OSVC_Meta-Data based Simulation Automation to overcome Verification Challenge...
Amit porject
1. 1
Regional Training Centre (CNS)
Raja Bhoj Airport, Bhopal (M.P.)-462036
A Project Report On-
Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)
Submitted By-
Amit kumar,
B.E(ECE), 4th
Year
Oriental Institute of Science & Technology, Bhopal
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Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude
and deep regards to my guide Mrs Bhaswati Ghosh Senior
manager ,CNS Dept. for his exemplary guidance, monitoring
and constant encouragement throughout this training. Sitting
at the office of the airport and listening to the lectures of the
aircraft communication ,made us think that it was an easy task
to fly into the vast expanse on “CNS (COMMUNICATION
NAVIGATION & SURVEILLANCE)”, but it was only when
we gathered knowledge about this topic, we realized how
much helpful were some people to us. Without them this
exploration could never have been materialized.
Acknowledgement is something which really comes from the
bottom of the heart of every writer .I am obliged to staff
members at AAI of Raja Bhoj airport Bhopal, for the valuable
information provided by them in their respective fields. I am
grateful for their cooperation during the period of my
assignment.
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Declaration
I hereby declare that I, Shri. Amit Kumar has completed my
summer vocational training on COMMUNICATION,
NAVIGATION AND SURVEILLANCE (CNS)and submitted my
project report to Regional Training Centre (CNS), Airports Authority
of India, Bhopal on the completion of the same from 21th June to 11th
July 2017.
To the best of my knowledge, this project report has not been
submitted for any other examination and does not form a part of any
other course undergone by the candidate.
Name of Student: AMIT KUMAR
Place: BHOPAL
Date:
-------------------------------------------------
Signature of Student
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AAI OVERVIEW
Raja Bhoj Airport (IATA: BHO, ICAO: VABP) is the primary airport
serving Bhopal in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in Gandhi
Nagar area which lies 15 km (9.3 mi) north-west of Bhopal city centre
on National Highway 12.It is the second busiest airport in Madhya
Pradesh after Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport in Indore. The airport is named
after the 10th century Paramara king Raja Bhoj.
The length of the runway strip was increased to 27,000 metres (89,000 ft),
making it possible for larger aircraft to land at Bhopal.
Passenger-
Airlines Destinations
Jet Airways Delhi, Mumbai
Alliance Air Hyderabad, Jabalpur, Lucknow Airport,
Jaipur Airport
Air India Delhi, Mumbai
Runways(Bhopal)
Direction Length Surface
Ft. Mtr.
06/24 3,420 1,042 Bituminous tar/ Asphalt
12/30 9,022 2,750 Asphalt
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General Information :-
Airport Name- Raja Bhoj Airport
City Name- Bhopal
State- Madhya Pradesh
Distance and Direction from the City- 4.5 NM 288° Geo From
Bhopal Railway Station
Address- Airports Authority of
India Raja Bhoj
Airport Gandhi Nagar
Post office Gandhi
Nagar, Bhopal (MP)-
462036
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Communication Navigation Surveillance
(CNS)
Communication, Navigation and Surveillance are three main
functions (domains) which constitute the foundation of Air Traffic
Management (ATM) infrastructure.
The following provide further details about relevant domains of CNS.
Communication:-Communication is the exchange of voice and
data information between the pilot and air traffic controllers or flight
information centres.
Navigation:- Navigation Element Of CNS/ATM Systems Is meant
To provide Accurate, Reliable And Seamless Position Determination
Capability to aircrafts.
Surveillance:- The surveillance systems can be divided into two
main types:- Dependent surveillance and Independent surveillance. In
dependent surveillance systems, aircraft position is determined on
board and then transmitted to ATC. The current voice position
reporting is a dependent surveillance systems in which the position of
the aircraft is determined from on-board navigation equipment and
then conveyed by the pilot to ATC. Independent surveillance is a
system which measures aircraft position from the ground. Current
surveillance is either based on voice position reporting or based on
radar (primary surveillance radar (PSR) or secondary surveillance
radar (SSR)) which measures range and azimuth of aircraft from the
ground station.
