Examples Of Cognitive Approach To Phobia

Examples Of Cognitive Approach To Phobia
Cognitive approach to Phobias
The cognitive approach focuses on the thought process that a person goes through when developing
a phobia. Here the fearful response is experienced as a result of the interpretation or distorted
appraisal of events. Leading theorists in this field Albert Ellis (1962) and Aaron Beck (1963)
suggest that the above mentioned factors contribute substantially to the development of a phobia.
The interpretation of the event is what generates the phobia and not the event itself. For instance,
every individual who has had a traumatic incident with a dog does not develop a phobia, yet a few
do and this is because these individuals have focused more on the possible re–occurrence in the
future and consequently become frightened. (Di Nardo cited in Klausch 2008). They begin to have
irrational thoughts about a situation or an object and prompt conditions like paranoia and
overthinking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The underlying psychodynamic explanation is that the anxiety expressed towards the phobic stimuli
is in fact a displacement of an internal anxiety. Here, phobias are associated with unconscious
sexual fears (id impulses) and they operate through defence mechanisms of 'repression' and
'displacement. ' The original source of fear is repressed into the unconscious and the fear is then
displaced onto another person, object or situation. As a result this fear appears to be irrational as
there is no conscious explanation for it. Phobias develop as result of psychosexual stages of
development. Psychic energy gets attached to a particular object as a way of overcoming the conflict
and consequently the object symbolizes the conflict. For example, fixation at the phallic phase may
result in a fear of spiders as the spider may represent a fear of the sexual organs. (Abraham
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Psychodynamic Approach Case Study Cognitive Psychology
My clinical approach thus far is theoretically informed by behavioral, psychodynamic, and
humanistic psychotherapy. Included in the foundation of my theoretical orientation is the patient's
biological, psychological, spiritual, and social experience. I have a passion for understanding
clinical effectiveness and aim to increase this in my work as a therapist. Thus far, I find the
integrative approach has been effective within the practice of health psychology. It allows for the
flexibility and the ability to sophistically adapt within different contexts, settings and perspectives.
From a counseling perspective, my case conceptualization involves looking at the patient's strengths
and areas that have not developed fully in relation to their desired goals. I try to emphasize strengths
and work patiently with any areas of development. I also try to understand how their environmental
and situational influences have affected their current issues. One of my first influences was the work
of Carl Rogers, whose emphasis is on unconditional regard for the patient and nonjudgmental
listening. This humanistic approach has strongly informed my way of being with patients. I have
found that each patient has innate wisdom and a sense of readiness for certain experiences. What
inspires readiness for treatment is deep listening, appreciation, and empathy. ... Show more content
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Being responsible and receptive of my influences towards the patient in both unconscious and
conscious ways can help to eliminate unnecessary impingements. I have learned that patients' may
borrow some of the therapists strengths until they can form better coping mechanisms. Being a
strong therapist means I am still working on myself and can separate my own needs, wants and
desires from the patients'. Creating a space that focuses exclusively on them allows them to be seen
for who they

Responsibility: Social Cognitive Theory And Psychodynamic...
Diffusion of responsibility can happen in many ways, Kelman (1973) found that responsibility is
diffused, when labor is divided. When assignments are divided, they are perceived to be less
harmful, and, therefore, people focus on their specific assignment and ignore the real meaning of the
whole task. Diffusion of responsibility can also be seen in decisions made within a group. When
decisions are made within a group, it is easier for decent people to consider behaving against their
morals, because not one person is responsible for the harmful consequences. Having a group of
people allows for the ambiguity of who is completely responsible, which ultimately decreases the
moral control of individuals. The responsibility can always be given to ... Show more content on
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Therefore, the social cognitive theory assumes an interactionist perspective on morality. Meaning
that actions based on an individual's morals are the result of interaction between social and personal
influences. Two theories known as psychological and socio–structural theories, in which both are
frequently considered as opposing views of human behavior or as distinct representations of varied
levels of causation. The actions and behaviors of individuals cannot be explained only by factors of
psychology or society. The social cognitive theory goes against the idea of social structure and
personal agency together (Bandura, 1986, 1997). In the social cognitive theory, socio–structural and
personal agencies function separately inside of a combined casual structure in the performance of
immoral actions. Additionally, a few of the practices of moral disengagements, for example,
diffusion and displacement of responsibility, are worked into the authority and organization
structures of the social system. The moral orientations of society are the ones that shape the way of
moral justifications, immoral actions, and influence who are placed in the diminished crowds. These
practices allow for the encouragement of moral disengagement; however, individuals are products
as well as creators of the social system and are more than capable to change the nature of their
social

The Cognitive Behavioral Approach On Anger Management
The literature review and meta–analysis summarizes an examination of the application of the
cognitive–behavioral approach on anger management in children who are of special needs residing
in community establishments. Anger–induced behaviors have the prospective and capability of
causing severe injuries to others, as well has extensive property annihilation. Internalized behaviors
can provide the individual with chronic stress in addition to other accompanying physiological
disorders. Children with disorders such as Asperger syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder, and a variety of others, suffer from lack of anger–management proficiencies. As childhood
progresses into adulthood, aggressive behavior that has lacked treatment throughout the timespan it
has existed, especially during an individual's childhood, may create a variety of maladaptive
disorders within adulthood. It has been studied and suggested that aggressive behaviors need to be
addressed and mediated with during early childhood. Individuals that suffer from such disorders
lack the ability to control emotions, such as anger, as a result of social–skills insufficiency, cognitive
competence, or both. Anger, aggression, and other related behaviors are of major concern within the
disabled population with emphasis on those individuals in socialized environments. Thus, the need
of intervention is deemed appropriate and obligatory for the safety and wellness of all involved with
individuals, specifically

Life Coaching : A Cognitive Behavioral Approach Essay
For this book can help a life coach guide individuals in their anxiety filled life and defeat their
issues. The authors covered numerous bases accommodating in incorporation of the distinctive
tricky territories in life. This book is divided into eleven chapters, filled with stories and information
necessary to help life coaches. It covers the mind boggling subject nicely from different areas in life,
from managing feedback, decisiveness, industriousness, grasping and developing change, versatility,
and numerous others come up. Due to the framework of this book, some readers may not think that
his book is for life coaching, since it is but rather centered around future issues concentrating on the
issues you have in the present that are thwarting you from concentrating on future objectives. One
has to focus on the present issues at hand before you can center your attention on the future and that
is what this book does. 4MAT Review: Life Coaching: A cognitive behavioural approach
Summary
In the book Life Coaching: A Cognitive behavioural approach written by authors Michael Neenan
and Windy Dryden (2013), which is the second edition, is a self–help book that breaks down
different topics, that are essential for trainers, teachers, counselors, and mentors, especially for
professional life coaches, that can be applied to better oneself and clients. This book begins with a
description of what this book is about, what topic to expect in the chapters to come and also give

