2. State court decisions may be appealed to federal courts
Judiciary Act of 1789
• Creates Supreme Court
• 3 circuit courts
• 13 district courts
3. Washington Shapes the Executive Branch
Washington elected first president of U.S. in 1789
Executive branch is president, vice president
Congress creates State, War, Treasury
Departments
President Washington (far right) meets with his first Cabinet:
(from left to right) Henry Knox, Thomas Jefferson, Edmund
Randolph (with back turned), and Alexander Hamilton.
4. Alexander Hamilton becomes Secretary of Treasury
Washington adds Attorney General
These Department heads are Cabinet
5. Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict
Hamilton:
• Strong central government led
by wealthy/educated
Jefferson:
• Strong state, local government;
• People’s participation
Hamilton has Northern support; Jefferson
has Southern/Western support
ALEXANDER HAMILTON
1755–1804
THOMAS JEFFERSON
1743–1826
6. Hamilton’s Economic Plan
• U.S. owes millions to foreign countries,
• Private citizens
Plan
• Pay foreign debt with money collected from excise
taxes and protective tariffs
• Create a National Bank
• Assume states’ debt
Some Southern states have paid debts, against taxes to
pay for North
7. Plan for a National Bank
Hamilton proposes Bank of the United States:
• Funded by government/ private investors
• Issue paper money/handle taxes
8. Disagreement over Congressional authority to
establish bank
Debate begins over strict and loose interpretation of
Constitution
Strict interpretation (Jefferson):
If it doesn't specifically say you can then you can't.
Loose interpretation (Hamilton):
If it doesn't specifically say you can't then you can.
9. The District of Columbia
To win Southern support for his
debt plan, Hamilton suggests:
moving nation’s capital from
NYC to South
Washington, D.C. planned on
grand scale; government seat by
1800Pierre L’Enfant
proposed a federal
capital of spacious,
tree-lined boulevards,
symbolizing the
freedom of the
young republic.
10. Split in Washington’s cabinet leads to first U.S.
political parties
Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
Jefferson’s allies: Democratic-Republicans
Hamilton’s allies: Federalists
Two-party system established as two major parties
compete for power
11.
12. Protective tariff
• Import tax on goods produced overseas
Excise tax
• Charged on product’s manufacture, sale, or
distribution
13. Whiskey Rebellion
Pennsylvania farmers refuse to pay excise tax on
whiskey (which Hamilton called a luxury but they
called a necessity). They used whiskey as a medium of
exchange in a barter system (like money)
Beat up federal marshals, threaten secession, no major
loss of life
Federal government shows it can enforce laws by
sending in militia
14. Whiskey Rebellion:
A group of rebels
taking part in the
Whiskey Rebellion
tar and feather a
tax collector.
15. Events in Europe sharply divide American public
opinion in the late 18th century.
French revolutionaries storm the Bastille
in Paris, France, on July 14, 1789.
16. Reactions to the French Revolution
• Federalists pro-British
• Democratic-Republicans pro-French
Washington declares neutrality, will not support either
side
17. Jay’s Treaty
• Chief Justice John Jay
makes treaty with Britain,
angers Americans
• British evacuate posts in
Northwest, may continue
fur trade
• British do not agree to stop
seizing ships and sailors
United States
northern region
circa 1794
18. Treaty with Spain
Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795, or Treaty of San Lorenzo,
signed.
Spain gives up claims to western U.S.
Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel
Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic
19. Fights in the Northwest
Miami tribe chief, Little Turtle, defeats
U.S. army
Battle of Fallen Timbers
• General Anthony Wayne defeats
Miami Confederacy at Fallen
Timbers
Miami sign Treaty of Greenville
• Give up southern 2/3 of Ohio
• Get less than actual value for land
The Miami war chief Little Turtle
negotiates with General Anthony Wayne.
20. During his farewell address, Washington gave the
nation two pieces of advice:
1. Do not enter into permanent entangling alliances
2. Do not create political parties.
While we ignored the second piece of advice, we
managed to stay neutral through the first several
presidents
21. First Party-Based Elections
Federalist John Adams elected president
Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, is vice president
Result of sectionalism
• Placing regional interests above nation
John Adams
2nd President of the United States
22. French see Jay’s Treaty as violation of alliance; seize
U.S. ships
XYZ Affair
• French officials demand bribe to see foreign
minister
• U.S. refuses to pay
Congress creates Navy Department
Adams tries to Avoid War
Undeclared naval war rages between France and U.S.
for two years
23. The Alien and Sedition Acts
Federalists suspicious of immigrants because
• Many are active Democratic-Republicans
• Some are critical of Adams
24. Federalists push Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
through Congress
Alien Acts
• Raise residence requirements for citizenship
• Permit deportation, jail
Sedition Act
• Fines, jail terms for hindering, lying about
government
Some Democratic-Republican editors, publishers,
politicians jailed
25. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Jefferson and Madison see Alien and Sedition Acts as
misuse of power
Organize opposition in Virginia and Kentucky
legislatures
26. Resolutions call acts violation of First Amendment
rights
Nullification
• States have right to void laws deemed
unconstitutional
First time the word nullification is heard and also the
first time someone threatens secession.
