make immediate life–altering decisions based on instinct, or perform ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Training of individual responders in the use of PPE, hazardous material recognition, shielding
tactics, or establishing an immediate perimeter can often increase survivability and mission success.
The use of "two–man tactics" to offensively isolate a terrorist, instead of waiting for a larger tactical
unit response can be effective in limiting the scope of violent attacks. The use of technologies
including: video surveillance, explosive detection, infrared viewing, thermal imaging, drones, and
robotics are examples of advantageous equipment that when used correctly can positively alter
response ability. The use of "cross training" of responder disciplines, such as police receiving fire or
ems training will lead to more capabilities and understanding by those first on scene.
"Approximately half of individuals that work in law enforcement, fire, rescue, emergency medical,
and related fields hold a second job in a similar emergency response agency" (Newman, and Clark,
2008). Every possible advantage should be examined as first responders prepare for handling a
terrorist situation, especially if the initial immediate response is limited in scope. First on scene
personnel must also survive an attack themselves so that they may be able to aid

A Short Note On Mock Disaster Response Plan
Mock Disaster Response Plan
The Incident Command System provides a tentative framework for the management of disasters
across the country. The system is flexible to adapt to the particular needs of the situation at hand.
The ICS provides guidelines on how various assets can be utilized in times of an emergency. These
assets are supplied by the federal, state, and local authorities as well as NGOs and private
organizations. The assets include human capital as well as machinery, and strategies that can help
control the incident from getting out of hand. The assets also ensure the number of casualties
remains minimal in the event of a disaster (FEMA, 2010).
When an incident occurs the Incident Command System organizes the assets into five ... Show more
Scenario
On the night of July 3rd, 2015, a man entered the Phoenix Movie Centre that is located in downtown
Kentucky. Within minutes, gunshots in the movie center were heard from the nearby establishments
whose workers immediately informed emergency services. Being a Friday, there were many
couples, and teenagers catching movies at the center or playing video games in the center's arcade.
Over 2500 calls were made to emergency units in the span of fewer than 15 minutes. Some of the 9–
1–1 operators reporting that there were a lot of screaming, and what sounded like gunshots from the
other end of the lines. Emergency units were dispatched with the first arriving within 10 minutes of
the first shot. There are reports that over 2000 people were in the building once the shots began.
Functional Areas of ICS
As stated earlier, there are five sections that make up the Incident Command System. These include
the Planning, Logistics, Command, Operations, and Administration/Finance. Each section has its
responsibilities to ensure that nothing is left undone i.e. all precautionary methods are undertaken to
prevent the aggravation of the incident. Also, every event is different, and the ICS regulations for a
shootout are different for those of an earthquake or a bomb scare. In the case of a shooting, all the
functional areas will be activated especially in this scenario where the potential for casualties is
high.
We

Incident Command System Essay
Prior to the creation of the Incident Command System, (hereinafter, ICS) local fire, police and EMS
departments and local emergency managers operated within their respective incident management
systems which obviously varied depending on their historical and political experiences.
However, this all changed as a result of a series of wildfires (773 total) that burned out of control in
Southern California during the months of September and October in 1970. These wildfires affected
over 570,000 acres, destroyed in excess of 700 homes and led to the deaths at least 16 people.
(Neamy, 2011)
The problems that became evident during the response effort to these wildfires, leading to the
eventual development of the ICS, were duplication of efforts and lack of coordination between the
agencies involved, as well as communication issues which hindered the response. (Haddow,
Bullock, & Coppola, 2017) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Out of the FIRESCOPE research project came the Incident Command System.
The ICS is comprised of five major management systems: command, operations, planning, logistics
and finance. (Haddow, Bullock & Coppola, 2017). Some of the problems ICS was meant to address
include a lack of accurate and reliable information on incidents, incompatible communications
across agencies, blurred lines of authority leading to response delays and confusion and the
differences in terminology used in different agencies.
According to Emergency Management Services, International, Inc.'s article entitled A Working
History of the Incident Command System, ICS is a "standardized approach to the command, control
and coordination of emergency response providing a common hierarchy within which responders
from multiple agencies can be

