A Ppt/Project on Waste generation & Management ~ E.V.S ~ Made By 10th std class

1. E.V.S.E.V.S.
PROJECTPROJECT

2. WASTAGEWASTAGE
GENERATIONGENERATION
ANDAND
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

3. INDEXINDEX
 INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS WASTE ?WHAT IS WASTE ?
 SOURCES OF WASTESOURCES OF WASTE
 TYPES OF WASTETYPES OF WASTE
 TYPES OF WASTE GENERATEDTYPES OF WASTE GENERATED
 WASTE DISPOSALWASTE DISPOSAL
 IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSALIMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL
 ACCUMULATION OF WASTEACCUMULATION OF WASTE
 PROBLEMS OF ACCUMULATION OF WASTEPROBLEMS OF ACCUMULATION OF WASTE
 BIOMAGNIFICATION AND BIOACCUMULATIONBIOMAGNIFICATION AND BIOACCUMULATION
 WASTE MANAGEMENTWASTE MANAGEMENT
 CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
 BIBLOGRAPHYBIBLOGRAPHY

4. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
 Over 1.8 billion tonnes of waste are generated eachOver 1.8 billion tonnes of waste are generated each
year in Europe. This equals to 3.5 tonnes per person.year in Europe. This equals to 3.5 tonnes per person.
This is mainly made up of waste coming fromThis is mainly made up of waste coming from
households, commercial activities (e.g., shops,households, commercial activities (e.g., shops,
restaurants, hospitals etc.), industry (e.g.,restaurants, hospitals etc.), industry (e.g.,
pharmaceutical companies, clothes manufacturerspharmaceutical companies, clothes manufacturers
etc.), agriculture (e.g., slurry), construction andetc.), agriculture (e.g., slurry), construction and
demolition projects, mining and quarrying activitiesdemolition projects, mining and quarrying activities
and from the generation of energy. With such vastand from the generation of energy. With such vast
quantities of waste being produced, it is of vitalquantities of waste being produced, it is of vital
importance that it is managed in such a way that itimportance that it is managed in such a way that it
does not cause any harm to either human health or todoes not cause any harm to either human health or to
the environment.the environment.
 There are a number of different options available forThere are a number of different options available for
the treatment and management of waste includingthe treatment and management of waste including
prevention, minimization, re-use, recycling, energyprevention, minimization, re-use, recycling, energy
recovery and disposal. Under EU policy, land filling isrecovery and disposal. Under EU policy, land filling is
seen as the last resort and should only be used whenseen as the last resort and should only be used when
all the other options have been exhausted , i.e., onlyall the other options have been exhausted , i.e., only
material that cannot be prevented, re-used, recycledmaterial that cannot be prevented, re-used, recycled

5. WHAT IS WASTE ?WHAT IS WASTE ?
 Waste?Waste? is an ongoing series featuring people redefining waste fromis an ongoing series featuring people redefining waste from
canners scouring the streets for redeemable; to engineers poweringcanners scouring the streets for redeemable; to engineers powering
their breweries with waste water; to architects constructing homestheir breweries with waste water; to architects constructing homes
out of tires.out of tires.
 Waste includes all items that people no longer have any use for,Waste includes all items that people no longer have any use for,
which they either intend to get rid of or have already discarded.which they either intend to get rid of or have already discarded.
Additionally, wastes are such items which people are require toAdditionally, wastes are such items which people are require to
discard, for example by lay because of their hazardous properties.discard, for example by lay because of their hazardous properties.
Many items can be considered as waste e.g., household rubbish,Many items can be considered as waste e.g., household rubbish,
sewage sludge, wastes from manufacturing activities, packagingsewage sludge, wastes from manufacturing activities, packaging
items, discarded cars, old televisions, garden waste, old paintitems, discarded cars, old televisions, garden waste, old paint
containers etc. Thus all our daily activities can give rise to a largecontainers etc. Thus all our daily activities can give rise to a large
variety of different wastes arising from different sources.variety of different wastes arising from different sources.
 Waste is an unwanted substance which is expelled from the livingWaste is an unwanted substance which is expelled from the living
organisms. Sometimes accumulation of waste causes healthorganisms. Sometimes accumulation of waste causes health
problems to the living organisms. There are many sources of waste.problems to the living organisms. There are many sources of waste.
We can classify waste into solid waste, liquid waste, gaseous waste,We can classify waste into solid waste, liquid waste, gaseous waste,
chemical waste, toxic waste etc.chemical waste, toxic waste etc.

6. WASTEWASTE

7. Sources of WASTESources of WASTE
 There are many sources of waste present on theThere are many sources of waste present on the
earth. Some of the sources of waste areearth. Some of the sources of waste are
residential, industrial, commercial, institutional,residential, industrial, commercial, institutional,
municipal services, construction and agriculturemunicipal services, construction and agriculture
etc.etc.
- Some of the most common sources of wastes are as
follows:
Domestic wastes
Commercial wastes
Industrial solid waste
Ashes
Sewer

9. Residential Sources of WasteResidential Sources of Waste
 In a resident the sources of waste are generated by a single or multifamilyIn a resident the sources of waste are generated by a single or multifamily
dwelling. Types of wastes that are produced by Residences includedwelling. Types of wastes that are produced by Residences include
 · Food wastes· Food wastes
· paper· paper
· cardboard· cardboard
· plastics· plastics
· textiles· textiles
· leather· leather
· yard wastes· yard wastes
· wood· wood
· glass· glass
· metals· metals
· ashes· ashes
· special wastes etc.,· special wastes etc.,

10. Institutional Sources of WasteInstitutional Sources of Waste
 The main waste generating sources under this categoryThe main waste generating sources under this category
includes Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centersincludes Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers
etc.etc.
 The main waste products areThe main waste products are
 PaperPaper
 CardboardCardboard
 PlasticsPlastics
 WoodWood
 Food wastesFood wastes
 GlassGlass
 MetalsMetals
 Special wastesSpecial wastes
 Hazardous wastes etc.Hazardous wastes etc.

