The Pathology And Phases Of Acute Renal Failure

The Pathology and Phases of Acute Renal Failure
A man arrives at a clinic with complaints of asthenia, malaise, headache, weight gain, and a decrease
in urination. A tentative diagnosis of acute renal failure is made.
1. Explain the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. Include prerenal, intrarenal and postrenal
causes.
If the tubular and vascular meets together it may cause in acute renal failure. The main result of
acute tubular necrosis is ischemia. If the ischemia goes on for two hours it may cause destruction of
your kidney tubules. Too much cutback in glomular filtration rate (GFR) is an outcome of ischemia,
start of renin–angiotensin system and clogging of tubular cause by cellular debris. As the tubular
cells ruined by nephrotoxins and the cells are gone through necrosis and the tubules become more
accessible. The outcome in filtrate absorption may cause a reduction of function in nephrons the
capacity to eliminate waste.
The acute renal failure have 3 phases:
Onset: Acute renal failure begins with asymptomatic condition going to tubular necrosis, like
hemorrhage, may deduct red blood volume and renal perfusion. Enough treatment is given in this
phase then your personal diagnosis is good.
Maintenance: The repeated reduction of glomular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular necrosis outline
this phase. Endothelial cell necrosis and discarding is the start of tubular obstraction and high
tubular permeability. Resulting oliguria (less than normal urinary output) is a sign and symptoms
during the start of this
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Chronic Renal Failure Research Paper
Acute renal failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly become unable to filter waste products from
your blood. As a result, dangerous levels of wastes may accumulate and your blood's chemical
makeup may get out of balance. It is usually caused by an event that leads to kidney malfunction
such as dehydration, blood loss from a major surgery or injury, or the use of certain medications.
Symptoms of decreased kidney function, such as fluid buildup or electrolyte imbalance are more
likely to develop with acute renal failure, regardless of how long the kidney itself has been
malfunctioning. The signs and symptoms present may reflect the actual cause of the kidney
problem. For instance, an obstruction in the urinary tract may cause flank pain, blood ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine.
Initially, there may not be very many signs or symptoms present. As a result, chronic renal failure
may not become apparent until kidney function is significantly impaired. It is not uncommon for
signs and symptoms to develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. With that being said,
signs and symptoms of renal failure are often nonspecific and can be caused by other illnesses.
Chronic renal failure usually occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function such as
diabetes or hypertension, which causes kidney damage to worsen over several months or years.
Unfortunately, this can potentially lead to other problems including anemia and increased levels of
phosphate in the blood. There are several different forms of treatment for chronic renal failure,
consisting mostly of medications. These medications are used to treat the following: high blood
pressure, lower cholesterol levels, anemia, relieve swelling and protection of bones. In addition, a
lower protein diet may be recommended to minimize waste products in your blood. If your kidneys
are unable to maintain waste and fluid clearance on their own, however, dialysis and or a kidney
transplant may be

Dialysis Encephalopathy: A Complication of Chronic Renal...
Dialysis Encephalopathy: A Complication of Chronic Renal Failure
The neurological problems that patients with chronic renal failure face are relatively new to the
medical world. Although dialysis was technically feasible in the 1940's, it has only been since 1960
that techniques and equipment have been developed to make long term dialysis available as a
practical treatment for end stage renal failure. Further, it has only been since 1973 when Medicare
legislation was amended to include patients with chronic renal failure; and the expansion of hospital
dialysis services in addition to the emergence of private outpatient hemodialysis clinics, that
hemodialysis has become available for the vast majority with end stage renal failure. By ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
al. in the early 70's, and since then over the years many reports from other dialysis centers around
the world have described similar findings. There is a characteristic set of signs and symptoms
associated with dialysis encephalopathy. There is also an equal distribution among the sexes and
ages, but the geographic distribution is not even.
Dialysis encephalopathy has a distinct set of characteristics. Difficulties with communication are
often the presenting symptoms, followed by cognitive and motor impairment and alterations of
character. Disorders of speech such as dysarthria (difficulties with articulation), dysphasia (poor
speech coordination), stammering and stuttering, are characteristically the first signs of the disorder.
Concomitantly, a patient often suffers with impairment of memory and depression in addition to
paranoid ideas. Myoclonic jerking and seizures are also seen. Some patients have been described
with dyslexia (impaired reading, writing, and spelling, without impairment in the recognition of
words), dyscalculia (inability to perform mathematical problems), dyspraxia (poor performance of
coordinated movements), and dysgraphia (inability to write), and worsening of attention span and a
deterioration of memory are frequently seen.
Initially, these symptoms appear intermittently and infrequently, but are most noticeable
immediately after dialysis. Patients are often frustrated and disturbed by these symptoms. As result,
they may often

The Effects Of Icteric Leptospirosis With Renal Failure
Leptospira was isolated and identified as the cause of icteric leptospirosis with renal failure called
Weil 's disease by Adolf Weil about 100 years ago, almost simultaneously but independently it was
identified as an occupational hazard of rice harvesting in china and japan, an identical syndrome was
identified in sewer works in Europe. Since that time leptospires have been isolated from almost all
mammalian species on every continent except Antarctica. leptospirosis is now recognized as the
most widespread zoonosis disease worldwide and a major cause of disease in many domestic animal
species. (Levet).
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, many animals can spread leptospirosis pets and farm animal,
rodents, raccoons, opossums. There are two ways to contact the disease, drinking contaminated
water or by swimming, rafting or kayaking of by coming in contact with soil contaminated with
urine or bodily fluids of infected animals. The second way of contamination is by coming in direct
contact with urine or bodily fluids of an infected animal for example in a hospital setting.
Individuals most at risk are farmers, mine worker?s slaughterhouse workers, veterinary and animal
caretakers, fisherman and people who work with fish, and military personnel and those involve in
water outdoors activities (control). The disease if more prominent in areas with inadequate sewage,
and tropical regions, epidemics are usually seen in extreme weather patterns. (Lunn) Leptospirosis is

Early Stage Chronic Renal Failure
Signs symptoms
ESCRF is often considered an asymptomatic condition with a reduction of up to 70% in kidney
function symptoms may still not be present (5).
Insert Fatigue etc here in bullet points
Associated conditions
Commonly associative conditions of ESCRF were obesity, glomerular disease (glomerulonephritis),
heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, cerebrovascular accidents, urinary tract infections, urinary
and kidney stones, polycystic kidney disease, anaemia, oedema, delirium, streptococcal infections
and, incontinence (Reference).
Course/prognosis
Early Stage Chronic Renal Failure (ESCRF) is defined as stages 1–3 of renal failure determined by
the Glomerular Filtration rate (GFR) a formula incorporating Age, Gender, and Creatinine levels in
the blood to determine how much waste product is being filtered every minute. A GFR of 30 to 99
mL/min is considered (ESCRF), GFR <30mL/min is considered End Stage Renal Failure with less
than 30% functioning kidney, dialysis or transplant is essential for survival. A client can move
through different Early stages, however progression usually progresses to more severe end stage,
once GFR is <30mL/min damage cannot be reversed. Appropriate Intervention and reducing risk
factors can prolong progression by months and up to years. ESCRF isn't usually fatal diseases which
shares common risk factors (diabetes and CVD) usually prove fatal, in Australia cause of death is
often recorded as CVD and ESCRF is listed as an associated