Department Of Homeland Security's Emergency Operation Plan
). This declaration also allowed the Department of Homeland Security's Federal Emergency
Management Agency to coordinate federal efforts to assist state, local, and tribal governments and
work with private and faith–based voluntary organizations to provide aid to the people of California
(FEMA, California, 2004, p. 4).
The plan Due to the size and complexity of the Cedar fire, there is not one single agency's
emergency operation plan, but rather several plans from different agencies of all levels that
influence the tactical decisions and resource utilization. FIRESCOPE, the Incident Command
System, and the National Fire Plan resulted from lessons learned from previous fires and benefited
the fire service and citizens of the Cedar fire.
FIRESCOPE– The FIRESCOPE program originated in Southern California, organized under the
acronym, "FIrefighting REsources of Southern California Organized for Potential Emergencies" in
1972 (FIRESCOPE, n.d., p. 1). This program was essentially a mutual aid agreement that represents
all facets of local, rural, and metropolitan fire departments, the California Department of Forestry,
and the fire protection, and federal fire agencies (FIRESCOPE, n.d.).
Incident Command System is a standardized on–scene incident management concept designed
specifically to allow responders to provide a span of control through an integrated organizational
structure equal to the complexity and demands of any single incident or multiple incidents without
being

The Incident Command System (ICS)
The Incident command system (ICS) is a top done command structure to management incident
scenes not matter what size it is do to its flexibility. (Newman, & Clarke, 2008) It covers operations,
logistics, administration, planning. This starts with the incident commander to section chiefs for the
different sectional operations. With the flexibility of the structure it can be applied on a single
medical call where the Incident commander can hand all of the steps to establish command,
logistics, and operations, and decide if more resources are required. (Maryea Media Productions
2010) The Incident command structure was created out of the massive forest fires in California, after
investigations where completed. It pointed to the lack of unified

Office Of State Security Programs
Attention: January 4, 2014
Office of the Governor
Vermont Department of Public Safety Office of State Security Programs Office of Risk Management
Office of the Burlington Mayor
Police Department
Fire Department
Health Department
Electric Department
Fish and Wildlife Department
International Airport
School District
Telecom
Department of Code Enforcement
Community and Economic Development Office
Department of Public Works (Transportation)
Franklin County Officials
Orleans County Officials
Essex County Officials
Grande Isle County Officials
Lamoile County Officials
Chittenden County Officials
Washington County Officials
Caledonia County Officials
Subject: Mitigation Plan
Primary Goals:
Protect the wellbeing and safety of city residents while reducing the incidence of injuries, and loss
of life
Prevent the loss of critical utilities, and damage to property, equipment and infrastructure
Ensure public understanding of emergency and risk mitigation measures through timely and routine
communication
Foster coordination among agencies to ensure implementation of effective response measures
As we prepare for the severe weather moving into the region, we are making several
recommendations to reduce the negative consequences of the storm. This storm is projected to bring

a potential accumulation of six inches of ice, with potential hazards including widespread power
outages as ice and snow accumulate on trees and power lines as well as treacherous travel conditions

The Incident Command System (OCD)
Our world is complex there has always been and always will be disasters that can happen anywhere
anytime. There can be natural disasters, for example floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, wild fires and
drought. There are also man–made and technology types of disasters from hazardous material spills,
biological weapons, cyber–attacks to even civil unrest. According to PEMA, the history of
emergency management can date all the way back the first civil defense program which was started
during World War I and later during World War II the office of civil defense (OCD) was created by
Pres. Roosevelt. In the past emergency management, has always been event driven. With each new
crisis that our nation has gone through, the reason for and the avenue in which to accomplish
emergency management has changed. No more so than when the terrorist attacked on 9/11. The 9/11
commission report states that the Incident Command System is a "proven framework for emergency
response" (911 CR). The incident command system is a proven framework for emergency response
by providing clear leadership and organizational structure, improving the effectiveness of resource
efforts, and maintaining safety for responders.
First, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chain of command is an orderly line of authority within the ranks of the incident management
system. Unity of command means that every individual has a designated supervisor to whom they
report to at the scene of an incident, and only one person they take orders from. Unity of command
enables all responsible agencies to manage an incident together by establishing a set of incident
objectives and strategies, and allows incident commanders to make joint decisions by establishing a
single command structure, with the emphasis of maintaining unity of command and accountability
for every responder at the