11. Construction and demolitionConstruction and demolition
Sources of WasteSources of Waste
 This category includes New constructionThis category includes New construction
sites, road repair, renovation sites,sites, road repair, renovation sites,
demolition of buildingsdemolition of buildings
 Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
Construction and demolition wastes are the unwanted
materials produced by the construction and demolition
processes.
Examples: Insulation cables, nails and electrical wirings,
Wood, concrete and bricks

12. Commercial Sources of WasteCommercial Sources of Waste
 Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc. are the mainStores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc. are the main
generators of waste in commercial areas.generators of waste in commercial areas.
 The main waste products in commercial areas include:The main waste products in commercial areas include:
 PaperPaper
 CardboardCardboard
 PlasticsPlastics
 WoodWood
 Food wastesFood wastes
 GlassGlass
 MetalsMetals
 Special wastesSpecial wastes
 Hazardous wastes etc.Hazardous wastes etc.
 It includes the waste generated in commercial establishments likeIt includes the waste generated in commercial establishments like
shops, printers, offices, god owns, etc. It includes packingshops, printers, offices, god owns, etc. It includes packing
materials, spoiled goods, vegetable and meat remnants, polythene,materials, spoiled goods, vegetable and meat remnants, polythene,
printer paper, etc.printer paper, etc.

13. Domestic waste or Household waste:Domestic waste or Household waste:
 It includes the wastes generated in houses. It includes paper, plastic, glass,It includes the wastes generated in houses. It includes paper, plastic, glass,
ceramics, polythene, textiles, vegetable waste, etc.ceramics, polythene, textiles, vegetable waste, etc.
 Also called urban solid waste, are the waste materials from household uses.Also called urban solid waste, are the waste materials from household uses.
They are classified as biodegradable, recyclable and domestic hazardousThey are classified as biodegradable, recyclable and domestic hazardous
wastes.wastes.
 Domestic waste contains liquid and solid materials and often containsDomestic waste contains liquid and solid materials and often contains
potential hazardous material. Liquid materials include excretory products,potential hazardous material. Liquid materials include excretory products,
kitchen wastage materials and usually drained out into the nearby waterkitchen wastage materials and usually drained out into the nearby water
bodies after proper sewage treatment. Domestic solid waste is oftenbodies after proper sewage treatment. Domestic solid waste is often
classified into following categories.classified into following categories.
 Biodegradable:Biodegradable: paper, kitchen wastepaper, kitchen waste
 Recyclable:Recyclable: paper material, glass material, metal cans and some types ofpaper material, glass material, metal cans and some types of
plastic.plastic.
 Composite waste:Composite waste: clothes, tetra packs used for milk product packaging,clothes, tetra packs used for milk product packaging,
certain types of plasticscertain types of plastics
 Inert waste:Inert waste: building materials like rocks, dirt.building materials like rocks, dirt.
 Hazardous:Hazardous: medical pills paints, electric bulbs, spray containers,medical pills paints, electric bulbs, spray containers,
pesticides, batteries, computer waste, polishing material, etc.pesticides, batteries, computer waste, polishing material, etc.
 Usually, solid waste is collected from households by municipality authorities,Usually, solid waste is collected from households by municipality authorities,
separated according to above classification and disposed off in differentseparated according to above classification and disposed off in different
forms. Most of the solid waste which cannot be recycled will be used to fillforms. Most of the solid waste which cannot be recycled will be used to fill
up empty landscapesup empty landscapes

14. Ashes:Ashes:
 They come from the burning of solid fossilThey come from the burning of solid fossil
fuels like coal, wood and coke. Manyfuels like coal, wood and coke. Many
houses and road side eateries still usehouses and road side eateries still use
these fuels. Open burning of wastes alsothese fuels. Open burning of wastes also
generates ashesgenerates ashes
Animal waste:
• Animal waste is a waste product
expelled from an animal's digestive tract.

15. Industrial Sources ofIndustrial Sources of
WasteWaste
 In industries mainly the waste is generated by power and chemical plants,In industries mainly the waste is generated by power and chemical plants,
heavy and light manufacturing machines, construction sites etc. The mainheavy and light manufacturing machines, construction sites etc. The main
waste products that are produced in industries are:waste products that are produced in industries are:
 Housekeeping wastesHousekeeping wastes
 PackagingPackaging
 Food wastesFood wastes
 Construction and demolition materialsConstruction and demolition materials
 Hazardous wastesHazardous wastes
 Ashes etc.Ashes etc.
 Industrial waste includes waste produced by the activities of industries,Industrial waste includes waste produced by the activities of industries,
mines, mills, etc. and includes both liquid and solid waste products. Wastemines, mills, etc. and includes both liquid and solid waste products. Waste
products from certain industries do not have any potential hazardousproducts from certain industries do not have any potential hazardous
nature hence can be disposed normally after minimal treatmentnature hence can be disposed normally after minimal treatment
procedures. Whereas, waste products from certain other industries likeprocedures. Whereas, waste products from certain other industries like
atomic stations, are potentially highly dangerous to living organisms,atomic stations, are potentially highly dangerous to living organisms,
including humans, hence should be treated according to recommendedincluding humans, hence should be treated according to recommended
procedures very carefully before disposal. Certain industries also generateprocedures very carefully before disposal. Certain industries also generate
dangerous gaseous waste products and care should be taken to treatdangerous gaseous waste products and care should be taken to treat
these gaseous waste molecules before releasing into the environmentthese gaseous waste molecules before releasing into the environment

16. Industrial Solid Wastes Sources of WastesIndustrial Solid Wastes Sources of Wastes ==
Small-scale industries generate some wastes. ForSmall-scale industries generate some wastes. For
example, garment factory would dump textiles ofexample, garment factory would dump textiles of
various kinds.various kinds.
Sewer =Sewer =
The sewer removed from the sewerage during cleaningThe sewer removed from the sewerage during cleaning
is often left on the roadside. This poses several healthis often left on the roadside. This poses several health
hazards to the public.hazards to the public.

