Unit 1 Snorkelling Report

Unit 1 Snorkelling Report
1. Score how much did you know about Snorkelling BEFORE starting this unit?
Nothing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 lots
Before starting this unit, I knew a varied amount of information about snorkelling as I had been
snorkelling with friends and family several times before. I had also been snorkelling at Great Barrier
Reef which provided me with ample information and experience of snorkelling.
2.
(1) The knowledge that I have acquired during this task is what a drop dive is. Before I began this
unit, I was not aware of what a drop dive was and I did not know how to perform a drop dive. Now
that we have learnt and practiced the drop dive, I am aware of what it is and how to perform one. A
drop ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(3) The information obtained from each of these sources was extremely relevant and beneficial to
me. I decided that the information was relevant if it related to what questions needed to be answered
in my workbook or related to snorkelling in any way. The decision was made this way as I assumed
that the tests would be based around what we studied in the workbook and what skills we practiced
during the practical snorkelling excursions.
(4) Due to the variety of sources of information, I found it easy to obtain the relevant information.
Each source was helpful and the instructors, teachers, peers and my buddy were all happy to share
information and answer any questions I had. However, I did find it difficult to obtain the relevant
information to answer one of the workbook research questions as it was difficult to find the
information on the website that we were required to visit.
5. (1) Score how much you know about Snorkelling AFTER finishing this
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Squid Vs Octopi
Squid and Octopi are two mysterious creatures of the sea which many people lack knowledge of.
They both have many amusing similarities and differences when it comes to their homes, diets, and
physical aspects. These two sea creatures relate in many ways, however there are countless unique
characteristics between them.
Being some of the most brilliant animals of the sea, Octopi are invertebrates which means that they
do not have a single bone in their bodies. They are usually hidden away in caves or dens near the sea
floor and spend most of their lifetimes alone. During pregnancy, many mothers become very weak
due to a lack of food and nutrition, and pass away not being able to be present throughout their
children's lifetimes. Octopi are also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Along with octopi, squid are also cephalopods and contain three hearts. Unlike octopi, squid have
two fins on their head and have a stiff structure called a pen that acts like a flexible spine. These fins
are used for the squid to slowly move about throughout the ocean. Rather than being alone and
independent like the octopus, squid are found in schools and tend to stay together throughout their
short lifetimes. Squid eat a combination of different species of fish and shrimp and may even go to
the point of eating other squid if food is scarce. Both animals are located in salty, warm waters near
the temperate zones where there is an abundance of food. One main difference between them is how
they catch their prey. Octopi bring in their prey by piercing them and injecting it with a venom
through their suckers that paralyzes the victim. Squid use their two longest tentacles to catch fish
and shrimp and shred it with their sharp tongue while the prey is still alive. Another similarity
between them is that they both have a mantle. The mantle helps protect the organism by creating a
shell around the internal organs. Size weighs in a great deal with both of the animals. Octopi can
range anywhere from one centimeter to five meters and can weigh up to one hundred and fifty
pounds. Squid can be from a few inches to sixty feet long and weigh over a

Sponge Research Paper
Sponges are creatures that many people do really take about, but the truth is that they are
fascinating. They are simple compared to many creatures on this planet, but such a simple creature
can have intriguing ways to function in life. They have so many different structures that help collect
food and allow water flow. Also, there are a few different morphologies that they can take advantage
of to survive. One of the most important factor to a sponge's survival is the water flow velocity to
area ratio. For a sponge to survive there are a few structures that water must go through. To get
inside the sponge, the water must travel through tiny holes called ostia. The water then flows into an
opening called the spongocoel, and finally out of the sponge through the osculum. Inside the
spongocoel are tiny flagella which capture the food particles necessary for the sponge's survival. If
the sponge is more complex than the pathway to the spongocoel is more complex. This results in
more flagella which will result in more food for the sponge. ... Show more content on
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If the spongocoel of the sponge is too large, there will be areas in the sponge where the water is not
circulating. If that happens, the amount of water flow and the feeding efficiency is lowered. If the
spongocoel is too small, there will not be that much water flow; therefore, the feeding efficiency
will still be low. To maximizing the amount of water flow and the feeding efficiency, sponges have
adapted their morphology. The three different types of morphology are asconoid, syconoid, and
leuconoid. The asconoid is the simplest structure while the leuconoid is the most complex structure.
The leuconoid is the most complex because it has more pathways to the spongocoel which allows a
higher feeding

Help Rescue And Rehabilitate The Animals
to help rescue and rehabilitate the animals. SeaWorld is one of the largest, self–funded animal rescue
and rehabilitation program. They have over 24,000 successful animal rescues which students would
experience. They would gain one of a kind skills from these rescue and rehabilitation experiences.
SeaWorld has a staff of animal care experts that can teach students their collective knowledge,
because no one knows how to care for marine animals like SeaWorld. The Four actions of the Blue
Ocean Strategy are raise, create, eliminate and reduce. By Following the Blue Ocean Strategy, we
are eliminating the current need to gain practical experience after receiving your bachelors degree.
This provides students with hands on experience and the ability to access knowledge that has
already saved numerous wildlife animals. This will allow you hands on experience and always
access to knowledge that has already saved numerous wildlife animals. If SeaWorld created their
own certification program, it would eliminate the need for other accredited facilities to go to
SeaWorld, students would be able to go through SeaWorld instead. SeaWorld would be able to teach
students the best way to care for the animals because they have done it for the longest time. They
have cared for and studied a wide range of species which has created a large collection of
knowledge, skill and techniques. SeaWorld will provide students with access to healthy killer whale
blood level databases, how to perform

Reaction Paper On Octopi
I have been fascinated by the intelligence and resourcefulness shown by octopi for the past few
weeks since I went scuba diving. The main purpose of this trip was to be able to learn more about
octopi in their natural habitat, as I had been given an assignment regarding the morality of
consuming octopi. I was given the opportunity to fully observe the complexity of octopi in their
natural habitat. I realized these animals' capabilities people fear these almost harmless animals? In
the past, I truly enjoyed the savory taste of a variety of octopus–inspired meals. Many people
disregard the octopus, giving it little to no thought unless there is a debate for dinner. Thinking of it
as another average creature, as I did, with little to no intelligence, this is a common misconception
that is meant to give some kind of justification when consuming the animal. In reality, octopi are
one of the most intelligent species, having highly developed sentient characteristics. The more
research I did regarding the octopus, the more my personal moral dilemma shifted to the support of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I noticed a tremendous change in the way octopi were viewed in Japan, China, and Korea – food and
more food, along with an occasional natural or cartoony picture of an octopus. On the other hand, I
was pleased to see that the creature is more respected in western society, not thought of as food or
childish cartoons. Most pictures found in the English language are more serious, showing octopi in
their natural state; sadly the same cannot be said for the lobster. Many restaurants in western society
cause the octopus unimaginable amounts of pain, some even provide the octopus still alive, to be
devoured by the participant; giving the octopus more than enough time to realize it's soon–to–end