Incident Command System Case Study
Revere is a city in Massachusetts, found in Suffolk County. located approximately 5 miles from
downtown Boston. With a population a little over 53,000. It is important for firefighters to
understand they must be prepared to respond quickly, efficiently and safely to tornadoes. There are
many things to take in consideration when it comes to a city such as Revere with a large population.
The agencies needed to effectively manage a post–tornado response are the very same agencies
needed within the Incident Command System (ICS). Each of these agencies will play a crucial role
in tornado damage mitigation and victim assistance.
The Fire Department will be used to rescue trapped victims and execute fire suppression. Since the
fire department is normally better experienced in ICS, it will be crucial in assisting to establish the
command system. Wildland fire apparatus, such as brush trucks and command vehicles, which are
habitually equipped with four–wheel drive, will allow personnel fast access to areas unreachable to
larger apparatus and other two–wheel–drive vehicles. The fire department also owns the tools
needed for victim extraction, such as chainsaws and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is not to diminish their capabilities, but rather to maximize them. There will only be a limited
number of ambulances capable of moving patients from the scene to awaiting hospitals. If EMS
personnel become too engaged in the rescue or retrieval of victims, there simply won't be anyone to
treat victim's injuries and transport them. Another way to look at this: EMS personnel are
treatment/transport experts. First responders and basic EMT's from other participating agencies, like
the fire department are capable of patient triage, which frees up the treatment experts to do what
they do best. Also, many private EMS providers do not provide their personnel The necessary PPE
to safely work in the austere environment created by tornado

Incident Command System
Incident command system is system that control and coordinate the response to an incident, and it
designed to make the incident management effective and efficient. And it based on a number of
important principles, and I am going to talk about the way that it can be effective in an incident
response either individually or collectively. And I I am going to talk about three of them, I will start
with
1– A unified command structure put multiple agencies with different geographical area and different
legal in a disastrous event and they share information and responsibilities.
First of all the Importance of unified command structure if it works collectively and individually it
will reduce or even eliminate the effort. If all the agencies work ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
And without it a lot of problems and misunderstanding can happen and it will negatively affect the
entire incident management process and in order to avoid these issues the common terminology has
become one of the most important principles of the incident management system.
Common terminology is very specific and every disastrous event has his own name and
classification. Common Terminology can reduce generalities and misunderstand when used
properly.
Common terminology can reduce the language barriers and it will allow for individuals from a
variety of countries to work together and communicate with each other during an incident. For
example during Kashmir earthquake in 2005 the country had to recourse to international help, and a
lot of countries responded and they have sent resources, equipment, supplies and professionals to
help in the disaster management. the professionals were from multiple countries and they speak
multiple language and here we can see the importance of the common terminology by helping them
to work together and to communicate to each other

Wildland Fire Essay
Virtually everywhere in the United States is affected to one degree of another by wildland fires.
Even if a community is not directly involved with the fire itself, chances are that some of its
members have gone to help fight wildland fires in other areas of the country by providing
manpower, financial support, or other humanitarian aid.
Policies regarding the handling of wildland fires continue to change and evolve as new information
is learned each fire season. Attitudes have changed between complete wildland fire suppression to
no suppression at all. We now seem to have reached a balance between the two schools of thought
and fall somewhere in the middle.
Physics and Chemistry of Fire
Fire Triangle
There are three main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
605). Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it only changes form. There are several sources of heat.
These sources are chemical, mechanical, electrical, and nuclear.
Chemical The most common source of heat for the purpose of firefighting comes from chemical
reactions. When something burns, it is the result of a chemical reaction where heat is being released.
Pyrolysis is the "decomposition or transformation of a compound caused by heat."(Coleman, et al.
81)
Mechanical The mechanical source of heat deals the heat that is created from friction. Friction is a
resistive force that occurs from the rubbing or compression of materials. For firefighters, this source
of fire is seen mostly in industrial machinery (Coleman, et al. 81).
Electrical An electric current exists when there is a net flow of charge through a given area.
Electrons flow from the negatively charged region to the positively charged region. This is usually
accomplished by using an electrical conductor which allows the electrons to pass freely through the
material (Serway, et al. 709). This flow of electrons can generate heat when collisions between the
molecules and electrons occur. These collisions then cause the molecules to break apart thus
releasing heat. Some common examples of electrical energy are lightning, static electricity, and
wiring outlets (Coleman, et al. 82). For the wildland firefighter, lightning is probably the