17.  Chemical waste:Chemical waste: Chemical wastes areChemical wastes are
any wastes form chemical industries orany wastes form chemical industries or
laboratories, which are harmful to thelaboratories, which are harmful to the
environment and human.environment and human.
 Clinical waste:Clinical waste: Clinical waste (alsoClinical waste (also
known as medical waste), refers mainly toknown as medical waste), refers mainly to
any waste products from hospitals, clinicalany waste products from hospitals, clinical
laboratories, and nursing homes.laboratories, and nursing homes.
Example: human or animal tissues, bloodExample: human or animal tissues, blood
or other bodily fluids, excretions, swabs oror other bodily fluids, excretions, swabs or
dressings, syringes, and needles.dressings, syringes, and needles.

18. Electronic waste (E-waste):Electronic waste (E-waste):
 Electronic wastes are the discarded electronicElectronic wastes are the discarded electronic
equipments.equipments.
Industrial waste:Industrial waste:
Slag, fly ash and sludgeSlag, fly ash and sludge
Radioactive waste (nuclear waste):Radioactive waste (nuclear waste):
 Low level waste, High level waste, Spent nuclearLow level waste, High level waste, Spent nuclear
fuel, Mixed waste (radioactive/hazardous)fuel, Mixed waste (radioactive/hazardous)
 Examples: Radioactive materials like, Uranium,Examples: Radioactive materials like, Uranium,
Cobalt, Radium.Cobalt, Radium.
Waste water:Waste water:
 Water used for washing, flushing, manufacturingWater used for washing, flushing, manufacturing
process which contains unwanted materials isprocess which contains unwanted materials is
called as waste water or sewage.called as waste water or sewage.

19. Types of Classification:Types of Classification:
 Wastes can be divided upon the state in whichWastes can be divided upon the state in which
they are formed. Solid waste, liquid waste,they are formed. Solid waste, liquid waste,
gaseous waste etc. Solid waste refers to non-gaseous waste etc. Solid waste refers to non-
liquid waste. For example, Municipal solid wasteliquid waste. For example, Municipal solid waste
consists of household waste, construction andconsists of household waste, construction and
demolition debris, sanitation residue, and wastedemolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste
from streets. This garbage is generated mainlyfrom streets. This garbage is generated mainly
from residential and commercial complexes,from residential and commercial complexes,
human waste, unused household articles, rottenhuman waste, unused household articles, rotten
vegetables etc. Their decomposition is majorvegetables etc. Their decomposition is major
problem as compared to other from of waste.problem as compared to other from of waste.
Liquid waste includes waste in the form of liquid.Liquid waste includes waste in the form of liquid.
For example non-potable water, soft drinks etc.For example non-potable water, soft drinks etc.
They can be decomposed easily by the processThey can be decomposed easily by the process
of evaporation. Lastly, gaseous waste mainlyof evaporation. Lastly, gaseous waste mainly
occurs in the form of pollution caused by burningoccurs in the form of pollution caused by burning
of fossil fuelsof fossil fuels ..

20. TYPES OF WASTETYPES OF WASTE
WASTE CAN BEWASTE CAN BE
CLASSIFED AS ==CLASSIFED AS ==
 Non – Hazardous WasteNon – Hazardous Waste
 Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste

21. NON – HAZARDOUS WASTENON – HAZARDOUS WASTE
 Non-Hazardous Waste, the first of twoNon-Hazardous Waste, the first of two
categories of general waste, typically refers tocategories of general waste, typically refers to
solid waste. In a nutshell, garbage — anythingsolid waste. In a nutshell, garbage — anything
from wastewater treatment castoff material tofrom wastewater treatment castoff material to
the discards from an air pollution control facility.the discards from an air pollution control facility.
This includes all forms of matter, ranging fromThis includes all forms of matter, ranging from
gaseous to solid, that may be the result ofgaseous to solid, that may be the result of
processes pursued by any commercial, mining,processes pursued by any commercial, mining,
agricultural or even community activity. In theagricultural or even community activity. In the
US, it is estimated that every single personUS, it is estimated that every single person
creates more than four and a half pounds ofcreates more than four and a half pounds of
waste each and every day.waste each and every day.

22. HAZARDOUS WASTEHAZARDOUS WASTE
 A hazardous waste is defined as the various wasteA hazardous waste is defined as the various waste
that possesses substantial or potential threats tothat possesses substantial or potential threats to
health of the people or the environment. There arehealth of the people or the environment. There are
mainly four factors that determine whether substancemainly four factors that determine whether substance
is hazardous or not. they are :is hazardous or not. they are :
 Ignitability or flammableIgnitability or flammable
 reactivityreactivity
 corrosivitycorrosivity
 ToxicityToxicity

23. Hazardous wasteHazardous waste
Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may containIndustrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain
toxic substances. Certain types of household waste are also hazardous.toxic substances. Certain types of household waste are also hazardous.
Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants; areHazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants; are
corrosive, highly inflammable, or explosive; and react when exposed to certaincorrosive, highly inflammable, or explosive; and react when exposed to certain
things e.g. gasesthings e.g. gases.. India generates around 7 million tonnes of hazardous wastesIndia generates around 7 million tonnes of hazardous wastes
every year, most of which is concentrated in four states: Andhra Pradesh,every year, most of which is concentrated in four states: Andhra Pradesh,
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
Household waste that can be categorized as hazardous waste include oldHousehold waste that can be categorized as hazardous waste include old
batteries, shoe polish, paint tins, old medicines, and medicine bottles.batteries, shoe polish, paint tins, old medicines, and medicine bottles.
Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in hospitals is consideredHospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in hospitals is considered
hazardous. These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols, which arehazardous. These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols, which are
used as disinfectants, and mercury, which is used in thermometers orused as disinfectants, and mercury, which is used in thermometers or
equipment that measure blood pressure. Most hospitals in India do not haveequipment that measure blood pressure. Most hospitals in India do not have
proper disposal facilities for these hazardous wastes.proper disposal facilities for these hazardous wastes.
In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal,In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal,
chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries.chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods industries.
Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanideDirect exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide
can be fatal.can be fatal.

