2. 1. Veilonella
Morphology
Small cocci
Gram negative cocci
Non motile
Non sporing
0.3-0.5 mm in diameter
Occuring in pair, short chins or in clumps
3. Anaerobic cocci
Appearing by light microcopy as diplococci,
masses and short chain
Colonies may fluoresce red under UV light
Optimum temperature is 30-350c
Optimum pH is 6.5-8
Present in normal flora of the mouth, GI tract
This bacterium is well known for its lactate
fermenting abilities
4. Catalase negative
Some species produce catalase lacking
porphyrin
Pyruvate, malate, fumarate and oxaloacetate
are fermented
Acetate, propionate, CO2 and H2 are produced
Veillonella cocci reduce nitrate
5. Fermentation of lactate to propionate and
acetate by methyl malonyl-coA pathway
ATP is produced
High substrate affinity
3 lactate acetate+2propionate+CO2+H2O
6. These organism also inhibited bile, kanamycin,
colistin.
Isolated in polymicrobial anaerobic infection
Produced serologically specific endotoxin that
induce pyrogenicity and Schwaltzman
phenomenon in rabbits
Veillonella resistant to vancomycin, tetracyclin,
aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin.
7. it is non pathogenic cocci
These organism are parasitic in mouth,
intestinal and respiratory tract of humans and
other animal
Rarely, veillonella species have been the only
etiologic agent identified in seroius infection
such as;
Meningitis
Osteomyelitis
Prostheitc joint pain
endocarditis
8. Gram negative diplococci.
0.6-1µm oval with flattened adjacent sides.
Moraxella includes M.catarrhalis and
M.lacunata.
M.catarrhalis is a harmless commensal of upper
respiratory tract.
It grows in basal medium like nutrient agar
9. Oxidase and catalase positive.
It differ from pathogenic Neisseria as.
It does not ferment any carbohydrate.
Give a positive tributyrin hydrolysis test.
Shows Dnase test positive
10. It causes opportunistic lower respiratory tract
infections especially in adults with chronic
obstructive airway disease.
It has also been notated in case of otitis
media, less commonly in meningitis,
endocarditis and ………………
Some strains of M.catarrhalis secrete β
lactamase which destroy penicillin that make
β lactum antibiotic
11. Oxidase positive
Not produce acid from sugars
Produce DNase
Hydrolyze tributyrin
Grow on medium lacking blood
12. Morphology and staining
Oval gram negative cocci are about 0.8 um in
diameter.
They are seen in single or in pairs with adjacent
sides flattened.
Occasionally they found in groups of four as a
result of division in two successive planes.
Sometimes they may be found inside
polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
13. Cultural characteristics
Optimum temperature of aerobe is 360c but
many strains grows in 220c.
Grow on nutrient agar
Colonies on blood or heated blood agar are;
1-2mm in diameter
non hemolytic
friable
white or greyish
convex
14. After 48hrs the colonies are;
Large
More elevated with raised opaque center
Biochemical reactions
Oxidase positive
Not produce acid from glucose, maltose,
sucrose lactose or fructose.
Reduce nitrite to nitrite
Hydrolyses tributyrin
15. More resistant than the meningococcus or
gonococcus.
Culture may remain viable for several months
for 200c.
May survive in sputum for 3-4 weeks
Susceptible for a wide range of antibiotics
Resistant to penicillin and ampicillin
Sensitivity test can be done by disc or dilution
methods
16. Gram positive non sporing anaerobic bacilli
species are commensals in mouth and
intestine.
They are rarely pathogenic.
Eubactecterium,Bifidobacterium and Arachnia.
17. Non motile gram negative bacilli
Show bipolar and barred staining
They are distributed as saprophytes
They can ferment milk and cheese
They produce lactic acid from carbohydrate and
grow in the pH of <5
Part of normal flora of mouth, gut and vagina
18. Lactobacilli in the stomach synthesize
vitamins such as biotin, vit B12, vit K.
In the oral cartrige these have role in the
pathogenesis of dental caries
It forms acid by the fermenttion of sucrose
and other dietary carbohydrate which
dissolve the mineral components of enamel
ant dentine
In vagina, it produce lactic acid that maintain
the acidic Ph of the adult vagina protecting
from various infections
19. Peptoocus: one species; P.niger which occur
as gram positive cocci
Distributed singly or in pair or in cluster
It produce black colour on blood agar and
also produce H2S
20. Peptostreptococcus: gram positive cocci
occur in pair or in chains
Has many species
Both peptococcus and peptostreptococcus
are normal flora of skin, mouth,intestine and
vagina