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The figure above shows the International Flight Plan registration
form.The main information provided in the flight plan is as follows:
• 7 letter Aircraft Identification Code
• Flight Rules - I (IFR), V (VFR) or Y (Both)
• Type of Flight – N (Non Scheduled), S (Scheduled) or M
(Military)
• Number – Denotes number of aircraft (1 for normal flights,
more for formation flights)
• Type of Aircraft – Boeing (B737), Airbus (A320, A380), ATR
flights (AT72), etc.
• Wake/Turbulence Category – L (Light, less than 7000Kg),
M(Medium, 7000-136000Kg) or H(Heavy, greater than
136000Kg)
• Equipment – N (NDB), V (DVOR), I (ILS), etc.
• Departure Aerodrome (4 letter Airport Identification Code)
• Time – Time of departure in GMT
• Cruising Speed (expressed in Nautical Miles per hour)
• Level – Denotes flight level or the altitude
• Route – The full route from source to destination, via all the
major airports
• Destination Aerodrome (4 letter Airport Identification Code)
• Estimated time to reach destination aerodrome
• 1st alternate aerodrome
• 2nd alternate aerodrome
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COMMUNICATION
Communication is done through VHF (Very high frequency range).
The Range of VHF is 30MHz to 300MHz.
It is a type line of Sight Communication. Modulation technique used
is Amplitude Modulation.
VHF
Three Basic Components required for VHF Communication are:-
Transmitter
Receiver
Antennas
TRANSMITTER
VHF Transmitter have two Transmitters in a single
Equipment
Transmitter is on Air While other is on stand By. Transmitter
is on Air hot stand By. Transmitter is in on state but not in
use.
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RECEIVER
VHF Receiver also have two Receiver in a Single Equipment.
One Receiver is on Air while two is on not stand by for use in
Emergency.
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ANTENNAS
TWO Type of Antennas are used
1 DIRECTIVE ANTENNA
2 OMNI- DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA
SOME IMPORTANT FACTS
Allotted frequency for V.H.F is 108-156MHz.
Out of A.A.I operates in 117.975MHz-136Mhz.
Each Airport has its designated frequency. for e.g.-Raja Bhoj Airport
Operates at frequency 122.3MHz.
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ASMGCSss
(ADVANCED SURFACE MOVEMENT
GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM)
A system providing routing, guidance and surveillance for the control
of aircraft and vehicles in order to maintain the declared surface
movement rate under all weather conditions within the Aerodrome
Visibility Operational level (AVOL) while maintaining the required
level of safety.
Navigation-NAVIGATION
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Navigation:- Navigation Element Of CNS/ATM Systems Is meant
To provide Accurate, Reliable And Seamless Position Determination
Capability to aircrafts.
DME : Distance Measuring Equipment
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Distance measuring equipment (DME) is a transponder-based radio
navigation technology that measures slant range distance by timing
the propagation delay of VHF or UHF radio signals.
Frequency Bands: UHF (300 MHz to 3GHz)
960 MHz to 1215 MHz (For DME)
Aircraft use DME to determine their distance from a land-based
transponder by sending and receiving pulse pairs – two pulses of fixed
duration and separation. The ground stations are typically co-located
with VORs. A typical DME ground transponder system for en-route
or terminal navigation will have a 1 kW peak pulse output on the
assigned UHF channel.
A low-power DME can be co-located with an ILS Localizer antenna
installation where it provides an accurate distance to touchdown
function, similar to that otherwise provided by ILS Marker Beacons.
The DME system is composed of a UHF transmitter/receiver
(interrogator) in the aircraft and a UHF receiver/transmitter
(transponder) on the ground
ILS
The full form of ILS is Instrument Landing System. The Instrument
Landing System (ILS) provides a means for safe landing of aircraft at
airports under conditions of low ceilings and limited visibility.