Accountability On The Fire Ground
Christopher McCoy SCC Fire academy Benji Johnson 6–24–17 Accountability on the Fire Ground
An essential component of the fire ground is accountability. When an accountability system is
established and implemented, a safely ran and efficient ground operation can occur. Fire
departments that establish and implement accountability systems are serious about maintaining the
integrity about their company and preventing any freelancing that may occur on the fire ground. The
Personal Accountability System (PAS) primary reason is to keep track of the fire an emergency
personnel, promote safety, and enables the department to fall within the parameters of NFPA 1500:
"Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program" and NFPA 1561: ... Show more content
Everyone understands that the fire ground is a fast moving, dynamic, and many times a chaotic
environment in the best of situations. However, consider how much more complicated that
environment becomes when the IC hears the word "Mayday" on the radio or suddenly realizes that
an individual or an entire crew has not been seen or heard from and he has no idea of where to start
looking.
One of the main goals of the incident command system (ICS) is to manage resources on the fire
grounds. The Incident Command System has a built–in accountability system. Proper management
of fire ground operations is necessary to achieve and maintain accountability. Accountability
through incident command is possible only if it is established from the very beginning of the
incident with the arrival of the first unit, officer, or member who establishes command and begins to
assign and track incoming resources. Resources that self–deploy on the fire ground without the
establishment and direction of an overall IC are not operating within incident command, a single
incident action plan (IAP), or an accountability system. Any organization that waits for a later
arriving officer to show up, establish command, and then attempt to locate and track multiple self–
deployed resources from scratch is setting that officer and the organization up for failure and,
ultimately, a tragic disaster. Accountability through

Changes in Policy after School Shootings
Policies have changed since the shooting happened in Littleton, Colorado. Before Columbine the
primary goal of law enforcement officers before and during a shooting was to set up a perimeter and
await arrival of SWAT members (Erickson, 2001). This policy has changed in many states including
Pennsylvania where police had been preparing for active shooters with local schools. Police are not
able to wait the twenty minutes to an hour for SWAT to arrive at a scene which is why the state
mandated that local police receive active shooting training (Coughlin, 2012). This response and a
brochure that the Department of Homeland Security came out with are allowing schools a better
chance of eliminating a shooter with less causalities and injuries. This brochure goes into to profile
of an active shooter, how to respond to an active shooter, how to respond when law enforcement
arrives, training staff for an active shooter, preparing for and managing an active shooter situation,
recognizing workplace violence, managing the consequences of an active shooter, and lessons
learned (DHS, 2008). Recommendations were made following the shooting to implement a
command center with personnel able to take command at the beginning of a crisis, control
assembled personnel, and to communicate objectives clearly (Erickson, 2001). This came after the
failure of law enforcement to set up a successful command center whereas Fire and EMS
successfully instituted an incident command center based on

Incident Command System: A Case Study
First responders, such as fire, police, and EMS rely on communication to effectively work together
as agencies and as a team. Incident command systems give first responders the tools necessary to
establish a clear command structure, eliminating unnecessary communication and confusion. ICS
can be used in a variety of situations varying from natural disasters, terrorist events, hazardous
materials response, emergency medical response, and fires. Preparation in these events plays a large
role in a first responder's to protect themselves as well as the public. It is through training of incident
command systems first responders can begin to put ICS into application. Not only is it vital for first
responders to understand and train in job specific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Federal emergency management agency, FEMA, has a variety of online training and publications
available at no cost to the viewer. Many fire departments across the US have taken advantage of this
online training making the FEMA ICS 100b, 200b, and 700a certifications, a standard certification
that must be on file at the responder's affiliated agency as well as their Fire Academy. In these
courses first responders expand their basic knowledge on the functions of an incident command
structure.
Although this requirement is a great tool in initial development of a first responder's basic
understanding of ICS, many departments only require a single submission of this online training.
This lack of consistent training becomes a limitation as time fades, specifically with smaller
agencies that lack the hands on experience. Without adequate knowledge and training in ICS, first
responders become ill prepared in how to function properly in a command