Acute Renal Failure
1. Explain the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. Include prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal
causes. Acute renal failure is when the kidneys suddenly are unable to filter the blood of the waste
products. Acute renal failure is alternatively called acute kidney failure or acute kidney injury. The
causes of acute renal failure are divided into three categories based on their point of origin: prerenal,
intrarenal, and post renal. The most common type of acute renal failure is prerenal, which can be
described as a sudden drop in blood pressure or an interruption in blood flow to the kidneys. The
common causes of prerenal AFR include hypovolemia, reduced renal perfusion, and septic shock.
"Prerenal AFR is generally reversible when renal perfusion pressure is restored" (Liu, pg.98).
Intrarenal, or intrinsic, acute renal failure is caused by acute tubular necrosis, renal artery
obstruction, renal vein obstruction, interstitial nephritis, and glomerulonephritis. Postrenal occurs
between the kidney and the urethral meatus. The major causes to postrenal AFR are tubular
precipitation, urethral obstruction and bladder obstruction. Acute renal failure has four phases:
onset, oliguria, diuresis and recovery. Onset begins with onset of the event and lasts for hours to
days. The oliguria stage doesn't always occur in certain patients; however it lasts for 8–15 days.
Oliguria deals with multiple acid–base balance diseases. The diuresis stage begins when the kidneys
start to recover

The Causes and Treatments of Acute Renal Failure
According to Sushrut Waikar, "Every year more than 1 million hospitalizations in the United States
are complicated by acute kidney injury, accounting for an estimated $10 billion in excess costs to
the healthcare system." Acute Renal failure is the inability of your kidneys to work properly. Your
kidneys lose the ability to remove waste, filter and balance fluid and electrolytes. This type of renal
failure happens most often when there is an injury or trauma and blood flow to kidneys is severely
compromised. A person can return back to normal after having acute renal failure, that is if you
detect the problem and treat it on time. There are three causes prerenal, intrarenal and postrenal. In
prerenal there is a sudden and drastic drop in blood pressure which can result in no blood flow to
your kidneys also dehydration can be a part of it as well. Intrarenal occurs when the damage being
done is directly to the kidneys. This can happen from the overuse of medications. Medications are
not bad when used correctly but when you overuse or don't use them correctly they can be very
harmful to your kidneys. Postrenal is when there is an obstruction in the urinary tract most often
from renal calculi or an enlarged prostate in men that blocks the flow of urine.
Diagnostic tests can be done to determine kidney function. The most important test to determine
kidney function would be BUN and creatinine. Normal BUN is 6–20 mg/dl, creatinine normal levels
are 0.6–1.2mg/dl. If kidneys begin

Acute Renal Failure : Acute Failure
Acute Renal Failure 1
Jose Roman Med 2049 Acute Renal Failure Instructor Michelle Earixson–Lamothe 7/25/14
Acute Renal Failure 2
Acute renal failure is when the kidneys stop working without warning. This is hazardous since
kidneys filter the blood, removing wastes, fluids and electrolytes. In this paper, I will discuss acute
renal failure as it afflicts a male who goes to the clinic complaining of asthenia(weakness),
malaise(discomfort), headache, weight gain and decrease in urine. Pathophysiology, dx exams, S/S,
dietary modifications and medical management will also be explored as acute renal disease
progresses in this gentleman. Short term and long term nursing goals will be discussed so we can
manage and provide comfort for the patient with acute renal disease. Acute renal failure, although
caused by a sudden seizure of blood to the kidneys which

Acute Renal Failure
Acute renal failure is described as an abrupt reduction in renal function with elevation of both BUN
and plasma creatinine levels. Acute renal failure can be classified as; pre–renal, intra–renal or post–
renal. Moreover, it is often linked to oliguria. However, urine output could still be normal or
increased. When most types of acute renal failure are diagnosed early, it is reversible.
The pathophysiology of pre–renal acute renal failure is due to impaired renal blood flow and is the
most common cause of acute renal failure. Moreover, the GFR decreases due to lowered filtration
pressure. As a result of the poor perfusion, renal vasoconstriction, hypotension, hypovolemia,
hemorrhage, or inadequate cardiac output can occur. Acute pre–renal ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The three phases include; oliguria, diuresis, and recovery. Oliguria starts within one day after a
hypotensive even and can last between one and three weeks. Moreover, it can regress in several
hours or extend for several weeks. The stent of oliguria depends on the duration of ischemia or the
severity of the toxic injury. Specifically, there is approximately between ten and twenty percent of
cases that have non–oliguric failure. The BUN and plasma creatinine concentrations increase,
however the urine output may vary in volume. Also, other various manifestations are dependent on
the underlying cause of the renal failure. When the renal function improve, the urine volume
increases and is progressive. However, during the beginning of the diuretic phase the tubules are still
impaired. So, both the fluid and electrolyte balance need to be closely monitored due to excessive
urinary losses needing to be replaced. An index of renal function during the recovery phase is
provided my serial measurements of plasma creatinine. In order normal status to return is may take
anywhere from three to twelve months. Furthermore, about thirty percent of individuals do not have
a full recovery of a normal GFR or tubular

Acute Renal Failure Patient Regarding Prevention
NOWLEDGE OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE PATIENT REGARDING PREVENTION FROM
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Sharma S. Assistant lecturer, Lalitpur Nursing Campus
Bangdel R.D., Campus Chief, Lalitpur Nursing Campus
ABSTRACT
Statement– A study on knowledge of acute renal failure patient regarding prevention of chronic
renal failure attending medical OPD and medical ward of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital.
Aim–The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of acute renal failure patient regarding
prevention of chronic renal failure.
Methodology – A descriptive research study design was used for the study. This study was
conducted at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital among 50 respondents. A semi–structured
open and close ended questionnaire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The respondents living in urban area had more knowledge 71.68% than respondents living in rural
area 37.13%.
Key words: Acute Renal Failure, Chronic Renal Failure, Preventive measures
INTRODUCTION
Renal failure is common among adults in the United States. More than 10% of people, or more than
20 million, aged 20 years or older in the United States have renal failure. Renal failure is more
common among women than men. More than 35% of people aged 20 years or older with diabetes
have renal failure. More than 20% of people aged 20 years or older with hypertension have renal
failure. Overall, the percent of renal failure among adults is greater than 10%. (National Chronic
Kidney Disease Fact Sheet, 2010). In 2008, the adjusted rate of new chronic renal failure (CRF)
cases was 351 per million populations. (USRDS, 2010)
Kidney related health problem has been emerging as major health problems in Nepal in recent years.
Kidney care experts believe that approximately 2700 new kidney patient is added every year in
Nepal. When patients have their both kidneys failed, they require haemodialysis twice a week for
the rest of their life or transplant kidney. Haemodialysis costs about Rs. 16,000 per month. Kidney
transplant costs Rs. 800,000 to Rs. 1 million in foreign countries. The kidney disease individuals
carry high risk of facing economic and social burden with treatment like dialysis and kidney
transplantation and the burning cost of immune suppressive and other drugs.