Essay All About Mussels
Mussels are a type of shellfish called bivalves. Bivalves are molluscs that are enclosed by a shell in
two hinged parts. They include clams, oysters, and scallops. Mussels grow in colonies that attach
themselves to rocks, pilings, or other hard surfaces with their "beards". However, most commercial
cultivated mussels are grown on hanging ropes. There are many types of mussels; and that they are
very nutritious as well as they can be cooked in many different ways. Also they are enjoyed around
the world. Even though there are many types of mussels available in markets, they can all be used
interchangeably. The three main types of mussels are Mediterranean, Blue, and Green–lip.
Mediterranean mussels are known for their wide shells and ... Show more content on
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Additionally, not only are mussels delicious to eat, they are easy to cook and can be cooked in a
variety of ways such as steaming, roasting, grilling, boiling, smoking, and deep–frying. However,
the easiest way to cook these delicious molluscs is steaming. This method requires the steam created
from the cooking liquid to cook the mussels. The cooking liquid can be clam juice, salty water,
wine, or even beer. For this method, the cooking liquid is combined with herbs such as rosemary or
sage and softened shallots (cooking them in butter or oil for few minutes). The mussels are placed
into the saucepan after they are washed and given a good scrub. However, mussels that are opened
when tapped on a counter or chipped or cracked must be discarded. Then the saucepan is placed on
high heat for a few minutes. Mussels are finished cooking when most of the shells are opened, about
5 minutes. However, there may be some that stay closed after cooking. These, just like the broken
shell mussels, must be discarded. Moreover, mussels are great for grilling. Just heat grill to hot and
place the whole mussels on the grill. When the mussels start to open, they are done and ready to eat.
Just finish them with a sprinkle of ground black pepper. If mussels are cooked this way, they are
surely going to be devoured before they are able to reach the dinner table. Mussels can also be pan–
roasted. Place the mussels in a hot pan

Sephia Officinalis Research Paper
The class of the Sepia officinalis is Cephalopoda which can be thought of in three groups: the
Nautiloidea, Ammonoidea and Coleoidea each of which have adapted and evolved independently of
each other (A Broad Brush History of the Cephalopoda). "Cuttlefish, along with octopuses and
squid, are cephalopods–animals from an ancient branch of the tree of life that have been trolling the
oceans for more than 500 million years. Cuttlefish were around long before the first shark or fish
ever evolved. Their cephalopod ancestors were encased in a shell that acted as protection from
predators, but the modern cuttlefish has developed an even better defense: camouflage"
(http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/animal–guides/animal–guide–cuttlefish/1161/). The Nautiloidea ...
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All cephalopods have arms, but not all cephalopods have tentacles. Octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid
have eight arms, but only cuttlefish and squid have two tentacles. Squid and cuttlefish have one pair
of tentacles which they use to strike their prey
(http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php). These prove that squids
and cuttlefish evolved away from octopuses by having tentacles to strike prey. The main difference
between the cuttlefish and the squid are the internal shells. The squid has remains of an internal shell
while the cuttlefish have a cuttlebone. Seen in Figure 3, the Sepia and types of squid and octopus

Tridacna Research Paper
Variables of Tridacna isotopes as environmental indicators. Ontogeny, zooxanthella symbiosis, trace
elements, seasonality and relative living depth.
Abstract (In progress)
Isotopic profiles of mollusks provide insight to the biology of fossil and living specimen and the
conditions under which they live in. Isotopic profiles record seasonal variance in temperature,
salinity, dissolved oxygen concentrations and can provide evidence of changes in bio mineralization
in correlation with seasonality and ontology. The shells of Tridacna are beneficial for Pleistocene
paleoceanography isotopic studies because of their large size making it easier to gain detailed
samples of shell carbonate. The density of the shell better preserves original carbonate of the shell.
Introduction to Tridacna
The reef dwelling giant clam or Tridacna is one of the genuses that survived the waves of Paleozoic
extinction. The genus Tridacna evolved over 65 million years ago in the Eocene along with modern
corals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Comparing isotopes of symbiont–bearing tridacnid clams and encrusting symbiont–free clam. The
carbon isotopic composition of the symbiont– free bivalve and the symbiont–bearing bivalve
Tridacna were found to be similar, suggesting that the presence of symbionts has no noticeable
effect on the isotopic composition of Tridacna (Romananek et al., 1989).
It was also found that the amplitude of δ18O was greater in specimens gathered from shallow water
because of greater environmental variability (1989). Specimen found deeper had higher δ18O and
δ13C when compared to the shallow specimen due to lower temperatures and the lesser influence of
13C depleted carbon from oxidation of organic matter in sediments and meteoric water (Romananek
et al.,

Reflection Topics For Marine Biology
1. What is the Program Focus of this Integrated Learning Subject?
What have you learnt so far?
In marine biology this year we have covered many topics. We began the by learning to snorkel
safely, in this topic we spent a couple of weeks learning the correct techniques and safety measures
to snorkel safely. During this time, we went on many trips out of school to go on dives as a group to
practice our skills for the final practical examination. After completing the snorkelling component of
the marine biology course we went on to learn about how to maintain a temperate marine aquarium.
In this topic we firstly learnt how to set up a temperate marine aquarium, then went fishing to fil our
tanks. Once these tasks where completed we learnt about all of the step needed to ensure that the
aquarium was successful in keeping the marine animals alive, this included learning about the pump
system, how to clean the tank and how to do the various chemical tests to see if the water was in a
suitable condition for the animals to live in. after learning about how to maintain a temperate
aquarium we looked into local marine issues such as seals in the Coorong and local sharks.
2. (1) What animal did you choose to research?
Why did you choose this animal?
I chose the Australian fur seal as is being one of the suggested animals for the project and they are
one of my favourite animals
(2) What presentation format did you choose for your Final Presentation?
Why did you choose this

Are Freshwater Polls Affecting Alabama's Biodiversity Of...
Freshwater invertebrates make up a vast amount of Alabama's Biodiversity. Biodiversity is the
variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic
ecosystems. Mollusca which are also known as snails are one the most commonly encountered in
Alabama. They spend the majority of their life in an aquatic ecosystem. As a matter of fact, Their
are 180 different species of Mollusca in Alabama.There are unique species associated with every
type of aquatic habitat from the Canadian Arctic to the Everglades of Florida. Mollusca are highly
valued because they are either a food source or biological indicators for a healthy habitat.They prove
immensely beneficial both economically and medicinally. Alabama ... Show more content on
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Unfortunately, freshwater snails like many other river species across North America are threatened.
The abundance and variety of snails have dramatically declined over the last 80 years, especially
those species that inhabit streams and rivers. Approximately 60 species of freshwater snails are
presumed extinct, 20 are on the federal endangered or threatened species list, and another 290
species are of conservation concern nationwide. The decline of freshwater snails began in the early
twentieth century. Dam construction and other channel modifications, siltation, and industrial and
agricultural pollution have all degraded the river habitats on which most species depend. As a result,
the species richness and the abundance of freshwater snails have declined dramatically. This decline
has been especially pronounced in the Southeastern United States where these animals are most
diverse. The continued loss and decline of freshwater snails and other river species are testament to
the fact that despite significant water–quality improvements made in the last 25 years, much work
remains if we are to halt species