Incident Command System Analysis
The studies surrounding the Incident Command System (ICS) explicitly state the importance of its
use on all emergency responses. The challenge that is always possible at every incident is, "what
happens when that relationship you have developed with your partner falters and the organization of
the simple, single patient call begins to fall apart?" (Owens, 55). Using the ICS framework creates
the basis for first responders to formulate an organized response that is resilient and established. In
the smallest, routine incidents ICS is used for scene size up and establishing structure. Throughout
the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) when arriving on scene there is a necessity to communicate
with dispatch your updated status. ICS presents an organized

9/11 Incident Command System
As stated earlier, the 9/11 attacks revealed the indomitable spirit of the US and awakened a sleeping
giant, which was very reminiscent of the US response following the attacks by the Japanese on US
forces in Hawaii. Both 9/11 and Pearl Harbor attacks galvanized the American people into action
and caused the government to heavily invest resources to combat enemies of the US; the Axis
enemies during World War II and "the terrorists", wherever they may be located, following 9/11.
One of the first NIST deficiencies to be corrected were the operational protocols for intra– and
inter–agency communication. This, in part, has been addressed in the Incident Command System
(ICS) since the purpose of ICS is to integrate operations between public safety entities at all levels
of government.
Public safety integration occurs horizontally at the local, state and federal levels of government, and
integration also occurs vertically between respective public safety entities at the local, state and
federal levels of government. ICS requires a common communications plan and interoperable
communications processes and architectures (Federal Emergency Management Agency – FEMA,
2013). Additionally, ICS states ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In February 2016, a public safety repeater was introduced to support a common nation wide public
safety broadband network (Good, 2017). This public safety broadband network will be installed in
buildings to improve communication between first responders and must remain separate from any
commercial networks in the building (Good, 2017). This is extremely important step to ensure first
responder communications are not competing for bandwidth with commercial users, thus increasing
the likelihood of communications working during a

The Role Of A Superintendent Within A School District
Introduction Much of this clinical experience has been examining the specific role of a
superintendent within a school district. I found that the reflections as part of the weekly journal to of
particular interest and benefit as I examined he "Guiding Questions" for this final synthesis essay.
Interestingly, my colleagues in this course found these reflections not to be beneficial. During one of
our class meetings it was noted that these were not a beneficial exercise and that reflection was not
needed. To that, I would counter that reflection s always needed but it is often the easiest item to
overlook. In our hectic administrative world, it is easy to become buried in Administrivia. Often we
do not event take a moment to move from one crisis to the next. Reflection is the only way we can
halt the inexorable march to the end. I for one, was pleased that we were asked to reflect on each
week. I took this as an opportunity to examine the actions of the superintendent and, in a risk free
environment, provide my perspective on the positive or negative actions observed or experienced.
Hopefully the observations and judgments in those weekly journals remain an academic exercise
and not a communique to my superintendent. As I re–read the journal entries and focus them with
the lens of the guiding questions, I have some final thoughts about my qualifications and
idiosyncrasies that may come into play if ever I was afforded the honor of being a superintendent.
What

Persuasive Essay About Fire
Ever heard of a story of a little boy discovering fire for the first time? Well this little boy's mom had
a lighter that had a dolphin design on it and it was used as a decoration piece. So, the little boy
found the lighter and started to play with it and got it to work. He then proceeded to go into the
bathroom so his mom did not know what he was doing. The little boy started to put it up to stuff to
see what would happen. The first thing he grabbed was hairspray. He played with the hairspray and
the lighter. He then managed to light the toilet paper on fire which caused the whole bathroom to
catch on fire. The boy's mom ran into the bathroom and started to put out the fire and when it was
out she found him in his room curled up in a ball holding his thumb because he had burned it. This
little boy should have learned a valuable lesson that day. That lesson is that fire is nothing to mess
with. Many people do not realize the risk of playing or not being careful with fire especially in
forest and dry plains.
Here is something to think about, being irresponsible around fire can cause someone to get hurt or it
could cause people to lose their home. In "2002 there was four hundred and sixty–five homes
destroyed in Arizona because of wild fires" (Kennedy and Johnson). Homes could be saved if forest
fires did happen because of humans. A lot of forest fires are started by humans. "As many as Ninety
percent of wildland fires in the United States are caused by humans. Some