Explanation and Details on Acute Renal Failure
causes. Both of our kidneys functions to filter and excrete waste products and toxins by regulating
fluids, electrolytes, and acid based balance. If the Renal blood flow is altered then the glomerular
filtration rate will be altered as well. A decrease in systemic pressure stimulates the sympathetic
nervous system to constrict the renal artery and decreases filtration and secretion in the kidney. In
addition, a tubular obstruction can lead to the reduction of Glomerular filtration rate. An elevated
intracellular calcium level due to tubular damage may alter cellular level that increases
tubuloglomerular feedback and diminishes GFR. This may be prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal. The
prerenal will result from any condition outside of the kidney that disables the blood to flow to the
renal vasculature causing a decrease in perfusion in the glomerulus leading to oliguria. However,
both of the kidneys can still return to its full normal function on this stage. Second of the three is
intrarenal, where anything can cause a direct damage to both of the kidneys such as infections,
toxins, reduce blood supply, hypertension, diabetes, and even glomerulonephritis. The most
common intrarenal condition is Acute Tubular Necrosis, where the epithelial layer of the nephrons
are damaged causing a change in the concentration of urine, waste filtration, and an imbalance in
electrolytes and acid

Stages Of Chronic Renal Failure
End–stage renal disease is a permanent damage to the kidneys leading to need for dialysis on regular
basis to maintain life and its quality (End– stage renal disease, 2013). According to National kidney
foundation (2013), the number of ESRD patients in United States which are under treatment are
approximately 615,000, out of which 430, 000 are being treated with dialysis more than 185, 000
have successful renal transplant. The data also indicates that there has been 57 % increase in the
number of patients diagnosed with renal failure. The rate of disease can be calculated on the basis of
number of patients per one million general population and adjusted on the basis of age, gender and
sex. In 2008, the data indicates that the adjusted rate of ESRD patients was 351 per million general
population and the highest adjusted rate was detected in Ohio valley, Texas, California, and
southwestern states (2010 Atlas of end– stage renal disease in United States).
The five stages of Chronic Renal Failure (CKD) are as follows:
Stages of Chronic Renal failure
Stage–1 GFR > 90 ml/min/ 1.73 mm3 Normal or decreased GFR
Stage–2 GFR 60–89 ml/min/ 1.73 mm3 Mild decrease in GFR
Stage–3 GFR 30–53 ml/min/ 1.73 mm3 Moderately decreased GFR
Stage–4 GFR 15–29 ml/min/ 1.73 mm3 Severe decrease in GFR
Stage–5 GFR < 15 ml/min/ 1.73 mm3 Kidney failure (NKF KDOQI guidelines, 2002) As per the
NKF (National

Essay on Acute Renal Failure
1. Explain the pathoplysiology of acute renal failure. Including perenal,intraernal and posternal
causes. Acute renal failure is when the kidneys have suddenly stopped working this disease disables
the body's mechanism of excreting waste products and maintaining fluid electrolyte balance.
According to WebMD, the causes are characterized as a sudden decrease of blood flow to the
kidneys, damage from some medications, poisons, or infections, a sudden blockage that stops urine
from flowing out of the kidney.
Prerenal failure is caused by the perfusion of the kidney which then results to reduced cardiac output
and constriction of the afferent arteriole. If there is lengethened hypoperfusion which is
characterized as the decrease in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lastly, for postrenal results from bilateral obstruction, accidental liagtion of ureters, bladder
obstruction, or urethral obstruction.
3. What are the subjective and objective signs and symptoms of acute renal failure. In this answer,
discuss the following terms: asthenia, azotemia, uremia, oliguria, anuria. Acute renal failure is the
sudden loss of the ability of kidneys to remove waste and concentrate urine without losing
electrolytes. It is classified into three categories prerenal, intrarenal and postrenal. According to
Health Communities.com, the signs and symptoms of acute renal failure are: dizziness, dry mouth,
low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, slack skin, thirst, weight loss, and a decrease in urine output.
Asthenia, azotemia, uremia, oliguria, anuria are all symptoms of acute renal failure. According to
medicine.net, asthenia is defined as weakness or lack of energy, strength. Azotemia is a medical
condition characterized by having abnormal high levels of nitrogen containing compounds. Oliguria
is characterized as a decreased production of urine. While uremia also called as prerenal azotemia is
described as the illness accompanying kidney failure. Lastly, anuria is defined as inability to
produce urine.
4. What dietary modification should the nurse teach the client who has renal insufficiency, chronic
renal failure or acute renal failure. Patient with kidney disease, also called renal failure, can use

Essay On Acute Renal Failure
Amanda Lieu
MED 2049
Acute Renal Failure
Instructor Tomie Nishime
September 4, 2014
Acute Renal Failure
The kidneys is the fundamental organ that is largely responsible for maintaining homeostasis by
controlling blood pressure, regulating electrolytes pH balance, manufacturing hormones, formation
of processing waste to the urine and eliminating any toxic minerals, excess salts, or protein waste.
With that said, without adequate blood perfusing through the kidney, it can cause obstructions in the
urinary flow that will damage the kidney tissue. A disorder that may occur suddenly is known as,
acute renal failure, in which the causes are divided into three categories: prerenal, intrarenal, and
postrenal.
Prerenal failure is one of the most developed causes of kidney failure in patients who are
hospitalized. Most conditions, such as burns, long–term vomiting, bleeding, dehydration results in a
decrease amount of blood flow to the kidney. Due to blockage or tightening of blood vessel carrying
blood to the glomerular filtration rate, this may complicate fluid and electrolytes and result in excess
fluid volume. According to Best Practice & Research (2007), "it may lead to ischemic tubular
necrosis when the reduction in blood flow is sufficient to result in the death of tubular cells."
However, without sufficient fixation to prerenal failure, it may result in the next stage of intrarenal
acute kidney failure.
In intrarenal acute kidney failure, ARF happens when there is

Essay on Renal Failure
Through this assignment we will explore the causes, the diagnostic exams, subjective and objective
signs and symptoms, the dietary modifications a nurse should teach, the medical management of
acute renal failure, and finally the short and long term goals a nurse should make for their client.
There are three causes of acute renal failure; prerenal causes, renal causes, and post renal causes.
Prerenal causes are due to such factors as dehydration i.e... vomiting diarrhea, or sweating, or poor
fluid intake. Other factors could also include weak or irregular blood flow to and from the kidneys
because of an obstruction in the renal artery or vein. Intrarenal kidney failure is damage directly to
the kidney. Causes include sepsis (the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the intrarenal phase ESR is increased. The easiest of all exams in the urinalysis exam. A urinalysis
checks for color, clarity, odor, specific gravity, ptt, protein, glucose, crystals, bacteria, leukocyte
esterase in the urine. Azotemia is an increase of nitrogen and creatine as a result of renal failure.
However in prerenal phase azotemia is decreased from circulatory disturbances causing decreased
renal perfusion. In intrarenal azotemia continues to decrease when more of the nephrons are non–
functional. Lastly and least preferred by the client is kidney biopsy. A needle is pierced through the
skin and into the kidney. This is then sent out for testing. The majority of these tests will be
determined by the signs and symptoms the client is displaying. Some of the signs and symptoms for
acute renal failure are asthenia, uremia, oliguria, and anuria. Uremia is both subjective and
objective. Uremia can cause nausea, confusion, seizures, irregular heart rhythm and fluid in the
lungs. Asthenia is subjective because the client. Symptoms include lethargy and lack of energy and
strength. Oliguria is an objective symptom. Oliguria is decreased urine production. Other symptoms
accompany oliguria such as vomiting, fever, dizziness, light headed, and rapid pulse. The urine is a
dark/amber color due to the infection in the kidneys. Anuria is an objective symptom due to the fact
that it has to be measured. Anuria is the lack of

The Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure, Questions and...
Problem: A man arrives at a clinic with complaints of asthenia, malaise, headache, weight gain, and
a decrease in urination. A tentative diagnosis of acute renal failure is made.
causes.
The Urinary System plays an important role in our everyday life. It's most important functions are
maintenance of homeostasis, manufacture hormones that we need, and to process our wastes for
elimination. Our kidneys are part of this whole system; bad habits and lifestyle affect the whole
cycle. This system has a long list of disorders and diseases that an individual may acquire; one of
these is Acute Renal Failure (ARF). Its fast development impairs the kidneys– unless the problem is
found immediately and treated. In Acute Renal Failure (ARF) the kidneys suddenly stops working.
It loses its functions, which are: eliminate wastes, maintain fluid balance, and preserve our body's
electrolytes. Blood enters the kidneys through the renal arteries and leaves through the renal veins.
The strength of pressure exerted onto the kidneys is what makes the glomerular filtration work. The
glomerulus, or the capillary network inside the Bowman's capsule, is the filtration system. This
pressure depends upon the flow of blood and the resistance between the afferent and efferent
arterioles. The afferent aterioles brings blood to the glomeruli; while the efferent arteriole takes the
blood away. When the flow

Chronic Renal Failure
"In 2009, there were 116,395 new kidney failure diagnoses, 571,414 people living with kidney
failure and 90,118 deaths among people with kidney failure ". (1) Renal failure is a type of disease
that happened to kidneys and prevent them from working properly. Renal failure can occur as an
acute or chronic renal failure. Chronic renal failure describes abnormal kidneys structure and loss of
kidneys function. It is often accompany with other conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure,
and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it can be unrecognized because of the existence of other
diseases and lack of symptoms.(2) In fact, chronic renal failure happened and developed slowly in
three stages, which are diminished renal reserve, renal insufficiency, and end stage renal disease.
The first stage of chronic renal failure is called diminished renal reserve. During this stage the
glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the best test to measure the level of kidneys function that doctors
use to determine the stage of the disease, drops from 90–60 ml/min of normal(3). At this stage,
patients with diminished renal reserve have moderate kidney function, so they ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
During this stage, patients usually have GFR less than 15 ml/min, which implies that the kidneys
permanently fail to work.(3) As a result of lost kidney function, patients often experience varied
symptoms, such as excessive thirst. In addition, it can cause damage to other organs of different
systems, and sometimes it helps to make some diseases getting worse. For instance, "end stage
disease patients have a high cardiovascular morality rate". (5 ) However, this stage can be treated by
either transplant or hemodialysis according to the situation of the patients. "the number of patients
with kidney failure treated by dialysis and transplantation has increased dramatically in United
States from 209,000 in 1991 to 470,000 in

Explain The Pathophysiology Of Acute Renal Failure
1.Explain the pathophysiology of acute renal failure, include prerenal, intrarenal and postrenal
causes.
Acute renal failure occurs when there is an interaction of tubular and vascular. Primary cause is
ischemia for more than two hours that result in severe and irreversible damage to the kidney tubules
.Ischemia is caused by a reduction in GFR (glomular filtration rate) activation of the renin
angiotensin system and tubular obstruction by cellular debris as nephrotoxins damage the tubular
cells, these cells are lost through necrosis making tubules become more permeable, this results in
filtrate absorption and causing the reduction in nephrons ability to eliminate waste. Acute renal
failure is characterized by the following phases Prerenal, Intrarenal, and Postrenal.
In the prerenal phase this is the most common that results in hypoperfusion and ischemia resulting in
acute renal failure.Prerenal causes may include decreased cardiac output,hypovolemia,peripheral
vasodilation, renal vascular obstruction.
Intrarenal is when direct damage to the kidneys occur, a decrease in GFR and tubular necrosis will
lead to tubular obstruction and increased tubular permeability. Elimination of metabolic waste,
water, electrolytes and acids cannot be excreted by the kidneys. Most common symptoms in this
phase is oliguria. The patient will be more at risk for heart failure and pulmonary edema because of
the salt and water retention. Common causes seen in this phase include acute tubular

Acute Renal Failure Essay example
Acute renal failure, also known as acute kidney injury is described to be a rapid loss of
kidney function, or a rapid decline in renal filtration function. The first signs of acute renal
failure can be found by a rise in serum creatinine concentration or azotemia, which is a rise
in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration. Symptoms of acute renal failure may include,
little or no urine when urinating, swelling in the legs and feet, not feeling like eating,
nausea and vomiting, feeling confused, restless, sleepy or anxious, or pain in the back
below the rib cage.
The pathophysiology of acute renal failure is still uncertain though it is thought to be
caused by tubular necrosis and vasoconstriction. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The third cause is the
postrenal, which is when there are obstructions in the urinary tract. This one affects the
normal flow of urine out of both kidneys from a blockage caused by kidney stones, a tumor,
an injury or from an enlarged prostate gland.
The diagnostic exams used to diagnose acute renal failure are the blood urea nitrogen
(BUN), the creatinine clearance, the serum creatinine, the serum potassium and the
urinalysis. Other tests to diagnose renal failure can include, an ultrasound to reveal any
obstruction to the kidneys, an imaging test which include CT scans or MRI to reveal a more
detailed image of the kidneys and other organs, a kidney biopsy where a small piece of

tissue can be removed and examined, or an x–ray to examine for pulmonary edema, fluid
retention in the lungs.
The first stage of renal failure is the acute renal failure stage, which is the crucial stage.
The patient must pay close attention to signs and symptoms in this stage. Signs may
include drowsiness, headache, and back pain, typically on the side also referred to as flank
pain. The second stage is the chronic renal failure, which is accompanied by feelings of
physical weakness, loss of appetite, generalized swelling and shortness of breath. The third
stage is end stage renal

Problems With Chronic Renal Failure
Mark is a four year old male who has been diagnosed with chronic renal failure. Mark has two older
brothers, John and Max. His mom, Carol, is a teacher at the local elementary school. His dad, Mike,
is a community police officer. Mark goes to preschool from 0800–1200 four days a week. They live
in a rural community in small four bedroom house with their dog, Bruno. Everyone in the
community seems close and supportive. Both Mark's older brothers caught strep throat at school and
then Mark caught it. The strep wasn't treated for two weeks as his mother thought his symptoms
were allergies. Mark was in the clinic with his mom with symptoms of decreased urine output, rusty
colored urine, and swelling of the abdomen. The doctor diagnosed him ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Both of them voice concerns and questions as to whether they are capable of providing for their son
in his time of need. The nurses do their best to be supportive and give them support groups to turn to
and seek answers to any questions. When addressing Mark, the nurse will use a bear with a band–aid
over the kidney area to show where Mark might be hurting and inquire about how he is feeling to try
to build therapeutic rapport. A cartoon showing Karl the Kangaroo with kidney failure is shown to
try and enhance understanding.
Mark has had too much damage to his kidneys to be reversible. The kidneys are responsible for
filtering out all the toxins and waste in your urine. They also effect blood pressure and can have a
side effect of anemia, a condition marked by inability of cells to transport oxygen. The infection
really took a toll on his body. Labs will be taken periodically to monitor for any declines in status.
You should call the doctor if Mark has any swelling around his eyes or feet that causes his shoes to
be too tight, or if his skin loses pallor. Also, monitoring his urine output is important. If his urine
output is diminished it is important to call the physician. Either a transplant or dialysis will be
needed in the future to keep Mark's kidneys functioning. To better understand this disorder, you can
refer to the National Kidney Foundation at www.kidney.org. Another great resource is Kids Health
at kidshealth.org. These websites

The Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure Essay
Explain the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. Include pre–renal, intrarenal and postrenal
causes. Acute renal failure is a sudden decrease of kidney function often characterized by the loss of
homeostatic equilibrium of the internal medium causing waste accumulation in the blood. Aside
from accumulation of waste products like nitrogen and urea, it is also characterized by a sudden
decrease of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which disables the kidney from filtering waste products
that is harmful to the body. Evidently, acute renal failure disables the kidney from maintaining fluid
and electrolyte balance. As stated by kidneyatlas.org, causes for acute renal failure are classified into
three: prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Discuss, compare, and contrast the 3 stages. Diagnosing acute renal failure starts off by obtaining
the patient's history, physical examination, and blood and urine studies. The information obtained
will serve as a stepping stone for treating the different stages of acute renal failure. According to the
American Academy of Family Physicians,"in pre–renal acute renal failure the parenchyma is
undamaged, and the kidneys respond as if volume depletion has occurred". The exams for
diagnosing the pre–renal acute renal failure mainly focuses on urine and blood studies because of
diminish renal blood flow. While pre–renal focuses more on the urine and blood studies, the damage
for intrarenal acute renal failure (ARF) is evident in the parenchyma. Diagnostic exam for intrarenal
ARF and post–renal mostly focuses on biopsy to determine the exact cause of the disorder.
However, the downside of using biopsy as a diagnosis mechanism is that bleeding can occur which
adds to further complications.
What are the subjective and objective signs and symptoms of acute renal failure. In this answer,
discuss the following terms: asthenia, azotemia, uremia, oliguria, and anuria. Renal failure are
categorized into three stages: acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, and end–stage renal failure.
In acute renal failure, the signs and symptoms are categorized into subjective and objective. As
described by the medical staff of Penn State Milton S. Hershey MedicalCenter (HMC), the

Your Kidneys during Acute Renal Failure
What happens when your kidneys fail? Acute renal failure is a disorder of the kidneys when it's
ceased to perform its functions. For example, the kidneys lose its ability to excrete wastes. When
your kidneys fail because of a disease or injury, wastes and extra fluid can build up in the blood and
make you sick. Kidneys will not be able to maintain homeostasis of electrolytes. A high level of
plasma potassium, sodium concentration, and elevated pH will be evident as well.
ARF can be arranged depending upon the underlying cause. Pre–renal is the disruption of flow to
the glomerulus. Decrease flow to the afferent arterioles can severely affect the nephrons ability to
perform its functions. This is due to an abrupt drop in blood flow because of massive
vasoconstriction in relation to decrease in volume. Intra–renal failure, however, is an actual damage
to the kidneys. Damage to the nephrons may be short–term that injury to the cells and nephrons are
not able to work. It could also be permanent where the damage to the nephrons is so severe that it
becomes completely dysfunctional. Despite the injuries, the nephrons are capable to restore itself
and recover once blood flow is brought back to normal. Post–renal is an obstruction beyond the
nephron. Blockage in the ureters, bladder, and urethra can cause buildup of waste products. An
example of this is BPH or benign prostate hypertrophy where the prostate gland gets so enlarged
that it causes disruption of urine flow.
History

Cause and Treatment for Acute Renal Failure
Acute Renal Failure happens when the kidneys slowly lose their ability to function this happens
because of kidney damage from chronic disease like diabetes. Your kidneys stop filtering waste
product from your blood. Once the filtration stops dangerous wastes may accumulate and the blood's
chemical get out of balance. If it's mild dietary modifications or treatment may not be required. The
pathophysiology of acute renal failure is increased fractional excretion of sodium. Activation of
tubuloglomerular feedback, cytoskeletal disruption, tubular obstruction and vascular mechanism.
(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/J. Nephrol 1999 Jun–Aug)
There are 3 stages to Acute Renal Failure the first stage is pre renal. The problem is impaired renal
blood flow as a result of decreased effective circulating volume to the kidneys, At this stage there is
nothing wrong with the kidney itself. (www.WebMD.com). Some causes of pre renal acute renal
failure include severe blood loss and loss blood pressure related to major cardiac or abdominal
surgery. Another is severe dehydration caused by excessive fluid loss.
Intra renal stage the renal parenchyma is injured. The damage to tubule cells leads to certain urine
microscopic findings. This may cause impaired sodium reabsorption and results in a fractional
excretion of sodium greater than 3% and isotonic osmolality at 250 to 300.
Post renal stage is when both urinary outflow tracts are obstructed or the outflow tract at a solitary
kidney is

Essay on Chronic Renal Failure
Introduction Every human body contains one pair of kidneys. They are situated towards the back of
the body under the ribs, just at the level of the waist, with one on each side of the body. Each kidney
is composed of about one million units called nephrons, and each nephron consists of two parts: a
filter, called the glomerulus and a tubule leading out from the nephrons (Cameron 1999). According
to Marshall and Bangert (2008), the kidneys have three major functions: firstly, the kidneys excrete
waste from plasma in the blood. Secondly, they maintain extracellular fluid volume and
composition. Lastly, the kidneys play a role in hormone synthesis. There are many diseases that
might infect the kidneys and affect their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, when the kidneys stop working completely, the situation known as end–stage renal failure
(ESRF) occurs in CRF. Some diseases may cause CRF when patients are infected for a long time.
Diabetes Mellitus One of the diseases that can cause CRF is diabetes mellitus, a major cause of renal
failure. This disease can be defined as an increase in fasting blood glucose as a result of a deficiency
in insulin, which is a hormone. The normal range for glucose (fasting) in the blood is 2.8 – 6.0
mmol/L. Diabetes Mellitus is classified into two groups: type 1 (insulin–dependent) and type 2 (non
insulin–dependent). The difference between them is that, in type 1, the body does not produce
enough insulin, but in type 2 the body does not make effective use of this hormone. Stein (2008, p.
6) points out that kidney failure most often occurs when patients have suffered from diabetes
mellitus for more than 10 years. According to a report by the U.S. Renal Data System (USRDS) in
2007, the cause of approximately 44% of renal failure in 2005 was diabetes mellitus. Stein (2008)
also indicates that 15% of dialysis patients are influenced by diabetes mellitus in the United
Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus has negative effects on the kidneys, where the increase in range of
blood sugar causes damage to kidney cells, in particular the nephrons. This can

What is Acute Renal Failure?
Acute renal failure is a disorder of the urinary system. It involves the loss of kidney function and
may occur suddenly. Acute renal failure occurs when blood flow to the kidneys is decreased. There
are numerous reasons why there may be a decrease in renal function. A urinary tract obstruction, low
blood pressure, illness, inflammation of the kidneys, and harmful substances are examples of causes
of acute renal failure. These causes have different origins. The causes are separated into prerenal,
intrarenal, and postrenal. Prerenal causes of acute renal failure are caused by a sudden drop in blood
pressure. It may also be due to an "interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from severe injury or
illness"(Stanbridge College, 2014). Prerenal is the most common cause of acute renal failure.
Intrarenal is caused by harmful substances, infection, and inflammation. These cause direct damage
to the kidneys. Postrenal is due to a decrease in urine flow. Obstruction of urine may be caused by
renal calculi, injury, strictures, an enlarged prostate, or a tumor in the bladder. Acute renal failure is
associated with decreased urine output. Further lab results can confirm acute renal failure.
Diagnostics that can confirm ARF test BUN, creatinine, phosphorous, potassium, hemoglobin,
hematocrit, and bicarbonate levels. There will be in increase in BUN, creatinine, potassium and
phosphorous levels. ARF test results will also show a decrease in hemoglobin, hematocrite, and
bicarbonate

