Waste, Type of Waste, Waste Management Concept, Solid Waste Management,

2. Waste
 It is defined as Waste (also known as rubbish, trash,
refuse, garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless
materials.
OR
 Any materials unused and rejected as worthless or
unwanted and “A useless or profile less activity using or
expanding or consuming thoughtlessly or carefully.”

3. Types of Waste
 Solid Waste
 Liquid Waste
 Gaseous Waste
 Animal by Product
 Biodegradable Waste
 Chemical Waste
 Biomedical Waste

4. Solid Waste
 It is defined as
“ non liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain
complex & sometimes hazardous substances”
 Solid waste also include :
o Garbage
o Rubbish
o Demolition products
o Sewage treatment residue 
o Dead animals
o Manure and other discarded material.

6. Types of Solid Waste
Broadly there are 3 types of solid waste which as follows
1. Household waste as municipal waste
2. Industrial waste as hazardous waste
3.Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste

7. 1. Municipal Solid Waste
 Municipal solid waste consist of---
o household Waste
o construction and demolition debris
o sanitation residue
o waste from streets
 With rising urbanization and change in life style and food
habits ,the amount of municipal solid waste has been
increasing rapidly and its composition changing.

9. Hazardous Waste
 Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as
they may contain toxic substances
 Hazardous waste could be highly toxic to humans, animals
and plants. They are
- corrosive
- highly inflammable or explosive
 In the industrial sector the major generators of hazardous
waste are the metal’ chemical’ paper, pesticide, dye and
rubber goods industries.
 Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as
mercury and cyanide can be fatal

10. Hospital Waste or Biomedical Waste
 Bio-medical waste means “Any waste which is generated
during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human
beings or animals or in research activities pertaining
thereto or in the production or testing of biological”
-Bio-medical waste rules ,1998
 It may includes wastes like sharp waste, pathological
waste, pharmaceutical waste, genotoxic waste, chemical
waste, and radioactive waste etc.

11. Effect of Solid Waste
A: Health hazard
 If solid waste are not collected and allowed to accumulate
, they may create unsanitary conditions.
 This may lead to epidemic outbreaks .
Many diseases like cholera. Diarrhea, dysentery, plague,
jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may spread and cause
loss of human lives.
In addition improper handling of the solid wastes ,a health
hazard for the workers who come in direct contact with the
waste.

12. CONTD..
B: Environmental impact
 If the solid wastes are not treated properly decomposition
and putrefaction( decay) may take place .
 The organic solid waste during decomposition may
generate obnoxious (intolerable odour)

13. Waste Management Concept
The 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) to be followed for waste
management.

14.  Reduce
 Disposable goods: paper plate, paper bowl, Styrofoam
cup, plastic spoon, roll of paper towels, paper napkin;
Durable goods: ceramic/plastic plate, metal spoon,
glass/plastic drinking cup, dish towel, cloth napkin)
 Recovery of one tone paper can save 17 trees.
 Reuse
 Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the
ones that are in the house.
 Don’t through away the soft drink can or bottle cover
them with home made paper or paint on them and use
them as pencil stands or small vases .

15.  Recycling
 Recycling refers to the collection and refuse of
waste materials such as empty beverage
container.
 The materials from which the items are made
can be processed into new products.
 Materials for recycling may be collected
separately from general waste using dedicated
bins.

16. Solid Waste Management
Waste management is the
 storage
collection
 transport and handling
 recycling
 disposal and monitoring of waste materials.

17. Methods of Disposal
1) Landfill
2) Incineration
3) Waste compaction
4) Biogas Generation
5) Composting

18.  Landfill
In this process, the waste that cannot be reused or recycled
separated out and spread as a thin layer in some low-lying
areas across the city. A layer of soil added after each
layer of garbage. Once this process is complete, this area
declared unfit for building construction for the next 20
years and is only used as a playground or a park.
 Incineration
Incineration is the process of controlled combustion of
garbage to reduce it to incombustible matter; ash, waste
gas, and heat. The waste gasses thus generated are then
treated and released into the environment. This process
reduced the volume of waste by 90 percent and
considered as one of the most hygienic methods of waste
disposal.

19.  Waste Compaction
The waste materials such as cans and plastic bottles
compact into blocks and send for recycling. This process
prevents the oxidation of metals and reduces air space
need, thus making transportation and positioning easy.
 Biogas generation
Biodegradable waste, such as food items, animal waste or
industrial send to bio-degradation plants. In bio-
degradation plants, they are converted to biogas by
degradation with the help of bacteria, fungi, and other
biological means. The degradation can happen aerobically
(with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). Biogas is
generated as a result of this process which is used as fuel,
and the residue is used as manure.

20.  Composting
All organic materials decompose with time. Food scraps,
yard waste, etc. make up one of the major wastes we
throw every day. Sometimes these are buried under beds
of soil and left to decay under the action of
microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. This results in
the formation of nutrient rich manure. This process is
termed as composting.