Neanderthals: Article Analysis
Skeletal remains allow us to reflect on the lives of Neanderthals. For my article review I read about
the diets of Neanderthals in Europe. I read "Neanderthal Exploitation of Marine Mammals in
Gibraltar" written by C. B. Stringer. The article presents evidence located in two coastal sites in
Gibraltar, suggesting that Neanderthals would hunt marine animals. The findings of skeletal remains
of marine animals means that Neanderthals would regularly hunt down these animals, as opposed to
accidentally hunting them or maybe just a few hunting these animals down. The article first states
that studies conducted on their diet based on carbon and nitrogen isotypes indicate that Neanderthals
hunted quite a bit of animal life. It then goes to reinforce this statement with the evidence located in
two caves Gorham's and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neanderthals were originally thought to have a lower intellect than what we know now. This
evidence goes to further prove that point, by showing that they understood how to break open
mussels' shells, and a somewhat understanding of seals mating season. The age of the caves is about
41,800 years old, so this just a bit before Neanderthals went extinct. The most recent evidence
showing humans using marine life besides this was about 125,000 years ago, so that is also
interesting. I thought the article was interesting. The conclusion was pretty much that Neanderthals
hunted marine life, and it had evidence to back that up, so I agree with it. Although, the way it's
presented I get the feeling that they didn't really go out of their way to hunt marine life. What I
thought the article was going to be about was some form of fishing or at least going into the water. It
just seems like Neanderthals only ate what happened to be on land. It would be hard to prove that
they went into the water, but the only ones they have eaten sometimes beach themselves on
accident, or come on land to

Giant Pacific Octopus Research Papers
Giant Pacific Octopus Here is what the Giant Pacific Octopus is all about. First, Do you know a
animal that has suckers, and has eight arms, that is giant? Well if you guessed the Giant Pacific
Octopus, then you were write. This boneless 110 pound octopus is the biggest octopus. It can change
almost any color for camouflage. The Giant Pacific Octopus can have up to 1,500 suckers. It can
change or form into about any shape. Even though it has gills it can go out of water for about 30–40
seconds. Out of water it just looks like a colorful blob. The Giant Pacific Octopus can grow up to 16
feet long from the end to the arm to opposite arm. Next, what do you think a octopus eats, and how
you think it survives? The Giant Pacific Octopus

The Greatest Science Papers
That's not hyperbole. I really mean it. How else could I react when I open up the latest issue of
Bioessays, and see this: Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from
fossils, development and molecules. Just from the title alone, I'm immediately launched into my
happy place: sitting on a rocky beach on the Pacific Northwest coast, enjoying the sea breeze while
the my wife serves me a big platter of bacon, and the cannula in my hypothalamus slowly drips a
potent cocktail of cocain and ecstasy direct into my pleasure centers...and there's pie for dessert. It's
like the authors know me and sat down to concoct a title where every word would push my buttons.
The content is pretty good, too. It's not perfect; the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Movement was no longer by creeping, but used muscular contractions through a siphon to propel the
animal horizontally. Freed from its locomotor function, the foot expanded into manipulating
tentacles.
i–a4650a364628b045d3f57a3baf0e7529–monoplacophoran.jpeg
These early cephalopods, which have shells common in the fossil record, would have spent their
lives bobbing vertically in the water column, bouyed by their shells, and with their tentacles
dangling downward to capture prey. They wouldn't have been particularly mobile – that form of a
cone hanging vertically in the water isn't particularly well–streamlined for horizontal motion – so
the next big innovation was a rotation of the body axis, swiveling the body axis 90° to turn a cone
into a torpedo. There is evidence that many species did this independently.
i–f8e43ceb7154a2f6b4c1b890e7ac4f64–ceph_rotation–thumb–500x331–67138.jpeg
The tilting of the body axes of extant cephalopods. This was a result of a polyphyletic and repeated
trend towards enhanced manoeuverability. The morphological body axes (anterior–posterior, dorso–
ventral) are tilted perpendicularly against functional axes in the transition towards extant
cephalopods.
We can still see vestiges of this rotation in cephalopod embryology. If you look at early embryos of
cephalopods (at the bottom of the

Octopus Research Paper
An alien with eight great appendages, the octopus, is a carnivore that lives for about one year to two
years. It creates ghosts with its ink and can taste with its skin. It has numerous suckers that vary
from an octopus to another based on their size. These suckers are like tongues because they contain
chemoreceptors that allow them to taste their surroundings as they move across the sea floor. Sever
any of its limbs and it will keep moving like a snake. It can completely change its form for three–
tenths of a second, and some people may even believe that it can predict the future. This mysterious
carnivore pumps blood using three hearts. How fantastic and incredible is that! I was so shocked
when I first saw the way this animal act. It can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These octopuses are just changing their forms and adapting to become stealthy ninjas of the sea. Just
three–tenths of a second is all that they take to camouflage themselves. The octopuses change their
colors and patterns without notice. This process is called a rapid adaptive coloration. For example,
the chameleons have a slow change in color, forms, and a different limited repertoire. However,
octopuses have this quick change in color if they ever felt that danger surrounds them. They would
amend the color of their skin to the color of a stone. Octopuses are highly intelligent and gifted
animals. According to science, they have most of their neurons in the nerve cords of their arms and
the remaining in their brain. This gives them a highly sophisticated nervous system. Octopuses are
kind of like puppies sometimes. They are playful and can be found at times to toss empty rocks or
bottles and catch them in sort of a playful manner. Like all puppies or most of them, they can be
trained to distinguish between patterns, and sometimes, shapes. Octopuses are such magnificent
creatures that they can be occasionally seen in cargo ships stealing crabs due to hunger, like the
bandits of the sea. Sometimes, I wish I were an octopus, so I can change the color of my skin
whenever I want to and escape the things that I never wanted to take part in, without being noticed
or even

Golden Pheasant Research Paper
When we were picked by our birds for this project I was completely baffled on which one I should
pick. I saw birds that I vaguely knew about like the emperor penguin and the emu. I also saw birds
that I had no clue what they were. The golden pheasant stuck out though I knew what a pheasant
was, but I was curious to know what a golden pheasant was. I picked the golden pheasant as my
project topic and set to work. I learned 3 basic things about the golden pheasant. They are the basic
anatomy of the bird, the habitat, and what we can do to save the species. Now let's get to the
information. The golden pheasant is known for their brightly colored feathers that are on males.
According to my interpretation of google images, they have a orange–brown

Write An Essay On Puertarnalis
1. Vampyroteuthis infernalis falls under the Mollusca phylum, class Cephalopoda, order
Vampyromorphida, and family Vampyroteuthidae. 2. Phylum Mollusca (originating from the Latin
word for "soft") includes organisms such as snails, octopi, squids, clams, and oysters. They are
organisms that have soft bodies typically composed of a head and foot region. The dorsal epidermal
tissue surrounding the body is called the mantle, and some organisms have specialized glands that
secrete excretions that form their hard exoskeletons, like in clams and snails. Class Cephalopoda are
considered one of the most intelligent, most mobile, and the largest of all the molluscs. These
organisms include the octopi, squid, cuttlefish, and the Vampyroteuthis infernalis. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
infernalis have two dorsal fins on its mantle that are used for swimming in addition to their jet
propulsion locomotive ability, but its low metabolism and weaker musculature does not allow for
long distances. While it cannot change colours, this animal is covered with photophores, with the
larger and more complex ones at the tips of the arms and at the base of its fins, which contributes to
its bioluminescent ability. When turned off, the animal is invisible in the dark waters, and when the
photophores are turned on, V. infernalis have the ability to modulate the intensity of the light and
create patterns by moving its arms, confusing predators or attracting prey. When threatened, this
animal can spread its webbed arms over its head and mantle, a position known as the "pineapple
posture". This protects the animal's head and mantle from injury, can fool predators into thinking it's
a different animal, and its black underside allows it to blend in to the inky sea depths. In lieu of an
ink sac, it can also eject a luminescent mucous cloud from the tips of its arms to escape predators.
For the V. infernalis's mode of reproduction, it is estimated that males transfer spermatophores to the
female from their funnel. The female discharges fertilized eggs into the water, and these opaque,
matured eggs (3–4mm in diameter) are often found free–floating in small masses in deep water.
Once the eggs hatch, they resemble the adult form but lack the webbing between the arms and have
smaller