Essay about Taking a Closer Look at Renal Failure
Renal Failure is a common condition that could also be described as Acute renal failure (ARF) or
Chronic renal failure(CRF), both conditions occur when there is a loss of kidney function. Kidney
disease or renal failure is the ninth leading cause of death in the United States (Pradeep ,2014).
Specifically, acute renal failure is characterized by the kidney's sudden inability to filter blood,
excrete wastes, concentrate urine, preserve electrolytes, and sustain fluid balance which leads to
many problems in the human body. Acute renal failure alone is a frequent clinical problem,
especially in the intensive care unit, where according to Clin (2004), "is associated with mortality of
between 50% and 80%" (p5). As for the pathophysiology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
D, Jr.). Postrenal disorders are those that initiate in the urinary tract from the nephrons of the kidney.
These types of kidney disorders can involve the renal pelvis, the ureters or the bladder and urethra.
If a patient's signs and symptoms suggest that he or she has acute renal failure the primary caregiver
might suggest tests and procedures verify the diagnosis. Some of those tests include urine output
measurements which would help the physician determine the cause of the kidney failure. Another
test that could be taken is a urinalysis which may show abnormalities that suggest kidney failure.
Having a blood test that shows rising levels of urea and creatinine which are also measured to
kidney function. Different imaging tests such as ultrasound or computerized tomography (CT) may
be used to help get a clearer image of your kidneys and see any abnormalities. Lastly your physician
might suggest a kidney biopsy to remove a small sample of kidney tissue for lab testing. In chronic
kidney disease there are 5 different stages. Patients in stages 1 through 3 are primarily seen by their
physician while patients with stage 4 CKD will be treated at the Nephrology clinic until the illness
progresses to stage 5. At stage 5 of renal failure the patient starts to receive dialysis. Patients that are
in Stages 1 and 2 have few symptoms. Often early stages of renal failure are identified by testing for
abnormally high levels of creatinine or urea in the

The Pathophisiology of Acute Renal Failure
Acute renal failure, recently being called Acute Kidney injury (AKI), according to Susan Dirkes
(2011), "the classification criteria for AKI include three grades of severity: risk of acute renal
failure, injury to the kidney and failure of renal function." (p.37). Explain the pathophysiology of
acute renal failure. Include prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes. Pre–renal failure has to do
with inadequate fluid in the body, which leads to inadequate perfusion, or blood circulation in the
body. This disables the kidney from properly filtering out the blood. Patients have low blood
pressure, feel very ill and can go into shock. This may lead to multiple organ failure. Intrarenal
failure, sometimes called intristic failure, is different than pre–renal or post– renal in the sense that
intrarenal is an actual damage to the nephrons, kidney tissue necrosis or renal injury due to
nephrotoxic medications like (aminoglycosides, NSAIDS, chemotherapy medications like
methotrexate, some metals like mercury, lithium, drug abuse such as, heroin, cocaine, and also the
use of radiological contrast agents). Intrarenal failure can be irreversible but it can take several
months of treatment. Post–renal failure has to do with an acute obstruction to urine outflow from
either one or both kidneys, which is usually a cause of ureter obstruction kidney stones, etc. The
patient will feel back pressure or pain. What diagnostic exams would be used to

Acute Renal Failure Essay
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common syndrome which causes a rapid decline in glomerular
filtration, homeostasis, disturbance of fluid volume, and accumulation of nitrogenous waste which
the kidneys are unable to excrete. Acute renal failure is usually asymptomatic and normally
diagnosed when standard laboratory tests show a sudden rise in blood creatinine and urea. A patient
who develops acute renal failure will recover in most cases.
When the nephron is compromised, it is unable to perform the many functions required of it. Twenty
percent of the blood contents get filtered through the glomerular capillaries. The blood contains
water and electrolytes, protein and sugar. The body filters about 180 liters of blood per day and the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three types of ARF exist and are classified according to their effect on the kidneys. Prerenal
accounts for approximately 70% of ARF cases and is characterized by, a physiological response to
renal hypoperfusion in which the integrity of renal tissue is preserved (Brady, 1995, p. 1533)
In other words, prerenal occurs from a problem "outside" of the kidney that reduces blood flow to
the vessels in the renal system. Although there is decreased perfusion to the glomerulus and
nephrons they continue to function normally. If treated quickly the kidneys can return to full normal
function.
Intrarenal occurs in 25% of cases and evolves from diseases of specialized organ tissue of the
kidneys. (Brady, 1995) This happens when the kidneys are directly affected by hypertension,
diabetes, infection, or other dysfunctions of the renal system such as acute glomerulonephritis.
Postrenal is seen in less than 5% and is caused from acute obstruction of the urinary tract. (Brady,
1995) If removal of the obstruction is immediate, the kidneys can return to normal function.
Many diagnostic tests exist for the treatment and diagnosis of ARF and include:
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): BUN measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from
the waste product urea. If your kidneys are not able to remove urea from the blood normally, your
BUN level increases. This is a good indicator of dysfunction in the renal system.
Creatinine clearance: The creatinine

The Issues Associates with Acute Renal Failure
Acute renal failure is the most common kidney disease that exists today. It occurs when blood flow
to the kidneys is in some way compromised which causes a sudden stop in kidney function. Acute
renal failure is a very serious complication for a already hospitalized patient since they are already
in a vulnerable state from staying in the hospital, in fact, it is the most common cause of death
amongst hospitalized patients, and most commonly they occur because of a hospital workers error.
Acute renal failure causes many serious problems for patients, including abnormal electrolyte and
acid–base balance, excess in fluid volume, and an excess in nitrogenous wastes. Acute renal failure
can have either pre–renal, intra–renal, or post–renal causes. According to WebMD (2011), "the
pathophysiology of pre–renal acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in blood flow to the kidney
causes a loss of kidney function. In pre–renal acute renal failure, there is nothing wrong with the
kidney itself." The pathophysiology of intra–renal acute renal failure is when there is damage
directly done to the kidneys from either inflammation, infection, drugs, toxins, or a reduced blood
supply to the kidneys. The pathophysiology of post–renal acute renal failure is when there is
suddenly an obstruction of the flow of urine because of a tumor, kidney stones, an enlarged prostate,
or an injury. At the end of the post–renal acute renal failure stage, the next stage is chronic renal
failure. As the stages

Acute Renal Failure
Acute Renal Failure
Acute Renal Failure (also called acute kidney failure) means that your kidneys have
Suddenly stopped working. Your kidneys remove waste products and help balance
water and salt and other minerals (electrolytes) in your blood. Acute Renal Failure is
dangerous because the kidney stop filtering toxin, waste and excess fluids from the
the body. Acute Renal Failure is often the result of an infection, an injury, major
surgery, or a condition called nephrotoxicity. It can also happen from an overdose of
drugs, or when the blood flow to a kidney is obstructed or blocked and this can cause
a damage to the kidney even death. There were three main causes of acute renal
failure (Prerenal, Intrarenal and Postrenal).
Prerenal– The kidneys do not receive enough blood to filter that can cause multiple
complications such as disruption of the blood flow in the kidneys from a variety of
causes such as blockage or narrowing of a blood to the kidneys, liver failure causing
changes in hormones that affect blood flow and pressure to the kidneys, drastic drop in
blood pressure after surgery with blood loss, sever injury or burns, or infection in the
bloodstream (sepsis) causing blood vessel to inappropriately relax. Blockage or
narrowing of a blood vessel caring blood to the kidneys. Heart failure or heart attacks
causing low blood flow and dehydration from diarrhea, vomiting, water pills and blood

