Resumen del tema 5 del sistema nervioso y endocrino. 3º Eso bilingüe.

1. NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE
SYSTEMS

2. ESTÁNDARES
 Especifica la función de cada uno de los aparatos y sistemas
implicados en la funciones de relación.
 Describe los procesos implicados en la función de relación,
identificando el órgano o estructura responsable de cada proceso.
 Identifica algunas enfermedades comunes del sistema nervioso,
relacionándolas con sus causas, factores de riesgo y su
prevención.
 Enumera las glándulas endocrinas y asocia con ellas las hormonas
segregadas y su función.
 Reconoce algún proceso que tiene lugar en la vida cotidiana en el
que se evidencia claramente la integración neuro-endocrina

3. CONTENT
 THE INTERACTION PROCESS
 THE NEURON AND ELECTRIC SIGNALS
 NERVE IMPULSE
 ¿Cómo se transmite?
 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 THE PERIPHERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
 El funcionamiento del sistema nervioso
 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS
 DISEASES

4. 1. THE INTERACTION PROCESS
 The body’s adaption to changes in our environment and the
coordination between organs.
 The interaction process is carried out by nervous and
endocrine systems.
 Homeostasis: Processes to maintain the body stability
when there are changes in the internal environment.

5. Systems in the interaction process
 SENSORY ORGANS: receive information
from the environment (Stimuli)
 NERVOUS SYSTEM: Processes and gives a
response.
 EFFECTOR ORGANS: They carry out the
order.
 Skeletal and muscular systems:
Responsible for body movement
(Locomotor system)
 Endocrine system: Produces hormones
for body functions.

7. 2. THE NEURON AND ELECTRIC SIGNALS
 The neuron is the anatomical and physiological unit en the nervous
system.
 Parts of the neuron:
 Cell body: contains nucleus, organelles and cytoplasm.
 Axon: Long extensión to carry nerve impulses. Covered by myelin
sheath (Schwann’s cell) to speed the transmission.
 Dendrites: Short extensions to receive nerve impulses.
Types (structure) Types (function)
Unipolar Sensory neuron From the receptors to nerve
centres
Bipolar Motor neuron From nerve centres to effectors
Multipolar Interneuron Connect motor and sensory
neuron- Brain and spinal cord

10. NERVE IMSPULSES
 The connections between neurons are called synapses.
 Nerve impulse: Electric signal transmitted through the
membrane, from the dendrites towards the axon. They continue
to another neuron thanks to the synapse.
 Presynaptic neuron : Emit the signal.
 Postsynaptic neuron: Recieve the signal.
 There’s no physical contact between neurons. There’s a small
gap called synaptic cleft.
 At the axon terminal, the vesicles contain neurotransmitters
They’re released to the synaptic cleft and join the adjacent
neuron to continue the nerve impulse.

11. ¿Cómo se transmite el impulso nervioso
en la sinapsis?
 1. El impulso recorre la membrana de la neurona transmisora
hasta el axón.
 2. Se liberan los neurotransmisores del botón terminal al
espacio sináptico.
 3.Los neurotransmisores se unen a las dendritas de la neurona
receptora, provocando el impulso nervioso.
 4. El impulso recorre la membrana hasta su axón, donde se
empieza otra vez el proceso.

12. SYNAPSES

13. 3. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
Centralise and process information
Receive information from sensory organs
Interpret information and elaborate responses
Transfer signals to the effectors
Coordinate all the organs
Carry out intelectual and mental functions
Responsible of emotions and feelings
 It’s made up of central nervous system (CNS) and
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

14. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 It’s made up of the nerve centres.
 It’s responsible for integrating information, coordinating and preparing
a response.
.PARTS OF
THE CNS
Two types of tissues: grey matter (neuron cell body and
dendrites) and white matter (neuron extensions covered in
myelin)
ENCEPHALON Protected by the skull, the meninges (dura, arachnoid,
piamater) and the cerebrospinal fluid.
Cerebrum Two cerebral hemispheres (Left and right) divided by
longitudinal fissure. Cerebral cortex is wrinkled Convolutions
Memory, intelligence, conscience. Control and coordination of
responses.
Cerebellum Equillibrium and voluntary movements.
Brain stem
and spinal
bulb
It connects encephalon and the spinal cord. Hypothalamus and
pituitary gland (secrets hormones)
Involuntary functions like breathing, sleep, heartbeat.
SPINAL CORD A cord of nerve tissue with an internal cannel (ependyma)
protected by the spinal column. It produces reflex actions and
connects the encephalon to effector and receptor organs.