Psychological Approaches : Behaviorism, Cognitive And...
1.1 Analysis of three psychological approaches; behaviourism, cognitive and humanistic.
Three psychological approaches will be discussed in this essay, it will analyse the strengths and
limitations of each the humanistic, cognitive and the humanistic approach. This essay will consider
the contributions made to therapies in the modern life; evaluate how valid the methodology is using
case studies to back up these theories and how they contribute to each other to becoming an
approach.
The behaviourist psychologists emphasise the role of the environment and how this can affect the
behaviour of a person. "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world
to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of
specialist I might select– doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant chief and yes even a beggar man and thief,
regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors" John
Watson (Watson, 1930, pg 82).
Watson believed that 'scientific study of psychology is to benefit social welfare, as we can predict
and control human behaviour and therefore, change how society behaves' (Schacter et el, 2012: 19).
This then brings a certain methodology, as it can be repeated a number of times with the same
outcomes. Behaviourist psychologists believe that humans and animals learn from a stimulus and a
response. The response being either negative or positive will determine if we will

The Tripartide Model Of Attitude : Avioral And Cognitive...
We define an attitude as a summary evaluation of an object of thought. An attitude object is
anything a person holds in mind, be it concrete (e.g. pizza) or abstract (e.g. freedom of speech), be it
things, persons, groups or abstract ideas. Attitudes can encompass affective, behavioural and
cognitive responses, as summarized in the Tripartide model of attitudes (Allport, 1935) An
environmentalist might strongly believe that air pollution destroys the ozone layer, which increases
the risk of cancer(cognitive); it might get angry or sad about the extinction of endangered species
(affective) and it might use public transportation rather than a car and participate in recycling
(behavioural). Because it is difficult to separate the different classes of response from each other and
because it is not a necessity for all classes to be represented, we adopted a one–dimensional
definition of attitude as a summary evaluation Tripartide model: The assumption that affective,
cognitive and behavioural responses are independent elements of attitude Some definitions
characterise attitudes as enduring concepts which are stored in the memory and can be retrieved
accordingly: Allport, 1935 ; Eagly & Chaiken, 2007. This perspective is called the 'File–drawer
model', because it perceives attitudes as mental files which individuals consult for the evaluation of
the object in question (Wilson et al., 1990) File–drawer model: A theoretical perspective that
characterises attitudes as enduring

Cognitive Behavioural Approach
Cognitive Behavioral approach perceives obsessive compulsive disorder as an intrusive condition
characterized by unwanted repetitive and anxiety–producing thoughts accompanied by the
compulsive act of rituals that the individual believes will shield them from the imagined catastrophe
(Hansell & Damour, 2008). Obsessions are thoughts or impulses over which the individual has no
control and only briefly subside after the victim has been compelled to and completes a certain ritual
over and over until the anxiety lessens (Hansell & Damour, 2008).
OCD has a well–established biological component similar to other anxiety disorders. According to
the National Institute of Health (2010) anxiety produces affective physical reactions in people,
suggesting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, a client may be asked to allow themselves to think about the disturbing thoughts
without engaging in the usual ritualistic behavior. According to Hansell and Damour (2008), the
goal of cognitive–behavioral therapy would be to interrupt the ritualistic behavior to allow the client
to experience the dissipation of the anxiety even without the application of the ritual. When the
process of obsessive thoughts followed by ritualistic behavior is interrupted, the behavior ceases to
negatively reinforce the anxiety, so the pattern is broken.
Cognitive therapists teach strategies and perspectives for responding to the challenges that life has
to offer so that individuals can gain a greater sense of self–efficacy (i.e. developing faith in their
abilities to achieve specified goals). Equally as important as knowledge, training, experience, and
credentials on the part of the cognitive therapist are warmth, understanding, and compassion
(Phillipson, n.d., para.

Introduction To Phycology: Social Cognitive Approach
Social Cognitive Perspective Introduction to Phycology Brooke Cox Western Oklahoma State
College June 13, 2015 Social Cognitive Perspective The social–cognitive perspective has a less
self–positioned narrowness, because it envisions character as emerging through the actions of the
person connecting with his or her social environment. The social cognitive perspective has its
groundwork in the behavioral principle convention of classical conditioning and operant
conditioning, but its adjoining organization is the other cognitively oriented direct principle of
observational learning. The social cognitive perspective also examines how people analyze,
remember, interpret, and use information about others and themselves, interactions, and ... Show
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Martin Selisman conversed learned helplessness as the submissive acceptance outcome of repeated
experience of rigid occasions that are considered to be unavoidable. People establish hope that their
actions have no reaction on the event in the situation. They give up trying to break the conclusion,
even if their actions may convey compensation. An example of learned helplessness, is the operation
of communal determinism. After several fail to broaden an anticipated outcome, people found that
in their opinion there is nothing they can do to adjust their present conditions, so they quit trying.
When the world around them changes and triumph is an option, they don't act on events, because
they dishonestly believe that the action is disheartened. Learned hopelessness describes why some
people who have lived in debt don't benefit from chances that if followed would direct to economic
rewards. People who improve this belief think they can't alter the situation and linger in debt. They
often familiarize unenthusiastic faith in their children. Social Welfare Programs help people pull
themselves out of debt, (Franzoi, 2010, p.

Biological And Cognitive Approach
An approach is a point of view that includes certain suppositions about human conduct, for instance
the way they work and which parts of them are deserving of study. There might be a few unique
speculations inside an approach, however they all offer these basic beliefs. There are various brain
science points of view and these points of view include diverse clarifications for human conduct.
The two perspectives that shall be explored and compared is the biological and cognitive
perspective.
The biological perspectives natural point of view is a method for taking a sight at mental issues, by
concentrating on physical reason for creature and human conduct. It is one of the real points of view
in brain research and includes such things as the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bandura, A. Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through the imitation of
aggressive models explains how the biological point of view considers the nature side of the open
deliberation as it trusts we are a result of our qualities, mind structure, neurotransmitter and
hormone levels. However Skinner, B. F. (1957) explains how the cognitive approach considers the
support side of the verbal confrontation, as it recommends that compositions are learnt and we are
hence a result of our childhood. To close there are such a significant number of alternate points of
view in brain research to clarify the diverse sorts of conduct and give distinctive edges. No single
perspective has control over the rest. Just with all the diverse sorts of brain research, which at times
reject each other for instance the nature–nurture