Acute Renal Failure Patient Regarding Prevention
KNOWLEDGE OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE PATIENT REGARDING PREVENTION FROM
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Sharma S. Assistant lecturer, Lalitpur Nursing Campus
Bangdel R.D., Campus Chief, Lalitpur Nursing Campus
ABSTRACT
Statement–A study on knowledge of acute renal failure patient regarding prevention of chronic renal
failure attending medical OPD and medical ward of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital.
Aim–The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of acute renal failure patient regarding
prevention of chronic renal failure.
Methodology – A descriptive research study design was used for the study. This study was
conducted at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital among 50 respondents. A semi–structured
open and close ended questionnaire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The respondents living in urban area had more knowledge 71.68% than respondents living in rural
area 37.13%.
Key words: Acute Renal Failure, Chronic Renal Failure, Preventive measures
INTRODUCTION
Renal failure is common among adults in the United States. More than 10% of people, or more than
20 million, aged 20 years or older in the United States have renal failure. Renal failure is more
common among women than men. More than 35% of people aged 20 years or older with diabetes
have renal failure. More than 20% of people aged 20 years or older with hypertension have renal
failure. Overall, the percent of renal failure among adults is greater than 10%. (National Chronic
Kidney Disease Fact Sheet, 2010). In 2008, the adjusted rate of new chronic renal failure (CRF)
cases was 351 per million populations. (USRDS, 2010)
Kidney related health problem has been emerging as major health problems in Nepal in recent years.
Kidney care experts believe that approximately 2700 new kidney patient is added every year in
Nepal. When patients have their both kidneys failed, they require haemodialysis twice a week for
the rest of their life or transplant kidney. Haemodialysis costs about Rs. 16,000 per month. Kidney
transplant costs Rs. 800,000 to Rs. 1 million in foreign countries. The kidney disease individuals
carry high risk of facing economic and social burden with treatment like dialysis and kidney
transplantation and the burning cost of immune suppressive and other drugs.

Management of Fluid Overload in Chronic Renal Failure
Management of Fluid overload in Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
Chronic Renal Failure is a long term serious irreversible condition, described as the gradual loss of
kidney function (McCarthy, et al 2009). The number of patients suffering from CRF in United
Kingdom (UK) is rising rapidly. Ferenbach and Wood (2005, p.16) state that in UK, about 6000
people are commencing dialysis treatment per year. Fluid overload is a frequently observed finding
in renal failure patients. About one third of the patients receiving dialysis for Chronic Renal Failure
have fluid overload despite advice to restrict their oral fluid intake (Roderick, et al 2004).
This assignment will examine the clinical effectiveness of the management of fluid overload in ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the beginning, his renal functions were relatively stable. Unfortunately in 2007, his blood urea
showed deteriorating renal function.
For this reason, the physician suggested that he 'might' require dialysis in a couple of years. He
attended for dialysis counselling so that he would know what action would be taken in case his
condition deteoriated. It is preferable to have preparation for dialysis as early as possible and the
patient should have confidence in the whole dialysis team (Thomas, 2004). Goldberg and Scoble
(2005) also urge the importance to begin the preparation at least six months before they need the
dialysis. But even in the best situation, adjusting to the effects of kidney failure may be difficult for
the patient and the family. Following a phase of acceptance, he agreed for an appointment with a
predialysis nurse.
Since then I have been caring for this patient. The main problem for Mr. Frank is the fluid overload
and its related complications. About 30% of the patients above 65 years are fluid overloaded even
after dialysis (Lindley, 2009, p. 11). Some patients cannot follow the instructions and gain about 4–5
kg between dialyses and this patient is one among them. The average volume increase necessary for
the signs of fluid overload is around 3 kg in a 70 kg patient, which can be sufficient to cause
elevated blood pressure (Hoenich and Pearce, 2005, p. 21). Mr.Frank's dry weight is 71.3kg and his
body weight ranges between 75 and 77 kg.
An

Treatment Of Patients With Renal Failure
Every year more and more patients are diagnosed with renal failure. In hemodialysis the amount of
dialysis each patient receives is less, compared to at home dialysis and nocturnal dialysis treatments.
Kidneys are important organs for survival. Humans cannot filter harmful wastes, fluids, salts,
potassium, and phosphorus without kidneys. When diagnosed with renal failure a patient relies on a
dialysis machine to adequately remove the harmful wastes from their blood. One of the main
ongoing battles between dialysis patients and their providers is adequate fluid control. There are
recommendations set out for patients to follow but with weather getting hotter each year, patients
are finding it harder to abide by the rules due to excess ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Between 1943 and 1945, Dr. Willem Kolff finished his invention and tested the machine on 16
patients, but had unsuccessful trials. Around 1945, he treated a 67 year old who successfully woke
up from a coma, after being on hemodialysis for 11 hours. With all the new advancements today,
successful outcomes should be the first thing doctors think of, rather than, focusing on the number
of patients nephrology can schedule in. Lupus is another concern that nephrology faces which affect
all races and has made it more of a challenge for doctors throughout the years. In most cases,
patients with end–stage renal disease and lupus get separated from the other patients because they
are classified as higher risk. Antonio Inda–Filho, et al., believe that "The development of lupus–
related end–stage renal disease (ESRD) confers the highest mortality rates among individuals with
lupus" (590). Unfortunately, this is true only when doctors are unable to stabilize systemic lupus.
This should not be a debatable topic, nephrologist need to communicate with rheumatology and
come up with an aggressive dialysis plan, which will not only assist in the removal of the harmful
toxins, but will also help with stabilization. Antonio Inda–Filho, et al., addressed that "The
complication alterations contributes to the speeding process of atherosclerosis and a higher chance
of infection" (591). End–stage renal disease does accelerate the formation

Acute Renal Failure Of The Urinary System
Diana Galeana
MED 2049
Acute Renal Failure
Instructor Michelle Earxsion– Lamothe
7/25/2014
Acute Renal Failure
Although the function of the urinary system is used to filter and eliminate waste from the body, it
also contributes with maintenance of homeostasis of water and blood pressure, regulates
electrolytes, pH balance, and activates vitamin D. The urinary system consists of 2 kidneys which
extract wastes from the blood, balance body fluid, and converts it into urine. It also includes 2
ureters which conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder via peristalsis, a urinary bladder
which serves as a reservoir for urine and finally a urethra which conducts urine from the bladder to
the outside of the body for elimination. The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra together form the
urinary tract, which acts as a plumbing system to drain urine from the kidneys, store it, and then
release it during urination (Taylor, 1999).
As simple as this urinary system may sound there are also complication such as acute renal failure
or acute kidney failure, this occurs when the kidneys suddenly are unable to filter waste products
from the blood. When kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of wastes may accumulate
and the blood 's chemical makeup may get out of balance (mayo clinic, 1998). Acute renal failure is
categories into three different stages prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal.
Prerenal is the most common type of acute renal