24. Types of Waste GeneratedTypes of Waste Generated
Introduction to types of waste generatedIntroduction to types of waste generated
Waste is any thing which you throw away. Everyday weWaste is any thing which you throw away. Everyday we
throw away many things. We throw them away becausethrow away many things. We throw them away because
we do not need or use them any more. All humanwe do not need or use them any more. All human
activities produce waste. Waste comes from our houses,activities produce waste. Waste comes from our houses,
schools and colleges, markets, industries andschools and colleges, markets, industries and
commercial places. Garbage is the non-liquid wastecommercial places. Garbage is the non-liquid waste
generated from households and commercial places. Itgenerated from households and commercial places. It
includes the food you did not eat for dinner, old shoes,includes the food you did not eat for dinner, old shoes,
the empty soft drink bottles, the wrapper from yourthe empty soft drink bottles, the wrapper from your
potato chips packet, vegetable peels, newspaper,potato chips packet, vegetable peels, newspaper,
batteries, worm out clothes, broken utensils, plastics,batteries, worm out clothes, broken utensils, plastics,
twigs of plants and many others. On the basis of theirtwigs of plants and many others. On the basis of their
decomposition by the microorganisms, the waste can bedecomposition by the microorganisms, the waste can be
divided into two types:divided into two types:
 Biodegradable Waste.Biodegradable Waste.
 Non- Biodegradable Waste.Non- Biodegradable Waste.

25. Biodegradable Waste:Biodegradable Waste:
The first category in the type of waste generated is biodegradableThe first category in the type of waste generated is biodegradable
waste:-waste:-
 The wastes which can be broken down to harmless or non-The wastes which can be broken down to harmless or non-
poisonous substances by the action of micro-organisms are calledpoisonous substances by the action of micro-organisms are called
biodegradable wastes. For example, domestic sewage, newspapersbiodegradable wastes. For example, domestic sewage, newspapers
and vegetable matter. They undergo rotting. Biodegradable wasteand vegetable matter. They undergo rotting. Biodegradable waste
has its links with the world problem called, global warming. When ithas its links with the world problem called, global warming. When it
is buried underground, due to the absence of oxygen, it undergoesis buried underground, due to the absence of oxygen, it undergoes
anaerobic decomposition. This produces landfill gas which, if notanaerobic decomposition. This produces landfill gas which, if not
harnessed, escapes into the atmosphere. It librates marshy gas,harnessed, escapes into the atmosphere. It librates marshy gas,
known as methane. This methane gas, if not harnessed, is a majorknown as methane. This methane gas, if not harnessed, is a major
cause of global warming.cause of global warming.
 Cassava, a tuber crop is used to make biodegradable plasticsCassava, a tuber crop is used to make biodegradable plastics

26. Non-biodegradable WasteNon-biodegradable Waste
 .. The first category in the type of waste generated is nonThe first category in the type of waste generated is non
biodegradable waste:-biodegradable waste:-
 The wastes which can not be broken down to harmlessThe wastes which can not be broken down to harmless
or non-poisonous substances by the action of micro-or non-poisonous substances by the action of micro-
organisms are called non-biodegradable wastes. Theseorganisms are called non-biodegradable wastes. These
wastes do not undergo rotting or take a very long timewastes do not undergo rotting or take a very long time
for rotting. For example, polythene bags, plastics, glass,for rotting. For example, polythene bags, plastics, glass,
aluminum, iron nails and DDT. Due to theiraluminum, iron nails and DDT. Due to their
decomposition problem, it is very difficult to get rid ofdecomposition problem, it is very difficult to get rid of
these non-biodegradable wastes. Their burning causesthese non-biodegradable wastes. Their burning causes
lot of pollution. Quite often these wastes are being eatenlot of pollution. Quite often these wastes are being eaten
by stray animals, who get killed in many cases.by stray animals, who get killed in many cases.
Sometimes these non-biodegradable waste could beSometimes these non-biodegradable waste could be
harmful for our healthharmful for our health

27. WASTE DISPOSALWASTE DISPOSAL
 Waste DisposalWaste Disposal is the management of waste to prevent harm to theis the management of waste to prevent harm to the
environment, injury or long term progressive damage to health. Disposal ofenvironment, injury or long term progressive damage to health. Disposal of
waste is where the intention is to permanently store the waste for thewaste is where the intention is to permanently store the waste for the
duration of its biological and chemical activity, such that it is renderedduration of its biological and chemical activity, such that it is rendered
harmless.harmless.
Waste disposalWaste disposal
 The OECD/Eurostat joint questionaire, Basel Convention and the EU allThe OECD/Eurostat joint questionaire, Basel Convention and the EU all
define 'waste disposal' differently.define 'waste disposal' differently.
 Disposal is defined as any waste management operation serving or carryingDisposal is defined as any waste management operation serving or carrying
out the final treatment and disposal of waste. It covers the following mainout the final treatment and disposal of waste. It covers the following main
operations:operations:
Final treatment:Final treatment:
 Incineration without energy recovery (on land; at sea)Incineration without energy recovery (on land; at sea)
 Biological, physical, chemical treatment resulting in products or residuesBiological, physical, chemical treatment resulting in products or residues
that are discarded, i.e. going to final disposal.that are discarded, i.e. going to final disposal.