Cognitive And Behavioral Approach To Recidivism
The cognitive and behavioural approach is an effective way in dealing with the reduction of
recidivism. This approach is based on the social learning theory, which believes that offenders are
products of their environments. Meaning that their surroundings have taught them to learn improper
ways of behaving. Behaviour therapy is set on the principles of conditioned learning. Some of the
methods that are used specially are relaxation training, response prevention, and thought stopping.
One of the other methods also used is social skill, which deals solely on the problem of people
dealing with a social encounter. This method places inmates in a program where they learn to
develop a newfound knowledge on how to interact with others. They may use

Cognitive Behavioral Or Psychodynamic Approach
Professional competency is the ability to recognize our limitations and correct them. I found myself
immediately turning those awkward moments in to moment of theory. I would choose an evidence–
based theory such as Cognitive Behavioral or Psychodynamic approach to confine the session's
focus on the member. Even though I consciously was mindful of my redirection, I was still
observant of the arousal of emotions I felt inside. The facilitator often used those opportunities to
disclose something personal too, which produce conflictual thoughts with in me; I wonder are you
disclosing because I did or are you experiencing countertransference too. When I began to
understand countertransference, I came across transference; it seems that understanding

Briefly Outline the Key Features of a...
Briefly outline the key features of a cognitive–behavioural approach to counselling and discuss
some of the ways in which this approach differs from one of the other main approaches to
counselling. In part two reflect on and write about which of the two approaches discussed in your
essay you prefer and why.
This essay will explain key aspects of a cognitive–behavioural approach to counselling. Revealing
how this method of counselling differs from the psychodynamic approach, and demonstrating my
preferred method.
The first of these approaches 'Cognitive–behavioural' is an umbrella term for a method of
counselling comprising several approaches. It evolved from behavioural psychology founded by J.B
Watson; an American psychology professor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the psychodynamic approach are various considerations and decisions regarding how to best
to help the client when the counsellor is aware of a client displaying the mechanisms of defence and
the conflict it causes a client. (McLeod 2008 p 96–97)
The psychodynamic counsellor will use various strategies to assist clients. One such method is
'Transference', the counsellor's presenting themselves as neutral; encouraging clients' to project
feelings or behaviour onto the counsellor, brought about by experiences or relationships. The reason
for neutrality is for the counsellor's assurance that whatever feelings are projected towards them, it's
not anything the therapist has caused due to remaining detached, the client 'transfers' an image of a
family member or someone who influenced them onto the counsellor. Transference enables the
counsellor to make clients aware of such projections so the client can recognise this and prevent it
happening in future relationships. Transference is a feature of psychodynamic methodology, useful
in determining clients' histories that aid counsellors in seeing why clients repeat unhelpful patterns
behaviourally.
Just as a client can project transference, the therapist can experience 'counter–transference' whereby
a client evokes feelings from the therapist akin to

The Behavioral, Humanistic, And Cognitive Approach
There are a few different approaches to how psychologists view things. These include but are not
limited to, the behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive approaches. Each approach treats things
differently. These different approaches stem from psychologists who didn't think each other was
right and so they each came up with their own way of viewing things. None of these approaches are
wrong, but they just differ from one another. Jake was diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, but these
three approaches have different views on the origins and the treatment of his anxiety.
The first of these approaches is the behavioral approach. Behaviorists tend to focus on the things we
can actually see, the physical side of things, and follow classical and operant conditioning. In Jakes
case, the psychologists would say that Jake's anxiety stems from the environment around him
directly. Jakes anxiety would be coming directly from his college classes. The fact that they are
stress inducing proves this to the behavioral perspective. The UCS would be the classes or, harder
work, the UCR would be the anxiety, and then when paired together the conditioned stimulus is the
classes and the conditioned response is the anxiety. As far as treatment goes, from a behavioral
perspective negative and positive reinforcement would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Humanists tend to relate everything back to the patient, and to unlock or show them their full
potential, because they believe everyone has that untapped potential. They would try to help Jake
mature in his emotions and be the best he could be. They would push Jake to come to face with
whatever his stressor is, be then exposed more so to it, so that he wouldn't be so stressed out by it all
the time. They might try to get Jake to realize and unlock a potential he didn't know he had, a
potential that enabled him to complete these harder classes with

Social Cognitive Approach
Summary of the article: A Social–Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality
The article, A Social–Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality, analyzes the topic of
ability beliefs. Researches performed three different studies to find out how much ability beliefs
affect a children's performances. They concluded that it actually has a profound effect on the
performance.
The three studies performed were: 1) describe a research–based model that accounts for major
patterns of behavior, (2) examine the generality of this model–its utility for understanding domains
beyond the ones in which it was originally developed, and (3) explore the broader implications of
the model for motivational and personality processes.
In this study they had students answer questions about their abilities in certain subject areas. They
asked questions in a broad range varying from how good they are in the a certain subject to how
useful the student felt the subject is in their everyday life. Upon the students answering the series of
questions, researches believed these expectations/responses played a significant role in whether
students failed or succeed in certain subjects.
The study showed that some students expected to do well thus they proceeded to do well. Students
that expected to do poorly did poorly. Certain students feel this way due to one ... Show more
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Researchers concluded that at a younger age, their beliefs are more broad where they think they're
either "smart" or "dumb" and as they got older their beliefs become more specific, down to the areas
in which they had struggles. Researchers found that when the students could choose their activities,
they chose activities in which they felt their chances of success were

Cognitive Theory : Baxter Magolda 's Model And The Moral...
Introduction In analyzing my personal development, the two theories that best resonate with me are
the cognitive theory of Baxter Magolda's Model and the moral theory of Rest's Approach. I plan to
first begin explaining Baxter's cognitive model and relate it to my personal development through
personal examples. I will transition to talk about Rest's moral development approach and how the
approach applies to my personal development. Baxter Magolda's Model The Baxter Magolda's
Model focuses on the epistemological reflection through four stages with gender related differences.
According to Patton, Evans, Forney, Guido, & Quaye (2016) the epistemological reflection
encompasses the assumptions about the nature, limits, and certainty of knowledge. (p. 363) Baxter's
model was one of the first to address gender in cognitive development in both men and women. The
four stages that Baxter utilizes include: "Absolute, Transitional, Independent, and Contextual
Knowing". (Patton et al., 2016, p. 363) Through Absolute Knowing, knowledge is certain and
acquired by two means, either receiving knowledge through a non–interaction, which is used more
by women, or by mastering knowledge through a "verbal" approach in obtaining information. (p.
363) Through the Transitional Knowing stage, individuals accept that some knowledge as being
uncertain, which includes two patterns of interpersonal and impersonal knowing (p. 363). Through
the interpersonal path, which women use more, knowing is obtained