Fundamentals of Fire Protection Essay
Fundamentals of Fire Protection
Tragedy in Worcester December 3, 1999
December 3, 1999 is a day that forever changed the Worcester Fire Department. Six career fire
fighters died after they became lost in a six–story, maze–like, cold storage and warehouse building.
Those lost were, Joseph T. McGuirk, 38; James F. Lyons III, 34; Lt. Thomas E. Spencer, 42;
Timothy P. Jackson, 51; Paul A. Brotherton, 41; and Jeremiah M. Lucey, 38.
(Firehouse.com/worcester May 2002) This research will discuss the importance of operating within
the incident command system, the importance of an accountability system, crew integrity, rapid
intervention teams and the use of thermal imaging cameras, and operations at ... Show more content
Two minutes later, Engine 13 reported fire on the second and third floors. IC#1 then ordered lines to
be taken to the second and third floors and active firefighting began. At 1831 hours IC#2 arrived and
assumed command. He requested a status report from IC#1, who was now on the interior in the role
of interior operations. IC#1 reported that heavy fire was burning on the second and third floors.
Crews arriving on the first alarm were split into 2–man crews and were assigned to search the
building for victims and fire extension. Serving on one of the crews were Brotherton and Lucey
from Rescue 1. All the crews proceeded up the stairwell and observed the other crew from Rescue 1
enter the third floor. Engine 1's crew, Brotherton and Lucey continued to the roof. Once on the roof,
they reported to Interior Command that they were on the roof and had heavy smoke and embers
showing. The crew then ventilated a skylight and proceeded down the stair–well to the sixth floor
and conducted a search. After searching the sixth floor, they descended to the fifth floor to search for
victims. Meanwhile Engine 1's crew conducted their search on the second floor and the other crew
from Rescue 1 searched the third floor. Upon completion of their search, Engine 1's crew descended
the stairwell until

Herbert T. Johnson, Commonly Referred To As Herbie, Was
Herbert T. Johnson, commonly referred to as Herbie, was a Captain on the south side (District 5)
Chicago Fire Department. He started his firefighting career in 1980 in the Chicago Fire Department.
Throughout 32 years of being on the job, others appreciated him for his humor, positivity, and
humble nature. Aside from his family of the fire service, he was married to his wife for 28 years, had
3 kids, and had 7 siblings; many whom became police officers or members of the Chicago Fire
Department. He was awarded the Medal of Honor from the State of Illinois for rescuing several
children in 2007 when he was a lieutenant. In an exemplary fashion, he never boasted about his
awards and accomplishments; he would only invite his immediate family to ... Show more content
The weather at the time was mostly cloudy at approximately 45 degrees fahrenheit with a relative
humidity of 62 percent. Wind averaged to be about 10 miles per hour from the northwest. The
Battalion Chief arrived in less than a minute to size up that there was heavy smoke coming from the
front and rear of the attic with fire in the rear. At 1719 Hours E123 which was Herbies Engine
arrives on scene. At this time BC19 assumed incident command and spoke with one of the
occupants to be informed that everyone was out of the building. Herbie along with a firefighter
(pipeman) advanced a 1¾ inch hose line to the second floor. Fire appeared on the stairwell because a
firefighter opened multiple doors to the rear covered porch. That firefighter did not inform command
or his commanding officer of what he had seen. This led to a delayed discovery that the entire
stairwell was engulfed in fire. A captain on the first floor informed Herbie that there was fire in the
rear covered porch and stairwell over the radio. There was no reply by Herbie to confirm he got the
message, but companies carried on. Meanwhile, around 1723 Hours, E49 applies water in the rear
attic window with a 2 ½ inch hose, SQ5 makes entry through the front door, and TL39 began cutting
the first hole in the roof. All these steps almost immediately lead to chaos for Herbie and his
firefighter. Ventilation was not being controlled and nobody knew exactly where Herbie was
positioned. He and his pipeman