Final disposal:Final disposal:
 Deposit into or onto land (e.g. landfill), including specially engineered landfillDeposit into or onto land (e.g. landfill), including specially engineered landfill
 Deep injectionDeep injection
 Surface impoundmentSurface impoundment
 Release into water bodiesRelease into water bodies
 Permanent storagePermanent storage

28. WASTE DISPOSAL PICTUREWASTE DISPOSAL PICTURE

30. WASTE DISPOSALWASTE DISPOSAL In countries where cows are grazed outside year-round, there isIn countries where cows are grazed outside year-round, there is
little waste disposal to deal with. The most concentrated wastelittle waste disposal to deal with. The most concentrated waste
is at the milking shed, where the animal waste is liquefiedis at the milking shed, where the animal waste is liquefied
(during the water-washing process) and allowed to flow by(during the water-washing process) and allowed to flow by
gravity, or pumped, intogravity, or pumped, into compostingcomposting ponds withponds with
anaerobic bacteriaanaerobic bacteria to consume the solids. The processed waterto consume the solids. The processed water
and nutrients are then pumped back onto the pasture asand nutrients are then pumped back onto the pasture as
irrigationirrigation andand fertilizerfertilizer. Surplus animals are slaughtered for. Surplus animals are slaughtered for
processedprocessed meatmeat and otherand other renderedrendered products.products.
 In the associated milk processing factories, most of the waste isIn the associated milk processing factories, most of the waste is
washing water that is treated, usually by composting, andwashing water that is treated, usually by composting, and
returned to waterways. This is much different from half areturned to waterways. This is much different from half a
century ago, when the main products were butter, cheese andcentury ago, when the main products were butter, cheese and
casein, and the rest of the milk had to be disposed of as wastecasein, and the rest of the milk had to be disposed of as waste
(sometimes as animal feed).(sometimes as animal feed).
 In areas where cows are housed all year round, the wasteIn areas where cows are housed all year round, the waste
problem is difficult because of the amount of feed that isproblem is difficult because of the amount of feed that is
brought in and the amount of bedding material that also has tobrought in and the amount of bedding material that also has to
be removed and composted. The size of the problem can bebe removed and composted. The size of the problem can be
understood by standing downwind of the barns where suchunderstood by standing downwind of the barns where such

31. In many cases, modern farms have very large quantities of milk to beIn many cases, modern farms have very large quantities of milk to be
transported to a factory for processing. If anything goes wrong with the milking,transported to a factory for processing. If anything goes wrong with the milking,
transport or processing facilities it can be a major disaster trying to dispose oftransport or processing facilities it can be a major disaster trying to dispose of
enormous quantities of milk. If a roadenormous quantities of milk. If a road tankertanker overturns on a road, the rescueoverturns on a road, the rescue
crew is looking at accommodating the spill of 5 to 10 thousand gallons of milkcrew is looking at accommodating the spill of 5 to 10 thousand gallons of milk
(20 to 45 thousand litres) without allowing any into the waterways. A derailed(20 to 45 thousand litres) without allowing any into the waterways. A derailed
railrail tanker-traintanker-train may involve 10 times that amount. Without refrigeration, milk ismay involve 10 times that amount. Without refrigeration, milk is
a fragile commodity, and it is very damaging to the environment in its raw statea fragile commodity, and it is very damaging to the environment in its raw state
due to its highdue to its high biochemical oxygen demandbiochemical oxygen demand..[11][11] A widespread electrical powerA widespread electrical power
blackoutblackout is another disaster for the dairy industry, because both milking andis another disaster for the dairy industry, because both milking and
processing facilities are affected. For this, farms may often use mobileprocessing facilities are affected. For this, farms may often use mobile
generators. Such a situation occurred during the power outage caused by thegenerators. Such a situation occurred during the power outage caused by the
2010 Canterbury Earthquake2010 Canterbury Earthquake..[12][12]
In dairy-intensive areas, various methods have been proposed for disposing ofIn dairy-intensive areas, various methods have been proposed for disposing of
large quantities of milk. These directives include feeding milk to livestock, spraylarge quantities of milk. These directives include feeding milk to livestock, spray
irrigation or designating a sacrifice area.irrigation or designating a sacrifice area.[11][11] Large application rates of milk ontoLarge application rates of milk onto
land, or disposing in a hole, is problematic as the residue from theland, or disposing in a hole, is problematic as the residue from the
decomposing milk will block the soil pores and thereby reduce the waterdecomposing milk will block the soil pores and thereby reduce the water
infiltration rate through the soil profile. As recovery of this effect can take time,infiltration rate through the soil profile. As recovery of this effect can take time,
any land based application needs to be well managed and consideredany land based application needs to be well managed and considered