The Cognitive Behavioural Approach to Counselling Therapy.
The cognitive behavioural approach to counselling therapy.
The cognitive behavioural approach to counselling therapy.
Participant observation
How do we really find out about the way of life of a group of people? One way is to join them – to
participate in their daily activities & observe what they say and do. This research method is
known as participant observation. It was used by John Howard Griffin (1960) a white journalist who
dyed his skin black in order to discover what it was like to live as black man in the southern states
of America in the late 1950's. It was used by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski who spent
many years studying the Trobriand Islanders of New Guinea. He observed the most intimate details
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This happened in Judith Okely's (1983) study of traveller–gypsies. Entry was a long and difficult
process until she gained the friendship and trust of a family who had recently suffered a tragic death.
The sympathetic and understanding relationship she developed with members of this family
provided entry to rest of the group.
Conducting research
Looking and listening Participant observation involves looking and listening. The general rule is to
'go with the flow' rather than forcing the pace and influencing peoples behaviour. Since the aim is to
observe people in their normal setting, the research must not disturb that setting. Blending into the
background is usually recommended, though this is not always possible. For example, a participant
observer in a classroom can stand out like a sore thumb. This can result in an 'artificial' lesson.
However, its surprising how soon he or she becomes invisible and taken for granted. In his study of
a secondary school, Walford (1933) found that it took four weeks of observation before any class
misbehaved. However, the situation changed rapidly after this time and Walford was soon watching
'mock wrestling' and chairs flying around the classroom!
Asking Questions Watching and listening are not always adequate for the researcher's purposes.
Sometimes a participant observer must take a more active role in order to obtain information. This
usually involves asking questions. In such cases, the diving line

Origin Of Cognitive Approach
The origin of the cognitive approach can be dated back to Miller (1956) who studied short term
memory. The cognitive approach looks at how we perceive ourselves, the world, our thoughts, how
we perceive the world around us and our own behaviour. The cognitive approach looks at our
natural and internal senses such as fight or flight and how the processing of this effects our thoughts
and behaviours. Research for the cognitive approach usually takes place in laboratory environments
rather than naturalistic settings however this is not the case for all studies. The cognitive approach
often compares the human brain and its processes to a computer, it could be argued that this is true
due to the human brains ability to take information, encode

Michael Jackson Cognitive Behavioral Approach
Cognitive–Behavioral Approach Our client Michael Jackson will be undergoing a cognitive–
behavioral approach to help his multiple disorders. This approach will help Mr. Jackson alter any
behavioral patterns that are negatively impacting him. The first disorder we would work on would
be his Depression, working on this disorder first will make sure he is not shielding himself from
anything. Mr. Jackson will go ahead and write down a couple of things he would like to start doing
again that the depression caused for him to stop. With a patient making goals it helps them feel more
secure with who they want to be again. As Michael does his homework trying to accomplish the
little goals on his list it will help him control the way he thinks ... Show more content on
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Most thoughts individuals have negatively unrealistic and that causes them to be on the edge for an
event that is approaching. By challenging your thoughts and dissecting them into more realistic
outcomes then Mr. Jackson could feel more at ease if there were something bad to happen. Michael
Jackson unfortunately suffers from body Dysmorphic, this could be because of his father who would
always judge Mr. Jackson's looks as a child. Michael Jackson would have to think of all his
"abnormal" body parts and study why he believes they are "abnormal" to begin with. During this
process he will then realize that not everyone is perfectly shaped and genetics play a huge role on
how an individual would look. Although he would have to look into his insecurities it will be a bit
hard because the mind likes to play a lot of tricks on individuals. Mr. Jackson will then come to
terms of acceptance and will start to appreciate his body because without his body there would be
no Michael Jackson. Lastly Mr. Jackson's most difficult disorder to overcome is Opioid
Dependency, most celebrities suffer from this disorder. As Michael depends on other substances to
get him through the day it also creates new disorders, to exemplify Opioid Dependency

Cognitive Approach Vs Cognitive Psychology
The Cognitive approach focuses on mental processes, it assumes that how we perceive ourselves
and our environment affect our emotions, which in turn affects our behaviour. The approach
suggests disordered thinking causes abnormal behaviour. Cognitive disorders are learned, therefore,
they can be unlearned, which is similar to the behaviourist approach. If the behaviour is monitored
and evaluated, it can be altered. Therefore the approach assumes cognitive change will lead to
changes in behaviour. The cognitive approach has been influenced by the development with
computer science. Researchers often make comparisons are between how a computer processes
information and how the human brain processes information. Cognitive research tends to take ...
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Attribution is one theory, which the cognitive approach has been applied to. Humans have a
fundamental need to explain the world around them. Attribution theory try's to understand how
people explain events and why. The best known attribution is Kelley's Covariation Model. Kelley's
model explains how we use social perception to attribute behaviour to internal or external factors. It
also explains what information we gather through perception, and how it's used to form a judgment
about someone's behaviour. This attribution theory assumes that you have information from multiple
experiences that we use to determine what variables have changed and what has stayed the same.
The Cognitive Approach has been applied to therapies such as Rational Emotive Behaviour
Therapy. The therapy was developed by Albert Ellis who suggested that each of us hold a set of
expectations about ourselves and our world, this guide us through life and determine our reactions to
the various situations we experience. However, some people's expectations are illogical, causing
them to behave and respond in ways that is

The Theory Of Cognitive Approach On Eating Disorders
Eating Disorders (ED) are a real "epidemic" plaguing industrialized and developed societies,
affecting mostly adolescents and young adults (Benas & Gibb 2011). In general, the flawed thinking
of people suffering from such diseases is characterized by an obsession with perfection of the body.
The impact that eating disorders have on women has always been more prevalent than on males.
(Benas & Gibb 2011; Polivy & Herman 2002). The culture–bound syndromes are constellations of
signs and symptoms, that are restricted to certain the cultural pressure to lose weight, which is
considered a key element of the etiology of these disorders, therefore, along with biological,
psychological and family factors have been generating an excessive preoccupation with the body, an
abnormal fear of becoming fat and anxiety markedly accompanied by changes in the body schema.
These are therefore the characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and Anorexia Nervosa (AN). The
following ten literature review attempt to demonstrate and support the theory of cognitive approach
on eating disorders, briefly understanding the neurobiological mechanisms.
Eating Disorders are defined as deviations of eating behavior that can lead to extreme weight loss
(cachexia) or obesity, among other physical problems and disabilities. The main types of eating
disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. These two diseases are closely related
because they represented some symptoms in common: a prevalent idea involving