Creating An Emergency Response Plan
Creating an emergency response plan is very important in any business. There are different plans for
medical, fire, police, and school. The following plans are imperative in any environment. There are
many things that will happen and Incident Command System (ICS) will help to provide the
responders with an effective system that works. But before we go into the structures, an
understanding of an incident command system needs to be addressed. According to OSHA, n.d.,
"ICS is a standardized on–scene incident management concept designed specifically to allow
responders to adopt an integrated organizational structure equal to the complexity and demands of
any single incident or multiple incidents without being hindered by jurisdictional boundaries". ICS
is a sub–model of the National Incident Management System (NIMS), as released by the U.S.
Department of Homeland Security in 2004."
An incident command system is referenced to an adaptable, scalable response association which
provides a general agenda where people can work side by side efficiently. These people may come
from many different agencies that do not normally work together, and an incident command system
is intended to give regular response and operation procedures to decrease the troubles and possibility
for miscommunication on such incidents. ICS has been summed up as a "first–on–scene" structure,
where the first responder is in charge until the situation has been cleared up, a more experienced
responder reaches your

Incident Command System Vs Ics
For my Emergency Support Function assignment, I choose to research, and discuss the Incident
Command System "ICS" and the National Management Incident System "NMICS". In this paper I
will compare the similarities, and differences the advantages and disadvantages of each system, as it
pertains to the Emergency Management System.
The ICS system is a personnel management structure through which disaster response is controlled.
ICS was developed by the State of California as a method by which earthquakes and other
emergencies could be handled efficiently. Flexibility is a main tenet of ICS. When properly
implemented, the system allows the development of a command chain of any size that can include
government agencies and non–government organizations alike. Catlin Tidwell "University of
Washington"
The ICS system is broken down in seven ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a division of labor, each unit is assigned a specific function to perform.
Span of control. Submits are established to limit the number of personnel directly supervised by
each unit manager. This is usually five subordinates, but the number can range from three to seven.
Unit integrity. Personnel from a given professional discipline (e.g., police or fire) are assigned to the
same unit in the emergency response organization to facilitate teamwork and also to simplify record
keeping.
Unified command. Most incidents are managed by a single Incident Commander (IC), but a Unified
Command team manages the emergency response when multiple agencies have statutory authority
and responsibility for a specific type of incident.
Management of objectives. Senior incident managers develop actions plans that include specific,
measurable objectives and evaluate their effectiveness by monitoring the achievement of these
objectives.
Comprehensive resource management. The IC or Unified Command team direct the allocation of all
resources–including personnel, facilities, vehicles, and equipment–to emergency

The Queensland Police Service ( Gre ) Incident Command...
The Queensland Police Service (QPS) Incident Command System (ICS) was raised as a project in
2001 with the aim of establishing a Command system which could be used for any type of incident
or event. Extensive research was conducted into ICS models throughout Australia and overseas. The
QPS ICS was finally adapted from the North American ICS model which allows a flexible approach
to incident response with effectiveness and efficiency. The QPS ICS was then adopted into Section
1.12 of the QPS Operational Procedures Manual (OPM 2014). The QPS ICS takes a formal
approach by gathering intelligence, planning a response and deploying the available resources to
achieve a specific result (QPS2013a).
The QPS ICS model is based on five interlocking functional roles. These roles are Command,
Operations, Planning, Intelligence and Administration and Logistics. Depending on the size and
nature of the incident the five roles can be carried out by a single officer or an incident management
team with a Police Forward Commander (PFC) who will have overall supervision. (QPS2013a). The
Command role will be undertaken by the first officer attending the incident who will assume the role
of Police Forward Commander (PFC) (OPM 1.12.3) who will remain in this role until the incident is
resolved or command responsibility is transferred, usually to a more senior officer (QPS2013a). The
PFC will obtain and maintain situational awareness, identify and take responsibility for establishing
a