27. The United States expands its borders during
Thomas Jefferson’s administration.
Election of 1800:
• Jefferson beats Adams, but ties running mate
Aaron Burr
House of Representatives chooses president:
• Hamilton intervenes with Federalists to give
Jefferson victory
Reveals flaw in electoral process;
• Twelfth Amendment passed
Electors cast separate ballots for
president, vice president
Thomas Jefferson
3rd president of the
United States
28. The Election of 1800 is sometimes called the
Revolution of 1800 because it is a peaceful
transition of power from one party to an
opposition party.
Convention of 1800: ends naval war with
France and restores trade. Also ends U.S.
alliance with France.
29. Simplifying the Presidency
Jefferson replaces some Federalists with Democratic-
Republicans
Reduces size of armed forces; cuts social expenses of
government
Eliminates internal taxes; reduces influence of Bank of
the U.S.
Favors free trade over government-controlled trade,
tariffs
30. Federalist John Marshall is chief justice for more than
30 years
Adams pushes Judiciary Act of 1801, adding 16 federal
judges
Appoints Federalist midnight judges on his last day as
president
Jefferson argues undelivered appointment papers are
invalid
31. Marbury v. Madison
• William Marbury sues to have papers delivered
Judiciary Act of 1789 requires Supreme Court order
Marshall rules requirement unconstitutional
Judicial review
• Supreme Court able to declare laws
unconstitutional
Chief Justice John Marshall
“ If . . . the courts are to regard the constitution, and
the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the
legislature, the constitution, and not such ordinary
act, must govern the case to which they both apply.”
32. The Louisiana Purchase
• Louisiana returned to France;
Jefferson fears strong French presence
• Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory
from Napoleon
• Jefferson doubts he has constitutional
authority
• Louisiana Purchase doubles size of
U.S. and gives U.S. total control of the
Mississippi River and New Orleans.
1805 Map of Louisiana by
Samuel Lewis;
courtesy the Library of Congress
33. Lewis and Clark
Jefferson appoints Lewis and Clark to lead
Corps of Discovery:
• Explore new territory, find route to Pacific
• Gather information about people, plants,
animals
Native American woman, Sacajawea, serves as
interpreter, guide
Supplies for the journey west.
34. British and French Rivalries
British blockade or seal French ports to prevent ships
from entering
Britain and France seize American ships, confiscate
cargoes
35. Grievances Against Britain
Impressment
• Seizing Americans, drafting them into British navy
• Chesapeake incident further angers Americans
Jefferson convinces Congress to declare embargo, or
ban on exports
Embargo, meant to hurt Europe, also hurts U.S.
Congress lifts it, except with Britain and France
36. Tecumseh’s Confederacy
William Henry Harrison makes land deal
with Native American chiefs
Shawnee chief Tecumseh tries to form
Native American confederacy:
• Tells people to return to traditional
beliefs/practices
• Presses Harrison, negotiates British help;
many tribes don’t join
The Great Spirit gave this great
land to his red children.”
TECUMSEH
37. The War Hawks: Western and Southern Congressmen
War Hawks
• Want war with Britain because natives use British
arms and they wish to gain land in Canada and
Florida.
War Hawk Henry Clay
of Kentucky
War Hawk
John C Calhoun
of South Carolina
38. President Madison chooses war, thinks Britain is
crippling U.S. trade/economy
U.S. army unprepared; early British victories
Oliver Hazard Perry defeats British on Lake Erie
Native Americans fight on both sides; Tecumseh killed
in battle
British blockade U.S. ports along east coast
39. British raid/burn towns along Atlantic
coast
British burn Washington D.C.
Americans win battle for Fort McHenry
(Baltimore) and Star Spangled Banner
is written by Francis Scott Key.
A lawyer named Francis Scott Key watched as
Fort McHenry withstood 30 hours of
bombardment from the British. The sight of
the flag still raised at the end of the battle
inspired him to first write "The Star-Spangled
Banner".
40. The Battle of New Orleans:
• General Andrew Jackson gains
national fame and defeats superior
British force at Battle of New Orleans
after treaty to end war has been
signed.
Andrew Jackson leading
the American forces to
victory over the British
during the Battle of New
Orleans in a painting by E.
Percy Moran, ca. 1910.
41. Treaty of Ghent, peace agreement signed in 1814
• Declares armistice or end to fighting;
• Does not resolve all issues.
• No land is exchanged.
1815, commercial treaty reopens trade between Britain
and U.S.
1817, Rush-Bagot agreement limits war ships on Great
Lakes
42. 1818, northern boundary of Louisiana Territory set at
49th parallel
Agree to jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years
American manufacturing benefits and grows
American nationalism is increased.