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt ) And A Family Systems...
Mental health professionals recognize that Family Systems Therapy (FT) and Cognitive–Behavioral
Therapy (CBT) have had successes as a treatment methodology for individuals who develop eating
disorders (Jones, Volker, Lock, Taylor, and Jacobi, 2012; Park, Waller, and Gannon, 2013). In this
paper, I compare and contrast an individual approach involving cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
and a family systems approach. Definitions and descriptions of studies involving both approaches
will be provided, and a comparison will be made. Finally, a discussion of the ethics of both studies
will be discussed.
Two Approaches to Treatment
Individual Approach: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT CBT is defined as a form of mental health
based counseling, focusing on errors of cognition and perception. It usually involves a limited
number of individual outpatient sessions (Park et al., 2013). This form of therapy, "helps you
become aware of inaccurate or negative thinking, so you can view challenging situations more
clearly and respond to them in a more effective way," ("Cognitive behavioral therapy", 2014, para.
1).
Family Systems Therapy (FT) Family Systems approach is another form of psychotherapy that
treats the entire family unit. It assumes that everyone in the family contributes to the problem, and
that change must take place throughout the family system, not just within the individual presenting
the eating disorder ("Family therapy", 2014, para. 1). This approach helps to,

Pleasant Sounds Impede Health: A Cognitive Approach
The decisions made on how a work of art is displayed are a crucial part of exhibiting art. It sets the
frame in which the art will be viewed, creating an atmosphere and context that is integral in guiding
the audience's interpretations of the piece. Planning the physical display is important to maximize
the effect of the artwork, (e.g.what type frame it has, where it is in the room, what type of room it is
in). However, It is also important to consider the non–physical aspects of the room, such as what
type of acoustics are present, and what environment the piece will be in. Will it be silent except for
the slow footsteps of the audience members walking to and fro, studying the art before them? Or
will there be a crowd of passerbys bustling ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of how a piece of contemporary art may not be a direct representation of a landscape or
person, The context in which it is displayed in becomes much more prominent. The Splits by
Allison Hrabluik displayed at the vancouver art gallery addresses environmental planning in a
peculiar way. The Splits isolates itself from the rest of the exhibition. Down a narrow corridor lined
with foam panels, in a dimly lit room occupied only by a bench and a screen. The Splits removes all
other visual and auditory stimulus, so that the viewer is focused solely on the performance of the
piece, and is not distracted by the ambient noise of the gallery. The way The Splits manipulates its
environment is very different way than the Mona Lisa does. Where the Mona Lisa is displayed in
the center of a large room, The Splits is hidden in an alcove at the back of the gallery. The Mona
Lisa's atmosphere is created by the large crowds scrambling to catch a glimpse, The Splits creates its
own atmosphere, using absurdist imagery and

Essay about Levels of Processing in Cognitive Approach
Levels of Processing in Cognitive Approach
When given a list of words to learn, we can do one of three things to allow us to recall them on a
later occasion. We can simply try to learn the words usual a visual method of just looking at the
words. We can also think of words that rhyme with the word that has to be learnt, this is the auditory
method. Finally we can associate the words with other words e.g. car and drive, this is a semantic
way to remember things.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Craik and Lockhart carried out the following study to investigate which form of memory gives the
best recall. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its not the only theory for memory, Atkinson and Shiffron proposed the dual–process model. This
study supports the assumption of cognition, that information is processed. It also seems a fair claim
to say that the more you concentrate on something the more likely you are to remember it, because
it has got more of your attention. The multi store model backs it up, the rehearsal loop can be seen
processing more deeply. Miller proposed chunking as a way to help you remember things, this can
also be seen as a way of deeper processing.
Context Dependant Forgetting (Bouton et Al 1999)
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Forgetting may occur due to a number of different reasons such as trace decay and interference. But
this study focuses on the failure to retrieve, not the failure to store. This study shows that retrieval is
better when the conditions and circumstances are the same to when the information was first
introduced.
Bouton did some work to back up his idea on conditioning and memory. He conditioned a dog to
make it drool at the ring of a bell. Normally a dog would drool at the sight of food. He rang the bell
a few times each time food was present. After a few repetitions of this, the dog will drool

Personality, Cognitive, And Learning Approach Essay
Introduction
The concept of personality is extensive and complex, but psychologists have tried to describe the
nature of personality using different perspectives. Some of the perspectives are founded on
empirical studies while others are based on clinical case studies or theories. Some common aspects
of personality include psychodynamic, trait approach, cognitive, genetic, and learning approach.
The cognitive approach emphasizes how our behavior is influenced by how we process, mentally
represent, and store information. Psychologists who take the cognitive approach suggests that
mental processes can help us understand several kinds of social and individual behaviors, from
problem solving, to decision making, to intelligence and interpersonal attraction. According to
Bernstein, (2011), a cognitive perspective on a person inherently describes meanings that are created
by the individual, and these meanings are usually constructed out of cognitions on the environment.
Personality psychologists taking a cognitive approach to a person, typically study the processes
arising from behaviors and effects.
The psychodynamic perspective to psychology is based on Feud's theory of psycho–analysis, which
assumes that our mental processes and behavior reflect the constant psychodynamic conflicts, which
rage within us (Bernstein, 2011, p. 15). This approach comprises of all the concepts in psychology,
which consider human functioning based on the interaction of forces and drives within

Cognitive Behavior Approach
Treatment Approaches in psychology, are known as the research and practice that concerned with
the human behavior to acquire or create knowledge and skills that enable them to perform and grow
in their current or future role in life. Psychological theories reflect the satisfaction of seeing the
results of human work, recognition in many different forms and endless opportunities for learning.
Psychology is the scientific study of the mental processes and human behavior that attempts to
uncover the human response to different things. Different theories of psychology rules, the different
psychologists approach research in the human behavior. According to the Merriam and Caffarella
(1991), these treatment approaches are divided into four traditional ... Show more content on
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Cognitive Behavior therapy is a very useful primary therapy modality used in many treatment
strategies. Cognitive behavior coaching, counseling and educational interventions are very useful,
practical and helpful in the initial phase of the treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a primary
treatment modality which is focusing on the symptom relief and behavioral change. The Cognitive
Behavior approach includes behavioral therapy, family and society intervention. Cognitive Behavior
therapy is basically an experience with the emotional or behavioral problem and show the patient
behaviors to deal with these problems (Mash & Wolfe, 2007). This therapy includes techniques to
stop or reduce the unwanted behavior related to emotional or behavioral problems. As an example,
for agitation it is advised to the patients to take deep breathing and relaxation techniques. Shallow
breathing is advised in depression. CBT is a form of psychotherapy and very effective to understand
and treating emotional or behavioral problem. The Cognitive Behavior approach is widely used by
the Psychologists to identify and understand the factors that are responsible for emotional or
behavioral problem in people. Its most common method to treat emotional or behavioral problems
and also associated with behavior therapy. This therapy shows identify the patient, their way of
thinking which leads them to an emotional or behavioral problem situation. This therapy teaches
them to make changes in their behavior and thoughts to avoid or reduce emotional or behavioral
problems. (Mash & Wolfe, 2007). Cognitive Behavior approach teaches the patient to understand
their thoughts, the main symptoms of their emotional or behavioral problems and to decrease their
happening and the intensity of reaction by changing these thought patterns. This increased

