Civil Aviation Training College

Communication, Navigation & Surveillance
International Civil Aviation Organization Ministry of Civil Aviation
Government of India
Industrial Training
on
Civil Aviation Training College
Bamrauli, Allahabad
By:
Lavlesh Kumar Mishra
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Shambhunath Institute of Engineering & Technology, Allahabad
at
A Presentation On,
Communication in Aviation

Introduction
Civil aviation:
 one of two major categories of flying, representing all non-military aviation
 both private and commercial.
 Most of the countries are members of the ICAO and work together
Comprises of:
1. Airlines: Provides air transport services for traveling passengers.
Environment – Agencies working together, they are
(i)Airports (ii) Catering companies
(iii) Handling companies (iv) Aircraft lessors
(v) Aircraft manufacturers (vi) Global distribution companies
2. Regulatory Body: Responsible for
 regulation of air transport services to/ from/ within a country
 formulation and enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness standards
 co-ordinating all regulatory functions with ICAO.
Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) in India.
3. Airport Operators: Responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in a
country. Airport Authority of India (AAI) in India.
CNS: Civil Aviation Training College Airport Authority of India
World Airline Route Map
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Shambhunath Institute of Engineering & Technology

Airport Authority of India (AAI)
Responsible for
 Creating, Upgrading, Maintaining and Managing civil aviation infrastructure in India.
 Providing Air traffic management (ATM) services over Indian airspace and adjoining oceanic areas.
 Managing a total of 125 Airports, including 18 International Airports, 7 Customs Airports,
78 Domestic Airports and 26 Civil enclaves at Military Airfields.
Functions
 Design, Development, Operation and Maintenance of airports.
 Control and Management of the Indian Airspace.
 Construction, Modification and Management of passenger terminals.
 Development and Management of cargo terminals.
 Provision of passenger facilities and information system.
 Expansion and strengthening of operation area.
 Provision of visual aids.
 Provision of Communication and Navigation aids.
HRD Training: AAI has a number of training establishments, viz.
1. NIAMAR in Delhi
2. CATC in Allahabad
3. Fire Training Centres at Delhi & Kolkata
NIAMAR & CATC are members of ICAO TRAINER programme

Communication
“The act of conveying intended meanings from one entity to another through the use of mutually understood signs &
semiotic rules.”
 Steps of communication:
1. Reason
2. Message
3. Encoding
4. Transmission
5. Reception
6. Decoding
7. Interpretation
The Communication System:
 The source originates a message.
 Non-electric data is converted into electrical signal by input transducer.
 Transmitter modifies electric signal for efficient transmission.
 Channel is a medium of choice that convey electric signals at transmitter output over a distance.
 Receiver reprocess the signal received from channel.
 Output transducer converts electric signal to its original form.
Basic block diagram of communication system

OSI model: Open Systems Interconnection model
 A conceptual framework made for better understanding of the complex interaction.
 The OSI model does not perform any function in the communication process.
 The actual operation is carried out by appropriate hardware and software.
 Defines the tasks that need to be done, & handle those tasks at each of the seven layers.
 The process of breaking up the tasks of networking into layers reduces complexity.
The OSI Reference Model is composed of seven layers,
each specifying particular network functions
The seven layers are:
1) Physical 2) Data link 3) Network 4) Transport 5) Session 6) Presentation 7) Application
Why A Layered Network Mode?
 Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the protocol specification.
 Each layer communicates with the same layer’s software or hardware on other computers
 The lower 4 layers are concerned with the flow of data from end to end through the network.
 The upper four layers of the OSI model are orientated more toward services to the applications.
 Data is encapsulated with the necessary protocol information as it moves down the layers before network transit.

The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

Data Exchange in OSI model

Data Encapsulation Data De-Encapsulation

Network Protocols
 Agreed upon ways, that computers exchange information
 It should format the information in the way the network requires.
Protocols can be broadly divided in to hardware and software categories .
Hardware protocols
 Define the way the hardware device has to operate and work together.
 It determines the cabling, the voltage levels, the coding , etc. that is to be used for communication.
 There is no program involved; it is all done with the circuitry.
 The 10baseT Ethernet protocol is a hardware protocol
Software protocols
 Programs communicate with each other via software protocols.
 Network servers and network clients both have protocol packages.
 Different protocol packages for different network device, different network servers.
 To access the computer in the Internet, one should use TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol).