Zebra Mussels Research Paper
Zebra mussels are an extremely large species of mussels that are notorious for causing problems for
animals, sea creatures, and even humans. They have the ability to cling and adhere to any man
made, living, natural object, or creature when placed or growing in the acceptable conditions and
habitat. Zebra mussels have many characteristics, traits, and ways of thriving, surviving, and of
course, unknowingly creating problems for most of life on Earth. These fascinating and compelling
critters have an intriguing story to tell about how they reached the U.S. and why they generate
complications and issues for mankind and our environment. Zebra mussels were originally
inhabitants to Eastern Europe and Western Russia. Today, they have spread to the Great Lakes and
other areas in North America. These mussels are scientifically referred to as ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
when they were transferred over to the Great Lakes from the Caspian Sea in Europe, hiding in the
ballast water in the bottom of a cargo ship. After reaching American territory in the 1980's, zebra
mussels multiplied and spread quickly, because of their ability to grasp and secure onto traveling
boats and ships. As scientists became more aware of the zebra mussels presence, they started to
realize the impact that the mussels were creating on the environment. Zebra mussels not only hurt
the earth and native mussels around them, but they also trouble endangered species of fish or life
that lives near water. Crayfish are another example of victims affected by zebra mussels. Even
though the mussels can kill and wipe out creatures in water, they supply food for animals or birds on
land. Research suggests that ducks migrate towards areas where zebra mussels abide to later devour
them. In addition, because the mussels filtrate the water where they occupy and sunlight is able to
reach new depths, plants are able to grow in larger areas making more habitats for young fish and

Differences Of Squid And Octopus
What is these creatures? Squid and Octopus are categories in sub–marine animal. Squid and
Octopus are still one family, both of these animals are The Cephalopoda family. What is
Cephalopoda? "Cephalopods, is the class of mollusks which scientists classify octopuses, squid,
cuttlefish and nautiluses, can change color faster than a chameleon. They can also change texture
and body shape, and, and if those camouflage techniques don't work, they can still "disappear" in a
cloud of ink, which they use as a smoke–screen or decoy." (Wood,2017) This species is common
find in ocean or seas anywhere. Both of it are interesting sea creatures, but they are differed in their
physical characteristic also have similarity from many aspects. Some people has ... Show more
"Octopuses and squids can swim in any direction and can alter their course quickly. Squids use fins
located on their heads to propel themselves when swimming at low speeds. These fins steer and
stabilize the squids when moving slowly, and wrap around the body when they move quickly, by
way of jet propulsion. Most octopuses do not have fins as adults. Some deep–water octopuses are
exceptions." (Octopuses & Squids,n.d)
How do octopuses and squids reproduce? "The male octopus uses a specialized arm called a
hectocotylus to transfer sperm to the mantle cavity of a receptive female. The female lays strings of
fertilized eggs on the roof of her den. She guards, cleans and aerates the eggs with water expelled
from her siphon until hatching. This can be anywhere from 30 days to a year, depending on the
species. The female may build a wall of rocks to seal off the den and will remain in the den until just
before she dies, after the eggs have hatched. Squids often mate in large groups, and attach their egg
capsules to the ocean floor or to seaweed. Most adult octopuses and squid die after reproducing.
Their bodies are recycled in the food web, nourishing other animals, and ultimately providing food
for their young when they hatch." (Octopuses &

Plastic Pollution And Its Effects On Marine Life
Plastic Pollution
Our waste such as plastic and contaminated water makes its way to the ocean. There, it has a
devastating effect on marine life. "5.25 trillion plastic particles weighing some 269,000 tons are
floating on the surface of the sea" (Seltenrich). In Seltenrich's article, "The World Bank estimates
that 1.4 billion tons of trash are generated globally each year, 10% of it plastic." "Plastics that reach
the ocean will gradually break down into ever–smaller pieces due to sunlight exposure, oxidation,
and the physical action of waves, currents, and grazing by fish and birds." (Seltenrich). A marine life
that is mostly affected is the sea turtles. The sea turtles either consume the plastic or become trap in
it, or even both. According to Lowenberg, ingestion of plastic can "result in poor health, reduced
growth rates and reproductive output, or death". Their nesting sites and the baby sea turtles are also
at risk. The baby sea turtles can become trap to the plastic as they make their way from the polluted
shore into the ocean.
Not only are the sea turtles affected, but birds are also affected. "90% of birds have ingested plastics
in the past 30 years" (Lowenberg). "By 2050, any bird found dead will have plastic in its stomach"
(Shukman). Birds have an easily accessible way to obtain plastic because they have an aerial view,
which makes them more likely to consume plastic. Plastic fragments are so tiny that it gets mistaken
as food, such as fish eggs. When a marine

Essay On Octopus Skin
"Camouflage sheeting changes color on demand." Construction Week 19 Aug. 2014. Web. 18 Apr.
2016.
This article is about how engineers have used octopus skin to build a material that can change colors
to match its surroundings; the engineers studied the many layers of octopus skin to design a three–
layered material. I can use the engineer's studies in my essay to give examples on how octopus skin
can be helpful.
Einstein, Albert. "The octopus: a mysterious delicacy: the most beautiful thing we can experience is
the mysterious." Art Culinaire Spring 2009: 54+. Web. 18 Apr. 2016.
This article has everything on octopuses from hunting tactics to defense mechanisms. It also
explains about "the death hug" and "the fatal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are good explanations on the different layers of the skin and how they designed the material.
There is also some good information on how camouflage takes place that I can use in the part of my
essay on camouflage.
"Octopuses can detect light through their skin: study." News Tonight 23 May 2015. Web. 18 Apr.
2016.
The article explains how octopuses can detect light and change the colors from their skin. It also
mentions the comparisons of opsins in cuttlefish and octopuses. I am able to use the analysis of
Todd H. Oakley, a biologist at the University of California, as support and reliable research for
chromatophores. I can use Roger T. Hanlon and Todd H. Oakley's research for my essay on the part
of explaining how camouflage works.
"Octopuses focus on key features for successful camouflage." Space Daily 19 June 2012. Web. 18
Apr. 2016. This is an informative article explaining that octopuses select detailed features of nearby
objects instead of using a large landscape. It also includes a quote by Josef N, Amodio P on his
thoughts about effective camouflage. I can use this article in my essay to help describe the octopus's
response to predation in relation to matching body