16. GRAY MATTER AND WHITE MATTER
IN BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

17.  The PNS:connects the CNS with all the effectors and receptors. It’s made
up of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
 Nerves are classified as:
 Sensory: Transmit information from sensory organs
 Motor: Send signals to effectors
 Mixed: Contain both types.
STRUCTURE OF
THE PNS
FUNCTIONS
SOMATIC • Receives information from external stimuli
• Controls voluntary muscle
AUTONOMIC
Parts:
Regulates and controls involuntary body functions.
Sympathetic Controls the organs under stress
Parasympathetic Provokes relaxation.
THE PERIPHERICAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

20. EL FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO
LOS ACTOS REFLEJOS: Respuesta rápida, involuntaria, automática.
Controlados por la médula espina. Proceso del ARCO REFLEJO:
1. Un receptor recibe el estímulo Ej: pinchazo.
2. Un nervio sensitivo transmite el impulso a la médula.
3. Una neurona de asociación elabora la respuesta inmediata.
4. Un nervio motor lleva la respuesta al efector.
5.Un órgano efector ejecuta la respuesta. Ej: Músculo se contrae y retiramos la
mano.

21. LOS ACTOS VOLUNTARIOS: Respuesta consciente, decidida.
Controlados por el encéfalo. Proceso del ACTO VOLUNATRIO:
1. Un receptor recibe el estímulo
2. Un nervio sensitivo transmite el impulso a la médula, de ahí al encéfalo (corteza cerebral).
3. El encéfalo elabora la respuesta a partir de experiencias anteriores.
4. Un nervio motor lleva la respuesta del encéfalo, a la médula espinal hasta al efector.
5.Un órgano efector ejecuta la respuesta.

22. 4. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 It’s made up of a coordinated group of glands (endocrine glands) that release hormones
(organic molecules that stimulate cells to perform actions)
 Hormones only act in specific cells called target cells.
 Endocrine system is regulated by the nervous system (the hypothalamus pituitary gland)
 Hypothalamuspituitary glandstimulating hormones (SH)endocrine glandhormones
bloodstream target cell ACTION
NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Transmit information by
nerve impulses.
Transmit information by
secreting hormones.
The action is fast. The action is slow.
The action lasts a short
time.
The action lasts longer.

23. THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS
GLANDS LOCATION HORMONES
PITUITARY GLAND Encephalon -ADH -Growth hormone
-Oxytocin - Stimulating homone
THYROID GLAND Neck Thyrosine
PARATHYROID
GLAND
Neck Parathyroid hormone
ADRENAL GLAND Kidney -Adrenaline -Corticosteroids
PANCREAS Abdomen - Insulin - Glucagon
TESTICLES Male reproductive
organs
Androgens
OVARIES Female reproductive
organs
- Estrogens - Progesterone

25. 5. DISEASES
NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISEASES
ALZHEIMER Destruction of neurons in the
cerebral cortex. Loss of
memory,disorientation,dementia.
DIABETES The pancreas doesn’t produce
enough insulin or is no able to
use it. It can deteriorate
organs (heart, kidneys,retina)
BULIMIA
AND
ANOREXIA
Mental disorders related to eating.
Bulimia: Overeat.Can’t stop. Then
throw up on purpose.
Anorexia:Eat very Little on purpose.
Have a distorted body image.
HYPOTHYROIDISM The thyroid gland doesn’t
produce enough thyroxine.
The person gains weight.
EPILEPSY Seizures and a loss of consciousness
caused by visual or auditory stimuli.
GIANTISM Excessive production of the
growth hormone by the
pituitary gland.