Cognitive Behavioral Approach And Postmodern Approach
The counselors will focus on two main models, cognitive behavioral approach and postmodern
approach. Theories included under the cognitive behavioral model approach believe most behaviors,
cognitions, and emotions are learned and can be modified with new learning. Corey (2014) explains
the approach also includes the ability to develop new perspectives on ways of learning and
educational treatment focusing on specific and structured target problems as well as placing the
majority of the responsibility on the group member. Under this branch of counseling theories, the
counselors have chosen to practice Behavior Therapy. Behavior Therapy is a method in which the
group leaders are responsible for their own outcome. The leaders will establish a baseline
information of the group to get a better understanding of what they are working with. Group
members will establish clear specific goals that are concrete, measurable, and objective. The
therapeutic relationship is of central importance and critical to the outcome of sessions. Leaders
functioning under this theory are active and directive to function as consultants and problem solvers
(Corey, 2014). Not only do leaders function as problem solvers the group members also act as
consultants and coaches. The goal by using behavior therapy is to eliminate maladaptive behaviors
and replace them with more constructive patterns. Techniques behavior therapy uses in order to
direct the group to behavior modification are including:

Person Centered And Cognitive Behavior Approach
Person–centred and cognitive behaviour approach Introduction According to new research, diverse
emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear are built on common building blocks of
pleasure, displeasure and arousal. While previous research had focused on each of the emotions
being a function of distinct and specialized brain circuitry, a scientist from the North–eastern
University named Christine Wilson–Mendenhall would investigate the regions of the brain that are
in common to said emotions. The research yielded that the orbitofrontal cortex was associated with
both value and reward regardless of the specific emotion subjects felt (Encyclopedia of Mental
Disorder, 2016). From the results, it makes sense that both fear and ... Show more content on
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Person–centered approach According to Holder (2013), person–centred counselling and
psychotherapy approach places much of the responsibility for treatment in the hands of the patient
as opposed to the therapist. Developed in the 1950s by an American Psychologist namely Carl
Rogers, this approach aims at increasing self–esteem and enhance openness to the treatment
experience. The rationale behind this approach is that therapy can better take place in a supportive
environment. This type of environment results from forming close personal ties between the client
and the therapist. The approach relies on self–actualization, where it encourages the client to move
forward and reach their fullest potential. Josefowitz & Myran, (2005) explain that like in any other
form of therapeutic treatment, the success of this approach depends more on the skills and
experience of the trainer. For it to be effective, the therapist should have congruence, unconditional
positive regard, and empathy. This is the ability to be open and willing to relate to the client, accept
the condition of the client, and show emotional understanding as opposed to a sense of sympathy.
The therapist should understand the condition of the client while at the same time understanding that
the condition can be rectified with positive thoughts. It is after such an understanding that the
therapy can be able to appreciate the client's situation from their

Cognitive Behavioral Approach For Older Adults
Sheryl Green and colleagues designed a cognitive behavioural approach to pain specifically tailored
to the needs of older adults. The sample consisted of 46 seniors in the treatment group and 49 in the
control (Green, Hadjistazropoulos, Hadjistavropoulos, Martin, & Sharpe, 2009). In the treatment
group, participants were given a 10–week pain management program with a cognitive behavioural
orientation. The treatment was standardized according to a manual that described the goals and
targets of each session. Several measures of pain, including the Geriatric Pain Measure (GPM), the
Modified Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ), the Pain Severity Subscale of the Multidimensional
Pain Inventory – Section 1 (MPI), the Shortened Daily Hassles Scale ... Show more content on
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All the studies used different measurement tools to measure the psychological aspects of pain, so the
review only focused on the physical reported outcomes of pain (Harris et al., 2015). Therefore, the
review failed to examine other aspects of pain, as pain is not only a physical experience. The studies
found that CBT was statistically "more effective compared to a waiting list in reducing headache
intensity in one out of two studies, and in two other studies, reducing headache frequency and
headache–free days"(Harris et al., 2015). There is a variety of problems with this review and the
studies included within it. The quality between each of the studies varied and therefore, requires the
results to be considered with caution due to the potential risk of bias. Furthermore, due to
"methodology inadequacies in the evidence base, it makes it difficult to draw any meaningful
conclusions or to make any recommendations" (Harris et al., 2015). The review also included older
studies, ones that have a high risk of bias, studies with small sample sizes, and ones with
"suboptimal reporting" (Harris et al., 2015). Other problems included that "selection bias is
unknown or likely in all of these studies", drop–outs were excluded in a number of the studies,
problems with low participant numbers, and "there was a failure to report p values in a number of
instances and two

How Cognitive Behavior Therapy ( Cbt ) Is Effective...
Disorders and Treatment Introduction For this assignment, I will examine how cognitive behavior
therapy (CBT) is effective approach for clients with post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post–
traumatic stress disorder is defined as "a mental health condition that is triggered by exposure to
actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violation," (American Psychiatric Association,
2013). It is natural to feel afraid during and after a distressing experience and most people can
recover after the initial symptoms. But, people with PTSD continue to feel stressed and frightened
after the experience is over. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
5th edition, "PTSD occurs when the individual 's exposure is from one or more of the following:
directly experiences the traumatic event; witnesses the traumatic event in person; learns that the
traumatic event occurred to a close family member or close friend (with the actual or threatened
death being either violent or accidental); or experiences first–hand repeated or extreme exposure to
aversive details of the traumatic event (not through media, pictures, television or movies unless
work–related. The disturbance, regardless of its trigger, causes clinically significant distress or
impairment in the individual's social interactions, capacity to work or other important areas of
functioning. It is not the physiological result of another medical condition, medication, drugs or