Testing the Effect of Differing pH Levels on the Heart...
The purpose of this investigation is to test the effect of differing pH levels on the heart rate of
bivalve mollusks. Mollusca can be classified by their soft bodies, "head" and "foot" regions. They
also generally have hard exoskeletons that cover their bodies. This is the case with snails and, of
course, clams. Bivalve mollusks have a hard outer shell and soft insides. Their hearts are located
towards the center of the umbo, which extends from the terminal end of the valve. The umbo is also
the location at which their shell grows. The gills of a bivalve mollusk are lining the interior of part
of their shell. Below the location of their heart is their foot, which is used to move or attach to
various surfaces. Bivalve mollusks have been around since the Ediacaran period however, they only
started diversifying during the Ordovician period. They themselves were not the dominant species
but others along their family tree proved thrive during this time. In the present day, which was most
likely much the same as in the past, the life cycle of a bivalve mollusk consisted of growing, having
children, and the dying. They are born as males, as is the case of most mollusks, and later about half
age into females. They eject their eggs and sperm into the sea and new mollusks are born. There is
no larvae stage in the case of a couple types of mollusks so eggs hatch into smaller version of the
adults that created them. In the other species of mollusks eggs are born into a larvae stage in

The Blue Ringed Octopuss
The common name for this brilliant marine invertebrate is the Blue ringed octopus. It also has a
scientific name Hapalochlaena Lunulata. In Latin that means, "Soft skinned thing with little moons".
This octopus belongs to the phylum Mollusca, class Cephalopoda, genus Hapalochlaena, family
Octopodidae, kingdom Animalia and order Octopoda. With at least 50,000 living species, the
phylum Mollusca is one the most diverse groups of animals. This octopus is in a class that also
includes squid, cuttlefish and nautilus. The blue ringed octopus is normally a light brown to dark
yellow color but the color changes to glowing yellow–brown with shimmering blue rings when it's
disturbed. It has eight powerful tentacles that can grow to about 10cm long and that encircle the
head. They only weigh up to 28 grams and their body gets to 5cm, being the size of a golf ball. They
have well established eyes with an image forming lens and large retina but their vision is known to
only be black and white. Being soft bodied the only hard part of the octopus is the beak. Their brain
is centered about their oesophagus and is shaped like a donut. These octopuses have poison glands
that discharge two different types of poison; one they use for catching food, which is the more mild
type, and then there's the type they use for defense, the more poisonous type. The Blue ringed
octopus can move several different ways. One way is by drawing water into a cavity in its body, and
then dismissing the jet of

Astraea Research Paper
Alex Seng Mrs. Walser Biology 2 August 31, 2015 Astraea The Astraea or otherwise known as
Montastraea cavernosa is a colonial stony coral. It sometimes forms into plates and rounded domes
in deep water. It forms into big boulders in shallow water. The star coral is usually green, brown,
yellow, or gray. This coral has phycoerythrin which makes it fluorescent orange or red in the
daytime. The great star coral is in the Anthozoa class and the Montastraeidae family. Montastraea
cavernosa habitat is all reefs, specifically on lower slopes. Most are found at depths of 10 to 30
meters which is where they dominate in. This coral can be found in the eastern and western Atlantic,
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas, and Bermuda. They can also be found in the west coast of
Africa. They have a high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since Astraea's only opening is the oral side their food and waste is sent through the same opening.
The digestion that happens in the gastrovascular cavity is outside of the cells, extracellular, and the
digestion in the gastrodermis happens within the cells, intracellular. If something can't be digested it
travels out of the body through the mouth. The recent research of the Astraea deals with different
coral diseases. One of the most popular is the black band disease which infects large reef formation
corals. This disease changes the whole reef geologically and ecologically. There have been new
discoveries on the bacteria responsible for the black band disease. The water around the coral that
has been infected has corallinae in it which makes it seem it is related to the cause of the disease.
There is still more research needed to confirm the relation of the corallinae and the black band
disease. Aronson, R., Bruckner, A., Moore, J., Precht, B. & E. Weil 2008. Montastraea cavernosa.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version

The Soul Of The Octopus
The 59–year–old author, Sy Montgomery, has written 20 books, each based on a specific research or
expedition she has taken part in. Her studies, which she descriptively incorporates into her novels,
have warranted her various book awards and acclaims. She plunges herself into the lives and
mysteries of Earth's wildlife in order to gain a further understanding of how particular organisms
thrive in their wild, dangerous environments. Although Montgomery was no expert in the field of
cephalopods, she quickly learned all she could about the intriguing invertebrates through fellow
researcher, experts, aquarists, divers, and colleagues encountered throughout her studies about
octopuses. Through diligent research via articles, studies, field ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Montgomery, along with Dowd and many other workers and volunteers at the aquarium, begin a
tradition of meeting every Wednesday to play with the current cephalopod resident of the aquarium
and learn a lot more about the behavior of the animals. Throughout the book, a series of octopuses
are brought to the aquarium to live and replace the others when they die. The second octopus,
Octavia, gives Montgomery a view of how each octopus has a significantly different personality,
and compares the new resident to the previous, Athena. Although Octavia is the second octopus of
four that author meets in captivity, she is the longest lived of them all and really gives Montgomery
a view into individuality of an octopus and the importance of the bonds it forms. She couples her
experiences at the aquariums with her other journeys and travels, such as her trips to Seattle
aquariums and the Caribbean Sea for scuba diving excursions, along with the writings of many
renowned authors, philosophers, scientists, and aquarists in her writing.
Throughout the book, Montgomery compares the personalities of the octopuses she meets in the
aquarium to the others she has known, and also those that she has encountered in the wild. Towards
the end of the book, she goes through the process of learning how to scuba dive in hopes of meeting
wild octopuses in their natural habitats

Lab Report Sample
I am writing this letter to you to inform and update our King's Christian College Creek that is
located in the middle of the school. As a class, we have conducted test to find the temperature,
turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen and found macroinvertebrates in the ecosystem. These tests has been
conducted to figure out what we need to improve the ecosystem for a better habitat for the creatures
living.
We have conducted 4 chemical tests to figure out how to improve our King's Christian College
Creek and our pond. We have measured the temperature of the creek and the pond so that we can see
how it affects the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the water. We furthermore
calculated the turbidity of the water to find the muddiness caused by dirt, plants and animals matters
floating in the water. Additionally, we have conducted this experiment to find the pH of the water.
Pure water has a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We have noticed that pond was warmer than the top area of the creek. This is because the top area of
the creek is covered by multiple trees which doesn't allow the sunlight to shine against the water.
The average turbidity of the top area of the creek is 16. The average turbidity of the pond is
6.666666667. This could be improved by removing the litter students or people throw in the water.
The litter can be eaten by creatures living and most importantly turtles can eat plastic which could
kill them. Filtering the water may harm some creatures since they live in a ecosystem with no
filtered water. The average pH of the top area of the creek is 6.2 and the pond is 6.333333333.
According to the result ranges, the King's Christian College Creek is in an excellent pH condition.
This could be preserved by just keeping it the same way as now. The dissolved oxygen of the top
creek is 4 and so as the pond. This indicates that the water in both pond and creek is in good