TCP/IP Stack vs. the OSI Model

IP Address
 Also known as Software Address or Logical Address.
 Are 32 bits long (IPv4) and are used in the Source address and Destination address fields of IP packets.
These bits are divided into four sections of 8 bits. Represented by one of three methods:
Binary, as in 10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000
Dotted-decimal, as in 172.16.30.56
Hexadecimal, as in AC.10.1E.38
 The 32-bit IP address is a structured or hierarchical address and it can handle a large number of addresses, namely 4.3
billion (i.e. 232= 4,294,967,296)
 In hierarchical addressing, each address consists of a number of fields; as each field is inspected, the packet is taken
nearer to the destination.
 IP addresses were divided into the five categories or Classes & this approach of representing IP addresses in terms of
classes is known as classfull addressing .
 The classfull addressing uses a two- level hierarchical addressing scheme that is structured by,
network ID and host ID.
 The classless addressing uses a three-level hierarchical addressing scheme that is structured by,
network ID, subnet ID, and host ID.

Classfull Addressing
 Each IP address consists of four bytes ( i.e. 32bits),defining two parts:
netid and hostid where
 The netid identifies the network.
 The hostid identifies a host on that network.
 These two parts are of varying lengths depending on the class of the address.
 The first few bits (ranging from 1 to 4) of netid determine the class of the
address.
 In decimal form, an IP address consists of four fields separated by dots,
where each field contains a value in the range 0 - 255.
Private IP Address
 Some specific address spaces within class A, B and C have been reserved for
private networks
 These addresses can be used on a private network, but they’re not routable
through the Internet.
 This conveniently saves valuable IP address space.
 Example of Tatkaal Ticket Booking via IRCTC
Class
Type Network Id (Netid) Hostid
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
32 bits

Media Access Control (MAC)
 The MAC, or hardware, address is a 48-bit (6-byte) address
written in a hexadecimal format, burned on NIC .
 Addressing used in Ethernet (MAC) is an example of flat addressing,
where addresses (48-bits long) are allocated centrally,
 Flat addressing has the advantage
if a node is moved from one location to another, it can retain its unique address.
 MAC addresses are expressed as 12 hexadecimal digits
(e.g.. d8-d3-85-eb-12-e3), (e.g.. ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)
 The first 6 hexadecimal digits (or first 3 bytes), comprise the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI).
 The last 6 hexadecimal digits comprise the interface serial number, or another value.
 MAC addresses sometimes are called burned-in addresses (BIAs) because
 they are burned into read-only memory (ROM) and
 are copied into random-access memory (RAM) when the interface card initializes.

Port Addresses
 It is used by Source and Destination machines.
 It is a 16 bit address
 Total addresses=2^16= 65536
 First 2^10=1024 (0 to 1023) are known as well known ports and are used for well-known services.
 Remaining from 1024 to 65535 used for user defined applications.
Socket Address
 The combination of the IP-address and Port- address forms Socket Address.

Subnetting
 An IP address has 2 parts:
 The Network identification.
 The Host identification.
The Network & Host portions of the address need to be separately extracted
 The standard Classful addressing structure has been expanded by borrowing bits from the Host portion to allow for
more Networks
 This process of borrowing a part of the host address space & allocating it to network addresses space, is known as
Subnetting.
“ Subnetting is a network design strategy that segregates a larger network into smaller components.”
 Advantages of Subnetting are:
i. Reduced network traffic (Limit layer 2 and layer 3 broadcasts to their subnet)
ii. Optimized network performance (Reducing size of Routing Table)
iii. Increasing the addressing capability of IPv4, using 32 bit address space
 Subnetted IP addresses looks something like this:192.168.10.32/26. i.e. /26 is subnet mask
 Number of Bits Borrowed= x= 26 – 24=2
 Number of Subnets= 2x
= 4
 Number of Valid Hosts per Subnet= 2
y
– 2 = 62 ,where y=Default Host bits – Borrowed bits
 Block Size or Increment Number= 256 – Subnet Number= 256 – 192 = 64

Network Switch & IP Routing
Network Switch
 A network switch is a multiport network bridge that uses hardware addresses to process and forward data.
 Also called switching hub, bridging hub, officially MAC bridge is a computer networking device that connects devices
together on a computer network by using packet switching to receive process and forward data to the destination
device.
 These switches have layer-specific functionality.
IP routing
 Involves the determination of a suitable path for a network packet from a source to its destination.
 A routing protocol is a software mechanism by which routers communicate and share information.
 The IP forwarding algorithm states: Given a destination IP address, D, and network prefix, N:
if (N matches a directly connected network address)
Deliver datagram to D over that network link;
else if (The routing table contains a route for N)
Send datagram to the next-hop address listed in the routing table;
else if (a default route exists)
Send datagram to the default route;
else
Send a forwarding error message to the originator;

“Thank You
for your
valuable time”

Civil Aviation Training College

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