The components of ILS are:
1. Localiser
2. Glide path
3. Marker Bacons
4. L P DME
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l
ILS Parameter ILS Component
a. Azimuth Approach Guidance Provided by Localizer
b. Elevation Approach Guidance Provided by Glide Path
c. Fixed Distances from Threshold Provided by Marker Beacons
d. Range from touchdown point Provided by DME
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RADAR
RADAR is an acronym coined by the US Navy from the words Radio
Detection And Ranging.
Radar is basically a means for gathering information about distant
objects called “targets” by sending electromagnetic waves at them and
analysing the returns called the “echoes”.
CLASSIFICATION OF RADARS
Primary Radar:
Cooperation of targets are not required for detection.
Secondary Radar:
Active cooperation of targets are required for finding range and
other details of the targets.
Primary Radar
Antenna Propagation
Transmitted pulse
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Secondary Radar
MAXIMUM RANGE OF A RADAR depends on:
• Peak transmission power (4th root)
• Minimum detectable signal (MDS)
• Antenna Gain
• Radar cross section of the target
• Atmospheric attenuation
In AAI RADARs available at:
• Bhopal, Chennai, Guwahati, Ahmedabad, Berhampur, Nagpur,
Varanasi, Mangalore
• Delhi and Mumbai
• Hyderabad and Bangalore
• Bhopal, Chennai, Bellary, Vizag, Katihar, Jharsuguda, Bhopal,
Porbandar and Udaipur
• Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Trivandrum, and Delhi
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MONOPULSE SECONDARY
SURVEILLANCE MODE-S RADAR (MSSR
MODE-S)
MSSR INTERROGATION
The interrogator transmits a pair of pulses at 1030 MHz.
Each pulse has the same duration, shape and amplitude.
Their spacing distinguishes various modes of interrogation
P2 pulse use is for control
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AIRPORT SECURITY SYSTEM
Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in an
attempt to protect passengers, staff and planes which use the Airport
from accidental/malicious harm, crime and other threats. Aviation
security is a combination of human and material resources to
safeguard civil aviation against unlawful interference. Unlawful
interference could be acts of terrorism, sabotage, threat to life and
property, communication of false threat, bombing etc
Large numbers of people pass through airports every day. This
presents potential targets for terrorism and other forms of crime
because of the number of people located in one place. Similarly, the
high concentration of people on large airlines, the potential high death
rate with attacks on aircraft, and the ability to use a hijacked airplane
as a lethal weapon may provide an alluring target for terrorism
Airport security attempts to prevent any threats or potentially
dangerous situations from arising or entering the country. If airport
security does succeed then the chances of any dangerous situation,
illegal items or threats entering into an aircraft, country or airport are
greatly reduced. As such, airport security serves several purposes: To
protect the airport and country from any threatening events, to
reassure the travelling public that they are safe and to protect the
country and their people. Monte R . Belger of the U.S. Federal
Aviation Administration notes "The goal of aviation security is to
prevent harm to aircraft, passengers, and crew, as well as support
national security and counter-terrorism policy."
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Baggage screening monitoring
Airport enforcement authority
A police force hired and dedicated to the airport e.g. Airport
Police Service.
A branch (substation) of the local police department stationed at
the airport.
Members of the local police department assigned to the airport
as their normal patrol area.
Members of a country's airport protection service.
Police dog services for explosive detection, drug detection and
other purposes.
Other resources may include:-
Security guards
Paramilitary force
Military force
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TSA passenger screening
Process and equipment
Some incidents have been the result of travellers carrying
either weapons or items that could be used as weapons on
board aircraft so that they can hijack the plane. Travellers are
screened by metal detectors. Explosive detection machines used
include X-ray machines detection machines can also be used for both
carry-on and checked baggage.
A recent development is the controversial use of backscatter X-rays to
detect hidden weapons and.
A single backscatter scan exposes the target to between 0.05 and
0.1 microsievert of radiation. In comparison, the exposure from a
standard chest x-ray is almost 100 times higher.
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CONCLUSION
It was a great experience at Airport Authority of India, Bhopal.
During our training period. We got an opportunity to see many of the
equipment, DME, ILS, VHF, RADAR etc.