Finding Nemo Adaptations
If you have ever seen Finding Nemo you might remember when Marlin and Dory venture into the
deep sea in their search for an address on a pair of goggles. As they dive into the deep they are
entranced by a bright light in the darkness. Unfortunately, though, this light was attached to a
hungry angler fish. Like most deep sea creatures the angler fish looks scary and strange, especially
when compared to the animals that we are used to. Deep sea creatures may seem odd, but their
appearances are there for a reason. The way these creatures look, along with other adaptations help
them to live in their extreme underwater environments.
An example of an unusual adaptation is found in zombie worms. These strange animals live off of
the coast of California ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First off, are the squid's ginormous eyes which are so big that they are the largest eyes of any animal
on the earth, as big as 30 centimeters across (1). That is about 3 times the diameter of an average
sized dinner plate. These huge eyes give the squid the ability to absorb more light so that they can
see in the deep, dark ocean (1). It is exactly like how human's pupils expand in the dark. On the
same topic of sight, the coloring of giant squids change from the ocean's surface to the deep sea (1).
At the surface, squid appear pink or reddish orange, but in the deep water they look silvery or gold
(1). This change in coloring no doubt is an adaptation to deep sea life, probably for concealment
purposes. One of the squid's more unique body parts is their funnel; this is located underneath the
squid's body and propels the squid by pumping water, obviously a remarkable adaptation for
underwater life (1). The giant squid also has several body parts that help the squid feed. These are as
following: feeding tentacles that capture the food, arms that guide the food from the tentacle to the
beak, and the beak that slices the food into smaller pieces that the squid can consume (1). Giant
squids are full of remarkable features beneficial for their

Humans have Engangered the Columbia River Limpet
The Columbia River Limpet, otherwise known as the Short–faced Lanx, is endangered due to
human causes. This species is endangered due to population fragmentation and isolation, dam–
building, and many other human causes. In addition, habitat loss is one of the biggest problems
because this organism has such specific habitat requirements. This species lives in a freshwater
ecosystem and now, large populations can only be found in 4 streams. On the other hand, these
human–induced problems can be remedied with a few restrictions, support, and a little effort. The
scientific name of this organism is Fisherola Nuttalli. The Columbia River Limpet is a small lunged
(pulmonate) snail. According to an article by Celeste Mazzacano at the Xerces Society for
Invertebrate Conservation (http://www.xerces.org/giant–columbia–river–limpet/), "It has a limpet–
like appearance, with an uncoiled conical shell that has a wide base and a smooth, eccentric (off–
center) apex. The shells may reach up to 8 mm long, 6.25 mm wide, and 3 mm high; they are rich
brown in color and appear striped due to fine concentric growth rings (Neitzel & Frest 1992)." This
organism is known as an invertebrate due to the lack of a backbone. Invertebrates lack a vertebral
column, which is made up of bones called vertebrae. The scientific name for animals lacking a
backbone is Invertebrata. On the other hand, animals with a backbone are known as vertebrates, the
scientific name being Vertebrata. There are over 1

Cone Snail Research Paper
Creature Feature: Cone Snail
A tropical ocean dweller, the cone snail may seem harmless at first glance. Do not be fooled by its
iridescent shell and geometrically patterned exterior – the cone snail is hypothesized to have the
potential of killing up to 700 humans with its venom. 1 Not only are its toxins an apt example of
antipredatory defense mechanism, the cone snail also forages with its loaded harpoon, ready to shoot
and kill before enjoying a scrumptious meal.
Based on molecular phylogeny, or genetic data, there are 329 described species of cone snails under
the family Conidae. 2 Compared to the mainly herbivorous land snails, these marine cone snails are
extremely carnivorous. In fact, it is likely that their colorfully decorated shells, ... Show more
In order to fulfill its carnal hunger, the cone snail performs a deliberate task to munch on its next
meal. Firstly, it surveys the surroundings with its proboscis, a sensory tubular mouth part.
At this moment, the cone snail is actually concealed under mounds of sand so as not to alert its
potential prey. Seeing a possible snack, the cone snail will gently extend its modified radula tooth,
which looks like a harpoon, toward its prey. Though snails are thought to be slow, its harpoon shoots
at lightning speed, contradicting this stereotype. The venom kills most prey almost instantly, and the
cone snail is seen drawing the victim in with its radula tooth. Some cone snails even eat other cone
snails!
If you would like to see the killer cone snail in action, check out this video:
https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/weirdest–cone–snail Closely related to the optimal
foraging behavior, 3 cone snails are actually quite discriminating when it comes to their food
preferences. Snails of different lineages have specific type of prey depending on patterns of
behavior, biochemical agents (toxins) that facilitate prey capture, and the combinations of these
toxins present. 4 One study discovered that starved cone snails

Biology of a Squid Essay
Biology of a Squid
Squids are among the most varied and unique of all invertebrates. They are mollusks of the Class
Cephalopod, along with the nautilus, cuttlefish, and octopus. Squids are highly evolved, and have
developed a number of traits uncommon to most other mollusks. Fossil records of cephalopods have
dated back the Cambrian Period (about 600 million years ago). Structurally, squids have only small
variations of a basic theme common to all cephalopods. They are spherical or cigar–shaped with two
fins used to stabilize movement when swimming. Ten arms are easily distinguished emerging from
near the mouth Eight of these arms each have four rows of suction cups encircled by rings of
chitinous (horny) hooks. These suction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Squids (and cephalopods in general) possess several unusual abilities that help them deal with their
predators (which range anything from large fish to sperm whales). Their lack of an external shell
allows them to squeeze into very tight places, enabling them to conveniently and easily hide from
their enemies. When confronted with a dangerous animal away from hiding places, however, squids
seem to have a disadvantage when compared to other mollusks with external shells. If attacked, they
have no exterior protection. To counter this potential crisis, they have adapted a number of tactics.
First, they are capable of temporarily altering the color of their skin, in effect camouflaging
themselves. They can shift their appearance from a deep brown color, to a white, or almost
transparent quality. Along with this, they are able to slightly change the texture of their skin. This
form of camouflage allows the squid to take the form of rocks, seaweed, or other ocean–dwelling
objects. If a hazardous foe is not fooled by camouflage, the squid can release an ink cloud. The ink
cloud has a number of helpful characteristics that can ward off enemies. The cloud initially causes
the nearby water to become dark and cloudy, reducing the enemy's visibility and allowing the squid
to escape from danger. Some deep–sea squids contain bacteria in their ink so that the cloud glows,
and scares away harmful rivals.

Asian Carp Research Paper
Asian Carp Carp can look like large goldfish. The big difference between carp and goldfish are the
barbels, or whiskers, around their mouths. Carp have thick lips and small eyes. They have a single
dorsal fin with strongly serrated spines and a forked tail. The color of carp is varied. Wild, common
carp can be olive, tan, or dark brown. They have large and thick scales. Where did carp come from?
Carp are not native to Colorado. They are not even native to North America. Carp are native to Asia
and are considered a delicacy. The people of Asia, for around the past 4,000 years have used carp for
a cultivated food source, garden element, and symbol of strength and courage. 2000 years later, carp
were brought to Europe and were used for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Zebra mussels are freshwater mollusks. They have two valves, or shells, which are the called the
right and left valve. These valves are usually a light tan with dark brown zig–zag stripes. These
stripes give the zebra mussel its name because the stripes look like those of a zebra. Zebra mussel
valves can also be completely dark brown or completely tan; these types of valves are very rare
though (Freshwater Mussel Collection: Introduction– Anatomy). The insides of these freshwater
mollusks are full of many muscles and parts that function for moving, eating, and reproducing.
Muscles used for movement are the foot and the adductor muscles. The foot is a strong muscle and
is used for locomotion, moving from one place to another. It also serves as an anchor for the mussel
and keeps it attached to rocks or other surfaces. The adductor muscles are used to open and close the
right and left valves. The mantle is a muscle that holds the mussel together. The mantle holds all of
the soft parts inside of