32. Introduction to ImproperIntroduction to Improper
Waste Disposal:Waste Disposal:

33.  Improper disposal means having no proper waste management systems, which ensures safeImproper disposal means having no proper waste management systems, which ensures safe
disposal of wastes. Waste from industries when improperly disposed may cause toxins to bedisposal of wastes. Waste from industries when improperly disposed may cause toxins to be
released in air, water and land. There is also a danger of greenhouse gases being releasedreleased in air, water and land. There is also a danger of greenhouse gases being released
from this. Some wastes also contain substances hazardous in nature, when not properlyfrom this. Some wastes also contain substances hazardous in nature, when not properly
disposed. They are plastics, electronic wastes or better known as e-waste.disposed. They are plastics, electronic wastes or better known as e-waste.
 Plastics and e-wastes containing metals like silicon when not properly disposed in a scientificPlastics and e-wastes containing metals like silicon when not properly disposed in a scientific
manner and on being burnt will release carcinogenic substances. The improper disposal ofmanner and on being burnt will release carcinogenic substances. The improper disposal of
any waste also causes economic concern, impacting decrease in the tourism, business andany waste also causes economic concern, impacting decrease in the tourism, business and
residents. Disposal of wastes in landfill also causes problems relating to health, quality of soilresidents. Disposal of wastes in landfill also causes problems relating to health, quality of soil
and water as most of the landfills are not lined properly. This causes seepage of hazardousand water as most of the landfills are not lined properly. This causes seepage of hazardous
materials into the nearby water table.materials into the nearby water table.
 Every individual and organization has to ensure that proper waste management system is inEvery individual and organization has to ensure that proper waste management system is in
place and is being practices. In this way, we can ensure that the quality of the environmentplace and is being practices. In this way, we can ensure that the quality of the environment
and aesthetics is maintained. This involves proper segregation of waste at source, properand aesthetics is maintained. This involves proper segregation of waste at source, proper
collection and storage of waste and last but not the least the safe disposal of wastes in ancollection and storage of waste and last but not the least the safe disposal of wastes in an
environmentally friendly ways. Wastes which can be recycled and reused should be sent toenvironmentally friendly ways. Wastes which can be recycled and reused should be sent to
the authorized recyclers thereby reducing the burden of waste disposal.the authorized recyclers thereby reducing the burden of waste disposal.
 Improper Waste DisposalImproper Waste Disposal
 Waste Disposal:Waste Disposal:
 Waste also referred to as rubbish or trash, is basically an unwanted or unused material. InWaste also referred to as rubbish or trash, is basically an unwanted or unused material. In
today’s world, waste has become varied in nature and this is owing to the advancement intoday’s world, waste has become varied in nature and this is owing to the advancement in
technology and lifestyle of human beings.technology and lifestyle of human beings.
 Improper waste disposal leads to degradation in the environmental quality and also aestheticImproper waste disposal leads to degradation in the environmental quality and also aesthetic
quality. In the broader sense, improper waste disposal from industries, leads to soilquality. In the broader sense, improper waste disposal from industries, leads to soil
contamination and water contamination. Improper garbage disposal from houses leads tocontamination and water contamination. Improper garbage disposal from houses leads to
health problems like chorea other contagious diseases.health problems like chorea other contagious diseases.

34. ACCUMULATION OFACCUMULATION OF
WASTEWASTE Accumulation of wastes due to its improper disposal is aAccumulation of wastes due to its improper disposal is a
major problem in our country. The recent Surat plaguemajor problem in our country. The recent Surat plague
epidemic is an indication. Population in India has beenepidemic is an indication. Population in India has been
growing at the rate of 1.7%. With this increase, there hasgrowing at the rate of 1.7%. With this increase, there has
also been an increase in the amount of wastes beingalso been an increase in the amount of wastes being
produced especially in the cities. Every person, on anproduced especially in the cities. Every person, on an
average generates about 400 to 500 grams of wastes peraverage generates about 400 to 500 grams of wastes per
day. At this rate, in a city of about 10 lakh people aroundday. At this rate, in a city of about 10 lakh people around
500 tonnes of wastes is being produced every day.500 tonnes of wastes is being produced every day.
 In the absence of proper solid waste management, thisIn the absence of proper solid waste management, this
waste lies littered on our streets, road corners andwaste lies littered on our streets, road corners and
improperly disposed of in vacant land. All of these areimproperly disposed of in vacant land. All of these are
serious health hazards apart from being eyesores. If theyserious health hazards apart from being eyesores. If they
are not cleared regularly at the earliest, they invite host ofare not cleared regularly at the earliest, they invite host of
problems like increasing numbers of insect vectors likeproblems like increasing numbers of insect vectors like
flies, mosquitoes, etc., scavengers such as stray dogs,flies, mosquitoes, etc., scavengers such as stray dogs,
pigs and rats which spread dangerous diseases. It alsopigs and rats which spread dangerous diseases. It also
generates bad odour and causes pollutiongenerates bad odour and causes pollution

35. Introduction to accumulationIntroduction to accumulation
problemsproblems

36.  In all living cells the physiological activities takes placeIn all living cells the physiological activities takes place
at normal level so that the metabolites involved in theat normal level so that the metabolites involved in the
daily activities get used up rather than gettingdaily activities get used up rather than getting
accumulated. In some cases or conditions some oraccumulated. In some cases or conditions some or
several metabolites can get accumulated and thisseveral metabolites can get accumulated and this
increase can lead to abnormalities in regularincrease can lead to abnormalities in regular
physiology. In case of higher vertebrates and humansphysiology. In case of higher vertebrates and humans
hormones play an important role to keep up thehormones play an important role to keep up the
concentration of various metabolites at normal level.concentration of various metabolites at normal level.
 Several problems or disorders arise due toSeveral problems or disorders arise due to
accumulation of metabolites like carbohydrates, aminoaccumulation of metabolites like carbohydrates, amino
acids, proteins, and lipids. All these accumulationacids, proteins, and lipids. All these accumulation
related problems if associated with regular metabolitesrelated problems if associated with regular metabolites
can lead to severe abnormalities and in turn lead tocan lead to severe abnormalities and in turn lead to
death.death.

37. Accumulation ProblemsAccumulation Problems
Related to MetabolitesRelated to Metabolites
 As discussed above the metabolites need to be atAs discussed above the metabolites need to be at
optimum concentration in the blood flow or blood streamoptimum concentration in the blood flow or blood stream
and this is taken care by the optimized functioning ofand this is taken care by the optimized functioning of
hormones which are released by endocrine glands. Thehormones which are released by endocrine glands. The
metabolites such as carbohydrates, proteins, aminometabolites such as carbohydrates, proteins, amino
acids and other micro and macro elements generally areacids and other micro and macro elements generally are
maintained at normal levels which are found to be inmaintained at normal levels which are found to be in
sufficient quantities.sufficient quantities.
 Excess intake of Carbohydrates can lead toExcess intake of Carbohydrates can lead to
accumulation in the human body and it may lead toaccumulation in the human body and it may lead to
conditions like high glycemic index, increasedconditions like high glycemic index, increased
susceptibility of diabetes, obesity and some times heartsusceptibility of diabetes, obesity and some times heart
related problems or heart diseases. More often theserelated problems or heart diseases. More often these
associated disorders are found to involve high insulinassociated disorders are found to involve high insulin
resistance. This severe insulin resistance can lead to preresistance. This severe insulin resistance can lead to pre
diabetic diseases and culminate into life threateningdiabetic diseases and culminate into life threatening