CBT: The Psychodynamic And Cognitive Approach
CBT is based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act
(behaviour) all interact together. The cognitive approach believes that abnormality stems from faulty
cognitions, these dysfunctional thinking underlies all psychological disturbances. Specifically, our
thoughts determine our feelings and our behaviour. All cognitive therapies assume that behaviour is
mediated by thoughts. CBT is relatively short term, goal directed, problem focused treatments that
are based on the model that changing cognitions and leads to behavioural change (Dobson, 2002 as
cited in Sudak, D. M. 2006). We interact with the world through our mental representation of it. If
our mental representations are inaccurate or our ways of reasoning ... Show more content on
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2011) Specific Techniques used in the Therapy CBT involves both cognitive and behavioural
treatment tools. Change in one of these systems results in change in the other system (Sudak, D. M.
2006). CBT techniques are applied to cognitive distortions. These cognitive distortions are
inaccurate or distorted thoughts that serve to bolster negative thought patterns and/or emotions.
These are few cognitive distortions that are corrected by cognitive behavioural therapy techniques
such as – Overgeneralization: Making an overall negative conclusion beyond the current situation –
Catastrophizing : Predicting only negative outcomes for the future – Mental Filter : Placing all one's
attention o, or seeing only, the negatives of a situation – Personalization: Thinking the negative
behavior of others has something to do with you. – Emotional Reasoning. : Letting one's feeling
about something overrule facts to the contrary – Labelling : Giving someone or something a label
without finding out more about

Cognitive Behavioral Intervention Approach
Cognitive Behavioral Intervention Approach Designed for students diagnosed with emotional and
behavioral disabilities (EBD) there are a numerous amount of intervention strategies and methods
that can be used to implement and help students build their self–management skills. These
intervention strategies are used with the intention of students ultimately learning how to control
their behaviors in and out of school. Consequently, self–sufficient intervention approaches are a
supported and efficient method of delivering pertinent and significant supports to students with
EBD. Advocates of cognitive behavioral intervention (CBI) substantiate the communal correlation
amid views and behaviors as a central credence of their method. Students ... Show more content on
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Emotions, Thoughts, and Behaviors Emotions, thoughts, and behaviors share a communal
correlation; thoughts can produce emotional responses; emotional responses can then produce
positive and negative behaviors. As a result, a student's emotions and behaviors have a direct
correlation to their thoughts and vice versa (Stonecipher, 2012). In instances where a student is
unable to self–manage their behaviors while presented with an issue, a probable outcome would be
that the student will then act out inappropriately. As a result, cognitive behavioral interventions
often encompass problem solving and anger management strategies (Robinson, 2007). Conducive to
effectually self–managing behavior, students must be trained to exercise constructive thinking and
reduce the pervasiveness of participating in destructive behavior acquired from an emotional
response. Students may obtain this by acknowledging the problem, defining it, producing and
assessing resolutions, applying a plan and lastly observing the resolution (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow,
& Shriner, 2009). Students should also learn to recognize specific elements including triggers,
reminders, and reducers, while trying to self–manage. Teachers must retain patience during this
process as students must build these skills up before positive results transpire (Yell, Meadows,
Drasgow, & Shriner, 2009). Effectiveness and Limitations of Cognitive Behavior

Behavioral Therapy: Cognitive Approach To Abnormality
Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy was developed by Ellis who created the Cognitive approach
to abnormality. His therapy is based on the idea that many psychological problems are the result of
faulty thinking and because of this, individuals create habits due to the faulty thinking such as
avoiding a crowded room because they feel like everyone is watching them. REBT is based on Ellis'
A–B–C model. This means that A is the activating event which triggers the initial event which could
be being bitten by a dog. B is the belief, so why that happened. This could be that all dogs are
vicious. C is the consequence, which in this example would be avoiding dogs all together because
you believe that all dogs will bite you if you go near them. REBT tries to combat these irrational
thoughts by turning them into more rational thoughts such as, from this example, some people may
do something to a dog to make it do that, but overall all dogs are nice. ... Show more content on
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During an REBT therapy session, the patient is encouraged the dispute these beliefs by logically
thinking them through and thinking 'does thinking this way about this make sense?'. They're also
encouraged to think if the belief is consistent in reality, such as asking themselves if that belief is
accurate. They're also encouraged to think about how these beliefs are not useful to them at all and
how they will not help them. By encouraging a patient to dispute the irrational beliefs, the patient is
able to think more positively and lead a happier life. REBT adds an extension to Ellis' A–B–C
model, with the steps D–E–F. D is the step for disputing, explained above. By using this step, the
patient creates a more rational and effective (E) attitude to life and new feelings (F), which will now
be more

Treating Childhood Depression from a Cognitive Behavioral...
Treating Childhood Depression from a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Approach
Depression in Children:
Cognitive Behavioral Approach
Patricia Kilgore
University of Phoenix
Depression in Children and a Cognitive Behavioral Approach
Depression in children stem from a variety of factors relating to health, history, life events, genetic
vulnerabilities, family history, and biochemical imbalances. Every individual shows different
symptoms when suffering from depression; however, these symptoms interfere with the child's daily
living at school and home. Psychotherapy and medication are the most common treatments for
children with depression (Depression in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With CBT, the client must be willing to change. A lack of commitment will not support the effort
needed for CBT to be successful that poses a disadvantage of the approach. Another disadvantage of
CBT is the focus only on the present does not allow the possible underlying problems to be
addressed contributing to future emotional distress.
Including the client's family during the therapeutic process from a CBT–Family Focused Therapy
(FFT) approach, the therapist can identify conflicts and unhealthy patterns of behavior that possibly
could be contributing to the child's depression. A CBT–FFT approach provides the family members
to develop more effective ways to resolve conflict and improve communications and behaviors
among the family unit. Furthermore, the therapist educates the family on the symptoms and course
of the child's disorder to manage better and minimize future relapses from the child. Research shows
"...FFT to be effective in helping the client become stabilized and preventing relapse
("Psychotherapies," 2012)." FFT focuses on restructuring the interactions of the family unit by
educating the members of the disorder, building skills to better cope with the stress associated with
the disorder, and teaching families to solve any problems together.
Ethical, Legal, and Cultural Issues
Treating childhood disorders with medication reflect value differences. Cultural differences in
educational expectations of