The Influence of Macroinvertebrates Communities in Water...
Structure of macroinvertebrates communities may change with seasons because most environmental
factors change with seasons. This process can directly influence water quality parameters such as
Dissolved oxygen, turbidity, conductivity, temperature, nutrients, and pH. (McCulloch, 2009).These
parameters appears to have direct influence on the macroinvertebrate life cycles (Sporka et al.
2006). In other words physical and chemical parameters of a catchment will ultimately determine
what breed should live in it (ANZECC & ARMCANZ 2000) for example in the figure 1,2,3 and 5
that three higher taxa Cnidaria, Nematoda ,Turbellaria were instinct or either in very low abundance
in most of the sampling site during summer and spring season. In nature these taxa commonly occur
in similar habitats at stream sites throughout the region (Dostine, 2014).
The examination of model macroinvertebrate for all sampling round shows that in summer there is
always less diversity and abundance among key higher taxa of the wetland as compared to early
spring. This is because of suitable temperature, water chemistry and flow. Similarly according to a
study conducted by Leigh( 2012) in dry summer water level or depth may decrease which is worst
situation for most surface dwelling species of macroinvertebrates(for example in summer sampling
round 1 only five tax were recorded). Higher temperature has several effects on macroinvertebrates
such as the less availability of oxygen for respiration,

Disadvantages Of Mantis Shrimp
To many owner having saltwater aquarium, live rock is one of the essential things which set the
natural tone for the whole tank besides fish and turtles. Not only does the collection of the colorful
live rocks beautifies one's tank but also provides shelters for the fish and filters the whole tank.
However, everything has a good side and the bad one. The addition of live rocks to the tank may
have some potential drawbacks, for not every organism living on those marine rocks is important,
and even some of them are disadvantageous to the tank itself. One exemplary "unwanted organism"
which lives on live rocks is the Mantis Shrimp, which maybe accidentally introduced to the tank
through the addition of live rocks. Mantis shrimp, which is a varicolored creature living in the
Indian and Pacific Oceans, is an extraordinary pet, for not only does it colorful body impresses the
people but also its powerful appendages, which are a nightmare to crabs, gastropods, and almost all
other animals in the sea. Due to its interesting feature, many people at the present favor this species.
In addition, some people even want to adopt the mantis shrimps as their pets; nevertheless, there are
many hardships coming along with this desire. As a growing infant who can mess up with
everything within his or her reach, the mantis shrimp can eat up its neighboring organisms and some
marine plants in the tank. The mantis shrimp is well–known by many scientists for its powerful
weapon–the raptorial appendages which is equipped for the sake of its survival. It is this feature of
the shrimp that makes it a strong hunter in the nature. Due to this feature, especially the one owned
by the Smasher species of the Mantis Shrimp, the shrimp has no trouble breaking preys with tough
shells such as crabs and snails. In addition to the raptorial appendages, the mantis shrimp can swim
insanely fast, thereby boiling water around it. While one may be surprised by these qualities, other
organisms living around it. Because of its powerful weapon, hunting nature, and the ability to boil
through the act of swimming, the mantis shrimp may be capable of eating every fish in the tank and
killing them by increasing the temperature of water. In order

The Puget Sound: The Moon Snail
Gastropods are mollusks with soft bodies that are protected by hard shells, with the exception of
nudibranchs and sea slugs. Gastropods have asymmetrical body plans, which means that their bodies
have no patterns or symmetry. A unique characteristic they contain is the "torsion around the
perpendicular axis on the center of the fort which is modified for crawling" (Boundless). Gastropods
can be found in salt water, fresh water and even on land in damp areas. They can be found in
shallow waters and also in deep waters in the ocean. There are many variations of gastropods in the
Puget Sound. One of the most notable gastropods in the Puget Sound is the Moon Snail. The Moon
Snail got its name due to its round smooth shape and its brown–gray color. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Inside the shells of a bivalve is a soft body which is protected by the shells. The majority of bivalves
are filter feeders which have no radula or head. Most bivalves bury themselves in the sediment of
the ocean floor and others attach themselves to rocks or even docks and posts in the water. The
shells of bivalves are made up of calcium carbonate. Bivalves can be found in both salt water and
fresh water habitats. The anatomy of a bivalve includes a mantle, gills, adductor muscle(s), foot,
digestive system and circulatory system, nervous system and a urogenital system (FAO). The mantle
of a bivalve covers the soft parts of its body. The gills are used for filter feeding and respiratory
purposes. Adductor muscles are used to close the valves, and the foot of the bivalve is used to
burrow into the sediment and is used as an anchor to hold the bivalve into a certain position (FAO).
One of the most common bivalves found in the Puget Sound is the Blue Mussel. Blue mussels can
be found in abundant quantities all over the Puget Sound and are a popular food choice for seafood
lovers. Other than humans, blue mussels have numerous predators which include birds, sea stars, sea
snails, crabs and even fish. Blue mussels attach themselves to hard surfaces such as rocks and docks
by using byssal threads which are threads produced by the byssal gland located in the foot of the
mussel. Blue

Squids: The Clams Are In Group Mollusca
Clams Question 1: The clams are in group Mollusca. The reason is because they have a coelom and
a circulatory system as well as a complex circulatory system. Question 2: The organs that I
discovered were the left gill, intestine, muscle, foot, and adductor muscle. Question 3: I realized that
the clam is more complex than I originally thought, from all the various organs inside of the clam.
Squids Question 1: Squids belong to the group mollusks like the clam. Squids have all the needed
elements it requires, like a coelom, circulatory system, and complex circulatory system to be in the
mollusk phylum. Question 2: As I was dissecting the squid we found its internal shell, eye, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Question 3: From inspecting the crayfish I believe that it's more complex than what I guessed it was.
Based on the organs and the way their organ system runs. Grasshopper Question 1: The grasshopper
is in the group Orthoptera. Due to the point that they have straight wings and that they feed off of
plants. Question 2: The organs that I did identify were the crop, gastric caeca intestine, and rectum.
Question 3: I was surprised when I was analyzing the organ system of the grasshopper to find that it
was a lot more complex than I assumed. They have a very complex nervous system and compound
eyes. Starfish Question 1: Starfish belong to the group Echinodermata. The reason they are below
the Echinodermata phylum is since they are marine animals and the adults radial symmetry.
Question 2: I believe that the organs in the starfish are by far the most unique out of all of the
animals. The ones that I discovered when inspecting the starfish are the stomach, gonads, anus, and
the digestive system. Question 3: I have always imagined that the starfish is complex so when I was
viewing the organs and the tissue I didn't think it was any more or less complex than what I already

Do Molluscs Show An Immune Response?
Question: Do Molluscs Show An Immune Response?
The molluscs comprises of the large phylum of invertebrates known as Mollusca. They are the
largest marine phylum and make up approximately 23% of all marine organisms. According to Tripp
(1960), molluscs possess a very effective immune system. This immune system is extremely
important as it has an immediate defense against infections and microorganisms that invade its body.
There are three cellular reactions that are used during internal defense in the molluscs namely;
phagocytosis, nodule formation, and encapsulation. Encapsulation or nodule formation is used to
handle large invaders while smaller ones are tackled by phagocytosis. Studies have shown that
encapsulation is mostly used during an invasion by pathogens. Hemocytes, which replace blood in
invertebrates, also have an important function in destroying these pathogens.
Some other articles have proven that the molluscs do show an immune response. According to
Cheng, et al (1983), molluscs are able to detect an infestation of microorganisms. These
microorganisms are immediately destroyed as soon as they are detected. Though it is yet to be
confirmed, Cheng and his co–workers simulate that the serum contained in molluscs has a
neutralizing substance that protects them from pathogens. Further investigations were carried out to
examine if it was the case. T4D and T7 coliphage titers from Biomphalaria glabrata hemolymph
were used as a test virus. As soon as it was injected