38. Accumulation Problem Related ToAccumulation Problem Related To
Land PollutionLand Pollution
 Land pollution is the degradation of the Earth's land surfaceLand pollution is the degradation of the Earth's land surface
through misuse of the soil by poor agricultural practices,through misuse of the soil by poor agricultural practices,
mineral exploitation, industrial waste dumping, andmineral exploitation, industrial waste dumping, and
indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes. It includes visibleindiscriminate disposal of urban wastes. It includes visible
waste and litter as well as pollution of the soil itself. Exampleswaste and litter as well as pollution of the soil itself. Examples
of Land Pollution Soil Pollution Soil pollution is mainly due toof Land Pollution Soil Pollution Soil pollution is mainly due to
chemicals in herbicides (weed killers) and pesticides (poisonschemicals in herbicides (weed killers) and pesticides (poisons
which kill insects and other invertebrate pests). Litter is wastewhich kill insects and other invertebrate pests). Litter is waste
material dumped in public places such as streets, parks, picnicmaterial dumped in public places such as streets, parks, picnic
areas, at bus stops and near shops. Waste Disposal Theareas, at bus stops and near shops. Waste Disposal The
accumulation of waste threatens the health of people inaccumulation of waste threatens the health of people in
residential areas. Waste decays, encourages household pestsresidential areas. Waste decays, encourages household pests
and turns urban areas into unsightly, dirty and unhealthy placesand turns urban areas into unsightly, dirty and unhealthy places
to live in. Control Measures The followinto live in. Control Measures The followingg measures can bemeasures can be
used to control land pollution: anti-litter campaigns can educateused to control land pollution: anti-litter campaigns can educate
people against littering; organic waste can be du..people against littering; organic waste can be du..

39. BIO MAGNIFICATION ANDBIO MAGNIFICATION AND
BIOACCUMULATIONBIOACCUMULATION
BiomagnificationBiomagnification , ===============, ===============
also known asalso known as bioamplificationbioamplification oror biological magnificationbiological magnification , is the, is the
increase inincrease in concentrationconcentration of a substance, such as theof a substance, such as the pesticidepesticide DDTDDT, that, that
occurs in aoccurs in a food chainfood chain as a consequence of:as a consequence of:
 Persistence (can't be broken down by environmental processes)Persistence (can't be broken down by environmental processes)
 Food chainFood chain energeticsenergetics
 Low (or nonexistent) rate of internal degradation/excretion of the substanceLow (or nonexistent) rate of internal degradation/excretion of the substance
(often due to water-insolubility)(often due to water-insolubility)
 Biological Magnification often refers to the process whereby certainBiological Magnification often refers to the process whereby certain
substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain,substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain,
work their way into rivers or lakes, and are eaten by aquatic organisms suchwork their way into rivers or lakes, and are eaten by aquatic organisms such
as fish, which in turn are eaten by large birds, animals or humans. Theas fish, which in turn are eaten by large birds, animals or humans. The
substances become concentrated in tissues or internal organs as they movesubstances become concentrated in tissues or internal organs as they move
up the chain. Bioaccumulants are substances that increase in concentrationup the chain. Bioaccumulants are substances that increase in concentration
in living organisms as they take in contaminated air, water, or food becausein living organisms as they take in contaminated air, water, or food because
the substances are very slowly metabolized or excreted.the substances are very slowly metabolized or excreted.
 Although sometimes used interchangeably with 'Although sometimes used interchangeably with 'bioaccumulationbioaccumulation,' an,' an
important distinction is drawn between the two, and with bioconcentration, itimportant distinction is drawn between the two, and with bioconcentration, it
is also important to distinct between sustainable development andis also important to distinct between sustainable development and
overexploitationoverexploitation in biomagnificationin biomagnification

40. BIOACCUMULATIONBIOACCUMULATION============================
 occursoccurs withinwithin aa trophic leveltrophic level, and is the increase in, and is the increase in
concentration of a substance in certain tissues ofconcentration of a substance in certain tissues of
organisms' bodies due to absorption from food and theorganisms' bodies due to absorption from food and the
environment.environment.
 BioconcentrationBioconcentration is defined as occurring whenis defined as occurring when
uptake from the water is greater than excretionuptake from the water is greater than excretion
(Landrum and Fisher, 1999)(Landrum and Fisher, 1999)
 Thus bioconcentration and bioaccumulation occurThus bioconcentration and bioaccumulation occur
within an organism, and biomagnification occurswithin an organism, and biomagnification occurs
across trophic (food chain) levels.across trophic (food chain) levels.
 Biodilution is also a process that occurs to all trophicBiodilution is also a process that occurs to all trophic
levels in an aquatic environment; it is the opposite oflevels in an aquatic environment; it is the opposite of
biomagnification, thus a pollutant gets smaller inbiomagnification, thus a pollutant gets smaller in
concentration as it progresses up a food web.concentration as it progresses up a food web.