Incident Command System Research Paper
Incident Command System and Social Media It's the one thing people feel like they can't live
without, social media. Social media connects us to millions of people so we can share pictures,
videos, or just simple messages to each other. You must give appreciation towards prior inventions
like the computer, cellphone, and television because they were what gave birth to social media.
Social media has continued to grow in the past decade and people and organizations must adapt to
this new trend of communication to stay informed. One thing that must adapt to social media is
emergency situations. In an emergency, communication is key for the responders working the scene
and the bystanders. When it comes to an emergency, typically there is a structured ... Show more
("All–Hazards, Full–Service, Multi–Discipline Incident Management"). Through the years ICS had
little changes done to it and could be a successful means of managing incidents. It was such a
flawless management plan that it was adopted nationwide, by the U.S. Coast Guard, and even
internationally. After the events of September 11th terrorist attacks President Bush issued the
Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) 5, which has a combination of Incident
Command System (ICS) and Multiagency Coordination System (MACS) incorporated into it.
History of Social Media
It started in 1997 as a simple website called "Six Degrees" and it allowed users to make a profile
that would list information about themselves. This social networking site also allowed users to send
messages and post information on a bulletin. The bulletin would help the users find common interest
with each other. Six Degrees unfortunately only lasted for five years until the company was bought
out. They accomplished a lot in the short time frame they were active by having around 3,000,000
users registered on the site. Six Degrees also laid out the framework for future social network

Addressing Increased Wildfires Case Report
Addressing Increased Wildfires
Lecture 6: Extra Credit Paper
Addressing Increased Wildfires
A summary of Four Expert Witness Testimonies
John Bailey is a Professor of Silviculture and Fire Management at OSU. In his testimony, John
describes wildfire as inevitable. He links the 2017 wildfire in Oregon and West to a combination of
climate change and increasing amounts of fuel. Fuels have been increasing in terms of total quantity
and connectivity between the many acres and as a result, wildfires burn in increasingly large areas.
The Forest Service has been making mistakes by being unable to treat the increasing surface fuels
previous years before the fires. John recommends active land management which would include ...
He also urges the Congress to give both state and landowners sufficient authority to do initial
suppression activities in case of federal forests fire breakouts. (Energy Commerce, 2017).
Christopher Topik has been the Director of the Nature Conservancy Program which is an
international organization aimed at protecting ecologically important lands. In his written testimony,
Christopher advises all levels of government to work with local communities in fire preparation. He
also advises the use of healthy fires during cooler and wetter months to help reduce the risk of
harmful wildfires. The current emergency fire suppression funding needs to be fixed. Another
approach suggested by Christopher is the expansion of Fire Learning Network programs in
communities to help people learn how to live with fire and smoke. (Energy Commerce, 2017).
Other Website Opinions and Reports Union of Concerned Scientists (2017), reported that global
warming has been the cause of the increased wildfire. The website explains that wildfire seasons in
the United States are expected to lengthen. As a solution to address the issue, Union of Concerned
Scientists (2017) says that mitigation steps should be taken like safety standards. According to the
John Bailey's testimony discussed above, climate change plays part in wildfires but forest
management is also a concern. The Union of Concerned Scientists didn't report any

The Incident Command System
In everyday life communication is one of the most important aspects to receiving information. The
information is not just verbal but reading or visual as well. Every morning we wake up and turn on
the tv or sit down and read the newspaper. We begin to absorb the information and this continues
throughout the day. The fire service no different. We rely on good communication to get our
message across. Although, sometimes we fail to effectively use our communications well. This is
not only at the company level, but as well in informing the public. I was once told, "information is
power" and I certainly agree. Although, the key is to have effective and accurate information. Within
the Incident Command System among the Command Staff rests a very ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are many characteristics which a PIO should have, which I will only share a few. The most
important characteristic for a PIO is to be the subject matter expert. When a PIO is selected who is
not adequately qualified, he or she is being set up for failure. The PIO has to be able to articulate the
message in a simple, concise and clear manner. This person must be believable and come across as a
trust worthy person. The fact of the matter is that the PIO will not only speak the radio but more
importantly in front of cameras and the public. When people look at a speaker, the body language,
facial expressions and gestures relay positive or negative presence. Even if the message is good,
sometimes the results can be looked at in a bad light. It is important that the PIO speak in a manner
to show competency and credibility. At all times the the representative must remain calm and
professional. The PIO must also be able to write as we compose information as well. Often Press
Releases will need to be sent out. Understanding the format and how to compile the information will
be a vital skill. The goal of the press release to describe the 6 W's and H(Who, What, Where, When,
Why and How). The PIO must have the skills to provide this information effectively. Overall, the
PIO has to be able to work well with

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