Squid Vs Octopi
There are many marine animals that are classified as cephalopods. A cephalopod is an aquatic
animal that has bilateral body symmetry, a set of tentacles or arms, and a distinctive head.
Cephalopods are the most intelligent and the most mobile of all the molluscs. There are many types
of cephalopods: differing in size, shape, and their living habits. Two types of cephalopods are squid
and octopi. Although, squid and octopi are both classified as cephalopods, they have many
differences. Squid and octopi differ in physical features, living environment, lifespan, behavior, and
much more. The squid has slightly different physical features than the octopus. Squids have
triangular shaped heads; this is where its arms are attached. They have two eyes, ... Show more
The octopus has a round head, which is attached to eight arms. The arms have one to two rows of
suckers at the end. Octopi lack any kind of backbone; they have a soft body which allows them to fit
into small/tight places. Without a hard structure, they are still able to move swiftly throughout the
ocean. They move around by using jet propulsion; they draw water into their mantle and force it out
in narrow siphon, moving the octopus backwards in any given direction. The octopus can
camouflage itself to blend into its surroundings. It can do so because an octopuses' body is covered
with chromatophore. Chromatophore is a color changing cell that is able to reflect light in such a
way that it picks up pigment from its surroundings.
Octopi vary in size; they can be as small as one centimeter or they can grow to be larger than 5
meters. The male octopus dies not long after mating and the female dies shorty after her young are
born. The male octopus inserts its special arm, known as a hectocotylus into the female octopus'
mantle, shooting spermatophores into it. Some octopi can detach this arm and give it to the female.
The female will produce and then care for her eggs until they hatch. Once hatched the baby octopi
are by themselves, and the mother passes

Evolution Of Animal Research Paper
Animal Phylum Evolution
In this research paper, I'm going to be discussing the evolution of animals and how things have
changed to make them more complex throughout history. I'm going to discuss what types of phyla
there are and how their body systems work. First, I'm going to discuss is the phyla Protists. Some
protists are autotrophs, a photosynthetic group of phyla referred to as the algae. Some protists are
heterotrophs. Heterotrophs get their energy by consuming other organisms. Protists reproduce
asexually by binary fission, and a few species are capable of sexual reproduction. Protists are so
small they don't have any special organs to exchange gases or get rid of waste. They rely on
diffusion which is movement from a high concentration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's the first phyla most people are familiar with. The phylum is made up of mostly vertebrates. All
chordates have pharyngeal slits (filter feeding organs), dorsal nerve cord (hollow cord to the
notochord), notochord (a skeletal rod supporting the body) and a post–anal tail (a body part that runs
past the anal opening.) They have a brain and a central nervous system. As for their digestive
system, they have a 1–way stomach. Now we have the seventh phyla, Osteichthyes and
Chondrichthyes. Osteichthyes have a bony exoskeleton. They have gills that are covered by
operculum. They have a swim bladder and fertilization is external for them. Examples of
osteichthyes are salmon, sea horse and trout. Chondrichthyes have some differences. Their
endoskeleton is made of cartilage. Their gills are exposed to the outside, they do not have a swim
bladder. Lastly their fertilization is internal. Examples of chondrichthyes are sharks and rays. They
both have a two chambered heart. They both have a 1–way stomach track. Next, we have the
phylum Aves as our eighth phyla. Aves are birds. All aves are endothermic and warm–blooded
animals. They lay eggs that hard and waterproof. Instead of teeth they have a beak or a bill. Aves are
bipedal which means they only walk on two legs. Their forelimbs are developed into wings and
most members of the phyla are highly adapted for

Anatomy And Appearance : ' Behavior And Diet '
*[[Cyprea tigris]]
*[[Dirona albolineata]]
*[[Janthina communis]]
' 'Anatomy and Appearance ' '
' 'Behaviour and Diet ' '
Diet
The class Gastropoda has a diverse diet, but all species feed using some variation of radula, the
feeding organ. The majority of species belonging to Gastropoda are herbivorous (Integrated
Principles of Zoology, 2014). The primordial feeding behaviour involved grazing of algae from hard
surfaces. The original, primitive form of radula called the rhipidoglossan is still present in some
species of the order Archaeogastropoda that feed in this primordial manner. From this original form,
several unique modifications of the radula have evolved, leading to different diets (Encyclopedia
Britannica, 2015).
Herbivorous gastropods include grazers, browsers and planktonic feeders (Integrated Principles of
Zoology, 2014). Some examples are Prosobranchia, a subclass of selective herbivores feeding on
seaweed, and majority of the pulmonate species. Majority of land snails are also herbivores, feeding
on decaying plant matter, comparable to their marine ancestors browsing on algae (Encyclopedia
Britannica, 2015).
On sand and mud flats live many groups of gastropod scavengers such as strombids, nassariids and
limpets that feed on miscellaneous surface debris (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015). Other examples
include Bullia and Buccinum, scavengers feeding on decaying and dead animal matter (Integrated
Principles of Zoology, 2014).
Carnivore gastropods have

Animal Physiology And Anatomy : The Skin Structure Of...
Animal Biology Research Paper
It is apparent that chameleons are remarkable animals due to the fact that they possess various
abilities which many other animals do not. The one ability that outstands the most from the rest is
the ability to change color. Ever since the discovery of chameleons, many scientists have elaborated
hypotheses as to how they are able to change color. The theory that has been adopted by many
researchers and animal enthusiasts has been that chameleons change color due to the expansion of
small pigment–filled sacs called chromatophores. This mechanism/technic is seen in various animals
such as those within the Mollusca phylum (e.g. squid, cuttlefish, octopi). This research experiment
gives rise to the truth as to how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The symmetrically triangular s–iridophores, hence the name, were found to be in the superficial part
of the chameleons' skin; male chameleons showed to possess a more developed layer of this crystal,
whereas female and juvenile chameleons possessed an underdeveloped form of these crystals. The
more asymmetric rectangular d–iridophores were found to be located in the deeper part of all
female, male, and juvenile chameleons' skin.
The drive to fully understand how these guanine nanocrystals influence color change in chameleons
lead the researchers to extend their research. It was addressed that the s–iridophores were able to
relatively change the distance between one another, whereas, for the d–iridophores, were more fixed
when compared to the s–iridophores. It was observed that s–iridophores that appeared to be
positioned at closer proximities to each other expressed the color blue, and sections of the skin
where the iridophores were positioned further apart expressed the color red (usually when males are
excited). After disproving the initial hypothesis, the experimenters quickly formulated another cause
and effect relationship between the role of the s–iridophores and color change. The researchers
hypothesized, for a second time, that chameleons modify/move their guanine reflective crystals to a

Unit 1 Snorkelling Report

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Unit 1 Snorkelling Report