41. LipidLipid, (, (lipophiliclipophilic) or fat soluble substances cannot be diluted, broken down, or) or fat soluble substances cannot be diluted, broken down, or
excreted inexcreted in urineurine, a water-based medium, and so accumulate in fatty tissues of, a water-based medium, and so accumulate in fatty tissues of
an organism if the organism lacks enzymes to degrade them. When eaten byan organism if the organism lacks enzymes to degrade them. When eaten by
another organism, fats are absorbed in the gut, carrying the substance, whichanother organism, fats are absorbed in the gut, carrying the substance, which
then accumulates in the fats of the predator. Since at each level of the foodthen accumulates in the fats of the predator. Since at each level of the food
chain there is a lot of energy loss, a predator must consume many prey,chain there is a lot of energy loss, a predator must consume many prey,
including all of their lipophilic substances.including all of their lipophilic substances.
For example, though mercury is only present in small amounts in seawater, it isFor example, though mercury is only present in small amounts in seawater, it is
absorbed by algae (generally as methylmercury). It is efficiently absorbed, butabsorbed by algae (generally as methylmercury). It is efficiently absorbed, but
only very slowly excreted by organisms (Croteau et al., 2005). Bioaccumulationonly very slowly excreted by organisms (Croteau et al., 2005). Bioaccumulation
and bioconcentration result in buildup in the adipose tissue of successiveand bioconcentration result in buildup in the adipose tissue of successive
trophic levels: zooplankton, small nekton, larger fish etc. Anything which eatstrophic levels: zooplankton, small nekton, larger fish etc. Anything which eats
these fish also consumes the higher level of mercury the fish havethese fish also consumes the higher level of mercury the fish have
accumulated. This process explains why predatory fish such as swordfish andaccumulated. This process explains why predatory fish such as swordfish and
sharks or birds like osprey and eagles have higher concentrations of mercury insharks or birds like osprey and eagles have higher concentrations of mercury in
their tissue than could be accounted for by direct exposure alone. For example,their tissue than could be accounted for by direct exposure alone. For example,
herring contains mercury at approximately 0.01 ppm and shark containsherring contains mercury at approximately 0.01 ppm and shark contains
mercury at greater than 1 ppm (EPA 1997mercury at greater than 1 ppm (EPA 1997

42. WASTE MANAGEMENTWASTE MANAGEMENT
 We are an integral part of the environment. Our activities changeWe are an integral part of the environment. Our activities change
the environment around us. Changes in the environment affect us.the environment around us. Changes in the environment affect us.
 Environmental problems like depletion of the ozone layer and wasteEnvironmental problems like depletion of the ozone layer and waste
disposal are issues that have to be dealt with serious concern.disposal are issues that have to be dealt with serious concern.
 In our daily activities, we generate a lot of materials that are thrownIn our daily activities, we generate a lot of materials that are thrown
away. These accumulated wastes can be classified asaway. These accumulated wastes can be classified as
biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Substances that are brokenbiodegradable and non-biodegradable. Substances that are broken
down by biological processes are said to be biodegradable.down by biological processes are said to be biodegradable.
Substances that are not broken down by biological processes areSubstances that are not broken down by biological processes are
said to be non-biodegradable.said to be non-biodegradable.
 The huge amount of municipal refuse generated daily demands aThe huge amount of municipal refuse generated daily demands a
highly efficient system to manage its collection and disposal. Wastehighly efficient system to manage its collection and disposal. Waste
management has been a serious issue in urban areas. Disposingmanagement has been a serious issue in urban areas. Disposing
garbage at the outskirts of a city is a common sight. Empty cans,garbage at the outskirts of a city is a common sight. Empty cans,
food wrappers etc. which are non-biodegradable are littered infood wrappers etc. which are non-biodegradable are littered in
crowded places and tourist centres. It is necessary to havecrowded places and tourist centres. It is necessary to have
awareness regarding methods of disposing different types of waste.awareness regarding methods of disposing different types of waste.

43. Improvements in our life-style have resulted in greater amounts of waste
material generation. Changes in attitude also have a role to play, with more and
more things we use becoming disposable. Changes in packaging have resulted
in much of our waste becoming non-biodegradable.

44. WASTE MANAGEMENTWASTE MANAGEMENT
- DEFINATION- DEFINATION
 Waste managementWaste management is literally the process of managing wasteis literally the process of managing waste
materials (normally those produced as a result of human activities). Itmaterials (normally those produced as a result of human activities). It
involves the collection, transport, processing and/or disposal of wasteinvolves the collection, transport, processing and/or disposal of waste
materials. Historically, the aim of waste management has been tomaterials. Historically, the aim of waste management has been to
prevent or reduce the impact of waste materials on human health or localprevent or reduce the impact of waste materials on human health or local
amenity. Over the last thirty years, however, the focus of wasteamenity. Over the last thirty years, however, the focus of waste
management in developed countries has shifted to reducing the impactmanagement in developed countries has shifted to reducing the impact
of waste on the environment and recovering resources from wasteof waste on the environment and recovering resources from waste
materials.materials.
 Waste management can involve solid, liquid and/or gaseous wastes, andWaste management can involve solid, liquid and/or gaseous wastes, and
the methods involved for each are disparate. Entire fields of expertisethe methods involved for each are disparate. Entire fields of expertise
exist for the management of each type of waste.exist for the management of each type of waste.
 Waste management practices are often very different between urban andWaste management practices are often very different between urban and
rural areas, and residential and industrial/commercial producers, evenrural areas, and residential and industrial/commercial producers, even
within the same local region. Waste management for non-hazardouswithin the same local region. Waste management for non-hazardous
residential and institutional waste streams in metropolitan areas isresidential and institutional waste streams in metropolitan areas is
usually (but not always) the responsibility of local government authorities.usually (but not always) the responsibility of local government authorities.
Waste Management for non-hazardous commercial and industrialWaste Management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial
wastes is usally (but not always) the responsibility of the generator. Thewastes is usally (but not always) the responsibility of the generator. The
management (and composition) of waste is usually quite different inmanagement (and composition) of waste is usually quite different in
developed and developing nations, for a number of reasons.developed and developing nations, for a number of reasons.

45. The disposal of the waste we generate is causing serious environmental
problems. There are a number of concepts about waste management, which
vary in their usage between countries or regions. The waste hierarchy refers to
the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management
strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization.

47. BIBLOGRAPHYBIBLOGRAPHY
 GOOGLEGOOGLE
 ASK QUESTION .COMASK QUESTION .COM
 YAHOO.COMYAHOO.COM
 WIKIPEDIA.COMWIKIPEDIA.COM
I THANYOU MISS TO GIVEI THANYOU MISS TO GIVE
OUR CLASS THIS PROJECTOUR CLASS THIS PROJECT
. I LEARNT A LOT FROM. I LEARNT A LOT FROM
THIS PROJECT.THIS PROJECT.