Acute Renal Failures
Acute Renal Failure The kidneys are vitals organs that are responsible for various function in the
human body such as reabsorption, secretion and excretion. They are the filters that enable us to get
waste materials that are produced by metabolism or ingested. The most important element that they
filter is blood plasma. The kidneys simultaneously eliminate unwanted substances by excreting them
into the urine and return substances that are needed back in to the blood. While filtration is the
primary function the kidneys are responsible for regulation of arterial pressure, acid–base balance
and excretion of hormones. Any injury to the kidney may result in an interruption of these functions.
The kidneys are highly vascular organs that receive on average about 1100ml of blood per min.
which is 20–25% of total cardiac output. This large volume is necessary to provide enough plasma
for the high glomerular filtration rate needed to effectively regulate fluid volumes and solute
concentrations. Therefore when the blood supply to the kidneys is compromised the kidneys start to
show signs of failure. The causes of renal failure can divided into three categories prerenal,
intrarenal, and postrenal. Prerenal cute renal failure is a result of decreased blood flow to the
kidneys. It can be a result cardiac failure and of intravascular volume depletion such as hemorrhage
and burns. Without adequate blood flow the glomerular filtration rate is reduced as well as the
amount of

Acute Renal Failure Essay
Acute renal failure is the sudden loss of the kidneys ability to function; affecting more than 100,000
people in the United States alone each year (NIDDK, 2008). This paper will discuss the basic
pathophysiology of acute renal failure, including its cause, disease mechanisms, symptoms, some of
the treatments and pharmacological therapies.
Pathophysiology
Acute renal failure (ARF) is the rapid loss of kidney function occurring when high levels of uremic
toxins accumulate in the blood. ARF occurs when the kidneys are unable to excrete the daily load of
toxins in the urine. The most common causes of ARF are dehydration, blood loss from major
surgery or injury, or medications such as NSAIDs, antibiotics, or the dyes used in ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the kidneys usually start working again within several weeks to months after the
underlying cause has been treated. "Many people, however, die because of the primary disease that
has caused the kidney failure. Studies have estimated overall death rates for AKF at 42–88%,"
(Krapp, 2002). Up to 10% of patients who experience ARF will suffer irreversible kidney damage.
They will eventually go on to develop chronic kidney failure or end–stage renal disease. These
patients will require long–term dialysis or kidney transplantation to replace their lost renal
functioning (Krapp, 2002).
Clinical manifestations
In the beginning stages of ARF, there may not be any symptoms; usually symptoms become
noticeable the longer ARF goes undetected or is left untreated. Fatigue is a common symptom due to
anemia. Healthy kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin that tells the body to make red
blood cells. As the kidneys fail, they make less erythropoietin (NIDDK, 2008). With fewer red blood
cells to carry oxygen, the body becomes tired very quickly. Some patients experience lower back
pain resulting from kidney stones or other obstructions. A big indicator of kidney problems is
changes in the urination, including decreased urine output. In addition, the urine might be foamy
signifying buildup of protein, or contain blood due to an obstruction. Edema could be present due to
the build of fluids within the body (Cadwallader, 2002).
Diagnosing ARF

Essay on Acute Renal Failure
Acute Renal Failure is when the kidneys abruptly stop functioning by excreting wastes of the body.
Abnormal functions that can cause acute renal failure are that the body cannot regulate acid–base
balance of bodily fluids, regulation of one's blood pressure which affects waste products not being
filtered from the body, and irregularities of red blood cell production.
There are many factors that can cause a person's kidneys to stop working properly. A prerenal cause
is something that occurs in the bloody supply to the kidneys, such as inadequate blood profusion to
the kidneys. Having inadequate blood profusion prevents the kidneys from cleansing the blood in
the body. An intrarenal cause, also known as an intrinsic renal failure is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Kidney disease is a process in which the kidneys over time loose its function therefore; it is
categorized into 3 stages. Acute renal failure being the first less severe stage, the second stage is
chronic renal failure which is where the patient experiences physical symptoms, and stage three
end–stage renal failure where the kidneys no longer function at all.
Stage 1 acute renal failure can occur within days or weeks, it is much faster then chronic renal
failure. Blood tests results can change within days or 2 weeks since it can occur rapidly. Symptoms
that patients may have include metallic taste in the mouth, nausea and vomiting, swelling of the
body, confusion, fatigue, and decreased urine output. In most severe acute renal failure patients can
have seizures and go into a coma. Stage 2 is chronic renal failure, a more severe form of renal
disease. Chronic renal disease can develop without the patient experiencing any symptoms up until
there is minimal function in the kidneys left. Symptoms that patients experience when they have
chronic renal failure may include similar symptoms of acute renal failure. Yet some symptoms
associated with stage 2 are nocturia, high blood pressure, anemia, loss of appetite is common, and
shortness of breath. Lastly end–stage renal failure is the last stage in which the kidneys no longer
function adequately for day to day life. Symptoms included

Essay about Understanding Acute Renal Failure
The pathophysiology of acute renal failure is divided in 3 different causes. Out of the 3 causes of
acute renal failure pre renal is the most common. It may result in hypoperfusion and ischemia. Pre
renal is caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure or renal interruption of blood flow from the
kidneys from sudden severe injury or illness. Intrarenal is caused by direct damage to the kidneys
either by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection or reduced blood supply. Postrenal is a sudden
obstruction of urine flow due to an enlarged prostate, kidney stones or bladder tumor or injury. The
least common out of all of these is the post renal acute renal failure. There will be several diagnostic
and lab tests preformed to help doctors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some subjective data includes.
I feel sick to my stomach
My appetite is not what it used to be
It hurts when I pee
I feel like I have to use the restroom all the time. There are many definitions associated with acute
renal failure. This includes Asthenia which is an abnormal physical weakness or lack of energy.
Azotemia means a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of urea and creatinne
in the blood. Uremia is a raised level in the blood of urea and other nitro waste compounds that are
usually eliminated by the kidneys. Oliguria is know by less urine coming out of the body. There are
many dietary restrictions to follow when you are diagnosed with acute renal failure. The nurse needs
to teach the client to eat foods that are healthy carbs, herbs and spices. The nurse needs to teach to
eat fruits like apples, grapes, cranberries, blueberries and strawberries because they are low in
potassium. The nurse also needs to tell the patient to avoid foods that are high in potassium like
bananas, oranges, and veggies like potatoes. The nurse should also recommend avoiding foods high
in phosphorus like milk, yogurt, cheese and colas. High protein foods should be avoided like
chicken and eggs and to stay away from salty foods like chips and pretzels. Limit fluid in– take and
take all medications prescribed by your doctor. Medical management is first and foremost in finding
the cause. The nurse can be expected to do many

Case Study on a Patient with Acute Renal Failure
Acute Renal Failure Patients who are diagnosed with acute renal failure go through difficult times
dealing with the disease. Their families too experience psychological difficulties, not knowing the
degree of suffering their loved ones are going through. Therefore, in order to provide the best of care
for the patient, nurses need to be knowledgeable about the problem, and find the best professional
way to educate the patient and family so that the patient does not end up into the hospital for re–
admission. Family members can best relate to the situation and understand what their loved ones are
going through if they are included into the care of the patients. You get a better outcome when you
treat patients as a whole. It is critical for nurses and other health care workers to provide patients
and their family members with the necessary information in order for them to make informed
decisions. Patient Description For the purpose of confidentiality, the patient will be identified by the
initials A. S. A.S was a 52– year old African American woman who was admitted to the hospital
when she started to experience severe urinary retention and shortness of breath. She has three adult
children and eight grandchildren, but recently lost her husband of 25 years to diabetes. The patient
appears to be very independent because she lives alone in her home and is aware of the disease
process. She has a past medical history of acute renal

The Pathology And Phases Of Acute Renal Failure

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