Juvenile Programs And Cognitive Approach Essay
Juvenile Programs and Cognitive Approach The law had defined a line between juvenile and adult
offenders. In the United States, if you are under the age of 18 and get into trouble with the law then
you will have to face the Juvenile Justice System. Although the age requirement varies amongst
states juvenile institutions and programs were created to help treat those who are in trouble with the
law. There are several types of Juvenile Institutions and programs. Some provide harsh punishment
for young offenders while others focal point emphasizes on treatment and prevention. There are
several juvenile correctional facilities such as, training schools which are long term facilities for
housing juveniles and serve as a function analogous to adult prisons (Thompson, 2013); Group
homes, which resemble a dormitory type of living for juveniles while allowing them to engage in
the society with limited participation, and even Detention centers. Juvenile detention centers detain
young offenders sentenced by a juvenile court. They are reserved for the most dangerous offenders.
Juvenile institutions and programs have changed over time. There are also juvenile programs that
necessarily do not punish juvenile's delinquents but instead help modify their behavior to avoid
recidivism. Certain treatments and methods regarding how to deal with these dangerous young
offenders were fixed and improved to make these institutions and programs more effective in
changing the lives of these young

Biological, Psychodynamic, Behavioral and Cognitive...
Excuse or Explanation? When the news report flashes across the television informing millions
around the world of the murder of a family of six, it is obvious that the initiate reaction of the
civilians would be terror and hatred. This hatred, a fierce, in–tolerant force behind these people that
would instantly choose the worst for whomever the suspect may be. Often, this is the reaction of the
people whereas there are a few of those individuals who may decide to view this case differently.
These would be psychologists. A psychologist may approach this story with a view inside of the
perpetrators mind. Was he biologically, psychodynamicly, behaviorally or cognitively provoked to
do such a thing? What would make someone do something ... Show more content on
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A behavioral psychologist will say that this murder took place because it is what the murderer was
taught to do and what he learned. This psychologist will not focus on what they think or feel, it is
simply based on what they do. A behavioral psychologists may even say that this killer could be
taught to do differently and that killing is not acceptable. We also have the cognitive psychologists
approach. By definition, cognitive means knowing. Therefore, cognitive psychologists try to figure
out what is going on in an individuals mind that may lead them to their behavior. Sometimes,
scientific equipment is used in order to fully understand the reactions and thoughts that are going on
in a person's mind. Here, a cognitive psychologist may look at this murderer and view his actions as
a chemical reaction that went wrong in his or her brain. Also they may see this perpetrators actions
as something he or she took in and had to release and the way he or she released it was through the
violent act of murder. For example, this suspect may have been harassed and threatened himself and
in order to release the fear, he or she committed a terrible crime. Cognitive psychology is
completely interested in what people think and from that point, what they choose to or not to do.
Being only a few views of psychology there seems to be many explanations for what people do. The
reasons they abuse their children or loved ones, why they are alcoholics or in this case why

Social Learning Theory And Cognitive Approach
Social learning theory(SLT) can be seen as a bridge between the traditional behaviourist approach
and the cognitive approach and not as separate from the behaviourist approach. Social Learning was
developed in the 1960s to explain human behaviour in a more complex way than just the stimulus
response of behaviourists. In terms of child development SLT is good for explaining specific
imitation behaviour such as little girls taking care of babies or cooking like their mothers. It also
explains why the trial and error learning as the behaviourists use could be seen as difficult to
survive, without the imitation and observation of others children would make many fatal mistakes
during their formative years. It has its limitations as an approach,

Cognitive Coaching: A New Approach to Building Effective...
Cognitive Coaching
A New Approach to Building Effective Teacher Leaders
2/28/2013
Nicole L. Winsley |
A New Approach to Mentoring
A newly licensed teacher walks into her empty classroom on the first day of school. She has her
curriculum guide, her pacing calendar, her unit instructional plan, and her lesson plans for the first
week. She has her copies made and in her mind she has stored the countless hours' worth of
instruction she received for four years. The bell rings, and it is time for her first class. With a
somewhat nervous breath, she watches as students begin pouring in. At the end of the day, this new
teacher sits down at her desk – for what seems like the first time that day and begins to reflect back
on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By incorporating high–level questions administered by the coach and by the mentee, a partnership
of learning and growing is created. Additionally, utilizing Cognitive Coaching in the school system
allows new and veteran teachers to feel like they have say in their own professional development.
Reflecting back when I was a teacher, I felt a sense of being on my own for a majority of my first
year as a teacher. There were times when I would go to my mentor for advice and guidance
regarding an issue and she would give her experience and lessons that she learned from her own
experience. While I walked away with some methods and ways to improve, I did not have a clear
path as to how I should proceed in my classroom. I felt as if I was alone in my classroom. That that
my "mentor" was not helping me develop into an effective teacher. I had opinions about how she
handled the situation, and I had ideas about how I could my current situation. However the dialogue
between the two of us never allowed me to explore my own thought process. Cognitive Coaching
provides a potential end to teacher isolation and strives to improve teacher efficacy by "helping
teachers expand their repertoire of teaching styles by exploring untapped resources within
themselves" (Dildy, 2001). However, most school districts have New Teaching Programs seldom
use the cognitive coaching method. Most school districts assign a mentor and require new teachers
to attend monthly

Obsession From Cognitive Therapy Approach To Anxiety
The goal of treatment is to allow clients to navigate and adequately manage not engaging in the
compulsive behavior and not obeying the obsessional thoughts, while also managing their level of
anxiety. The goal is not to eliminate the fear or anxiety, but to enable the client to move ahead with
day–to–day life without engaging in the ritualistic thoughts or compulsions. The CBT approach
employs four key steps: 1) cognitive therapy, 2) imaginal exposure, 3) situational exposure, and 4)
response prevention. 1) Treatment begins with discussions about the intensity and frequency of the
obsessional thoughts, compulsive behaviors, and avoidance strategies. Clear treatment goals are
agreed upon. Both the client and therapist honestly assess the treatment challenges and carefully
weigh the client's motivation/commitment to change. 2) The goal of imaginal exposure is to weaken
the connection between the obsessive thoughts and feelings of anxiety and to weaken "thought–
action fusion." Clients are not asked to think of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, a client may be asked to touch objects that usually provoke fear and anxiety. With the
help of the therapist, the client gradually and therapeutically confronts the objects, situations, and
thoughts that trigger obsessions, avoidance, and compulsions. The exposure plan moves
progressively from situations and objects that are the least fear provoking to those most fear
provoking. These exposures are intentional–not accidental. And the exposures are prolonged–not
brief. The exposures are long enough to allow the client to habituate to the stimuli. And the
exposures are repeated–one time exposure is not enough. During these exposure episodes the client
is changing how he interprets and responds to intrusive thoughts and obsessional triggers. This is
when the critical change happens–because mental interpretations and behaviors are voluntary–––
they are under the clients'

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